Satellite access optimisation
The UE architecture optimizes satellite access by separating satellite data management from real-time operations, using a local database for informed connection attempts, addressing inefficiencies in LEO satellite deployment and improving power efficiency and connection success.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- MEDIATEK INC
- Filing Date
- 2025-11-20
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-28
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Figure CN2025136497_28052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
SATELLITE ACCESS OPTIMISATIONCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION (S)
[0001] This application claims the benefits of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 723,160, entitled “Satellite Access Optimisation” and filed on November 21, 2024, which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.BACKGROUNDField
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques of satellite access optimisation. Background
[0003] The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0005] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a UE. A modem of the UE transmits a satellite coverage request to a satellite database application of the UE, the satellite coverage request being based on a current location of the UE. The modem receives a satellite coverage response from the satellite database application. The satellite coverage response may include satellite coverage information generated by the satellite database application based on the current location of the UE and a local database stored on the UE. The modem performs a satellite coverage assisted operation based on the satellite coverage information.
[0008] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network.
[0010] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a base station in communication with a UE in an access network.
[0011] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0012] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0013] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example architecture for satellite access optimization.
[0014] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a process for satellite access optimisation.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0015] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0016] Several aspects of telecommunications systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0017] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0018] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the aforementioned types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
[0019] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network 100. The wireless communications system (also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN) ) includes base stations 102, UEs 104, an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160, and another core network 190 (e.g., a 5G Core (5GC) ) . The base stations 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low power cellular base station) . The macrocells include base stations. The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells.
[0020] The base stations 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through backhaul links 132 (e.g., SI interface) . The base stations 102 configured for 5G NR (collectively referred to as Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with core network 190 through backhaul links 184. In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform one or more of the following functions: transfer of user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity) , inter cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, radio access network (RAN) sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) , subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM) , paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or core network 190) with each other over backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface) . The backhaul links 134 may be wired or wireless.
[0021] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. There may be overlapping geographic coverage areas 110. For example, the small cell 102’ may have a coverage area 110’ that overlaps the coverage area 110 of one or more macro base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base stations 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to 7 MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) . The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell) .
[0022] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL / UL WWAN spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, FlashLinQ, WiMedia, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
[0023] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the STAs 152 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
[0024] The small cell 102’ may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell 102’ may employ NR and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the Wi-Fi AP 150. The small cell 102’ , employing NR in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network.
[0025] A base station 102, whether a small cell 102’ or a large cell (e.g., macro base station) , may include an eNB, gNodeB (gNB) , or another type of base station. Some base stations, such as gNB 180 may operate in a traditional sub 6 GHz spectrum, in millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies, and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with the UE 104. When the gNB 180 operates in mmW or near mmW frequencies, the gNB 180 may be referred to as an mmW base station. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in the band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band (e.g., 3 GHz -300 GHz) has extremely high path loss and a short range. The mmW base station 180 may utilize beamforming 182 with the UE 104 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range.
[0026] The base station 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 108a. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 180 in one or more receive directions 108b. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the base station 180 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 180 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 180 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 180 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 180 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0027] The EPC 160 may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. The MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. The MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, the MME 162 provides bearer and connection management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to the PDN Gateway 172. The PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to the IP Services 176. The IP Services 176 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services. The BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. The BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. The MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the base stations 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0028] The core network 190 may include a Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a location management function (LMF) 198, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. The AMF 192 may be in communication with a Unified Data Management (UDM) 196. The AMF 192 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 190. Generally, the SMF 194 provides QoS flow and session management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the UPF 195. The UPF 195 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The UPF 195 is connected to the IP Services 197. The IP Services 197 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services.
[0029] The base station may also be referred to as a gNB, Node B, evolved Node B (eNB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , a transmit reception point (TRP) , or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 provides an access point to the EPC 160 or core network 190 for a UE 104. Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc. ) . The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology.
[0030] Although the present disclosure may reference 5G New Radio (NR) , the present disclosure may be applicable to other similar areas, such as LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) , or other wireless / radio access technologies.
[0031] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a base station 210 in communication with a UE 250 in an access network. In the DL, IP packets from the EPC 160 may be provided to a controller / processor 275. The controller / processor 275 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 275 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) , RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) , and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs) , error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs) , re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs) , demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0032] The transmit (TX) processor 216 and the receive (RX) processor 270 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 216 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK) , M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) ) . The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 274 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 250. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 220 via a separate transmitter 218TX. Each transmitter 218TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0033] At the UE 250, each receiver 254RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 252. Each receiver 254RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 256. The TX processor 268 and the RX processor 256 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 256 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 250. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 250, they may be combined by the RX processor 256 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 256 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 210. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 258. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 210 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 259, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
[0034] The controller / processor 259 can be associated with a memory 260 that stores program codes and data. The memory 260 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 259 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the EPC 160. The controller / processor 259 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0035] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 210, the controller / processor 259 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) ; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0036] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 258 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 210 may be used by the TX processor 268 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 268 may be provided to different antenna 252 via separate transmitters 254TX. Each transmitter 254TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. The UL transmission is processed at the base station 210 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 250. Each receiver 218RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 220. Each receiver 218RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 270.
[0037] The controller / processor 275 can be associated with a memory 276 that stores program codes and data. The memory 276 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 275 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 250. IP packets from the controller / processor 275 may be provided to the EPC 160. The controller / processor 275 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0038] New radio (NR) may refer to radios configured to operate according to a new air interface (e.g., other than Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiple Access (OFDMA) -based air interfaces) or fixed transport layer (e.g., other than Internet Protocol (IP) ) . NR may utilize OFDM with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink and may include support for half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . NR may include Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) service targeting wide bandwidth (e.g. 80 MHz beyond) , millimeter wave (mmW) targeting high carrier frequency (e.g. 60 GHz) , massive MTC (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC techniques, and / or mission critical targeting ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) service.
[0039] A single component carrier bandwidth of 100 MHz may be supported. In one example, NR resource blocks (RBs) may span 12 sub-carriers with a sub-carrier bandwidth of 60 kHz over a 0.25 ms duration or a bandwidth of 30 kHz over a 0.5 ms duration (similarly, 50MHz BW for 15kHz SCS over a 1 ms duration) . Each radio frame may consist of 10 subframes (10, 20, 40 or 80 NR slots) with a length of 10 ms. Each slot may indicate a link direction (i.e., DL or UL) for data transmission and the link direction for each slot may be dynamically switched. Each slot may include DL / UL data as well as DL / UL control data.
[0040] The NR RAN may include a central unit (CU) and distributed units (DUs) . A NR BS (e.g., gNB, 5G Node B, Node B, transmission reception point (TRP) , access point (AP) ) may correspond to one or multiple BSs. NR cells can be configured as access cells (ACells) or data only cells (DCells) . For example, the RAN (e.g., a central unit or distributed unit) can configure the cells. DCells may be cells used for carrier aggregation or dual connectivity and may not be used for initial access, cell selection / reselection, or handover. In some cases DCells may not transmit synchronization signals (SS) in some cases DCells may transmit SS. NR BSs may transmit downlink signals to UEs indicating the cell type. Based on the cell type indication, the UE may communicate with the NR BS. For example, the UE may determine NR BSs to consider for cell selection, access, handover, and / or measurement based on the indicated cell type.
[0041] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed RAN 300, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A 5G access node 306 may include an access node controller (ANC) 302. The ANC may be a central unit (CU) of the distributed RAN. The backhaul interface to the next generation core network (NG-CN) 304 may terminate at the ANC. The backhaul interface to neighboring next generation access nodes (NG-ANs) 310 may terminate at the ANC. The ANC may include one or more TRPs 308 (which may also be referred to as BSs, NR BSs, Node Bs, 5G NBs, APs, or some other term) . As described above, a TRP may be used interchangeably with “cell. ”
[0042] The TRPs 308 may be a distributed unit (DU) . The TRPs may be connected to one ANC (ANC 302) or more than one ANC (not illustrated) . For example, for RAN sharing, radio as a service (RaaS) , and service specific ANC deployments, the TRP may be connected to more than one ANC. A TRP may include one or more antenna ports. The TRPs may be configured to individually (e.g., dynamic selection) or jointly (e.g., joint transmission) serve traffic to a UE.
[0043] The local architecture of the distributed RAN 300 may be used to illustrate fronthaul definition. The architecture may be defined that support fronthauling solutions across different deployment types. For example, the architecture may be based on transmit network capabilities (e.g., bandwidth, latency, and / or jitter) . The architecture may share features and / or components with LTE. According to aspects, the next generation AN (NG-AN) 310 may support dual connectivity with NR. The NG-AN may share a common fronthaul for LTE and NR.
[0044] The architecture may enable cooperation between and among TRPs 308. For example, cooperation may be preset within a TRP and / or across TRPs via the ANC 302. According to aspects, no inter-TRP interface may be needed / present.
[0045] According to aspects, a dynamic configuration of split logical functions may be present within the architecture of the distributed RAN 300. The PDCP, RLC, MAC protocol may be adaptably placed at the ANC or TRP.
[0046] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed RAN 400, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A centralized core network unit (C-CU) 402 may host core network functions. The C-CU may be centrally deployed. C-CU functionality may be offloaded (e.g., to advanced wireless services (AWS) ) , in an effort to handle peak capacity. A centralized RAN unit (C-RU) 404 may host one or more ANC functions. Optionally, the C-RU may host core network functions locally. The C-RU may have distributed deployment. The C-RU may be closer to the network edge. A distributed unit (DU) 406 may host one or more TRPs. The DU may be located at edges of the network with radio frequency (RF) functionality.
[0047] Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, generally operating at altitudes between 500 km and 2,000 km, form the basis of emerging global broadband networks. Unlike Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites, LEO satellites provide significantly lower latency and reduced path loss due to their closer proximity to Earth. However, a challenge associated with LEO satellites is their rapid motion relative to the Earth’s surface. A typical LEO satellite completes an orbit in approximately 90 to 120 minutes, resulting in transient and intermittent visibility from any given point on the ground.
[0048] To achieve full continuous coverage using LEO satellites, a large number of satellites is required to cover the whole Earth. This number can be very large, often requiring thousands of satellites. The large constellation size is necessary because each individual LEO satellite provides coverage to only a limited geographic area at any given time, and this coverage area moves rapidly across the Earth’s surface as the satellite orbits.
[0049] During the initial stages of satellites deployment, coverage is often sparse. The full constellation may not yet be operational, with only a fraction of the planned satellites launched and active. In this sparse coverage environment, a User Equipment (UE) attempting to establish satellite connection faces significant operational challenges, particularly in areas underserved or unserved by terrestrial networks, such as rural regions, maritime zones, air routes, deserts, or disaster sites where terrestrial infrastructure may be unavailable.
[0050] In the presence of sparse coverage, the UE may encounters a problem: without prior knowledge of satellite availability, it must resort to blind scanning. The UE attempts to scan the whole frequency range and searches for satellite signals at times when there may be no satellite within view of its location. This blind scanning approach, where the UE exhaustively searches across both time and frequency domains for a detectable satellite signal, creates multiple inefficiencies.
[0051] The primary consequence is that the UE may lose a lot of power in scanning for satellite signal where there is none. By scanning the whole frequency spectrum with no prior knowledge of when to scan for the satellite signal and which frequency to use, the UE experiences substantial battery drain from these unsuccessful search attempts. Furthermore, the UE may take longer to do the scan due to the need to search across the entire frequency range, or it may miss the satellite altogether when a brief connection window expires before successful detection.
[0052] Even when a satellite is momentarily visible above the horizon, the prolonged scan time across the entire frequency range can lead to delayed access. The UE may be scanning the wrong portion of the spectrum while the satellite passes overhead, or it may be attempting connection at times when no satellite is scheduled to provide coverage to that geographic region. In worst-case scenarios, the limited connection window available from a passing LEO satellite may expire entirely before the UE successfully detects and acquires the satellite signal, causing the UE to miss the connection opportunity completely.
[0053] Existing solutions provide only limited assistance for this problem. Terrestrial network assistance could theoretically guide satellite searches, but such assistance is unavailable precisely in the remote locations where satellite connectivity is most critical. While a UE might use its own location combined with publicly available orbital data to compute satellite passes, such predictions are often inaccurate and lack essential dynamic network information required for efficient access in modern LEO systems. This missing information includes precise beam coverage maps, beam hopping schedules, and frequency plans that govern actual service availability. Additionally, orbital parameters and network configuration data can become stale between updates, further reducing the reliability of autonomous predictions.
[0054] The combination of sparse satellite coverage during initial deployment phases and the lack of reliable satellite visibility information creates a situation where UEs expend significant power on unsuccessful connection attempts while risking missed opportunities when satellites are actually available. This inefficiency becomes particularly problematic for battery-powered devices operating in remote locations where recharging opportunities may be limited and reliable connectivity is essential.
[0055] To address this challenge, the present disclosure proposes solutions that efficiently provide a UE with accurate and useful satellite coverage information, particularly during the sparse deployment phases of a constellation, to provide power-efficient and rapid satellite acquisition.
[0056] FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 illustrating an example architecture for satellite access optimization that includes a satellite constellation server 502 and a UE 504. The satellite constellation server 502 provides constellation information that can be accessed by the UE 504 through internet connectivity. The UE 504 may obtain this internet connectivity through any available means, including Wi-Fi, cellular networks, or other access technologies. The architecture operates independently of the specific access medium used to reach the internet, requiring only that the UE 504 has some form of internet connectivity available when performing database updates.
[0057] As shown in FIG. 5, the UE 504 includes a satellite database application 5042 and a modem 5044. The satellite database application 5042 may be implemented as an application on the UE 504, though other implementations are possible. This architecture establishes two distinct data pathways that enable satellite coverage-assisted access functionality.
[0058] The first pathway connects the satellite database application 5042 on the UE 504 with the satellite constellation server 502 through internet connectivity. Through this pathway, the satellite database application 5042 queries the satellite constellation server 502 to acquire satellite constellation information. The acquired information is stored in a local database within the UE 504 and can be updated whenever the UE 504 has internet connectivity available. Once the local database is populated, the UE 504 can operate using this local information without requiring continuous connectivity to the server 502.
[0059] The second pathway operates internally within the UE 504, connecting the modem 5044 with the satellite database application 5042. Through this internal interface, the modem 5044 sends satellite coverage requests to the satellite database application 5042 and receives satellite coverage responses generated from the locally stored database. The modem 5044 utilizes these responses to optimize satellite-related operations including satellite search, signal acquisition, signal measurement, and inter-satellite handover procedures.
[0060] This architectural separation allows the constellation data management functionality to reside in the satellite database application 5042 while the modem 5044 focuses on radio communication functions. The satellite database application 5042 handles the acquisition and maintenance of constellation data from the server 502, while the modem 5044 consumes this data to perform efficient satellite access operations. This design enables the UE 504 to operate effectively even in environments with intermittent internet connectivity, as the modem 5044 can continue to access locally stored satellite information through the satellite database application 5042 when the UE 504 is offline.
[0061] The proposed solution addresses the satellite access optimization problem through a systematic approach that combines local storage of constellation information with location-aware query mechanisms. The solution enables the UE 504 to make informed decisions about when and how to search for satellite connectivity, thereby avoiding wasteful blind scanning, reducing power consumption, and improving connection success rates.
[0062] One principle of the solution is to separate constellation data management from real-time satellite access operations. As shown in FIG. 5, the satellite database application 5042 maintains a local repository of constellation information that can be updated whenever internet connectivity is available through any means, such as Wi-Fi or terrestrial cellular networks. This local storage allows the modem 5044 to access satellite coverage predictions even when the UE 504 is operating in remote locations without internet access. The architecture illustrates this separation, with the satellite constellation server 502 providing authoritative constellation data that the satellite database application 5042 downloads and maintains locally, while the modem 5044 consumes this information through internal queries to optimize its satellite access procedures.
[0063] The solution operates through five operations that work together to enable efficient satellite access. First, constellation database acquisition involves the UE 504 acquiring or updating a database with satellite information, which can be performed through various methods when internet connectivity is available. Second, UE location information acquisition involves the UE 504 acquiring or updating its location through GNSS capability, network signaling, data fusion of information such as network coverage maps and Wi-Fi maps, or any other means of acquiring precise or coarse geographical location. Third, satellite coverage request involves the application tracking satellite locations and coverage for a given time or time window upon request from the modem 5044. Fourth, satellite coverage response involves the application providing a response containing information about available satellites, with corresponding bands, frequencies, beam mapping, beam or frequency hopping configurations, and location of satellites or orientation in the sky, applicable for current time or future time. Fifth, UE behavior involves the UE 504 using the received data to determine which frequency or satellite to attempt to connect to, determine when to go to sleep to save power and wake up on the next occasion when satellite coverage is available, or perform other actions such as determining when to start measurement of neighboring satellites or when to perform inter-satellite handover.
[0064] These five operations form a workflow for satellite coverage-assisted access. The constellation database acquisition establishes the foundation by providing the UE 504 with orbital and network configuration information. The UE location information acquisition provides the geographical context necessary for visibility calculations. The satellite coverage request and response operations create the query mechanism between the modem 5044 and the satellite database application 5042, enabling the modem 5044 to obtain specific coverage predictions based on current conditions. The UE behavior operation encompasses the various actions the modem 5044 takes based on the coverage information to optimize satellite access efficiency.
[0065] The architecture shown in FIG. 5 supports this operational flow by establishing two distinct data pathways. The first pathway connects the satellite database application 5042 with the satellite constellation server 502 through internet connectivity, enabling constellation data updates. The second pathway operates internally within the UE 504, connecting the modem 5044 with the satellite database application 5042 for coverage queries. This separation allows the satellite database application 5042 to manage constellation data independently of the modem’s radio access functions, providing flexibility in implementation while maintaining clear functional boundaries.
[0066] The solution addresses the sparse satellite coverage challenge by providing the UE 504 with predictive information about satellite availability. Instead of blindly scanning for satellites that may not be present, the UE 504 can use the coverage response information to determine optimal times for connection attempts. When no satellites are predicted to be visible, the UE 504 can enter sleep mode to conserve power rather than performing futile scanning operations. When satellites are predicted to become available, the UE 504 can wake up in advance and tune to the appropriate frequencies, significantly improving the likelihood of successful connection while minimizing power consumption.
[0067] This approach does not require continuous connectivity to the satellite constellation server 502, as the satellite database application 5042 maintains sufficient local information to answer coverage queries from the modem 5044 during periods when internet connectivity is unavailable. The update frequency of the constellation database can be adapted based on factors such as the rate of orbital parameter changes and the desired prediction accuracy, with the capability to optimize updates by transferring only changed information rather than complete database refreshes.
[0068] Operation 1 of the proposed solution is acquiring the constellation database. As shown in FIG. 5, when the UE 504 has internet connectivity, it can acquire or update a local database containing satellite trajectory data for the target service constellations. This database acquisition and update process may be triggered by a device application, such as the satellite database application 5042 illustrated in FIG. 5. The satellite database application 5042 communicates with the satellite constellation server 502 through internet connectivity to obtain constellation information.
[0069] The UE 504 maintains its own local database that stores satellite constellation information. An initial database may be pre-installed on the device when the satellite database application 5042 is first installed. As satellite information in the local database becomes less accurate over time due to changes in orbital parameters and network configurations, the local database requires periodic updates to maintain prediction accuracy. The UE 504 obtains or refreshes its local database by downloading information from an external source, such as the satellite constellation server 502 shown in FIG. 5.
[0070] The database server address may be pre-programmed in the UE 504 or made user-configurable. The server address may be stored in a private location or a public location such as space-track. org. As an implementation example, a primary server domain name may be pre-programmed in the satellite database application 5042. If connection to the primary server fails, the UE 504 may attempt to obtain a redirection address from a public repository such as space-track. org.
[0071] The triggering of database updates can be managed through various mechanisms. The update rate of the database can be configured, fixed, or set to allow the UE 504 to attempt updates only for modified elements. Database updates may occur periodically according to a fixed or configurable schedule. Alternatively, database updates may be triggered by specific events. For example, an update event may occur when the UE 504 detects a significant change in its location, such as inter-country travel, which may affect the set of visible satellites. Another triggering event may occur when the UE 504 fails to predict satellites based on the local database for multiple consecutive attempts, indicating that the local database has become too inaccurate. Additionally, a triggering event may occur when the network side notifies the UE 504 of a major update to constellation information via signaling, informing the UE 504 that new satellites have been deployed or significant configuration changes have occurred.
[0072] The update process may be designed for efficiency through various optimization techniques. The update may involve transferring the complete database from the satellite constellation server 502 to refresh all data in the local database. Alternatively, in an optimized approach, instead of transferring the entire dataset, the UE 504 only needs to acquire information for satellites with changes or the specific changed data points for individual satellites. The update process may be optimized to have the satellite constellation server 502 send, or the UE 504 request, only data concerning satellites with modifications and updated details for individual satellites.
[0073] As an example of this optimization mechanism, the database may be associated with a version number or timestamp. In an update request transmitted to the satellite constellation server 502, the UE 504 may provide its current database version number or timestamp. The satellite constellation server 502 then identifies all changes that occurred after that version or timestamp and sends back a change set. This change set may include complete updated data for any affected satellites, or alternatively, only the individual orbital parameters that have been modified. This incremental update approach reduces the data transfer volume and update time, which is particularly beneficial when the UE 504 connects to the satellite constellation server 502 through bandwidth-limited or metered internet connections.
[0074] The constellation database maintained by the satellite database application 5042 contains comprehensive information beyond basic satellite trajectory data. The database includes operational parameters such as the bands, frequencies, and channels used by each satellite for communication. The database also contains beam coverage details, including the geographic location of beam centers on the ground, the pointing direction of beams from the satellites, beam width, and other relevant beam parameters. Additionally, the database stores beam hopping configurations, which specify how satellites dynamically switch beam coverage among different geographic areas according to time schedules. This comprehensive information enables the UE 504 to perform more efficient and targeted satellite searches.
[0075] Furthermore, the subset of satellites for which data is acquired or updated in the local database may be determined based on the location of the UE 504. A UE 504 operating in a specific geographic region may only require data for the satellites visible in that area. For example, a UE 504 operating in the arctic region may only need to acquire and maintain database information for the specific subset of satellites whose orbital paths pass over arctic latitudes, based on the satellite movement patterns and constellation configuration. This location-based filtering reduces the database size and update overhead, particularly for constellations containing thousands of satellites where only a fraction are relevant to any given geographic region.
[0076] Operation 2 of the proposed solution involves acquiring location information for the UE 504. As shown in FIG. 5, the UE 504 must determine its position on Earth to identify which satellites are visible from its location. The requirement is that the UE 504 acquires its location or approximate location, which may be the geographical position of a serving terrestrial cell or non-terrestrial beam or cell.
[0077] The location accuracy required for satellite visibility determination does not need to be precise. An approximation within kilometers or even tens of kilometers is sufficient because LEO satellites typically operate at altitudes of several hundred kilometers and provide coverage areas with diameters spanning tens to hundreds of kilometers. Given these large coverage footprints, a position error of a few kilometers on the ground has minimal impact on calculating a satellite’s elevation and azimuth angles relative to the satellite’s line-of-sight distance and beam size. Therefore, such coarse location approximation does not substantially affect the determination of which satellites are within view of the UE 504.
[0078] The UE 504 may acquire and update its location through various available methods. When equipped with GNSS capabilities, the UE 504 can utilize receivers for systems such as GPS, GLONASS, or BeiDou to determine its position directly. Alternatively, the UE 504 may receive its location or the location of its serving cell through network signaling from the terrestrial or satellite network infrastructure. In scenarios where neither GNSS nor network-provided location is available, the UE 504 may employ data fusion techniques that combine information from multiple sources. These sources may include network coverage maps that correlate network identifiers with geographic regions, WiFi access point maps that associate WiFi identifiers with locations, and other location-indicative information commonly available in modern devices. The UE 504 may also utilize any other means of acquiring precise or coarse geographical location that becomes available in its operating environment. This flexibility in location acquisition methods allows the UE 504 to determine its position through whatever means are available, making the solution robust across different deployment scenarios where some location sources may be unavailable.
[0079] Operation 3 of the proposed solution involves the modem 5044 requesting satellite coverage information from the satellite database application 5042. As shown in FIG. 5, this request-response mechanism operates internally within the UE 504, with the modem 5044 querying the locally stored constellation database maintained by the satellite database application 5042. Through this internal interface, the modem 5044 obtains predictive coverage information to determine when and how satellites will be visible from the UE’s current location, enabling optimization of satellite access procedures.
[0080] The satellite coverage request is associated with the current location of the UE 504 and can be configured with various parameters to tailor the coverage prediction to the modem’s specific requirements. The request scope can be defined at different granularity levels based on the operational needs. The modem 5044 may request coverage information for a group of constellations when the UE 504 is capable of accessing multiple satellite networks, or the request may target a specific constellation when the UE 504 operates within a particular satellite service. The granularity can be further refined to a specific satellite or a group of satellites within a constellation, which is particularly useful when the modem 5044 evaluates handover candidates or measures specific satellites for connection quality assessment.
[0081] The temporal parameters of the coverage request provide flexibility in querying satellite visibility across different time horizons. The request may specify a given time when the modem 5044 needs to know satellite availability at an exact moment. Alternatively, the request may define a time window during which the modem 5044 seeks to identify all satellite visibility opportunities within that duration. The modem 5044 may also request the next available coverage opportunity starting from the current time or from a specified future time, which is useful when scheduling the next connection attempt after completing current operations. The time reference in the request may be specified in various formats, such as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) for absolute time reference or local time for operational convenience.
[0082] The modem 5044 may specify frequency constraints in the coverage request by indicating certain frequencies or frequency bands that match the hardware capabilities of the UE 504. This frequency specification is particularly relevant when the UE 504 has limited frequency support or operates in regions with specific frequency allocations. By constraining the coverage query to supported frequencies, the satellite database application 5042 filters out satellites operating on incompatible bands and returns only actionable coverage predictions that the modem 5044 can utilize.
[0083] The coverage request may include a minimum elevation angle parameter to define satellite visibility criteria. For example, the modem 5044 may specify that it only considers satellites appearing above 30 degrees from the horizon. This elevation threshold addresses practical considerations of satellite communication, as lower elevation angles result in longer signal propagation paths through the atmosphere, increased atmospheric attenuation, and higher probability of terrestrial obstructions. By requesting satellites above a minimum elevation threshold, the modem 5044 focuses on connection opportunities with better signal quality and higher success probability.
[0084] Additionally, the request may include a time margin parameter that specifies how far in advance the UE 504 should wake up before a predicted satellite visibility window. This time margin helps address uncertainties in satellite position predictions that may arise from orbital perturbations or database staleness. When the modem 5044 includes this parameter, it provides sufficient lead time for the UE 504 to complete initialization procedures and begin scanning operations before the optimal connection window begins. This advance preparation prevents missed opportunities if satellites appear slightly earlier than predicted due to position uncertainties, while also allowing the modem 5044 to optimize power consumption by avoiding unnecessarily early wake-up times.
[0085] Operation 4 of the proposed solution involves the satellite database application 5042 generating and transmitting a satellite coverage response to the modem 5044. As shown in FIG. 5, when the satellite database application 5042 receives a satellite coverage request from the modem 5044, it processes this request using the locally stored constellation database and the UE’s location information. The satellite database application 5042 tracks satellite positions and calculates which satellites will be visible from the UE’s 504 current location for the specified time or time window.
[0086] The satellite coverage response returned to the modem 5044 contains comprehensive information about available satellites that will facilitate efficient satellite access. The temporal visibility information in the response specifies when each satellite will come into view, defined as the moment when the satellite’s elevation angle rises above the minimum threshold specified in the request. The response indicates the duration for which each satellite will remain visible above this minimum elevation angle, allowing the modem 5044 to determine the length of available connection windows for scheduling communication sessions and managing power consumption.
[0087] The response provides detailed frequency and band information for each visible satellite. This includes the specific frequency bands allocated for satellite operations and the exact frequencies or channels within those bands that each satellite uses. By providing this precise frequency information, the satellite database application 5042 enables the modem 5044 to tune directly to the appropriate frequency without performing spectrum-wide scanning, significantly reducing signal acquisition time and power consumption.
[0088] Beam configuration parameters form another component of the satellite coverage response. The beam mapping information describes the spatial arrangement of satellite beams, including the geographic locations of beam centers on the ground, the pointing directions of beams from the satellites, and the beam width or coverage area. This information allows the modem 5044 to determine whether the UE 504 falls within a particular beam’s coverage area and to estimate expected signal strength based on the UE’s position relative to the beam center. When satellites employ dynamic beam switching or frequency changes, the response includes beam hopping and frequency hopping configurations that specify the temporal patterns of these changes. This hopping information enables the modem 5044 to track when a satellite’s beam will be directed toward the UE’s location and which frequency will be active at any given time.
[0089] The satellite database application 5042 also includes positional information in the response to assist the modem 5044 with antenna pointing and signal characteristic prediction. This positional data may specify the location of each satellite in three-dimensional coordinates or provide the satellite’s orientation in the sky using elevation and azimuth angles as viewed from the UE’s position. For UEs equipped with directional antennas or beam-steering capabilities, this information enables optimal antenna orientation toward the satellite for improved signal reception.
[0090] The response may contain satellite ephemeris data that precisely describes orbital positions and velocities at specific times. The ephemeris may be provided at the time indicated in the coverage request, giving the modem 5044 exact satellite positions at the moment of interest. Alternatively, the ephemeris may reference another time point, such as the current time or a standard epoch, from which the modem 5044 can propagate satellite positions to other times using orbital mechanics calculations. This ephemeris data enables the modem 5044 to refine position predictions and perform sophisticated tracking beyond the explicitly stated visibility windows.
[0091] The temporal validity of all information in the satellite coverage response is explicitly indicated. The provided data may apply to the current time for immediate connection attempts, or to a future indicated time or time window for advance planning of satellite access operations. This temporal specification allows the modem 5044 to distinguish between information for immediate use and information for future scheduling, enabling appropriate operational planning and helping determine when the information requires updating. Through this comprehensive satellite coverage response, the modem 5044 obtains all necessary parameters to optimize satellite access operations without resorting to blind frequency scanning or uncertain timing predictions.
[0092] Operation 5 of the proposed solution involves the UE 504 utilizing the satellite coverage response received from the satellite database application 5042 to optimize satellite access operations. As shown in FIG. 5, after the modem 5044 receives the satellite coverage response, it implements various behaviors based on this information to improve connection efficiency, reduce power consumption, and manage satellite mobility.
[0093] The primary behavior enabled by the coverage response is determining which frequency or satellite to attempt to search for and access. Instead of performing blind scanning across the entire frequency spectrum, the modem 5044 uses the received data to identify specific frequencies and satellites that will be visible at particular times. The modem 5044 can directly tune to the frequencies indicated in the coverage response for satellites predicted to be within view, eliminating the need for exhaustive frequency searches. This targeted approach significantly reduces signal acquisition time and avoids wasting power on scanning frequencies where no satellite signal exists.
[0094] Power management represents another critical aspect of UE behavior based on the coverage response. The modem 5044 determines when to place the UE 504 into sleep mode to save power and when to wake up for the next occasion when satellite coverage becomes available. When the coverage response indicates that no satellites will be visible for an extended period, the modem 5044 transitions the UE 504 to a low-power sleep state rather than maintaining active scanning operations. The coverage response provides precise timing information that allows the modem 5044 to schedule wake-up operations shortly before the next predicted satellite visibility window. This scheduling enables the UE 504 to complete initialization procedures and be ready for connection attempts when satellites actually appear overhead, while avoiding unnecessary power consumption during periods without coverage.
[0095] For satellite selection decisions, the modem 5044 applies various criteria using the information contained in the coverage response. The modem 5044 may choose the satellite with the highest elevation angle at the current time, as higher elevation angles typically provide better signal quality due to shorter propagation paths through the atmosphere and reduced atmospheric attenuation. Alternatively, when planning future connections, the modem 5044 may select the satellite predicted to have the strongest received power at a specific future time, based on beam mapping information and satellite position data provided in the coverage response.
[0096] The coverage response also enables proactive mobility management through predictive handover operations. When the UE 504 maintains a connection to a first satellite, the modem 5044 can examine the coverage response to identify upcoming visibility windows for other satellites. For example, the modem 5044 may discover from the coverage response that a second satellite will become visible with a higher elevation angle in five minutes. Based on this information, the modem 5044 can initiate measurements of the second satellite several minutes in advance of the optimal handover window. By comparing measurement results from the second satellite with the current connection quality to the first satellite, the modem 5044 can execute a smooth handover to the second satellite before signal degradation occurs on the first satellite due to its decreasing elevation angle. This predictive approach to handover management maintains connection continuity and improves overall service quality by avoiding reactive handovers triggered by deteriorating signal conditions.
[0097] Beyond these primary behaviors, the framework does not exclude additional use cases for the satellite coverage response data. The modem 5044 may utilize the response information to optimize various other aspects of satellite communication operations. The timing of neighboring satellite measurements can be scheduled based on predicted visibility windows to prepare for potential handovers or to maintain awareness of alternative connection options. The modem 5044 may also use the coverage predictions to coordinate multi-satellite operations when the UE 504 supports simultaneous connections to multiple satellites, scheduling measurements and access attempts to maximize connectivity opportunities while minimizing power consumption. Through these various behaviors, Operation 5 transforms the predictive satellite coverage information into concrete operational improvements that address the challenges of sparse satellite coverage and power-constrained operation in satellite communication systems.
[0098] FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 illustrating a process for satellite access optimisation. This process may be performed by a UE (e.g., the UE 104) .
[0099] At block 602, a modem of the UE transmits a satellite coverage request to a satellite database application of the UE, the satellite coverage request being based on a current location of the UE.
[0100] At block 604, the modem receives a satellite coverage response from the satellite database application. The satellite coverage response may include satellite coverage information generated by the satellite database application based on the current location of the UE and a local database stored on the UE.
[0101] At block 606, the modem performs a satellite coverage assisted operation based on the satellite coverage information.
[0102] In certain configurations, prior to transmitting the satellite coverage request, the UE may further transmit a satellite constellation query to a satellite constellation server via an internet connection; receive constellation data from the satellite constellation server; and store the constellation data in the local database.
[0103] In certain configurations, an update of the local database may be triggered upon detecting at least one of: the UE establishing an internet connection; a threshold change in the current location of the UE; a failure to predict satellite availability based on the local database for a threshold number of consecutive attempts; or reception of network signaling indicating a constellation configuration update.
[0104] In certain configurations, storing the constellation data in the local database may include: transmitting, to the satellite constellation server, a version identifier or timestamp associated with the local database; and receiving, from the satellite constellation server, an incremental update including only constellation data that has been modified since the version identifier or timestamp.
[0105] In certain configurations, a subset of satellites for which constellation data is stored in the local database may be determined based on the current location of the UE, such that only satellites potentially visible from the current location are included in the subset.
[0106] In certain configurations, the constellation data may include at least one of: orbital parameters for a plurality of satellites; frequency band information indicating operational frequencies for each satellite; beam coverage information including at least one of geographic locations of beam centers, beam pointing directions, or beam widths; or beam hopping configuration data indicating temporal patterns of beam switching.
[0107] In certain configurations, the current location of the UE may be acquired through at least one of: a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver; network signaling indicating a location of the UE or a serving cell; or data fusion combining information from a network coverage map or a Wi-Fi access point map.
[0108] In certain configurations, the satellite coverage request may include at least one of: an identifier of at least one satellite constellation or satellite; a frequency band of interest; a time or time window for which coverage information is requested; or a minimum elevation angle threshold for satellite visibility.
[0109] In certain configurations, the satellite coverage response may include, for at least one satellite, at least one of: a time when the at least one satellite will be visible from the current location; a duration for which the at least one satellite will remain visible; an operational frequency band or specific frequency; beam mapping information; a beam hopping or frequency hopping pattern; an orientation of the at least one satellite relative to the UE, comprising elevation and azimuth angles; or satellite ephemeris data.
[0110] In certain configurations, the satellite coverage request and the satellite coverage response may be communicated internally within the UE without requiring external network connectivity at a time of the communication.
[0111] In certain configurations, the satellite coverage information may pertain to a constellation of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites providing sparse coverage.
[0112] In certain configurations, performing the satellite coverage assisted operation may include: determining a target satellite and a target frequency for a connection attempt based on the satellite coverage information; and initiating the connection attempt to the target satellite at the target frequency, thereby avoiding blind scanning across a full frequency spectrum.
[0113] In certain configurations, determining the target satellite may include selecting a satellite based on at least one of: a highest elevation angle at a current or future time; or a strongest predicted received signal power based on the satellite coverage information.
[0114] In certain configurations, performing the satellite coverage assisted operation may include: determining, based on the satellite coverage information, that no satellite will be visible for a defined period; entering a sleep mode to conserve power during the defined period; and waking from the sleep mode prior to a predicted time of satellite coverage availability.
[0115] In certain configurations, waking from the sleep mode occurs at a time determined based on a time margin specified in the satellite coverage request, the time margin providing a lead time for completing initialization procedures before the predicted time of satellite coverage availability.
[0116] In certain configurations, performing the satellite coverage assisted operation may include: while connected to a first satellite, determining, based on the satellite coverage information, a timing for initiating measurements of a second satellite prior to the second satellite reaching an optimal handover window; and initiating the measurements of the second satellite at the timing.
[0117] In certain configurations, the UE may further execute an inter-satellite handover from the first satellite to the second satellite based on results of the measurements.
[0118] In certain configurations, performing the satellite coverage assisted operation may include performing at least one of: a satellite communication channel search at a frequency indicated in the satellite coverage information; signal measurement of at least one satellite identified in the satellite coverage information; or inter-satellite handover based on predicted satellite visibility indicated in the satellite coverage information.
[0119] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
[0120] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module, ” “mechanism, ” “element, ” “device, ” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means. ” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for. ”
Claims
1.A method for wireless communication by a user equipment (UE) , comprising:transmitting, by a modem of the UE, a satellite coverage request to a satellite database application of the UE, the satellite coverage request being based on a current location of the UE;receiving, by the modem, a satellite coverage response from the satellite database application, wherein the satellite coverage response comprises satellite coverage information generated by the satellite database application based on the current location of the UE and a local database stored on the UE; andperforming, by the modem, a satellite coverage assisted operation based on the satellite coverage information.2.The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to transmitting the satellite coverage request:transmitting, by the UE, a satellite constellation query to a satellite constellation server via an internet connection;receiving, by the UE, constellation data from the satellite constellation server; andstoring the constellation data in the local database.3.The method of claim 2, wherein an update of the local database is triggered upon detecting at least one of:the UE establishing an internet connection;a threshold change in the current location of the UE;a failure to predict satellite availability based on the local database for a threshold number of consecutive attempts; orreception of network signaling indicating a constellation configuration update.4.The method of claim 2, wherein storing the constellation data in the local database comprises:transmitting, to the satellite constellation server, a version identifier or timestamp associated with the local database; andreceiving, from the satellite constellation server, an incremental update comprising only constellation data that has been modified since the version identifier or timestamp.5.The method of claim 2, wherein a subset of satellites for which constellation data is stored in the local database is determined based on the current location of the UE, such that only satellites potentially visible from the current location are included in the subset.6.The method of claim 2, wherein the constellation data comprises at least one of:orbital parameters for a plurality of satellites;frequency band information indicating operational frequencies for each satellite;beam coverage information comprising at least one of geographic locations of beam centers, beam pointing directions, or beam widths; orbeam hopping configuration data indicating temporal patterns of beam switching.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the current location of the UE is acquired through at least one of:a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver;network signaling indicating a location of the UE or a serving cell; ordata fusion combining information from a network coverage map or a Wi-Fi access point map.8.The method of claim 1, wherein the satellite coverage request comprises at least one of:an identifier of at least one satellite constellation or satellite;a frequency band of interest;a time or time window for which coverage information is requested; ora minimum elevation angle threshold for satellite visibility.9.The method of claim 1, wherein the satellite coverage response comprises, for at least one satellite, at least one of:a time when the at least one satellite will be visible from the current location;a duration for which the at least one satellite will remain visible;an operational frequency band or specific frequency;beam mapping information;a beam hopping or frequency hopping pattern;an orientation of the at least one satellite relative to the UE, comprising elevation and azimuth angles; orsatellite ephemeris data.10.The method of claim 1, wherein the satellite coverage request and the satellite coverage response are communicated internally within the UE without requiring external network connectivity at a time of the communication.11.The method of claim 1, wherein the satellite coverage information pertains to a constellation of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites providing sparse coverage.12.The method of claim 1, wherein performing the satellite coverage assisted operation comprises:determining a target satellite and a target frequency for a connection attempt based on the satellite coverage information; andinitiating the connection attempt to the target satellite at the target frequency, thereby avoiding blind scanning across a full frequency spectrum.13.The method of claim 12, wherein determining the target satellite comprises selecting a satellite based on at least one of:a highest elevation angle at a current or future time; ora strongest predicted received signal power based on the satellite coverage information.14.The method of claim 1, wherein performing the satellite coverage assisted operation comprises:determining, based on the satellite coverage information, that no satellite will be visible for a defined period;entering a sleep mode to conserve power during the defined period; andwaking from the sleep mode prior to a predicted time of satellite coverage availability.15.The method of claim 14, wherein waking from the sleep mode occurs at a time determined based on a time margin specified in the satellite coverage request, the time margin providing a lead time for completing initialization procedures before the predicted time of satellite coverage availability.16.The method of claim 1, wherein performing the satellite coverage assisted operation comprises:while connected to a first satellite, determining, based on the satellite coverage information, a timing for initiating measurements of a second satellite prior to the second satellite reaching an optimal handover window; andinitiating the measurements of the second satellite at the timing.17.The method of claim 16, further comprising:executing an inter-satellite handover from the first satellite to the second satellite based on results of the measurements.18.The method of claim 1, wherein performing the satellite coverage assisted operation comprises performing at least one of:a satellite communication channel search at a frequency indicated in the satellite coverage information;signal measurement of at least one satellite identified in the satellite coverage information; orinter-satellite handover based on predicted satellite visibility indicated in the satellite coverage information.19.An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a user equipment (UE) , comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:transmit, by a modem of the UE, a satellite coverage request to a satellite database application of the UE, the satellite coverage request being based on a current location of the UE;receive, by the modem, a satellite coverage response from the satellite database application, wherein the satellite coverage response may include satellite coverage information generated by the satellite database application based on the current location of the UE and a local database stored on the UE; andperform, by the modem, a satellite coverage assisted operation based on the satellite coverage information.20.A computer-readable medium storing computer executable code for wireless communication of a user equipment (UE) , comprising code to:transmit, by a modem of the UE, a satellite coverage request to a satellite database application of the UE, the satellite coverage request being based on a current location of the UE;receive, by the modem, a satellite coverage response from the satellite database application, wherein the satellite coverage response may include satellite coverage information generated by the satellite database application based on the current location of the UE and a local database stored on the UE; andperform, by the modem, a satellite coverage assisted operation based on the satellite coverage information.
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