Reactor and method for carrying out chemical reactions

Abstract

The present invention relates to a reactor (100, 200) for carrying out a chemical reaction, having a reactor vessel (10) and one or more reaction tubes (20), wherein an electrical input element (41) for electrically heating the reaction tubes (20) is directed into the reactor vessel (10). The electrical input element (41) is configured such that each of the electrical input elements (41) has a rod-shaped section (43), in each case, the rod-shaped section (43) passing through a wall (14) of the reactor vessel (10) at a wall channel (15), such that a connecting chamber (60) through which the rod-shaped section (43) protrudes is disposed outside the reactor vessel (10) and adjacent to the wall (14) through which the rod-shaped section (43) passes at its wall channel (15), and a cooling panel (61) through which cooling fluid can flow is disposed in the connecting chamber (60) and arranged between at least two or at least two groups of the rod-shaped sections (43) protruding into the connecting chamber (60). The corresponding method is also part of this invention.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to reactors and methods for carrying out chemical reactions. Background Technology

[0002] In many processes in the chemical industry, reactors are used, in which one or more reactants pass through heated reaction tubes and undergo a catalytic or non-catalytic reaction. In particular, heating helps to overcome the activation energy required for the ongoing chemical reaction. The reaction can proceed endothermally as a whole, or exothermally after the activation energy has been overcome. This invention particularly relates to strongly endothermic reactions.

[0003] Examples of these processes include steam cracking, various reforming processes, particularly steam reforming, dry reforming (carbon dioxide reforming), mixed reforming processes, and alkane dehydrogenation processes. In steam cracking, the reaction tubes are guided through the reactor in the form of coils, which have at least one U-bend within the reactor, while in steam reforming, tubes without U-bends are typically used to pass through the reactor.

[0004] This invention applies to the processes and designs of all such reaction tubes. Articles in Ullmann's *Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry*, "Ethylene," "Gas production," and "Propene," such as April 15, 2009, DOI: 10.1002 / 14356007.a10_045.pub2, December 15, 2006, DOI: 10.1002 / 14356007.a12_169.pub2, and June 15, 2000, DOI: 10.1002 / 14356007.a22_211, are cited herein for illustrative purposes only.

[0005] The reaction tubes of the corresponding reactor are typically heated by a burner. In this case, the reaction tubes pass through the combustion chamber, where the burner is also located.

[0006] However, as mentioned above, for example in DE102015004121A1 (similar to EP3075704A1), the demand for syngas and hydrogen produced under conditions of reduced or no reduction in local CO2 emissions is increasing. However, processes using combustion reactors cannot meet this demand due to the combustion of typical fossil fuel carriers. For example, other processes are excluded due to high costs. The same applies to the production of olefins and / or other hydrocarbons via steam cracking or alkane dehydrogenation. In such cases, processes with at least minimal on-site CO2 emissions are also required.

[0007] Against this backdrop, the aforementioned DE102015004121A1 proposes electrically heating the reactor used for steam reforming in addition to combustion. In this case, one or more voltage sources are used to provide a three-phase AC voltage across three external conductors. Each external conductor is connected to the reaction tube. A star circuit is formed, wherein the star point is realized by a collector, into which pipes lead and to which the reaction tube is electrically connected. Thus, the collector is ideally kept at no potential. In the vertical direction, the collector is arranged below and outside the combustion chamber and preferably transverse to the reactor tube or extends horizontally. WO2015 / 197181A1 also discloses a reactor in which the reaction tube is arranged in a star circuit.

[0008] Besides direct heating of the reaction tube (current flowing through the reaction tube), there are various concepts for indirect electric heating of the reaction tube. Among these, indirect electric heating can be performed in the form of external electric heating, as described in WO2020 / 002326A1. Internal heating is also possible, for example, as disclosed in WO2019 / 228798A1. In addition to resistance or impedance heating, induction electric heating of the reaction tube or catalyst bed can be performed, for example, as described in WO2017 / 072057A1. For example, induction heating can heat internal or external heating elements or the reaction tube itself. Direct (non-induction) heating of the reaction tube is also disclosed in DE102015004121A1. For heating, the basic concept of multiphase or single-phase AC or DC power can be implemented. In the case of directly heating the reactor with DC or single-phase AC power, a star circuit without potential points cannot be implemented, but the power input can be implemented in a substantially similar manner. This invention applies to all variations of electric heating.

[0009] DE2362628A1 discloses a tube furnace for heat-treating liquid or gaseous media in a metal tube, wherein the metal tube is heated by resistance heating, and the tube to be heated by resistance heating is electrically connected to a power supply line at the end of the section to be heated. US2014 / 0238523A1 relates to an apparatus for heating a piping system for molten salt, comprising at least two pipes, each with a resistance heating element extending along these pipes, wherein at least one end of each resistance heating element is provided with a potential close to ground, and the resistance heating element is remotely connected from there to a connector of a DC power supply or to a phase of an n-phase AC power supply.

[0010] WO2020 / 035575A1 discloses an apparatus for heating a fluid, comprising at least one conductive pipe and / or at least one conductive pipe segment for receiving the fluid and at least one DC power source and / or DC voltage source, wherein each pipe and / or each pipe segment is assigned a corresponding DC power source or DC voltage source connected to the corresponding pipe and / or the corresponding pipe segment, wherein the corresponding DC power source and / or DC voltage source is intended to generate current in the corresponding pipe and / or the corresponding pipe segment, wherein the corresponding pipe and / or the corresponding pipe segment is Joule-heated to heat the fluid, the Joule heat being generated when current passes through the conductive pipe material, wherein the apparatus has a plurality of pipes and / or pipe segments, wherein the pipes and / or pipe segments are connected to each other and thus form a pipe system for receiving the fluid.

[0011] The fixed-bed reactor known from EP2805762A1 has an inflow path for feed gas for catalytic reaction and an outflow path for reforming gas, a catalytic reaction vessel connected to the inflow path and the outflow path and containing the catalyst, a catalyst holder with ventilation and holding the catalyst, and a drive mechanism for moving the catalyst up and down by moving the catalyst holder up and down.

[0012] WO2004 / 091773A1 discloses an electrically heated reactor for carrying out gas reactions at high temperatures. The reactor includes: a reactor block; one or more integral modules of material suitable for electric heating, the modules being surrounded by a shell; channels extending through the modules and designed as reaction passages; and means for conducting or inducing current within the reactor block. Safety during operation of this reactor is enhanced because the shell of the reactor block includes a double-walled sheath that hermetically seals the reactor block, and at least one means for introducing inert gas into the double-walled sheath.

[0013] In particular, it has been found that the electrical input for such electrically heated reactors is challenging due to the high current and temperature. Therefore, the object of the present invention is to improve the corresponding electrically heated reactors for carrying out chemical reactions. Summary of the Invention

[0014] In light of this background, the present invention provides a reactor and method for carrying out chemical reactions. Examples are described below.

[0015] In the generally partially electric furnace concept upon which this invention is based (the term "furnace" is generally understood to refer to the corresponding reactor or at least its adiabatic reaction space), for example, the reaction tube or its corresponding tube segment (hereinafter also simply referred to as "tube") itself acts as a resistor to generate heat. This method has higher efficiency and a higher achievable heat flux density compared to indirect heating via external electric heating elements. However, as mentioned at the beginning, any other type of electric heating within the scope of this invention (direct or indirect, in the form of resistance, impedance, or induction heating, via single-phase or multi-phase alternating current or direct current) can also be performed if said heating proves advantageous. The scope of this invention also includes the possibility of providing a portion of the total heating power output consumed in the furnace through the combustion of a chemical energy carrier.

[0016] Therefore, if this document refers to electric heating, the existence of other non-electric heating is not excluded. In particular, it can also be specified that the contributions of electric heating and non-electric heating vary over time, for example, depending on the supply and price of electricity or the supply and price of non-electric energy carriers such as natural gas.

[0017] In the case of multiphase alternating current heating, current is fed directly into the heated reaction tubes via M individually connected phases. The conductive reaction tubes connected to the M phases can also be electrically connected to a star point. The number of phases M is particularly 3, corresponding to the number of phases in a conventional three-phase current source or network. However, in principle, the invention is not limited to the use of three phases and more phases can be used, for example, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 phases. The phase offset is particularly 360° / M, i.e., 120° in the case of three-phase alternating current.

[0018] In multiphase alternating current electric heating, potential equalization between phases is achieved through a star circuit at the star point, making electrical insulation of the connected pipes redundant. This represents a particular advantage of this furnace concept, as rupture of the metal reaction tubes used to insulate specific sections is undesirable, especially given the high temperatures used and the resulting high material and structural costs.

[0019] However, the measures proposed according to the invention and explained below are applicable in the same manner to the use of single-phase alternating current and direct current, and the invention can be used in reactors heated by alternating current and reactors heated by direct current, or in a corresponding hybrid form. As mentioned above, the invention is also applicable to indirectly heated reaction tubes. For example, in a direct current arrangement, only the type of current source and the reaction tube region or corresponding energized section opposite the power input differ from the alternating current arrangement. In the latter, electrical connections between different tube sections are performed only optionally. Since there are no potential-free points in a direct current arrangement, suitable current discharge elements should be provided that safely guide the current back to the outside. The latter can be designed similarly to the power input described below. The connection chamber described below can exist in the upper region, but can also be omitted, as this eliminates the need for mobility.

[0020] This invention relates to a reactor for carrying out a chemical reaction, having a reactor vessel (i.e., an insulated or at least partially insulated region) and one or more reaction tubes, wherein an electrical input element for electrically heating the reaction tubes is guided into the reactor vessel. According to the invention, each electrical input element has a rod-shaped section, wherein the rod-shaped section passes through the wall of the reactor vessel at a wall channel.

[0021] Specifically, the first region may be located at the first end of the straight pipe section, and the second region may be located at the second end opposite to the first end. Specifically, the first region may be located in the upper region of the reactor, and the second region may be located in the lower region of the reactor, or vice versa. In other words, specifically, the first and second regions are located at opposite ends of the reactor vessel or its internal space, wherein the internal space of the reactor vessel between the first and second regions specifically corresponds to the intermediate region. For example, the first region may represent or include 5%, 10%, or 20% of the internal space at one end of the reactor vessel, while the second region represents or includes 5%, 10%, or 20% of the internal space at the other end of the reactor vessel. Particularly during reactor operation, the first region is arranged at the bottom and the second region is arranged at the top.

[0022] Within the scope of this invention, the connecting chamber is arranged outside the reactor vessel and adjacent to the wall through which the rod-shaped section of the current input element passes (i.e., the wall in which a wall channel is formed), the rod-shaped section protruding into the connecting chamber. Depending on the type of power input, the connecting chamber may be arranged below or to the side of the reactor vessel, such that the wall may be a bottom wall or a side wall.

[0023] The rod-shaped segments are connected to flexible contact elements within the connection chamber, and in particular, via suitable intermediate segments or elements, to, for example, strands, power boards, sheet strips, or current springs. These flexible contact elements are fixed to rigid contact elements at the ends not connected to the rod-shaped segments. The rigid contact elements are typically immovably arranged within the connection chamber, for example, insulated within the walls, and are powered, for example, by a DC or AC transformer. In particular, the flexible contact elements compensate for longitudinal movement of the rod-shaped segments within the wall channels.

[0024] According to the invention, cooling panels through which cooling fluid can flow are disposed in a connecting chamber and arranged between at least two or more groups of rod-shaped sections protruding into the connecting chamber.

[0025] The invention is further described below, wherein multiple segments of one or more reaction tubes extend between a first region and a second region within the reactor vessel and pass through an intermediate region between the first and second regions, and wherein the segments in the first region for electrically heating the tubes are electrically connected to or capable of being electrically connected to one or more power connectors of a power source, i.e., electrically connected to one or more DC connectors in the case of a DC arrangement, and electrically connected to one or more connection points (“external conductors”) of an AC power source in the case of a single-phase or multi-phase AC arrangement, as detailed below. Additionally, in an alternative, equally possible indirect heating method (which may also be used as already mentioned), connecting elements for the corresponding heating device are guided through the wall of the reactor vessel.

[0026] As already mentioned, in the corresponding configuration of the invention, in this case, a corresponding AC voltage is provided via a multiphase AC power arrangement through a connecting joint, and the AC voltage of the connecting joint is phase-shifted in the manner described above. For example, a power supply network or a suitable generator and / or transformer can be used as a multiphase AC power source. In this arrangement, the pipe segments are specifically formed in a star circuit, wherein they are electrically coupled to each other at their respective ends opposite the power input terminals (i.e., in the second region).

[0027] On the other hand, in the case of a DC power arrangement, in other configurations, the same or different static potentials are fed via one or more DC power connectors, and in particular, current extraction elements are located at the corresponding terminals opposite to the power input. This also applies in a similar manner when using single-phase AC power from one or more current sources.

[0028] In particular, in the intermediate region, the pipe segments in the configuration described in this invention freely pass through the reactor vessel, i.e., without mechanical support, without electrical contact, and / or without any fluid or purely mechanical cross-connection to each other. In this configuration, they extend substantially or completely straight, particularly in the intermediate region, where "substantially straight" should be understood to mean an angular deviation of less than 10° or 5°.

[0029] In particular, the cracking reaction in steam cracking is a strongly endothermic reaction. In order to provide the necessary energy for the reaction by direct heating (ohmic resistance), a high current intensity is required, which, in the aforementioned reactor concept, is provided by one or more transformers placed outside the reactor.

[0030] In all the aforementioned concepts of electric heating, the current must be conducted from the outside of the thermally insulated reactor to the inside, and then to the process execution area, with the lowest possible loss (low resistance). In the latter, the endothermic reaction, together with the rapidly flowing process medium inside the tubes (high heat transfer), results in very efficient cooling of the reactor tubes or a very high heat flux density inside the tubes. Thus, the required direct heat transfer from at least partially electrically heated tube material to the process gas is achieved within the process execution tubes.

[0031] The specific problem involves the low-loss supply of high-voltage current to the aforementioned process actuators. If current is to be supplied into the tubes within the reactor, this supply must be through pipes that cannot be cooled by direct convection heat exchange to the cooler process gas, as described below. In this case, unacceptable temperature increases cannot be tolerated in areas of lower cooling efficiency. Furthermore, the rapid temperature rise of up to 900 K (the maximum temperature difference between the environment and the reactor) over short distances (partially less than 1 meter) must also be overcome by this supply.

[0032] To minimize heat loss and achieve higher system efficiency, the electrically heated reaction tubes must be placed within an insulating box (referred to here as the reactor vessel). When passing through the insulating walls of the reactor vessel, the current conductors must overcome quasi-insulating regions where unacceptably high local temperatures do not occur.

[0033] Therefore, within the scope of the particularly preferred configuration of the invention explained above, to achieve this objective, in the first region of the reactor, i.e., the power input region, a power input device is provided, with corresponding pipe segments or groups of pipe segments electrically connected to the power input device. The number of pipe segments provided is such that a corresponding one or group of multiple pipe segments can be connected to a corresponding one of the power input devices, and vice versa. The number of power input devices provided within the scope of the invention depends on the number of phase connectors of the multiphase AC power supply in the case of an AC arrangement, or corresponds to the number of DC connectors. When using an AC power arrangement, it can be the same as the number of phase connectors, or it can be an integer multiple thereof. In the latter case, two of the power input devices can, for example, be connected to a corresponding one of the connectors of the AC power supply, etc.

[0034] In this configuration, the power input device includes one or more contact channels that abut at least one corresponding pipe segment in the first region and pass through the power input device. As described in more detail below, the one or more contact channels in the power input device may pass through the power input device either straight or in the form of a U-bend. Specifically, they are designed as wall-reinforced bends. In particular, the reaction pipe without a U-bend is a wall-reinforced sleeve.

[0035] One or more contact channels in the power input device can be designed into one or more components that are attached to or securely bonded to the conduit segment in a high-temperature resistant manner, or optionally in the form of a continuous section of the reaction tube or a corresponding continuous section. In all configurations, a design with as few components as possible generally proves advantageous, as described below.

[0036] In the first case, the pipe segment extending between the first and second regions in the reactor can be welded to a prefabricated component, wherein one or more of the contact channels extend in the prefabricated component, or a corresponding additional component can be cast onto the pipe segment extending between the first and second regions in the reactor. In the second case, a continuous pipe can be provided, forming both the pipe segment extending between the first and second regions in the reactor and the contact channel in the corresponding power input device, and additional components of the power input device can be provided by casting, winding, or welding.

[0037] When the above and below mention that the power input device includes one or more contact channels “adjacent to at least one corresponding pipe segment in the first region”, it should be understood that this means that the contact channel in the power input device, together with the corresponding pipe segment between the first and second regions, forms a continuous channel for the transport of process fluid through the pipe segment.

[0038] Specifically, in this case, the internal space of each pipe segment between the first and second regions continues into the corresponding contact channel, without having a significant narrowing or widening, where "significant" narrowing or widening means a narrowing or widening exceeding 10% of the cross-sectional area. The term "contact channel" is used to refer to the area in which a conductive connection via a metal component to an electrical connector exists, even in the particular configuration of the invention, where the "contact channel" is a continuous extension of the pipe segment in the first region.

[0039] "A strong, high-temperature bond" refers to a type of connection in which two or more metal parts are firmly joined together, and the connection is permanent at temperatures between 500°C and 1500°C, particularly 600°C to 1200°C or 800°C to 1000°C, meaning it will not detach during normal operation at these temperatures. A strong, high-temperature bond can be specifically designed as a metal-to-metal connection, where no non-metallic material remains between the joined parts. In particular, this type of connection can be manufactured by welding, casting, or winding. It can also be a connection where no structural differences are observed at the transition of the joined parts, especially when no additional metal is used for the connection.

[0040] In the configuration of the invention just explained, the walls of the contact channels of the power input device are respectively connected to one of the power input elements, each of which, as described above, has at least one rod-shaped segment that passes through the wall of the reactor vessel at the wall channel. Compared to strands or the like, for example, the rod-shaped segments in all configurations of the invention are integrally formed from a conductive material such as metal (i.e., not particularly in the form of parallel or braided wire). It can be designed as solid or at least partially tubular, i.e., hollow rods. The rod-shaped segments have a longitudinal extension perpendicular to the wall of the reactor vessel, and this longitudinal extension is at least two times, particularly three times, four times, or five times, for example, up to ten times, the maximum lateral extension parallel to the wall of the reactor vessel. For example, the cross-section of the rod-shaped segment can be circular, elliptical, triangular, or polygonal, or the rod-shaped segment can have any other shape.

[0041] The power input elements of the power input device can be directly connected to the wall of the contact channel in their rod-shaped segments, or they can be integrated into the contact channel. However, one or more intermediate elements may also be provided, each of which forms part of the power input element.

[0042] The cooling panels disposed in the connecting chamber provided according to the invention are designed to be flat in at least one section, i.e., they extend between two imaginary or actual boundary surfaces arranged at a distance from each other, wherein the distance between the boundary surfaces defines the thickness of the cooling panel, and the extension along the boundary surfaces is two, five, ten, or twenty times greater than this thickness. The boundary surfaces can be planar or curved, so the cooling panels can be flat and planar, but they can also be curved, such that the cooling panels can be flat and semi-cylindrical or partially cylindrical and curved. Different cooling panels can also have different sizes or designs. A “boundary surface” is the surface that defines the maximum thickness of the cooling panel. The cooling panel does not necessarily rest on these boundary surfaces over its entire surface.

[0043] These dimensions apply individually to each of the cooling panels; that is, the first cooling panel can be arranged at an angle or perpendicular to the second cooling panel. Multiple cooling panels can rotate relative to each other, particularly about an axis that extends longitudinally parallel to the rod-shaped section of the power input element and perpendicular to the wall of the reactor vessel.

[0044] Specifically, the cooling panel can be configured to allow cooling fluid to flow through in a direction generally corresponding to the direction perpendicular to or parallel to the rod-shaped section, for example, through corresponding feed and take-out openings for the cooling fluid on the side parallel to the rod-shaped section.

[0045] The thickness of the cooling panel can range from 0.5 cm to 10 cm, particularly from 1 cm to 5 cm, at least within the range of said dimensions.

[0046] Specifically, the connecting chamber may have sidewalls that extend perpendicularly to the wall of the reactor vessel through which the rod-shaped section of the power input element passes at the wall channel. One or more additional cooling panels may be arranged on or parallel to at least one of these sidewalls. Like the cooling panels mentioned above, these cooling panels can be designed with basic dimensions.

[0047] Specifically, the connecting chamber may also have a parallel wall that extends parallel to the wall of the reactor vessel through which the rod-shaped segments of the power input elements each pass in a wall channel (i.e., a bottom wall or a side wall), i.e., a bottom wall or a side wall, wherein the aforementioned elements are arranged between the wall of the reactor vessel and the parallel wall of the connecting chamber. This parallel wall may be at least partially designed as a hollow wall and configured to allow flow of the aforementioned or additional cooling fluids.

[0048] Within the scope of this invention, it is particularly advantageous if the connecting chamber used does not have a means for providing forced convection in the gaseous environment surrounding the cooling panel, such as a blower, fan, etc. Those skilled in the art will understand that forced convection here refers to convection caused by external mechanical action on the fluid. The pressure difference generated by the corresponding mechanical action causes fluid flow.

[0049] When the rod-shaped section of the electrical input element in the forced cooling gas chamber is primarily or radially oriented (other than natural convection), it is possible to design a cooling chamber with cooling panels that is airtight to the outside but permeable to the reactor vessel (particularly via wall channels). Therefore, a particularly preferred configuration of the invention includes this feature. For example, an oxygen-deficient environment can thus be applied to the interior of the reactor vessel including the cooling chamber because the gas exchange required under forced convection conditions is not necessary.

[0050] This invention allows the rod-shaped section of the power input element to be movably accommodated within the wall of the reactor vessel without requiring an airtight seal, which would otherwise be necessary to prevent the leakage of flammable gases into the environment, for example, in the event of a reaction tube failure (“coil tear”). Within the scope of this invention, the wall passage can thus be significantly more compact and permanent because no sealing material is required. Advantageously, all components from the cooling chamber to the environment now have very little compensating movement, thus significantly simplifying the achievement of airtightness relative to the reactor vessel wall itself.

[0051] In this invention, the cooling, in addition to the corresponding dimensional specifications and design of the power input element itself, ensures that the overall temperature is maintained sufficiently low, particularly for connecting highly conductive and / or flexible contact elements. The active cooling proposed within the scope of this invention, located outside the adiabatic reactor vessel, affects the temperature distribution in the outer portion of the rod-shaped section of the power input element (i.e., the portion protruding into the connection chamber). Cooling panels disposed within the connection chamber within the scope of this invention, which can also be understood as cooled intermediate walls, ensure increased heat dissipation from the rod-shaped section.

[0052] By using this invention, the amount of material used in the design of power input elements or their rod-shaped sections can be reduced. In the case of purely passive cooling, only a very low rate of thermal expansion is permissible in the rod-shaped sections to avoid overheating under permanent loads. In terms of cost and mechanical load on the system, increasing the amount of material required for this purpose is undesirable.

[0053] Within the scope of this invention, sufficiently low temperatures are achieved in the connection region of the rod-shaped section, thereby enabling, for example, the connection of highly conductive but temperature-sensitive copper-containing connecting elements. The use of highly conductive connecting elements minimizes electrical losses in the feeder line. Furthermore, these connecting elements can be flexibly designed at sufficiently low temperatures to absorb the thermal expansion of the reaction tube section during operation, which is then transferred to the rod-shaped section of the power input element.

[0054] In a particularly advantageous configuration of the invention, the rod-shaped segment of the power input element in the connecting chamber is therefore designed with a corresponding type of contact element, i.e., the contact element has a material with a higher conductivity than the material of the rod-shaped segment. Alternatively or additionally, these contact elements can be flexible contact elements, such as the aforementioned strands, power boards, sheet strips, or current springs. In this configuration, as already mentioned, these flexible contact elements are fixed to a rigid contact element at one end that is not connected to the rod-shaped segment, the rigid contact element being immovably arranged in the connecting chamber. The rigid contact element can be particularly fastened in and / or through the aforementioned parallel wall.

[0055] Since the electrical conductor resistance of many metallic materials increases with increasing temperature, heat power loss can be reduced by lowering the average temperature of the rod-shaped section of the power input element and, for example, the flexible strand element connected thereto (due to forced cooling within the scope of this invention), and thus the efficiency of the system can be improved.

[0056] Due to its very low conductivity, demineralized or completely desalinated water, for example, with a conductivity of less than 10 μS / cm at 25°C, particularly less than 5 μS / cm, 1 μS / cm, 0.5 μS / cm, or 0.1 μS / cm, is advantageously used as a coolant within the scope of this invention. The placement of the cooling panel also takes into account adequate protection against short circuits (particularly by maintaining a minimum distance).

[0057] According to a particularly preferred configuration of the invention, the cooling panel can be formed of parallel metal plates that are interconnected by laser or roll welding and expanded in a pad-like manner.

[0058] Particularly advantageous is that the rod-shaped section protruding into the cooling chamber has a corresponding cross-section of not less than 10 square centimeters, advantageously not less than 30 square centimeters, and particularly not less than 50 square centimeters at at least one point. By making the corresponding large cross-section, particularly low component temperatures can be ensured.

[0059] Advantageously, as already mentioned, the rod-shaped sections of the power input elements are longitudinally movably guided through the walls of the reactor vessel within their wall channels. This freedom of movement is particularly advantageous for the mechanical behavior of the reaction tubes, which is primarily governed by a few decimeters of thermal expansion during reactor operation. This freedom of movement reduces the bending loads that would occur with rigid fasteners on the reaction tubes. On the other hand, also as described below, in the case of AC heating, the reaction tubes can be rigidly fixed to the top of the reactor in the second region using a star bridge, thus providing stable suspension even when the rod-shaped sections of the power input elements have corresponding longitudinal mobility. Due to their advantageously large cross-sectional dimensions, the rod-shaped sections of the power input elements ensure safe lateral guidance of the reaction tubes. Furthermore, as already mentioned, the components from the cooling chamber to the environment now have very little compensating movement through the connections in the cooling chamber, particularly through the connections of flexible contact elements.

[0060] Since the reaction in the reactor according to the invention requires high temperatures, the electrical connections in the first region must be achieved within a high-temperature range, for example, approximately 900°C for steam cracking. This is possible through the measures proposed according to the invention, by selecting suitable materials and their sufficient dimensions. Simultaneously, the connection requires high conductivity and high mechanical stability and reliability at high temperatures. In the case of using AC heating and star-point connections, a failure in the electrical connection leads to potential asymmetry at the star point, and thus immediately results in a safe shutdown of the system in response to unwanted current conduction in system components. The present invention provides advantages over the prior art by avoiding this situation.

[0061] Compared to theoretically equally possible contact outside the reactor vessel, which would require leading the reaction tubes outside the vessel, the contact of the tube segments within the reactor vessel provided by the invention has the advantage of a well-defined electrothermal input path, because in this case, it is not necessary to guide the electrically heated tube segments from the hotter internal space to the cooler external space. With the contact according to the invention, since the tube segments are entirely arranged within the reactor vessel, very uniform external thermal boundary conditions can be achieved spatially for the electrically heated tube segments. This results in process engineering advantages, for example, avoiding the anticipated excessive coking in the heated and externally insulated channels.

[0062] Within the scope of this invention, the power input elements, contact channels, and conduits can be formed from the same material or from materials whose conductivity (in the sense of material constants, as experts generally say) differs from each other by no more than 50%, 30%, 10%, or advantageously, from the same material. For example, the aforementioned components can also be formed from steel of the same type. Using the same or closely related materials simplifies casting or welding. On the other hand, contact elements connected in the cooling chamber can be formed from other materials that may be less heat-resistant.

[0063] In a preferred embodiment, the power input element, contact channel, and conduit section are made of or formed of a heat-resistant chromium-nickel steel alloy, which has high oxidation resistance or high scale resistance and high carburization resistance.

[0064] For example, it can be an iron-containing metal containing 0.1% to 0.5% carbon, 20% to 50% chromium, 20% to 80% nickel, 0% to 2% niobium, 0% to 3% silicon, 0% to 5% tungsten, and 0% to 1% other components, wherein the total content of these components is a non-iron percentage.

[0065] For example, materials with standard names according to DIN EN 10027 Part 1 "Materials" such as GX40CrNiSi25-20, GX40NiCrSiNb35-25, GX45NiCrSiNbTi35-25, GX35CrNiSiNb24-24, GX45NiCrSi35-25, GX43NiCrWSi35-25-4, GX10NiCrNb32-20, GX50CrNiSi30-30, G-NiCr28W, G-NiCrCoW, GX45NiCrSiNb45-35, GX13NiCrNb45-35, GX13NiCrNb37-25, or GX55NiCrWZr33-30-04 can be used. These have proven to be particularly suitable for high-temperature applications.

[0066] In all the above cases, the connecting elements and pipe sections can be formed from the same material, or from materials whose conductivity (in the sense of material constants, as is customary in the field) differs by no more than 50%, 30%, or 10%, or advantageously from the same material. For example, the connecting elements and pipe sections can also be formed from steel of the same type. Using the same or closely related materials can facilitate the integrated design of the connecting elements and the pipe sections, for example, through casting or welding.

[0067] In the second region, when heated by alternating current, all tube segments within the reactor vessel can be electrically connected to each other via rigid connecting elements (“star bridges”), or such connections can be made in groups of multiple rigid connecting elements.

[0068] In this case, i.e., under alternating current heating, conductive connections are performed such that, as explained, at least extensive potential equalization is achieved in the connected phases in the first region. Specifically, one or more connecting elements are combined with connected pipe sections in a manner that facilitates fluid collection and non-fluid distribution, distinguishing them from collectors known in the prior art and arranged outside the reactor. The potential equalization within the reactor vessel proposed in the configuration of the invention just explained has the advantage of being almost entirely unaffected by potential or significantly reduced current backflow through the neutral conductor.

[0069] The result is minimal current loss and a high level of shock protection when connected to other components of the process system via connectors. The spatially very uniform external thermal boundary conditions, in contrast to guiding the reaction tubes through the reactor vessel wall (which is necessary for external potential equalization), also lead to the process-related advantages already explained above.

[0070] By combining the corresponding implementation of the star circuit with the power input through the longitudinally guided power input element, a structure is generally formed that can effectively conduct electricity while being stably and securely fastened, and that the fastening can withstand stress mainly caused by high thermal expansion.

[0071] The invention will first be described with reference to reaction tubes and reactors used for steam cracking. However, as will be discussed later, the invention can also be used in other types of reactors, as described below. Generally, as stated above, the reactor proposed according to the invention can be used to carry out any endothermic chemical reaction.

[0072] Reactor tubes typically used for steam cracking usually have at least one U-bend. For example, these can be so-called 2-channel coils. They have two sections within the reactor vessel that enter each other via (exactly) a U-bend, thus essentially having a (slender) U-shape. The sections entering and exiting the reactor vessel, particularly those that pass seamlessly or in a manner that eliminates the flow-related transition to the heated section, are referred to herein (also with reference to the reactor tubes described below) as the “feed section” and the “extraction section.” Multiple such reactor tubes are always present.

[0073] Therefore, in this configuration, the reactor can be designed such that each pipe segment comprises two segments of a plurality of reaction tubes arranged at least partially side-by-side in the reactor vessel, with the two segments of the plurality of reaction tubes respectively connected to each other via U-bends in a first region. Specifically, as described above, one of the two pipe segments in the second region is connected to the feed section, and the other of the two pipe segments in the second region is connected to the extraction section.

[0074] In this case, one or more contact channels in the power input device may include or represent U-shaped bends. Since there are multiple reaction tubes with U-shaped bends, it is also possible to provide a corresponding number of U-shaped bends in each power input device and connect them to the power connector in this way. This improves mechanical fastening and reduces the number of components. However, alternatively, it is also possible that, even when multiple U-shaped bends are energized through a single power connector, a corresponding power input device can be provided for each U-shaped bend, for example, to ensure individual longitudinal movement of power input elements with potentially different thermal expansion.

[0075] The configuration of the invention just explained can also be adapted to use a reaction tube with two feed sections and one extraction section. In such a reaction tube, the two feed sections are each connected to a separate tube section. The extraction section is also connected to a tube section. In a typical Y-shaped connection region, the tube section connected to the feed section transitions to the tube section connected to the extraction section. Each tube section, not only connected to the feed section but also to the extraction section, can have one or more U-bends, or none at all.

[0076] For example, you can use such as Figure 8C The reaction tube shown is shown. The section connected to the feed section does not have a U-shaped bend, while the section connected to the extraction section does.

[0077] However, it is also possible to use, such as Figure 8B The reaction tube shown is as follows. The tube sections connected to the feed section each have a U-shaped bend, and the tube section connected to the extraction section has two U-shaped bends.

[0078] Even using, such as Figure 8A The reaction tube shown is also possible. The tube segment connected to the feed section has three U-shaped bends, and the tube segment connected to the extraction section has two U-shaped bends.

[0079] However, in addition to the 2-channel coil configuration described above, a configuration suitable for so-called 4-channel coils can also be used. These have four basic straight pipe sections. However, arrangements with a larger even number of straight pipe sections are also possible.

[0080] More generally, the corresponding reactor design includes one or more reaction tubes, each reaction tube having an even number of four or more tube segments connected in series by multiple U-bends, the number of U-bends being one less than the number of tube segments connected in series by U-bends, and wherein the U-bends are alternately arranged in a first region and a second region, starting from the first U-bend in the first region.

[0081] "U-bend" here is understood in particular to refer to a pipe segment or assembly that includes a partially circular or partially elliptical pipe bend, especially a semi-circular or semi-elliptical one. The cut surfaces at the beginning and end are adjacent to each other, especially in a plane.

[0082] Each of the U-shaped bends, provided it is located in the first region within the reactor vessel and is correspondingly energized, can be formed as a contact channel in the power input device according to the invention, or represent a portion of such a contact channel. Thus, the connected power input element protrudes into the connection chamber.

[0083] As mentioned earlier, the corresponding reactor can be specifically designed as a steam cracking reactor, that is, specifically designed through the selection of heat-resistant materials and the geometry of the reaction tube.

[0084] Reactor tubes typically used for steam reforming do not usually have U-bends within the reactor vessel. However, in this case, the tube segments comprise multiple segments of reaction tubes, arranged in a fluid-disconnected manner within the reactor vessel and at least partially adjacent to each other, respectively connected to a feed section in a first region and an extract section in a second region. Specifically, the feed and extract sections extend in the same direction as the tube segments, or do not cause a flow deflection exceeding 15° compared to the fluid flow in the tube segments connected to them. In particular, the feed and extract sections are similarly integrally formed with these sections, i.e., specifically formed as identical tubes. For steam reforming, the reaction tubes may also be specifically equipped with a suitable catalyst.

[0085] In this configuration, the contact channel in the power input device according to the invention represents a straight pipe section or channel. In this case, the power input element can be connected to the reaction tube in the second region in a sleeve-like manner.

[0086] In all cases, by forming the power input element and contact channel, along with optional pipe segments, from as few individual components as possible, the number of metal-to-metal connections (e.g., welded or fused connections) can be reduced or even eliminated entirely. This improves mechanical stability and reliability. In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the power input element and contact channel can each be implemented as a single casting, or, as described above, portions of the process execution pipe can be cast around it and / or portions of the process execution pipe can be formed as indivisible components of corresponding castings.

[0087] Metal-to-metal connections or transitions (which can be reduced within the scope of this invention) can cause localized changes in resistance, thus leading to hot spots. These hot spots, in turn, result in shortened lifespan due to localized temperature increases, or mechanical stress peaks due to steep localized temperature gradients. This is avoided within the scope of this invention.

[0088] The integral molding of as many components as possible provides mechanical stability, reliability, and a reduction in the number of individual components. High mechanical stability is desirable because, as previously mentioned, failure could lead to a safety hazard. Through the embodiments described in this invention, the principle of heating the reaction tube with a multiphase AC resistance in a star circuit is technically feasible in high-temperature ranges, particularly at temperatures exceeding 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, or 800°C.

[0089] The present invention also relates to a method for carrying out a chemical reaction using a reactor having a reactor vessel and one or more reaction tubes, wherein an electrical input element is directed into the reactor vessel for electrically heating one or more reaction tubes.

[0090] According to the invention, a reactor is used in which each power input element has a rod-shaped section, and the rod-shaped section passes through the wall of the reactor vessel at a corresponding wall channel. A connecting chamber protruding therein is disposed outside the reactor vessel and adjacent to the wall of the reactor vessel through which the rod-shaped section passes at its wall channel. A cooling panel through which cooling fluid can flow is provided in the connecting chamber and is disposed between at least two or at least two groups of the rod-shaped sections protruding into the connecting chamber.

[0091] In a particularly preferred configuration of the invention, a reactor is used, wherein a number of tube segments of one or more tube segments extend between a first region and a second region in the reactor vessel, and wherein the first region for heating the tube segments is electrically connected to one or more power terminals of a current source.

[0092] In this configuration, a reactor is used, which has an electrical input device in a first region. One or more corresponding pipe segments are electrically connected to this device, and each electrical input device has one electrical input element having a rod-shaped segment, each rod-shaped segment extending through the wall of the reactor vessel at a wall channel. A connecting chamber protruding therein is disposed outside the reactor vessel and adjacent to the wall of the reactor vessel through which the rod-shaped segments pass at their wall channels. A cooling panel through which cooling fluid can flow is provided in the connecting chamber, and the cooling panel is disposed between at least two or at least two groups of the rod-shaped segments protruding into the connecting chamber.

[0093] Further features and advantages of the corresponding method of using a reactor according to one of the configurations of the invention explained above are described in the foregoing explanation. Attached Figure Description

[0094] The present invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which the configuration of the present invention is explained with reference to the drawings and in comparison with the prior art.

[0095] Figure 1 The diagram schematically illustrates a reactor for carrying out a chemical reaction, not configured according to the invention.

[0096] Figure 2 A reactor configured according to the invention for carrying out a chemical reaction is schematically shown.

[0097] Figure 3 A reactor for carrying out a chemical reaction is schematically shown according to another configuration of the invention.

[0098] Figure 4 A reactor with an electrical input device according to the present invention is illustrated schematically.

[0099] Figure 5A and Figure 5B A partial view of a longitudinal section and cross-section of a reactor with connecting chambers according to the present invention is shown.

[0100] Figures 6A to 6C The diagram illustrates a reaction tube and its corresponding arrangement in a reactor, according to the present invention.

[0101] Figure 7A and Figure 7B The diagram illustrates a reaction tube and its corresponding arrangement in a reactor, according to the present invention.

[0102] Figures 8A to 8C Other reaction tubes for use in a reactor, according to the configuration of the present invention, are shown.

[0103] Figure 9 A reactor with an electrical input device according to the present invention is illustrated schematically. Detailed Implementation

[0104] In the figures below, functionally or structurally corresponding elements are indicated by the same reference numerals and are not repeated for clarity. If the components of the device are explained below, the corresponding explanations will also relate to the methods performed thereon, and vice versa. The description of the figures repeatedly refers to alternating current heating. However, as previously stated, the invention is also applicable in the same manner to the use of direct current heating. Refer here to the explanation above.

[0105] Figure 1 The diagram schematically illustrates a reactor for carrying out a chemical reaction, not configured according to the invention.

[0106] The reactor designated 300 here is configured for carrying out chemical reactions. Specifically, for this purpose, it has an insulated reactor vessel 10 and reaction tubes 20, wherein numerous sections of the reaction tubes 20 (represented here by 21 for two examples only) extend between a first region 11' and a second region 12' within the reactor vessel 10. Reference will be made below. Figure 2 The reaction tube 20, described in more detail, is connected to the top or support structure of the reactor vessel via a suitable suspension 13. In the lower region, the reactor vessel may specifically have a furnace (not shown). It goes without saying that multiple reaction tubes may be provided here and in each subsequent case.

[0107] Figure 2 A reactor for carrying out a chemical reaction, configured according to the invention, is schematically shown, and is generally indicated by 100.

[0108] The areas indicated by 11' and 12' are here referred to as areas 11 and 12, wherein the pipe segment 21 used for heating the pipe segment 21 in the first area 11 can be electrically connected to the connection terminals U, V, W of the multiphase AC power supply 50, respectively. Switches, etc., and specific connection types are not shown.

[0109] In the configuration of the invention shown herein, the pipe segments 21 are electrically connected to each other in a second region 12 by a connecting element 30 integrally connected to one or more reaction pipes 20 and arranged within the reactor vessel 10. A neutral conductor may also be connected thereto.

[0110] In the reactor 100 shown here, multiple segments 21 of the reaction tube 20 (although multiple such reaction tubes 20 may be provided) are therefore arranged side by side in the reactor vessel 10. The segments 21 pass through each other via U-shaped bends 23 (partially indicated) and are connected to the feed section 24 and the extraction section 25.

[0111] The first set of U-shaped bends 23 (at the bottom of the figure) are arranged side by side in the first region 11, and the second set of U-shaped bends 23 (at the top of the figure) are arranged side by side in the second region 12. The second set of U-shaped bends 23 are formed in the connecting element 30, and the pipe segment 21 extends from the connecting element 30 in the second region 12 to the first region 11.

[0112] Within the scope of this invention, the use of connecting element 30 is optional but advantageous. On the other hand, the configuration of the invention described below specifically relates to the configuration of a device for power input in the first region 11. The latter is achieved by using power input elements 41, which are shown here in a highly simplified manner, and only one of them is indicated. These are part of the power input device, as specifically referenced... Figure 4 The explanation, and highlighted in particular, refers to the cooling chamber 60 having the cooling panel 61, which is specifically referenced to... Figure 5A and Figure 5B To explain in more detail.

[0113] Figure 3 A reactor for carrying out a chemical reaction, configured according to the invention, is schematically shown; the reactor is generally indicated by 200.

[0114] In reactor 200, a pipe segment—denoted by 22—comprising multiple reaction pipe segments 20, wherein the pipe segments 22 are arranged side-by-side in a fluid-disconnected manner within reactor vessel 10 and are respectively connected to feed section 24 and extract section 25. For the remaining components, refer specifically to the above explanation relating to the foregoing figures.

[0115] Similarly, the use of the connecting element 30 within the scope of the invention is optional but advantageous. The power input element 41, the connecting chamber 60, and the cooling panel 61 are also shown here in a highly simplified manner. The power input element may have a sleeve-shaped region 49, which is placed in the first region 11, surrounding the reaction tube 20 or tube segment.

[0116] Figure 4 It shows, for example, according to Figure 2 A detailed view of the first region 11 of the reactor 100, wherein the power input device 40 is arranged in the first region 11 and connected to the reaction tube 20, wherein the tube segments 21 transition into each other via U-shaped bends 23.

[0117] Here, a U-shaped bend 23 is formed in a contact channel 42 with reinforced walls, which adjoins two pipe segments 21 in the first region 11. The walls of the contact channel 42, and thus the walls of the U-shaped bend 23, are connected to the previously mentioned power input element, which is generally represented by 41, as shown between the dashed lines here. This power input element has rod-shaped segments 43 that pass through the walls 14 of the reactor vessel 10 at wall channels 15. The wall channels 15 are shown here with an exaggerated width. The rod-shaped segments are longitudinally movable within the wall channels 15 and are, for example, lined with insulating material 16.

[0118] On or near the outer side of the wall 14 of the reactor vessel 10, the connecting chamber 60 is provided with a cooling panel 61, which will refer to Figure 5A and Figure 5B Further explanation.

[0119] In the example shown, rod-shaped section 43 is connected to another rod-shaped section 45, the temperature of which gradually decreases with increasing distance from the reactor vessel 10, particularly due to cooling by means of the cooling panel 61. The other rod-shaped section transitions into the power input pin 46, to which two connecting elements 66 (e.g., in the form of strands) for connecting phases U, V, and W are connected.

[0120] Figure 5A and Figure 5B A longitudinal section of a reactor 100 having a connecting chamber 60, according to the present invention, is shown. Figure 5A ) and cross-section ( Figure 5B A partial view of the cross-section ( Figure 5B In this paper, only a few selected elements are shown, and the number of elements shown corresponds only partially to each other to illustrate a more general applicability. Specifically, Figure 5A and 5B This greatly simplifies the process, as significantly more components can be provided in an actual reactor than are shown in each case.

[0121] Specifically, such as Figure 5A As shown, the rod-shaped section 43 of the power input element passes through the wall 14 of the reactor vessel 10 at the wall channel 15. The connecting chamber 60 protruding therein is arranged outside the reactor vessel 10 and adjacent to the wall 14 of the reactor vessel 10 through which the rod-shaped section 43 passes at the wall channel 15.

[0122] The cooling panel 61 is disposed in the connecting chamber 60, and is particularly as follows: Figure 5B The arrangement is shown. Cooling fluid can flow through them, and they are arranged between at least two or at least two groups of rod-shaped sections 43 protruding into the connecting chamber 60.

[0123] The connecting chamber 60 has sidewalls 62, which extend perpendicularly to the wall 14 of the reactor vessel 10 through which the rod-shaped section 43 passes, wherein, as Figure 5B As shown, and Figure 5A Not shown separately, one or more additional cooling panels 63 may also be arranged on at least one of the sidewalls 62.

[0124] The connecting chamber 60 has, for example Figure 5A The parallel wall 64 shown extends parallel to the wall 14 of the reactor vessel 10 through which the rod-shaped section 43 passes. The parallel wall 64 is formed as a hollow wall in at least one section and is also configured to allow cooling fluid flow. The connecting chamber 60 is designed without means for providing forced convection in the gaseous environment 65 surrounding the cooling panel 61 and the rod-shaped section 43.

[0125] In the connecting chamber 60, Figure 5A The flexible connecting element shown as strand 66 is connected to the rod-shaped section 43 and fastened to the rigid contact element 67 at the end not connected to the rod-shaped section 43. The rigid contact element 67 is arranged immovably in the connecting chamber 60 and here fixed in an insulating container in the bottom 64 (without further markings).

[0126] In the cracking furnace, besides... Figure 1 and Figure 2 The reaction tube 20 shown (commonly referred to as a 6-channel coil) comprises six straight tube sections 21, each having two 180° bends (i.e., U-bends 23) above or within the second region 12 and three 180° bends (i.e., U-bends 23) below or within the first region 11 (the latter having corresponding power input devices). Variations with fewer channels can also be used. For example, a so-called 2-channel coil has only two straight tube sections 21 and one 180° bend or U-bend 23. Transferring to electric heating, this variation can be considered as a 6-channel pyrolysis furnace (…). Figure 1 and Figure 2 ) and reformer ( Figure 3 A combination of reaction tubes (without the U-shaped bend 23):

[0127] The power input can occur at a single point on the lower (or unique) U-bend of each reactor tube 21. The M reactor tubes can be electrically coupled to each other with a phase shift of 360° / M, respectively, using a common connecting element 30. In the first embodiment, a particularly large connecting element 30 can be used for each coil package or for all reactor tubes 20 considered in each case. However, in the second embodiment, two smaller connecting elements 30 can also be used.

[0128] The first option just explained is in Figure 6B As shown in the diagram, the second scheme just described is... Figure 6C The cross-sectional view of the tube section 21 is shown in the figure, where the corresponding reaction tube 20 is located. Figure 6A The middle is perpendicular to Figure 6B and Figure 6C The view is shown. For indications of the corresponding components, please refer to [reference needed]. Figure 1 It goes without saying that the connecting element 30 on one side (with the U-shaped bend 23 possibly located there) and the other U-shaped bend pipes 23 connected to phases U, V, and W via the power input device 40 (shown here in a very simplified manner) are arranged in different planes corresponding to the first region 11 and the second region 12 of the reactor. It should be emphasized again that the presence and arrangement of the connecting element 30 within the scope of the invention are purely optional or arbitrary.

[0129] This concept can also be applied accordingly to coils or reaction tubes 20 with four channels or segments 21 (so-called four-channel coils), in which case there are one, two, or four star bridges or connecting elements 30. Figure 7A and 7B The corresponding example is shown in the figure. Figure 6B Four connecting elements 3 are shown. For better illustration, the U-shaped bend 23 is shown here with dashed lines (U-shaped bend in the second region 12 of the reactor) and solid lines (U-shaped bend in the first region 11). For clarity, the elements are only partially provided with reference numerals.

[0130] exist Figures 6A to 6C The connecting chamber 60 in the configurations shown in 7A and 7B is designed as explained in principle and is therefore shown here only in a highly schematic form.

[0131] refer to Figures 8A to 8C , Figures 8A to 8C Additional reaction tubes for use in a reactor according to the invention are shown. Reaction tubes and sections are provided with reference numerals only in certain cases. Feed and extraction sections can be inferred from the flow arrows shown. The power input device 40 or connecting chamber 60, which may be specifically designed in the manner described above, is indicated by dashed lines in a highly simplified manner.

[0132] Figure 9 A detailed view of the first region 11 of the reactor 200 is shown, in which the various components shown have been combined. Figure 4 An explanation was given. However, with Figure 4 In contrast, reaction pipe 20 here does not have a U-bend, and pipe segment 21 is arranged along a common central axis. The non-bend transition region is indicated by 23a. For example, according to... Figure 3In reactor 200, a corresponding configuration can be used instead of the sleeve. Specifically, the device can also be arranged on the side wall of reactor 200, and in this case, it is compatible with... Figure 9 Compared to rotating 90°.

[0133] Here, transition region 23a is also formed in contact channel 42 with reinforced walls, which is adjacent to two pipe segments 21 in the first region 11. For further explanation, please refer to [link / reference needed]. Figure 4 Here, the wall channel 15 is also shown with an exaggerated width. The rod-shaped section can also be longitudinally movable within the wall channel 15 and, for example, lined with a suitable insulating material 16. However, unlike the illustration shown here, the wall channel 15 can also be designed in different ways, particularly to create additional possibilities for movement. This also applies to the optional bellows assembly 44.

Claims

1. A reactor (100, 200) for carrying out chemical reactions, having a reactor vessel (10) and one or more reaction tubes (20), wherein An electrical input element (41) for electrically heating the reaction tube (20) is guided into the reactor vessel (10), characterized in that... - The power input element (41) has a rod-shaped section (43) that passes through the wall (14) of the reactor vessel (10) at a corresponding wall channel (15). - The connecting chamber (60) is located outside the reactor vessel (10) and adjacent to the wall (14) of the reactor vessel (10) in which the wall channel (15) is formed, and the rod-shaped section (43) protrudes into the connecting chamber (60). - A cooling panel (61) through which cooling fluid can flow is provided in the connecting chamber (60), the cooling panel (61) being arranged between at least two or at least two groups of the rod-shaped segments (43) protruding into the connecting chamber (60).

2. The reactor (100, 200) according to claim 1, wherein Multiple segments (21, 22) of the one or more reaction tubes (20) extend between a first region (11) and a second region (12) in the reactor vessel (10), and wherein the segments (21, 22) in the first region (11) for electrically heating the segments (21, 22) are electrically connected or can be connected to power connectors (U, V, W) of a power source (50), wherein a power input device (40) is provided in the first region (11) for electrically connecting to one or a group of the segments (21, 22), wherein each power input device (40) has a power input element (41) having a rod-shaped segment (43), each rod-shaped segment (43) passing through the wall (14) of the reactor vessel (10) at a wall channel (15).

3. The reactor (100, 200) of claim 1, wherein, The cooling panels (61) are located between and along the boundary surfaces, the distance between the boundary surfaces defining the thickness of the cooling panels (61), wherein the extension of the cooling panels (61) along the boundary surfaces exceeds two, five, ten, or twenty times the thickness of the cooling panels (61).

4. The reactor (100, 200) of claim 3, wherein, The boundary surface that defines the thickness of the cooling panel (61) is either planar or curved.

5. The reactor (100, 200) of claim 3, wherein, At least two of the cooling panels (61) rotate relative to each other about the axis of the wall (14) which is parallel to the longitudinal extension direction of the rod-shaped section (43) and perpendicular to the reactor vessel (10).

6. The reactor (100, 200) of claim 3, wherein, The cooling panel (61) is configured for the cooling fluid to flow through in a direction perpendicular to or parallel to the longitudinal extension direction of the rod-shaped section (43).

7. The reactor (100, 200) of claim 3, wherein, The thickness of the cooling panel (61) in at least the section is in the range of 0.5 cm to 10 cm.

8. The reactor (100, 200) according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 7, wherein The connecting chamber (60) has a sidewall (62) that extends perpendicularly to the wall (14) of the reactor vessel through which the rod-shaped section (43) passes, wherein one or more additional cooling panels (63) are arranged on at least one of the sidewalls (62).

9. The reactor (100, 200) according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 7, wherein The connecting chamber (60) has a parallel wall (64) extending parallel to the wall (14) of the reactor vessel (10) through which the rod-shaped section (43) passes, wherein the parallel wall (64) is formed as a hollow wall in at least one section and is configured for the flow of the cooling fluid or other cooling fluid.

10. The reactor (100, 200) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein, The connecting chamber (60) is designed without any means of providing forced convection in the gaseous environment (65) surrounding the cooling panel (61) and the rod-shaped section (43).

11. The reactor (100, 200) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein, Except for the wall (14) of the reactor vessel (10) that forms the wall of the connecting chamber (60), the connecting chamber (60) is airtight.

12. The reactor (100, 200) according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 7, wherein A copper-containing connecting element and / or a flexible connecting element (66) is connected to the rod-shaped section (43) in the connecting chamber (60), and the copper-containing connecting element and / or the flexible connecting element (66) is fixed to a rigid contact element at the end not connected to the rod-shaped section (43), the rigid contact element being fixedly arranged in the connecting chamber (60).

13. The reactor (100, 200) according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 7, wherein The rod-shaped segments (43) protruding into the connecting chamber each have a cross-section of at least 10 square centimeters.

14. The reactor (100, 200) according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 7, wherein The reactors (100, 200) are designed as reactors (100) for steam cracking or reactors (200) for steam reforming, dry reforming, or catalytic dehydrogenation of alkanes.

15. A method of performing a chemical reaction using a reactor (100, 200) having a reactor vessel (10) and one or more reaction tubes (20), wherein, An electrical input element (41) for electrically heating the reaction tube (20) is directed into the reactor vessel (10), characterized in that a reactor (100, 200) is used, wherein, - The power input element (41) has a rod-shaped section (43) that passes through the wall (14) of the reactor vessel (10) at the wall channel (15). - A connecting chamber (60) is disposed outside the reactor vessel (10) and adjacent to the wall (14) of the reactor vessel (10) through which the rod-shaped section (43) passes at its wall channel (15), the rod-shaped section (43) protruding into the connecting chamber (60). - A cooling panel (61) through which cooling fluid can flow is provided in the connecting chamber (60), the cooling panel (61) being arranged between at least two or at least two groups of the rod-shaped sections (43) protruding into the connecting chamber.

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