Method, apparatus and system for hierarchical beam prediction based on association of beam resources

Abstract

A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may perform channel state information (CSI) measurements on a first set of reference signals (RSs) associated with a first set of transmit configuration indicator (TCI) states. The WTRU may determine CSI parameters for a second set of RSs based on the CSI measurements performed on the first set of RSs. The WTRU may receive a first indication to activate or deactivate a first TCI state in the first set of TCI states. The WTRU may activate or deactivate a second TCI state of the second set of TCI states based on the first indication to activate or deactivate the first TCI state of the first set of TCI states and / or the determined CSI parameters of the second set of RSs. The WTRU may transmit a second indication that the second TCI state in the second set of TCI states has been activated or deactivated.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 388,063, filed on July 11, 2022, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background Art

[0003] Artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) may be provided for a new radio (NR) air interface. Beam management may be provided as one of the target use cases for AI / ML for an air interface. Beam management for an AI / ML air interface may improve the performance and / or complexity of one or more beam management aspects, including beam prediction in the time and / or spatial domains to reduce overhead and / or latency and / or improve beam selection accuracy, etc.

[0004] The beam selection may be based on beam sweeping at the base station (e.g., gNB) side and / or the WTRU side. For example, in a second frequency range (e.g., FR2), beam management may result in beam sweeping and / or measurements of one or more (e.g., a large number) antennas at the base station side and / or the WTRU side. For example, when selecting the best beam, the WTRU may report one or more (e.g., up to four) beams in a beam management procedure (e.g., based on received signal received power (RSRP)).

[0005] Using the AI / ML model, FR2 beam selection and / or prediction may be performed based on one or more first frequency range (e.g., FR1) channel state information (CSI) measurements. In one or more scenarios with hierarchical spatial relationships and / or associations between beam resources in one or more different frequency ranges, the implementation of such a framework may be subject to addressing one or more key challenges in measuring and / or reporting of beams and training and / or validation of AI / ML models. This may result in different WTRU behaviors when determining one or more associated, measuring and / or reporting beam resources, and training, validating, activating and / or deactivating one or more AI / ML models. This document may provide further research on hierarchical beam prediction in NR AI / ML beam management. Summary of the invention

[0006] Methods and apparatus for hierarchical beam prediction based on association of beam resources are provided herein. Methods and apparatus for performing activation and / or deactivation of transmit configuration index (TCI) states based on hierarchical spatial relationships by dynamic and / or wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) are provided herein. Methods and apparatus for determining associations between beam resources are provided herein. Methods and apparatus for hierarchical spatial relationships for beam prediction are provided.

[0007] A WTRU may receive a configuration associated with a first set of beam resources and a second set of beam resources. The beam resources may include a TCI state, a CSI reference signal (CSI-RS), a synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel (SS / PBCH) block (SSB) for a downlink, and / or a sounding reference signal (SRS) resource for an uplink. The first set of beam resources may be within a first frequency range, and the second set of beam resources may be within a second frequency range. A first beam resource in the first set of beam resources may be associated with a second beam resource in the second set of beam resources. The association between the first beam resource and the second resource may be indicated by one or more of the WTRU or a base station. For example, the WTRU may transmit one or more channel state information (CSI) parameters associated with the first set of beam resources based on measurements of the first set of beam resources. A predetermined number of symbols may be activated for one or more TCI states based on the one or more CSI parameters being transmitted. For example, the WTRU may activate one or more TCI states associated with the second set of beam resources based on the association of the first beam resources with the second beam resources.

[0008] The WTRU may transmit a first indication of the one or more TCI states. The WTRU may receive a second indication for applying the TCI state based on the first indication. The second indication may be received via scheduling of a shared channel. The shared channel may be a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). The WTRU may report one or more updates associated with the one or more TCI states. The report may be transmitted based on artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) output, one or more measurements of the first set of beam resources, WTRU movement, WTRU rotation, and / or environmental changes.

[0009] A WTRU may perform one or more channel state information (CSI) measurements on a first reference signal (RS) set associated with a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state set. The WTRU may determine one or more CSI parameters of a second RS set based on the CSI measurements performed on the first RS set associated with the first TCI state set, wherein the second RS set may be associated with the first RS set. The WTRU may receive a first indication to activate and / or deactivate a first TCI state in the first TCI state set. The WTRU may receive the first indication via a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) (MAC-CE). The WTRU may determine to activate and / or deactivate a second TCI state in a second TCI state set based on the first indication to activate and / or deactivate the first TCI state in the first TCI state set and / or the determined one or more CSI parameters of the second RS set. The WTRU may transmit a second indication that the second TCI state in the second TCI state set has been activated and / or deactivated.

[0010] A WTRU may determine a spatial association between the first RS set and the second RS set, wherein the one or more CSI parameters of the second RS set are determined based on the spatial association. The first RS set may be associated with a first beam resource set, and / or the second RS set may be associated with a second beam resource set. The first beam resource set may be within a first frequency range, and / or the second beam resource set may be within a second frequency range. The first beam resource set may include a larger beam width than the second beam resource set.

[0011] A WTRU may determine the one or more CSI parameters for the second RS set based on a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) determined from the one or more CSI measurements performed on the first RS set associated with the first TCI state set. The first TCI state set may be associated with a first frequency range, and the second TCI state set may be associated with a second frequency range. The WTRU may transmit (e.g., to a network) a report including the determined one or more CSI-RS parameters. The WTRU may determine the one or more CSI parameters for the second RS set based on one or more artificial intelligence (AI) and / or machine learning (ML) models. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0013] Figure 1B is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A A system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within an illustrated communication system.

[0014] Figure 1C is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of an example Radio Access Network (RAN) and an example Core Network (CN) for use within an illustrated communication system.

[0015] Figure 1D is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of a further example RAN and a further example CN for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0016] Figure 2 Depicted is an example process for dynamically activating / deactivating transmit configuration index (TCI) states based on hierarchical spatial relationships.

[0017] Figure 3 Depicted is an example flow process diagram for dynamically activating and / or deactivating TCI states based on hierarchical spatial relationships.

[0018] Figure 4 Depicted are example channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) resource sets with different beamwidths.

[0019] Figure 5 Depicted are example CSI-RS resource sets with different beamwidths, where a narrow beam is associated with a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) determined for a particular wide beam.

[0020] Figure 6 An example association of a parent CSI-RS resource and a CSI-RS resource set is depicted. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] Figure 1A1 is a diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc. to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail unique word DFT spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, and filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0022] like Figure 1A As shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110 and other networks 112, but it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated process chain environment), consumer electronic devices, and devices operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0023] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. Although the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it should be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0024] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), a relay node, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies (which may be referred to as cells (not shown)). These frequencies may be in a licensed spectrum, an unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of a licensed spectrum and an unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage of wireless services to a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, for example, one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to send and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0025] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0026] More specifically, as noted above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA, among others. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0027] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) that may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0028] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0029] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may together implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions transmitted to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0030] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (e.g., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (e.g., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), and GSM EDGE (GERAN).

[0031] Figure 1A The base station 114b in may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in local areas such as commercial venues, homes, vehicles, campuses, industrial facilities, sky corridors (e.g., for use by drones), and roads. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or a femtocell. As Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b may have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0032] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not described in detail in the text and video, the CN 106 / 115 may be configured to provide voice, data, applications and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Figure 1AAlthough not shown in the figure, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0033] The CN 106 / 115 may also act as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0034] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 1A The illustrated WTRU 102c may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0035] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. Figure 1B As shown, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0036] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC) and state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal decoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it is understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0037] The send / receive element 122 may be configured to send a signal to a base station (e.g., base station 114a) or receive a signal from a base station via an air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to send and / or receive an RF signal. In an embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to send and / or receive, for example, an IR, UV or visible light signal. In another embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive both an RF signal and an optical signal. It should be understood that the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0038] Although the transmit / receive element 122 Figure 1B Although depicted as a single element in the figure, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0039] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. For example, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0040] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as a non-removable memory 130 and / or a removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0041] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0042] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or in lieu of the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0043] The processor 118 may be further coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software modules and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, and an activity tracker, etc. The peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0044] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference via signal processing performed by hardware (e.g., a choke) or via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via the processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0045] Figure 1C 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0046] The RAN 104 may include evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of evolved Node-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the evolved Node-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0047] Each of the evolved Node Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, and scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, among other things. Figure 1C As shown, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another via an X2 interface.

[0048] Figure 1C The illustrated CN 106 may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as being part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0049] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, and selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0050] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during an inter-evolved Node-B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0051] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0052] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may be in communication with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0053] Although the WTRU Figures 1A to 1D Although described as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments such a terminal may (eg, temporarily or permanently) employ a wired communications interface with a communications network.

[0054] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0055] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for a BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or out of the BSS. Traffic from outside the BSS to a STA may be reached by the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic from a STA to a destination outside the BSS may be transmitted to the AP to be delivered to the corresponding destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be transmitted by the AP, for example, where the source STA may transmit traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Direct link establishment (DLS) may be used to transmit point-to-point traffic between a source STA and a destination STA (e.g., directly between them). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs (eg, all STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0056] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP may send beacons on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be an operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access / collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, a STA (e.g., each STA) (including the AP) may listen to the primary channel. If the primary channel is listened / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0057] High throughput (HT) STAs may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, via a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0058] Very high throughput (VHT) STA can support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz channels and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining continuous 20MHz channels. 160MHz channels can be formed by combining 8 continuous 20MHz channels, or by combining two non-continuous 80MHz channels (this can be called 80+80 configuration). For 80+80 configuration, based on channel coding, data can pass through a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and time domain processing separately. These streams can be mapped to two 80MHz channels, and data can be sent by the transmitter STA. At the receiver of the receiver STA, the above-mentioned operation for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be transmitted to the medium access control (MAC).

[0059] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1GHz. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5MHz, 10MHz, and 20MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, and 16MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support instrument type control / machine type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0060] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include channels that can be designated as primary channels. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA (which supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode) from all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1MHz mode, the primary channel may be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the state of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because a STA (supporting only a 1MHz operating mode) is sending to the AP, the entire available band may be considered busy even if most of the band remains idle and may be available.

[0061] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

[0062] Figure 1D 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0063] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to send signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to send wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on an unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on a licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, the WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from the gNB 180a and the gNB 180b (and / or the gNB 180c).

[0064] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with parameter sets that may be scalable. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmit time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time lengths over time).

[0065] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also not accessing other RANs (e.g., such as the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchors. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect with the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN, such as the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the DC principle to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c may act as a mobility anchor for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0066] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards a user plane function (UPF) 184a, 184b and routing of control plane information towards an access and mobility management function (AMF) 182a, 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0067] Figure 1DThe illustrated CN 115 may include one or more of AMFs 182a, 182b, one or more of UPFs 184a, 184b, one or more session management functions (SMFs) 183a, 183b, and possible data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0068] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N2 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, management of registration areas, termination of NAS signaling and mobility management, etc. The AMF 182a, 182b may use network slicing to customize CN support for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of services utilized by the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, and / or services for machine type communication (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0069] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via the N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to the UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via the N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b, and configure the service routing performed by the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy implementation and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0070] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, and providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0071] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b via the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and the N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0072] Given that Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D Corresponding to the description of the present invention, one or more or all of the functions described herein for one or more of the following may be performed by one or more simulation devices (not shown): WTRU102a-102d, base station 114a-114b, evolved Node B 160a-160c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-180c, AMF 182a-182ab, UPF 184a-184b, SMF 183a-183b, DN 185a-185b and / or any other device described herein. The simulation device may be one or more devices configured to mimic one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the simulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0073] The simulation device may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The simulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may use over-the-air wireless communications to perform testing.

[0074] One or more simulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation device can be used in a test scenario in a test lab and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices can be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuits (e.g., which can include one or more antennas) can be used by the simulation device to send and / or receive data.

[0075] Artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) may be provided for new radio (NR) air interfaces. Beam management may be provided as one of the target use cases for AI / ML for air interfaces. Beam management for AI / ML air interfaces may improve the performance and complexity of one or more traditional beam management aspects, including beam prediction in the time and / or spatial domains to reduce overhead and latency and improve beam selection accuracy, among other things.

[0076] Conventional beam selection is based on beam sweeping at the base station (e.g., gNB) side and the WTRU side. In the second frequency range (e.g., FR2), conventional beam management may result in beam sweeping and measurements of a large number of antennas at the base station side and the WTRU side. When selecting the best beam, the WTRU may report up to four beams in the beam management procedure (e.g., based on received signal received power (RSRP)).

[0077] Using the AI / ML model, second frequency range (FR2) beam selection and / or prediction may be performed based on first frequency range (e.g., FR1) channel state information (CSI) measurements. However, in scenarios with hierarchical spatial relationships and associations between beam resources in different frequency ranges, the implementation of such a framework is subject to addressing key challenges in the measurement and reporting of beams and the training and validation of AI / ML models. This results in different WTRU behaviors when determining associations, measuring and reporting beam resources, and training, validating, activating and / or deactivating AI / ML models. Further study of hierarchical beam prediction in NR AI / ML beam management may be needed.

[0078] FR2 beam indication and / or prediction may be supported based on FR1 CSI through association between beam resources and AI / ML models.

[0079] The systems, methods, and apparatus described herein may include dynamic and WTRU-performed activation and / or deactivation of one or more transmit configuration index (TCI) states (e.g., FR2) based on hierarchical spatial relationships. The WTRU may activate and / or deactivate one or more TCI states based on the association. The WTRU may determine and / or report a TCI state set of one or more TCI states as an activated and / or deactivated TCI state set (e.g., as an output of an AI / ML model).

[0080] The systems, methods, and apparatus described herein may include determining an association between beam resources. The gNB and / or the WTRU may indicate an association between one or more CSI parameters and beam resources (e.g., for both downlink (DL) and uplink (UL), respectively, for each of the DL and UL). The association on the WTRU side may be WTRU-specific. The association on the WTRU side may include training and / or validation based on (e.g., legacy) beam resources and / or AI / ML models. Beam resources may be associated in the context of a (e.g., hierarchical) spatial relationship based on a (e.g., new) quasi-co-location (QCL) type.

[0081] The systems, methods, and apparatus described herein may include a hierarchical spatial relationship for beam prediction. The hierarchical spatial relationship for beam prediction may be based on a first set of channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resources and / or based on a second set of CSI-RS resources. The CSI-RS resources in the first set may be associated with one or more CSI-RS resources in the second set. The hierarchical spatial relationship for beam prediction may be based on a first SCI-RS resource and / or a first set of CSI-RS resources, wherein one or more (e.g., some) precoding matrix indicators (PMIs) of the first CSI-RS resource may be associated with one or more CSI-RS resources in the first set. The hierarchical spatial relationship for beam prediction may be based on a first CSI-RS resource and / or a first set of one or more TCI states, wherein one or more PMIs of the first CSI-RS resource may be associated with one or more TCI states in the first set.

[0082] The systems, methods, and apparatus described herein may include dynamic and WTRU-based activation and / or deactivation of one or more TCI states (e.g., FR2) based on hierarchical spatial relationships. The WTRU may receive a configuration regarding a first set of beam resources and / or a second set of beam resources. The beams in the first set may be associated with one or more beam resources in the second set. The beam resources may include TCI states, CSI-RS, and / or synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) for the downlink, and / or sounding reference signal (SRS) resources and / or TCI states for the uplink. One or more (e.g., some) parameters in the first set (e.g., TCI states, PMI, channel quality indicator (CQI), etc.) may be associated with beam resources in the second set. The gNB and / or the WTRU may indicate an association between one or more CSI parameters and beam resources (e.g., for both DL and UL, for DL ​​and / or UL, respectively). The first set of beam resources and the second set of beam resources may be in one or more different frequency ranges (e.g., the first set may include FR1 beam resources, and / or the second set may include FR2 beam resources). The WTRU may report one or more CSI parameters based on measurements of a first set of beam resources (e.g., in FR1). The WTRU may activate and / or deactivate one or more TCI states for a second set of beam resources (e.g., in FR2) based on the association, for example, based on a processing time (e.g., X symbols after the WTRU report). The WTRU may determine a TCI state set of one or more TCI states as an activated and / or deactivated TCI state set (e.g., as an output of an AI / ML model). The WTRU may report the TCI state set to the gNB. The WTRU may receive an indication for applying a TCI state with and / or without PDSCH and / or PUSCH scheduling based on the reported activated and / or deactivated set of beam resources from the second set (e.g., based on a codepoint of a downlink control information (DCI) field “transmit configuration indication”). For example, if necessary (e.g., based on AI / ML output and / or based on measurements of the first set of beam resources, WTRU movement and / or rotation, environmental changes, etc.), the WTRU may (e.g., dynamically) report one or more updates and / or changes to activated and / or deactivated TCI state sets.

[0083] The systems, methods, and apparatus described herein may include determining an association between beam resources. A WTRU may receive a configuration regarding a first set of beam resources and / or a second set of beam resources, wherein beam resources in the first set may be associated with one or more beam resources in the second set. The beam resources may include a TCI state, a CSI-RS, or an SSB for a downlink, and / or an SRS resource or a TCI state for an uplink. The first set of beam resources and / or the second set of beam resources may be in one or more different frequency ranges (e.g., the first set may include FR1 beam resources, and the second set may include FR2 beam resources). The beam resource association may be cell-specific and / or configured at the gNB. The beam resource association may be determined at the WTRU side (e.g., based on an AI / ML model) for UL and / or DL ​​beam resources. The association at the WTRU side may be WTRU-specific, which requires training and / or validation based on (e.g., legacy) beam resources (e.g., FR1 beams and FR2 beams) and / or AI / ML models. Beam resources may be associated in the context of a (eg, hierarchical) spatial relationship according to a (eg, new) quasi co-location (QCL) type.

[0084] The systems, methods, and apparatus described herein may include hierarchical spatial relationships for beam prediction as described herein. A WTRU may be configured with a first set of CSI-RS resources and / or a second set of CSI-RS resources, wherein the CSI-RS resources in the first set may be associated with one or more CSI-RS resources in the second set. One or more (e.g., some) PMIs / CQIs of the CSI-RS in the first set may be associated with the CSI-RS resources in the second set. The first set of CSI-RS resources and the second set of CSI-RS resources may be in one or more different frequency ranges (e.g., the first set may include FR1 CSI-RS resources and / or the second set may include FR2 CSI-RS resources). The WTRU may determine the PMI of the CSI-RS resources in the first set of CSI-RS resources. The WTRU may (e.g., accordingly) determine one or more CSI-RS resources from the second set (e.g., FR2) associated with a corresponding PMI (e.g., FR1). The WTRU may transmit a request to the gNB to send one or more CSI-RS resources from the determined CSI-RS resources in the second set (e.g., FR2). The WTRU may transmit a CSI report and / or an association between CSI-RS resources to the gNB. For example, the WTRU may transmit a CSI report or an association between CSI-RS resources to the gNB. The WTRU may measure, for example, CSI-RS resources from a second set (e.g., FR2) and / or may report CSI-RS parameters (e.g., accordingly).

[0085] The systems, methods, and apparatus described herein may include a hierarchical spatial relationship for second beam prediction as described herein. The WTRU may be configured with a first CSI-RS resource and / or a first set of CSI-RS resources. One or more PMIs of the first CSI-RS resource may be associated with one or more CSI-RS resources in the first set. The first CSI-RS resource and / or the first set of CSI-RS resources may be in one or more different frequency ranges (e.g., the first CSI-RS resource may include a FR1 CSI-RS resource, and / or the first set of CSI-RS resources may include a FR2 CSI-RS resource). The WTRU may determine the PMI of the first CSI-RS resource. The WTRU may (e.g., accordingly) determine one or more CSI-RS resources from the first set (e.g., FR2) associated with a corresponding PMI (e.g., FR1). The WTRU may transmit a request to the gNB to send one or more CSI-RS resources from the determined CSI-RS resources of the first set (e.g., FR2). The WTRU may measure CSI-RS resources from the first set (eg, FR2) and / or may report CSI-RS parameters (eg, accordingly).

[0086] The systems, methods, and apparatus described herein may include hierarchical spatial relationships for beam indication. The WTRU may be configured with a first CSI-RS resource and / or a first TCI state set. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may be configured with one or more (e.g., first and / or second) CSI-RS and / or one or more (e.g., first and / or second) TCI state sets (e.g., in a multiple transmit / receive point (mTRP) scenario). One or more (e.g., some) PMIs of the first CSI-RS resource and / or the second CSI-RS resource may be associated with one or more TCI states in the first set and / or the second set. The first CSI-RS resource and / or the second CSI-RS resource and / or the first TCI state set and / or the second TCI state set may be in one or more different frequency ranges (e.g., the first CSI-RS resource and / or the second CSI-RS resource may include FR1, and / or the first TCI state set and / or the second TCI state set may include FR2 TCI states). The WTRU may determine the PMI of the first CSI-RS resource and / or the second CSI-RS resource. The WTRU may (e.g., respectively) determine one or more TCI states associated with a corresponding PMI (e.g., FR1) from a first set and / or a second set (e.g., FR2). For example, if the number of one or more TCI states is 1 (e.g., per transmit / receive point (TRP)), the WTRU may apply the TCI state for DL ​​reception and / or UL transmission. If the number of one or more TCI states is greater than 1 (e.g., per TRP), the WTRU may activate one or more TCI states for DL ​​reception and / or UL transmission. For example, based on the one or more activated TCI states, the WTRU may receive an indication of one or more TCI states to be used for DL ​​reception and / or UL transmission.

[0087] The systems, methods, and apparatus described herein may relate to how to efficiently support FR2 beam indication and / or prediction based on FR1 CSI through association between beam resources and / or AI / ML models.

[0088] Methods for beam prediction and / or selection based on one or more beam measurements of different beam resources (e.g., with different beam widths and frequency ranges, etc.) in an AI / ML framework may be provided herein. Association of beam resources may be described herein, wherein one or more beam resources from a first set may be associated with one or more beam resources (e.g., CSI-RS resources, CSI-RS resource sets, and / or TCI state sets) in a second set. Dynamic determination of activated / deactivated TCI state sets may be described herein. A WTRU may (e.g., dynamically) activate and / or deactivate one or more TCI states, for example, based on the association of one or more beam resources. Additionally or alternatively, a WTRU may (e.g., dynamically) indicate, update, and / or report activated and / or deactivated TCI state sets (e.g., as an output of an AI / ML model). Furthermore, determination of associations may be described herein. Determination of associations may include one or more cell-specific beam associations (e.g., at a gNB) and / or one or more WTRU-specific beam associations (e.g., at a WTRU). In addition, (e.g., new) QCL types may be described herein. (e.g., new) QCL types may be used to identify (e.g., hierarchical) spatial relationships between one or more different beam resources (e.g., type E). One or more different types of associations between beam resources may be described herein.

[0089] Artificial intelligence can be broadly referred to as behavior exhibited by a machine. Such behavior can, for example, mimic one or more cognitive functions of sensing, inference, adaptation, and / or action.

[0090] Machine learning may refer to one or more types of algorithms that solve problems based on learning through experience (e.g., "data") without (e.g., explicit) programming (e.g., "configuration rule sets"). Machine learning may be considered a subset of AI. Different machine learning paradigms may be envisioned based on the nature of the data and / or feedback available for learning the algorithm. For example, supervised learning methods may involve learning a function that maps inputs to outputs based on labeled training examples, where one or more (e.g., each) training examples may be pairs including inputs and / or corresponding outputs. For example, unsupervised learning methods may involve detecting one or more patterns in data with a small amount (e.g., no) of pre-existing labels. For example, reinforcement learning methods may involve performing a series of actions in an environment to maximize cumulative rewards. In an example, a combination and / or interpolation of the above-mentioned methods may be used to apply a machine learning algorithm. For example, a semi-supervised learning method may use a combination of a small amount of labeled data and a large amount of unlabeled data during training. In this regard, semi-supervised learning may fall between unsupervised learning with a small amount (e.g., no) labeled training data and supervised learning with labeled (e.g., only labeled) training data.

[0091] Deep learning may refer to a class of machine learning algorithms that employ artificial neural networks (e.g., deep neural networks (DNNs)) that are loosely inspired by biological systems. DNNs are a special class of machine learning models inspired by the human brain, in which inputs may be linearly transformed and / or passed through a nonlinear activation function one or more times (e.g., multiple times). DNNs may include one or more (e.g., multiple) layers, in which one or more (e.g., each) layer may include a linear transformation and / or a given nonlinear activation function. DNNs may be trained via a backpropagation algorithm using training data. DNNs may have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in one or more (e.g., various) fields (e.g., speech, vision, natural language, etc.) and / or for various machine learning settings for supervision, unsupervised and / or semi-supervised. The term "AIML-based methods and / or processing" may refer to implementing one or more behaviors and / or meeting one or more requirements by learning based on data without explicitly configuring a sequence of action steps. Such methods may enable learning of complex behaviors that may be difficult to specify and / or implement when using one or more (e.g., old-style) methods.

[0092] The WTRU may transmit and / or receive physical channels and / or reference signals according to one or more spatial domain filters.The term "beam" may be used to refer to the spatial domain filters.

[0093] The WTRU may transmit a physical channel and / or signal using the same spatial domain filters as used to receive RS (such as CSI-RS) and / or SS blocks. The reference signal (RS) or synchronization signal (SS) blocks transmitted by the WTRU may be referred to as "target" and the received reference signal (RS) or synchronization signal (SS) blocks may be referred to as "reference" and / or "source". In such cases, the WTRU may be said to transmit the target physical channel and / or signal, for example, based on a spatial relationship with the reference to such RS and / or SS blocks.

[0094] The WTRU may transmit a first physical channel and / or signal according to the same spatial domain filter as used to transmit a second physical channel and / or signal. The first transmission and / or the second transmission may be referred to as a "target" and / or a "reference" (e.g., or a "source"), respectively. In such a case, the WTRU may be said to transmit a first (e.g., target) physical channel and / or signal, for example, according to a spatial relationship with a reference to a second (e.g., reference) physical channel and / or signal.

[0095] The spatial relationship may be implicit, configured by radio resource control (RRC) and / or signaled by a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) and / or downlink control information (DCI). For example, a WTRU may implicitly send a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and / or a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) for the PUSCH, for example, according to the same spatial domain filter as the SRS indicated by an SRS resource indicator (SRI), which is indicated in the DCI and / or configured by RRC. In an example, the spatial relationship may be configured by RRC for SRI and / or signaled by MAC CE for physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). Such a spatial relationship may also be referred to as a "beam indication".

[0096] The WTRU may receive a first (e.g., target) downlink channel and / or signal according to the same spatial domain filter and / or spatial reception parameters as a second downlink channel and / or signal. The first downlink channel and / or signal may be a target downlink channel and / or signal. The second downlink channel and / or signal may be a reference downlink channel or signal. For example, such an association may exist between physical channels (such as a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and / or a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)) and / or their corresponding DM-RS. Such an association may exist at least when the first signal and / or the second signal is a reference signal, for example, when the WTRU is configured with a quasi co-location (QCL) assumption type D between one or more corresponding antenna ports. Such an association may be configured as a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state. The WTRU may be indicated in the association between the CSI-RS and / or SS block and the DM-RS, for example, by an index to a set of one or more TCI states (configured by RRC and / or signaled by MAC CE). The indication of the association between CSI-RS and / or SS blocks and DM-RS may also and / or alternatively be referred to as beam indication.

[0097] A transmit and / or receive point (TRP) may be used interchangeably herein with one or more of the following: a transmit point (TP), a receive point (RP), a radio remote head (RRH), a distributed antenna (DA), a base station (BS), a sector of a BS, and / or a cell (e.g., a geographic cell area served by a BS). A multi-TRP may be used interchangeably herein with one or more of an MTRP, an M-TRP, and / or multiple TRPs.

[0098] The WTRU may report a subset of one or more channel state information (CSI) components, where the one or more CSI components may correspond to one or more of the following: a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI); an SSB resource indicator (SSBRI); an indication of a panel for reception at the WTRU (e.g., such as a panel identifier and / or a group identifier); one or more measurements, such as L1-RSRP, L1-SINR obtained from SSB and / or CSI-RS (e.g., cri-RSRP, cri-SINR, ssb-Index-RSRP, ssb-Index-SINR); and / or one or more other channel state information. The one or more other channel state information may include a rank indicator (RI), a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), and / or a layer index (LI), etc.

[0099] The WTRU may receive a synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel (SS / PBCH) block (SSB). The SSB may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and / or a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). The WTRU may monitor, receive, and / or attempt to decode the SSB during initial access, initial synchronization, radio link monitoring (RLM), cell search, and / or cell handover, etc.

[0100] The WTRU may measure and / or report channel state information (CSI). The CSI for one or more (e.g., each) connection modes may include and / or be configured with one or more of the following: a CSI reporting configuration, a set of CSI-RS resources, and / or one or more non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The CSI reporting configuration may include a CSI reporting amount (e.g., channel quality indicator (CQI), rank indicator (RI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), layer indicator (LI), etc.), a CSI reporting type (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent, or periodic), a CSI reporting codebook configuration (e.g., type I, type II, type II port select, etc.), and / or a CSI reporting frequency.

[0101] The CSI-RS resource set may include one or more of the following CSI resource settings: NZP-CSI-RS resources for channel measurement, NZP-CSI-RS resources for interference measurement, and / or CSI interference measurement (CSI-IM) resources for interference measurement.

[0102] One or more NZP CSI-RS resources may include one or more of the following: NZP CSI-RS resource identification (ID), periodicity and offset, QCL information and TCI state and / or resource mapping (e.g., number of ports, density, code division multiplexing (CDM) type, etc.).

[0103] The WTRU may indicate, determine and / or be configured with one or more reference signals. The WTRU may monitor, receive and / or measure one or more parameters based on the corresponding reference signals. For example, one or more of the following may apply. The following parameters are non-limiting examples of parameters that may be included in the reference signal measurement. One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included.

[0104] The SS reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) may be measured based on synchronization signals (e.g., demodulation reference signal (DMRS) and / or SSS in PBCH). SS-RSRP may be defined as the linear average of the power contributions of resource elements (REs) carrying the corresponding synchronization signal. When measuring RSRP, power scaling of the reference signal may be required. For example, in the case where SS-RSRP is used for L1-RSRP, the measurement may be done based on one or more CSI reference signals in addition to the synchronization signal.

[0105] The CSI-RSRP may be measured based on a linear average of the power contributions of the resource elements (REs) carrying the corresponding CSI-RS. The CSI-RSRP measurement may be configured within the measurement resources of the configured CSI-RS opportunity.

[0106] The SS signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SS-SINR) may be measured based on synchronization signals (e.g., DMRS and / or SSS in PBCH). The SS-SINR may be defined as the linear average of the power contributions of resource elements (REs) carrying the corresponding synchronization signals divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contributions. For example, when the SS-SINR is used for L1-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement may be done based on one or more resources configured by one or more higher layers.

[0107] The CSI-SINR may be measured based on a linear average of the power contributions of the resource elements (REs) carrying the corresponding CSI-RS divided by a linear average of the noise and interference power contributions. For example, when the CSI-SINR is used for L1-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement may be done based on one or more resources configured by one or more higher layers. Otherwise, the noise and interference power may be measured based on the resources carrying the corresponding CSI-RS.

[0108] The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) may be measured based on an average of total power contributions in a configured OFDM symbol and / or bandwidth. Power contributions may be received from one or more different resources (e.g., co-channel serving and / or non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference and / or thermal noise, etc.).

[0109] A cross-layer interference received signal strength indicator (CLI-RSSI) may be measured based on an average of total power contributions in configured OFDM symbols of configured time and / or frequency resources. Power contributions may be received from one or more different resources (e.g., cross-layer interference, co-channel serving and / or non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, and / or thermal noise, etc.).

[0110] Sounding Reference Signal RSRP (SRS-RSRP) may be measured based on a linear average of the power contributions of the Resource Elements (REs) carrying the corresponding SRS.

[0111] A CSI reporting configuration (eg, CSI-ReportConfigs) may be associated with a single bandwidth part (BWP) (eg, indicated by a BWP-Id). One or more of the following parameters may be included in the CSI report configuration: one or more CSI-RS resources and / or one or more CSI-RS resource sets for one or more channel and / or interference measurements; CSI-RS report configuration type, including periodic, semi-persistent and / or non-periodic; CSI-RS transmission periodicity for one or more periodic and / or semi-persistent CSI reports; CSI-RS transmission time slot offset for periodic, semi-persistent and / or non-periodic CSI reports; CSI-RS transmission time slot offset list for one or more semi-persistent and / or non-periodic CSI reports; one or more time restrictions for one or more channel and / or interference measurements; reporting band configuration (e.g., wideband / subband CQI and / or PMI, etc.); one or more thresholds and / or calculation modes for one or more reporting quantities (e.g., CQI, RSRP, SINR, LI, RI, etc.); codebook configuration; group-based beam reporting; CQI table; subband size; non-PMI port indication; and / or port index; etc.

[0112] A CSI-RS resource set (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet) may include one or more CSI-RS resources (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-Resource and / or CSI-ResourceConfig), where the WTRU may be configured with one or more of the following in the CSI-RS resources. The WTRU may be configured with CSI-RS periodicity and / or slot offset for periodic and / or semi-persistent CSI-RS resources in the CSI-RS resources. The WTRU may be configured with a CSI-RS resource mapping that includes (e.g., defines) one or more (e.g., a certain number of) CSI-RS ports, density, CDM type, OFDM symbol and / or subcarrier occupancy in the CSI-RS resources. The WTRU may be configured with a bandwidth portion to which the CSI-RS configured in the CSI-RS resources are allocated. The WTRU may be configured with a reference to a TCI state that includes a QCL source RS and / or a corresponding QCL type in the CSI-RS resources.

[0113] One or more of the following configurations may be used for RS resource sets. A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resource sets. The RS resource set configuration may include one or more of the following: an RS resource set ID, one or more RS resources for the RS resource set, repetition (e.g., on or off), an aperiodic trigger offset (e.g., one slot out of 0 to 6 slots), and / or tracking reference signal (TRS) information (e.g., true or false).

[0114] One or more of the following configurations may be used for RS resources. A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resources. The RS resource configuration may include one or more of the following: RS resource ID, resource mapping (e.g., REs in physical resource blocks (PRBs)), power control offset (e.g., a value from -8...15), power control offset from SS (e.g., -3dB, 0dB, 3dB, 6db), scrambling ID, periodicity and / or offset, and / or QCL information (e.g., based on TCI state).

[0115] The attributes of a grant and / or assignment may include one or more of the following: frequency allocation; aspects of time allocation (e.g., such as duration); priority; modulation and / or coding scheme; transport block size; one or more (e.g., a certain number of) spatial layers; one or more (e.g., a certain number of) transport blocks; TCI state, CRI and / or SRI; one or more (e.g., a certain number of) repetitions; whether the repetition scheme is type A or type B; whether the grant is a configured grant type 1, type 2 and / or dynamic grant; whether the assignment is a dynamic assignment and / or a semi-persistently scheduled (e.g., configured) assignment; a configured grant index and / or a semi-persistent assignment index; a configured periodicity of the grant and / or assignment; a channel access priority class (CAPC); and / or one or more (e.g., any) parameters provided by the MAC and / or by the RRC in the DCI for scheduling the grant or assignment.

[0116] The indication made through the DCI may include one or more of the following: an explicit indication made through a DCI field and / or through a radio network identifier (RNTI) used to mask a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for the PDCCH; and / or an implicit indication made through attributes such as the DCI format, DCI size, Coreset and / or search space, aggregation level, the first resource element of the received DCI (e.g., the index of the first control channel element), where the mapping between attributes and values ​​may be signaled by RRC and / or MAC.

[0117] RS may be used interchangeably herein with one or more of an RS resource, an RS resource set, an RS port, and / or an RS port group. Additionally or alternatively, RS may be used interchangeably herein with one or more of an SSB, a CSI-RS, an SRS, a DM-RS, a TRS, a positioning reference signal (PRS), and / or a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS). Additionally or alternatively, a reference signal may be used interchangeably herein with one or more of the following: a sounding reference signal (SRS), a channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS), a phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS), and / or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0118] Channel may be used herein interchangeably with one or more of the following: PDCCH, PDSCH, Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), etc.

[0119] RS resource set may be used interchangeably with RS resource and / or beam group in this article. Beam report may be used interchangeably with CSI measurement, CSI report and / or beam measurement in this article. One or more of the systems, methods and / or devices for beam resource prediction provided herein may be used for one or more beam resources, which belong to a single and / or one or more (e.g., multiple) cells and / or a single and / or one or more (e.g., multiple) TRPs.

[0120] The WTRU may be configured with respect to hierarchical spatial relationships for beam prediction. The WTRU may (e.g., dynamically) activate and / or deactivate one or more TCI states. The WTRU may receive a configuration (e.g., a configuration message) including one or more TCI state configurations. For example, the configuration (e.g., a configuration message) may include a list of up to M TCI state configurations. The list of TCI state configurations may be configured via a higher layer parameter (e.g., PDSCH-Config). The number of TCI states included in the list may depend on the maximum number of TCI states configured (e.g., maxNumberConfiguredTCIstatesPerCC=128).

[0121] The configuration of the TCI state may include information about the serving cell identifier, the bandwidth part identifier and / or the TCI state identifier. The TCI state may include information about the configuration of the quasi-co-location (QCL) relationship between one or more of the reference signals (RS) and / or channels. For example, one or more TCI states may be configured to provide reference signals for QCL relationships, DM-RS for PDSCH, DM-RS for PDCCH, CSI-RS ports for CSI-RS resources, positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), and / or uplink spatial relationships for PUSCH and / or PUCCH resource transmission, etc. The WTRU may be configured with one or more QCL types for one or more reference signals linked to one or more configured TCI states. TCI states and QCL relationships are used interchangeably in this article.

[0122] The WTRU may receive a command (e.g., MAC-CE) for activating and / or deactivating one or more TCI states (e.g., up to eight TCI states) / TCI state pairs (e.g., one TCI state for a DL channel / signal and / or one TCI state for a UL channel / signal). For example, the activation command may be used to map the one or more TCI states to a codepoint of a DCI field "transmit configuration indication" for one or more DL and / or UL CC / BWPs (e.g., a set of DL and / or UL CC / BWPs). The WTRU may receive an indication for applying one of the TCI states, for example, based on the received activated and / or deactivated TCI states. For example, the WTRU may receive the indication via a DCI field "transmit configuration indication" (e.g., DCI 1_1, 1_2, 0_1, and / or 0_2), where the DCI may or may not have DL and / or UL (e.g., PDSCH / PUSCH) scheduling.

[0123] In an example, the WTRU may receive a configuration of a first set of beam resources and a second set of beam resources, wherein the beam resources in the first set may be associated with one or more beam resources in the second set. In an example, the beam resources may include a TCI state, a CSI-RS (e.g., CRI, PMI), an SSB (e.g., an SSB index), a TRS or a PRS for a downlink, and / or an SRS resource (e.g., SRI) or a TCI state for an uplink, etc. (e.g., 208). One or more beam resource parameters in the first set may be associated with one or more beam resource parameters in the second set.

[0124] The beam resources in the first set and / or the second set may be in one or more different frequency ranges (for example, the first set may be in FR1 or FR2-1, and / or the second set may be in FR2 or FR2-2, respectively). The beam resources in different frequency ranges may physically manifest as one or more beam resources in the first set having a beam width that is larger and / or wider than the beam width of one or more beam resources in the second set. For example, the first set of beam resources may include a beam width that is wider and / or larger than the second set of beam resources). The beam resources in the first set and / or the second set and the corresponding associations may be configured so that the WTRU can operate (for example, simultaneously) using one or more (for example, two) sets of beam resources. In an example, the WTRU may, for example, receive via DL (e.g., SSB, TRS, PRS, PDCCH and / or PDSCH, etc.) and / or transmit via UL (SRS, RACH, PUCCH and / or PUSCH, etc.) when using beam resources in a first set within a corresponding BWP (e.g., frequency range FR1) and when using beam resources in a second set within a corresponding BWP (e.g., frequency range FR2).

[0125] In an example, an association between sets of beam resources may be determined at a base station (e.g., a gNB) side, where the WTRU receives an association configuration from the base station (e.g., a gNB). For example, the WTRU may be configured with a first set of beam resources (e.g., TCI states, CRIs, and / or PMIs, etc.) and / or a second set of beam resources (e.g., TCI states and / or CRIs, etc.), where one or more beam resources in the first set are spatially co-located with one or more beam resources in the second set. The WTRU may receive a configuration indicating a QCL type (e.g., QCL type D or a new QCL type, as described herein) relationship between the configured beam resources. Thus, for example, if the WTRU is configured with a TCI state for a first set of beam resources, the WTRU may determine to apply a (e.g., the same) QCL relationship to receive and / or transmit on one or more associated beam resources from the second set.

[0126] Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may determine an association between sets of beam resources. For example, the WTRU may determine the association based on one or more channel and / or beam measurements (e.g., based on AI / ML). The WTRU may report the determined association to a base station (e.g., a gNB). The WTRU may determine one or more beam resources (e.g., TCI state, CRI, and / or PMI, etc.) from a first set of beam resources that are spatially co-located with one or more beam resources (e.g., TCI state and / or CRI) from a second set of beam resources. For example, the WTRU may perform one or more channel state information (CSI) measurements on a first reference signal (RS) set associated with a first transmit configuration indicator (TCI) state set. The WTRU may determine one or more CSI parameters of a second RS set based on, for example, one or more CSI measurements performed on a first RS set associated with a first TCS state set. The second RS set may be associated with the first RS set. The WTRU may receive an indication to activate and / or deactivate a (e.g., first) TCI state in a first TCI state set. The WTRU may report one or more of the beam resources in the first set as reference beam resources. The WTRU may report one or more of the beam resources in the second set that are in a QCL relationship with the determined reference beam resource. The WTRU may determine and / or report a QCL type (e.g., a type D QCL or a new QCL type as described herein). The WTRU may use a reference ID (e.g., CRI and / or PMI, etc.) to identify one or more beam resources in the first set and / or the second set.

[0127] The association between beam resources may be determined for both DL and UL. The association between beam resources may be determined for DL ​​(eg, only determined). The association between beam resources may be determined for UL (eg, only determined).

[0128] The WTRU may determine (e.g., dynamically determine) to activate and / or deactivate one or more TCI states. In an example, the WTRU may derive one or more parameters (e.g., PMI, CQI, RSRP obtained from SSB and / or CSI-RS, and / or TCI state, etc.) of a first set of beam resources, wherein the WTRU may determine an association between the measured parameters and a second set of beam resources. For example, the WTRU may determine to activate and / or deactivate (e.g., a second) TCI state in a second set of TCI states based on a first indication of a first TCI state in a first set of TCI states and / or one or more CSI parameters determined for a second RS set. The WTRU may report the measured parameters of one or more beam resources in the first set to a base station (e.g., a gNB). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may report one or more predicted parameters of one or more beam resources in the second set to the base station (e.g., based on an AI / ML model) using the configured and / or determined associations. For example, the WTRU may transmit a second indication that a second TCI state in the second TCI state set has been activated and / or deactivated.

[0129] In an example, the WTRU may receive a command (e.g., MAC-CE) to activate and / or deactivate one or more TCI states (e.g., up to eight TCI states) and / or TCI state pairs for beam resources in a first set. Thus, the WTRU may determine one or more TCI states and / or TCI state pairs corresponding to beam resources to be activated and / or deactivated in a second set using the configured and / or determined association between the two sets of beam resources. For example, the WTRU may activate and / or deactivate one or more of the determined TCI states corresponding to the second set of beam resources. The WTRU may activate and / or deactivate one or more determined TCI states based on a determined and / or configured processing time (e.g., X symbols after the WTRU reports). The WTRU may report the determined activated and / or deactivated TCI states to a base station (e.g., a gNB) accordingly.

[0130] "Corresponding" and "corresponding" are used interchangeably herein. "Associated with" and "associated with" are used interchangeably herein.

[0131] Additionally or alternatively, upon receiving a command (e.g., MAC-CE) to activate and / or deactivate one or more TCI states (e.g., up to eight TCI states) and / or TCI state pairs for beam resources in a first set, the WTRU may determine to activate and / or deactivate one or more TCI states for beam resources in a second set. In an example, the WTRU may use the association between the two sets of beam resources while using the AI / ML model. Thus, for example, the WTRU may activate and / or deactivate the determined TCI states corresponding to the beam resources in the second set based on a determined and / or configured processing time (e.g., X symbols after the WTRU reports). The WTRU may report the one or more determined TCI states to a base station (e.g., a gNB).

[0132] The WTRU may receive an indication for applying a TCI state based on a set of reported one or more activated and / or deactivated TCI states corresponding to beam resources in a second set. The indication for applying (e.g., activating or deactivating) the TCI state may be received via an implicit indication or an explicit indication. One or more of the following may apply. For example, with respect to an implicit indication, the WTRU may determine to apply (e.g., activate or deactivate) the TCI state corresponding to the beam resources in the second set based on a received indication for applying (e.g., activating or deactivating) the TCI state in the first set of beam resources. For example, with respect to an explicit indication, the WTRU may receive the indication based on one or more of the code points of the DCI field "Send Configuration Indication" with and / or without PDSCH and / or PUSCH scheduling.

[0133] In an example, the WTRU may (e.g., dynamically) determine one or more TCI states corresponding to one or more beam resources in the second set to be activated and / or deactivated. In an example, the WTRU may dynamically determine the one or more TCI states based on the AI / ML output and / or based on one or more measurements of the first set of beam resources, WTRU movement and / or rotation, and / or one or more environmental changes, etc. Thus, for example, the WTRU may dynamically report the one or more determined TCI states to a base station (e.g., a gNB).

[0134] Figure 2 An example process 200 for dynamically activating and / or deactivating TCI states based on hierarchical spatial relationships is depicted.

[0135] At 202, the WTRU may receive a configuration (e.g., configuration information) associated with a first set of beam resources and / or a second set of beam resources. The beam resources in the first set may be associated with one or more beam resources in the second set. For example, a first RS set may be associated with the first set of beam resources and / or a second RS set may be associated with the second set of beam resources. At 208, the beam resources may include a TCI state for the downlink, a CSI-RS, a synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel (SS / PBCH) block (SSB), a sounding reference signal (SRS) resource for the uplink, and / or a TCI state. At 210, one or more (e.g., some) parameters (e.g., TCI state, PMI, CQI, etc.) in the first set of beam resources may be associated with beam resources in the second set of beam resources. At 204, the association between the CSI parameters and the beam resources may be indicated by a base station (e.g., gNB) and / or the WTRU (e.g., for both DL / UL, or for each of DL and UL separately). At 206, the first set of beam resources and the second set of beam resources may be in different frequency ranges (e.g., the first set may include FR1 beam resources and / or the second set may include FR2 beam resources). For example, the first set of beam resources may be in a first frequency range (FR1) and the second set of beam resources may be in a second frequency range (FR2).

[0136] At 212, the WTRU may report one or more CSI parameters based on measurements of a first set of beam resources (e.g., within FR1). At 214, the WTRU may activate and / or deactivate one or more TCI states for a second set of beam resources (e.g., within FR2) based on the association, for example, based on a processing time (e.g., X symbols after the WTRU report). At 216, the WTRU activating and / or deactivating one or more TCI states for the second set of beam resources based on the association, based on a processing time (e.g., after the processing time) may include the gNB not receiving a FR2 CSI report. At 216, the WTRU activating and / or deactivating one or more TCI states for the second set of beam resources based on the association, based on (e.g., after the processing time) may include the gNB not indicating one or more active TCI states. At 218, additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may determine a TCI state set of one or more TCI states as an activated and / or deactivated TCI state set (e.g., as an output of one or more AI / ML models). The WTRU may report a set of one or more TCI states to a base station (e.g., a gNB). At 220, the WTRU may receive an indication for applying the TCI state based on the reported set of activated and / or deactivated beam resources from the second set. For example, at 222, the WTRU may receive an indication for applying the TCI state based on the reported set of activated and / or deactivated beam resources from the second set (based on the code point of the DCI field "Send Configuration Indication"), with and / or without PDSCH and / or PUSCH scheduling. At 224, the WTRU may (e.g., dynamically) report updates and / or changes to the set of activated and / or deactivated TCI states (e.g., if needed). At 226, for example, the WTRU may dynamically report updates and / or changes to the set of activated and / or deactivated TCI states based on AI / ML output, one or more measurements of the first set of beam resources, WTRU movement and / or rotation, and / or one or more environmental changes, etc.

[0137] Figure 3 An example flow diagram for dynamically activating and / or deactivating 300 one or more TCI states based on hierarchical spatial relationships is depicted.

[0138] At 302, the WTRU may receive configuration information associated with a first set of associated beam resources and / or a second set of associated beam resources (e.g., for the first set of associated beam resources and / or the second set of associated beam resources). Each beam resource may be associated with one or more RSs. For example, the first set of beam resources may be associated with a first set of RSs (e.g., CSI-RS), and the second set of beam resources may be associated with a second set of RSs (e.g., CSI-RS). At 304, one or more parameters (e.g., TCI state, PMI, CQI, etc.) in the first set of beam resources may be associated with one or more beam resources in the second set of beam resources. At 306, the first set of beam resources and the second set of beam resources may be in different frequency ranges. For example, the first set of beam resources may be in a first frequency range FR1, and the second set of beam resources may be in a second set of beam resources FR2. The first set of beam resources may have a larger beam width than the second set of beam resources.

[0139] At 308, the WTRU may derive (e.g., determine) one or more CSI parameters (e.g., CRI, PMI, etc.) for the first set of beam resources. For example, at 308, the WTRU may derive the one or more CSI parameters based on one or more measurements of the first set of beam resources. For example, at 308, the WTRU may measure the first set of beam resources to determine the one or more measurements. The WTRU may perform one or more CSI measurements on the first set of beam resources. The PMI may be determined based on the one or more CSI measurements performed on the first set of beam resources associated with the first set of TCI states. The one or more CSI measurements may include a CSI reference signal resource indicator (CRI) and / or a PMI.

[0140] At 310, the WTRU may determine (e.g., predict) and / or report one or more CSI parameters for the second set of beam resources. For example, the WTRU may determine the one or more CSI parameters for one or more beam resources in the second set of beam resources based on one or more AI / ML models and / or one or more associations (e.g., spatial associations as described herein). For example, at 312, when the WTRU determines the one or more CSI parameters for the beam resources in the second set of beam resources, the gNB may not request a CSI report for the second set of beam resources.

[0141] At 314, the WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., a MAC-CE indication) to activate and / or deactivate one or more TCI states and / or TCI state pairs in the first TCI state set. For example, at 316, the indication may include a code point that the activation and / or deactivation of one or more TCI states is based on a DCI field "Transmit Configuration Indication" with and / or without PDSCH and / or PUSCH scheduling. The indication may be received by the WTRU via a MAC-CE.

[0142] At 318, the WTRU may determine an active TCI state set for the second set of beam resources. For example, the WTRU may determine an active TCI state set for the second set using an association (e.g., such as a spatial association) between two sets of beam resources (e.g., the first set of beam resources and the second set of beam resources) and / or one or more determined (e.g., predicted) CSI parameters. For example, at 320, when the WTRU determines the active TCI state set for the second set based on the association and / or the predicted CSI parameters, the gNB may not receive a CSI report for the second set of beam resources and / or the gNB may not indicate one or more TCI states for the second set of beam resources (e.g., within FR2).

[0143] At 322, the WTRU may activate and / or deactivate one or more TCI states and / or TCI state pairs for one or more beam resources in the second set of beam resources. For example, the WTRU may activate and / or deactivate one or more TCI states for one or more beam resources in the second set of beam resources based on the determined active TCI state set for the second set of beam resources (e.g., at 318). At 322, the WTRU may report (e.g., to the gNB) a list of activated TCI states.

[0144] For example, at 324, the WTRU may (e.g., dynamically) report one or more updates and / or changes to the activated and / or deactivated TCI state sets, for example, if triggered. For example, at 326, the WTRU may transmit an indication that one or more TCI states in the second TCI state set have been activated or deactivated. The one or more triggers for reporting updates and / or changes to the activated and / or deactivated TCI state sets may include one or more of an AI / ML output, one or more measurements of the first set of beam resources, movement and / or rotation of the WTRU, one or more environmental changes, and the like.

[0145] In an example, the hierarchical spatial relationship for beam indication may include one or more of the following. The WTRU may be configured with a first CSI-RS resource and / or a first TCI state set. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may be configured with more than one (e.g., first and second) CSI-RS resources and / or more than one (e.g., first and second) TCI state sets (e.g., in a multi-TRP scenario). One or more (e.g., some) PMIs of the first CSI-RS resource and / or the second CSI-RS resource may be associated with one or more TCI states of the first TCI state set and / or the second TCI state set. The first CSI-RS resource and / or the second CSI-RS resource and / or the first TCI state set and / or the second TCI state set may be within one or more different frequency ranges (e.g., the first CSI-RS resource and / or the second CSI-RS resource may include a FR1 CSI-RS resource, and / or the first TCI state set and / or the second TCI state set may include a FR2 TCI state). For example, the first TCI state set may be within a first frequency range, and the second TCI state set may be within a second frequency range. The WTRU may determine a PMI for a first CSI-RS resource and / or a second CSI-RS resource. The WTRU may determine one or more TCI states associated with a corresponding PMI (e.g., FR1) from a first set and / or a second set (e.g., FR2). If the number of one or more TCI states is 1 (per TRP), the WTRU may apply the TCI state for DL ​​reception and / or UL transmission. If the number of one or more TCI states is greater than 1 (e.g., per TRP), the WTRU may activate one or more TCI states for DL ​​reception and / or UL transmission. For example, based on the activated TCI states, the WTRU may receive an indication of one or more TCI states to be used for DL ​​reception and / or UL transmission.

[0146] The WTRU may receive a configuration including one or more CSI-RS resource sets. Different CSI-RS resource sets may be used for different frequency ranges. For example, a first CSI-RS resource set may be within a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) and a second CSI-RS resource set may be within a second frequency range (e.g., FR2). Additionally or alternatively, different CSI-RS resource sets may have different beamwidths.

[0147] Figure 4An example CSI-RS resource set 400 having different beamwidths is depicted. For example, a first CSI-RS resource set 402A, 402B, 402C, 402D may have a wider beamwidth than a second CSI-RS resource set 404. For example, the second CSI-RS resource set 404 may be associated with a narrower beamwidth (e.g., FR2) than the first CSI-RS resource set 402A, 402B, 402C, 402D. Each beam of the first CSI-RS resource set 402A, 402B, 402C, 402D may be associated with a direction originating from a base station 410, such as Figure 4 shown.

[0148] The WTRU 420 may be configured, determined and / or identified an association (e.g., spatial association) between different CSI-RS resource sets (e.g., between 402A and 404). For example, the WTRU 420 may determine a spatial association between the first RS set 402A and the second RS set 404. One or more CSI parameters of the second RS set 404 may be determined based on the spatial association. In an example, the association may be based on a hierarchical spatial relationship. The WTRU 420 may determine one or more CSI parameters of the second RS set 404 based on, for example, one or more artificial intelligence and / or machine learning models.

[0149] The spatial association may include one or more of a QCL association between reference signals in different CSI-RS resource sets and / or an association between beams of control channels in different CSI-RS resource sets (e.g., a beam of a first CORESET linked to CSI-RS resources in a first set may be QCL with a beam of a second CORESET linked to CSI-RS resources in a second set). As described herein, the spatial association may include a spatial relationship between spatial parameters of beam resources. For example, the spatial parameters may include one or more of a beam direction, a beam orientation, a spatial area covered by a beam, a beam center direction, etc. For example, the spatial association may include a comparison between one or more spatial parameters of a first beam resource and one or more spatial parameters of a second beam resource. In an example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI-RS resource sets of a first type and a CSI-RS resource set of a second type. One or more CSI-RS resources in the second CSI-RS resource set may be associated with one or more CSI-RS resources in the first CSI-RS resource set. One or more beam resources of the second CSI-RS resource set may be associated with the same CSI-RS resource in the first CSI-RS resource set. Furthermore, the beam resources of the first CSI-RS resource set may be within the same or different frequency range (eg, a lower frequency range) compared to the associated CSI-RS resources in the second CSI-RS resource set.

[0150] The CSI-RS resources belonging to the first CSI-RS resource set may be used interchangeably with the first type of CSI-RS in this article. In addition, the CSI-RS resources belonging to the second CSI-RS resource set may be used interchangeably with the second type of CSI-RS in this article.

[0151] In an example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI-RS resources of a first type and one or more CSI-RS resources of a second type. The WTRU may determine the type of CSI-RS resource based on one or more of a frequency range, a base station (e.g., gNB) indication and / or configuration, and / or a subcarrier spacing (SCS).

[0152] In an example, the WTRU may determine the type of CSI-RS based on the frequency range to which each CSI-RS is associated. For example, a CSI-RS transmitted at a carrier frequency of FR1 may belong to a first CSI-RS resource set, and / or a CSI-RS transmitted at a carrier frequency of FR2 may belong to a second CSI-RS resource set.

[0153] In an example, the WTRU may receive an indication and / or configuration indicating a beam type (e.g., based on one or more of RRC, MAC CE, and / or DCI).

[0154] In an example, the WTRU may determine the type of CSI-RS based on one or more (e.g., specific) SCSs. For example, the WTRU may determine that a CSI-RS received at a first SCS (e.g., 15 kHz) or a second SCS (e.g., 120 kHz) belongs to a first CSI-RS resource set or a second CSI-RS resource set, respectively.

[0155] In an example, the WTRU may be configured to associate CSI information (e.g., CQI, PMI, and / or L1-RSRP) of one or more CSI-RS belonging to one CSI-RS resource set (e.g., the second CSI-RS resource set) with one or more CSI-RS of another CSI-RS resource set (e.g., the first CSI-RS resource set). The WTRU may obtain the CSI information of the CSI-RS (e.g., the second type of CSI-RS) by performing one or more CSI measurements on the associated CSI-RS (e.g., the first type of CSI-RS).

[0156] The WTRU may receive configuration information associated with a first set of beam resources and a second set of beam resources. The beam resources in the first set may be associated with at least one beam resource in the second set. For example, the first RS set may be associated with the first set of beam resources, and the second RS set may be associated with the second set of beam resources. The beam resources may include TCI states, CSI-RS, or SSBs for the downlink, and / or SRS resources or TCI states for the uplink. The first set of beam resources and the second set of beam resources may be in different frequency ranges. For example, the first set of beam resources may be within a first frequency range (e.g., FR1), and the second set of beam resources may be within a second frequency range (e.g., FR2). The beam resource association may be cell-specific and configured at a base station (e.g., a gNB). The beam resource association may be determined by the WTRU (e.g., based on an AI / ML model) for UL and / or DL ​​beam resources. The association on the WTRU side may be WTRU specific, which requires training / validation based on one or more (e.g., legacy) beam resources (e.g., FR1 beams and FR2 beams) and / or AI / ML models. The beam resources may be associated in the context of a (e.g., hierarchical) spatial relationship based on the new QCL type.

[0157] In an example, the WTRU may be configured with a first set of CSI-RS resources and a second set of CSI-RS resources, wherein the CSI-RS resources in the first set may be associated with one or more CSI-RS resources in the second set. In an example, one or more CSI parameters (e.g., PMI, CQI, or a combination of PMI and CQI) of the measured CSI parameters from the first set of CSI-RS resources may be associated with CSI-RS resources from the second set of CSI-RS resources.

[0158] The WTRU may measure one or more CSI parameters (e.g., RSRP, PMI, and / or CQI, etc.) of one or more CSI-RS resources in the first set. The WTRU may determine (e.g., based on an association between the first set and the second set and / or an AI / ML model, etc.) whether the one or more measured CSI parameters correspond to one or more CSI-RS resources in the second set of CSI-RS resources.

[0159] Figure 5An example CSI-RS resource set 500 with different beam widths is depicted, where a narrow beam is associated with a PMI determined for a particular wide beam. A base station 501 may initiate multiple CSI-RS resource sets 502A, 502B, 502C, 502D. Each of the CSI-RS resource sets 502A, 502B, 502C, 502D may include multiple CSI-RS resources 504. Although Figure 5 The CSI-RS resources 504 in the CSI-RS resource set 502C are labeled, but each of the CSI-RS resource sets 502A, 502B, 502C, 502D includes the CSI-RS resource 504. The WTRU 503 may determine the CSI parameters 506 (e.g., PMI, CQI, and / or a combination of PMI and CQI) of the first CSI-RS resource 508 in the first CSI-RS resource (e.g., FR1 and / or wide beam) set 502A as the strongest (e.g., best) PMI 506 for receiving and / or transmitting signals and / or channels. The WTRU 503 may determine and / or predict one or more strongest (e.g., best) CSI-RS resources from the second resource set 504, for example based on the determined CSI parameters 506 from the first set 502A, the association between the first set (e.g., wide beam) and the second set 504 (e.g., FR2 and / or narrow beam), and / or an AI / ML model.

[0160] The WTRU 503 may report the determined and / or predicted CSI-RS resources from the second set 504 to the base station 501 (e.g., gNB). The WTRU 503 may report the measured CSI parameters, the determined CSI-RS resources, and / or the associations.

[0161] For example, the WTRU 503 may report one or more measured CSI parameters (e.g., CRI, PMI, CQI, and / or TCI status, etc.) of the first set 502A. In an example, the WTRU 503 may report one or more estimated CSI parameters of the second set 504 (e.g., based on association and / or AI / ML model, etc.). For example, the WTRU 503 may report determined and / or predicted CSI-RS resources (e.g., CRI and / or TCI status, etc.) from the second set 504. For example, the WTRU 503 may report determined associations (e.g., QCL type and / or spatial relationship, etc.) between the determined and / or predicted CSI-RS resources from the second set 504 and the reference CSI-RS resources from the first set 502A.

[0162] Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU 503 may transmit a request to the base station 501 (e.g., gNB) to send one or more CSI-RS resources from the determined and / or predicted CSI-RS resources of the second set 504. The WTRU 503 may receive (e.g., reported) CSI-RS resources from the second set 504. The WTRU 503 may measure CSI parameters of the received CSI-RS resources and / or may report (e.g., accordingly) one or more measured CSI-RS parameters.

[0163] An indication of hierarchical spatial association may be provided. In an example, the WTRU may determine an association between one or more CSI-RS resources in one or more CSI-RS resource sets based on one or more of: a base station (e.g., gNB) indication, an ordered PMI ID and / or CSI-RS resources, and / or a WTRU indication.

[0164] The WTRU may determine an association between one or more CSI-RS resource sets based on an indication from a base station (e.g., a gNB). For example, the WTRU may receive an explicit indication from a base station (e.g., a gNB) based on one or more of an RRC, a MAC CE, and / or a DCI. For example, the WTRU may receive a mapping between CSI-RS resources in the second set and a configured codebook PMI corresponding to the CSI-RS resources in the first set. Thus, for each CSI-RS resource in the first set, and based on the configured codebook, the WTRU may receive a corresponding CSI-RS resource from the second set that may be mapped to a corresponding PMI. For example, the WTRU may receive a bitmap mapping one or more CSI-RS resources from the second set that correspond to the configured codebook PMIs of the CSI-RS resources in the first set (e.g., 0 may indicate that there is no association between the PMI and the RS resource, and / or 1 may indicate that there is an association between the PMI and the RS resource).

[0165] For example, the WTRU may perform an association based on ordered PMI IDs corresponding to CSI-RS resources from the first set and / or CSI-RS resource IDs (e.g., CRIs) corresponding to CSI-RS resources from the second set. For example, for CSI-RS resources from the first set, a first PMI may be associated with a first CSI-RS resource in the second set, and / or a second PMI may be associated with a second CSI-RS resource in the second set, and so on.

[0166] For example, the WTRU may indicate an association (e.g., QCL type and / or spatial relationship, etc.) between the determined and / or predicted CSI-RS resources from the second set and the CSI-RS resources from the first set. The indication may be based on a bitmap mapping the CSI-RS resources from the second set corresponding to the configured codebook PMI of the CSI-RS resources in the first set (e.g., 0 may indicate that there is no association between the PMI and the RS resource and / or 1 may indicate that there is an association between the PMI and the RS resource). The WTRU may receive an acknowledgment to the base station (e.g., gNB). For example, the WTRU may receive an acknowledgment to the base station by receiving one or more PDCCHs in one or more CORESETs associated with the WTRU reporting configuration (e.g., possible).

[0167] In an example, the hierarchical spatial relationship for beam prediction may include one or more of the following. The WTRU may be configured with a first CSI-RS resource set and a second CSI-RS resource set. The CSI-RS resources in the first CSI-RS resource set may be associated with at least one CSI-RS resource in the second CSI-RS resource set. One or more (e.g., some) PMIs and / or CQIs of the CSI-RS in the first CSI-RS resource set may be associated with the CSI-RS resources in the second CSI-RS resource set. The first CSI-RS resource set and the second CSI-RS resource set may be in different frequency ranges (e.g., the first set may include FR1 CSI-RS resources and the second set may include FR2 CSI-RS resources). The WTRU may determine the PMI of the CSI-RS resources in the first CSI-RS resource set. The WTRU may determine one or more CSI-RS resources from the second set (e.g., FR2) associated with a corresponding PMI (e.g., FR1). The WTRU may transmit a request to the base station (e.g., gNB) to send one or more CSI-RS resources from the determined CSI-RS resources of the second set (e.g., FR2). The WTRU may transmit a CSI report and / or an association between CSI-RS resources to the base station (e.g., gNB). The WTRU may (e.g., subsequently) measure the CSI-RS resources from the second set (e.g., FR2) and may (e.g., accordingly) report CSI-RS parameters.

[0168] In an example, the hierarchical spatial relationship for beam prediction may include one or more of the following. The WTRU may be configured with a first CSI-RS resource and a first set of CSI-RS resources. One or more PMIs of the first CSI-RS resource may be associated with one or more CSI-RS resources in the first set. The first CSI-RS resource and the first set of CSI-RS resources may be in different frequency ranges (e.g., the first CSI-RS resource may include FR1 CSI-RS resources, and the first set of CSI-RS resources may include FR2 CSI-RS resources). The WTRU may determine the PMI of the first CSI-RS resource. The WTRU may determine one or more CSI-RS resources associated with a corresponding PMI (e.g., FR1) from the first set of CSI-RS resources (e.g., FR2). The WTRU may transmit a request to a base station (e.g., a gNB) to send one or more CSI-RS resources from the determined CSI-RS resources in the first set (e.g., FR2). The WTRU may (eg, subsequently) measure CSI-RS resources from the first set (eg, FR2) and may (eg, accordingly) report CSI-RS parameters.

[0169] An association of a parent CSI-RS resource and a CSI-RS resource set may be provided herein. The WTRU may receive a configuration including a first CSI-RS resource and a first CSI-RS resource set. The first CSI-RS resource may be referred to as a parent CSI-RS resource and / or a fallback CSI-RS resource. The first CSI-RS resource and the first CSI-RS resource set may be in different frequency ranges. For example, the first CSI-RS resource may be within a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) and / or the first CSI-RS resource set may be within a second frequency range (e.g., FR2). Additionally or alternatively, the first CSI-RS resource and the first CSI-RS resource set may have different beam widths. For example, the first CSI-RS resource (e.g., the parent CSI-RS resource) may have a wider beam width and / or the first CSI-RS resource set may have a narrower beam width (e.g., FR2, as in FIG. 2 ). Figure 6 depicted).

[0170] Figure 6 An example association 600 of a parent CSI-RS resource 602 (e.g., a first CSI-RS resource set) (e.g., FR1) and a second CSI-RS resource set 604 (e.g., FR2) is depicted. The WTRU 610 may be configured, determined, and / or identified (e.g., spatial) association between the first CSI-RS resource set 602 and the second CSI-RS resource set 604. In an example, the association may be based on a hierarchical spatial relationship. Figure 6, a parent CSI-RS resource set 602 (eg, having a wide beamwidth) and a second CSI-RS resource set 604 (eg, having a narrower beamwidth) are shown, wherein potential PMIs corresponding to a parent CSI-RS resource codebook 606 are provided.

[0171] The spatial association may include one or more of the following. The spatial association may include a QCL association between CSI parameters (e.g., PMI 606) in the first CSI-RS resource set 602 and one or more CSI-RS resources in the second CSI-RS resource set 604. The spatial association may include an association between beams of control channels in the first CSI-RS resource set 602 and the second CSI-RS resource set 604 (e.g., a beam of a first CORESET linked to a first CSI-RS resource may be QCL with a beam of a second CORESET linked to a CSI-RS resource in the CSI-RS resource set 604).

[0172] In an example, the WTRU 610 may derive (e.g., determine) one or more CSI parameters (e.g., PMI 606) of a first CSI-RS resource set and / or a parent CSI-RS resource set 602 (e.g., FR1). The WTRU may determine one or more CSI-RS resources in a second CSI-RS resource set 604 (e.g., FR2) that are associated with the measured CSI parameters (e.g., PMI 606) of the first CSI-RS resource and / or the parent CSI-RS resource in the first CSI-RS resource set 602 (e.g., FR1). In an example, the WTRU 610 may determine the association based on one or more AI / ML models. In an example, the WTRU 610 may receive one or more CSI configurations from a base station 601 (e.g., a gNB), the CSI configurations including an association between the first CSI-RS resource set and / or the parent CSI-RS resource set 602 and the second CSI-RS resource set 604.

[0173] In an example, the WTRU 610 may receive a configuration indicating that one or more CSI-RS resources from a second CSI-RS resource set 604 (e.g., FR2) are associated with one or more CSI parameters (e.g., PMI 606) of a parent CSI-RS resource set and / or a first CSI-RS resource set 602 (e.g., FR1). For example, the WTRU 610 may receive a configuration indicating a QCL relationship between a PMI in the parent CSI-RS resource set 602 and one or more CSI-RS resources from the second CSI-RS resource set 604. The QCL relationship may be a relationship between a PMI determined for a parent downlink reference signal and / or a first downlink reference signal and a DM-RS port of a PDSCH, a DM-RS port of a PDCCH, a CSI-RS port of a CSI-RS resource, and / or a PRS port of a PRS reference. Thus, the WTRU 610 may determine that the same QCL relationship is applied to the associated CSI-RS resources in the second resource set 604. For example, as Figure 6 As illustrated, the QCL relationship information may be configured in a resource set of a parent reference signal and / or a first reference signal. In this case, for example, the WTRU 610 may determine that a QCL relationship applies to one or more determined resources in the second resource set 604.

[0174] In an example, the WTRU 610 may report the determined CSI parameters of the parent CSI-RS resource set and / or the first CSI-RS resource set 602 (e.g., FR1) to the base station 601 (e.g., gNB). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU 610 may report the determined and / or predicted CSI-RS resources from the second resource set 604 (e.g., FR2) to the base station 601 (e.g., gNB). For example, if there is one (e.g., only one) CSI-RS resource in the second resource set 604 associated with the determined PMI, the WTRU 610 may report a single CSI-RS resource.

[0175] In an example, the WTRU 610 may transmit a request to the base station 601 (e.g., gNB) to send one or more CSI-RS resources from the determined CSI-RS resources of the second resource set 604. For example, if there are more than one CSI-RS resources in the second resource set 604 associated with the determined PMI (e.g., 606), the WTRU 610 may transmit a request for the determined CSI-RS resources. The WTRU 610 may (e.g., subsequently) measure the received CSI-RS resources from the second resource set 604 (e.g., FR2) and / or may (e.g., accordingly) report one or more CSI-RS parameters.

[0176] An indication of a hierarchical spatial association of a parent resource may be provided. In an example, the WTRU may determine an association between a parent CSI-RS resource and / or a first CSI-RS resource and a first set of CSI-RS resources based on one or more of: a base station (e.g., gNB) indication, an ordered PMI ID and / or CSI-RS resource, and / or a WTRU indication. The WTRU may receive (e.g., explicit) indications from a base station (e.g., gNB), for example, based on one or more of an RRC, a MAC CE, and / or a DCI. For example, the WTRU may receive a mapping between CSI-RS resources from the first set and a configured codebook PMI (e.g., at 606) corresponding to the parent CSI-RS resource and / or the first CSI-RS resource. Thus, for example, for one or more (e.g., each) PMI in the parent CSI-RS resource and / or the first CSI-RS resource, and / or according to the configured codebook, the WTRU may receive corresponding CSI-RS resources from the first set that may be mapped to the corresponding PMI. For example, the WTRU may receive a bitmap mapping CSI-RS resources from a first set that correspond to the configured codebook PMIs of the parent CSI-RS resources and / or the first CSI-RS resources (e.g., 0 may indicate that there is no association between the PMI and the RS resource, and / or 1 may indicate that there is an association between the PMI and the RS resource).

[0177] The WTRU may receive one or more associations based on the ordered PMI IDs corresponding to the parent CSI-RS resource and / or the first CSI-RS resource and the CSI-RS resource ID (e.g., CRI) corresponding to the CSI-RS resource from the first set. For example, for the parent CSI-RS resource and / or the first CSI-RS resource, the first PMI may be associated with the first CSI-RS resource in the first set, and / or the second PMI may be associated with the second CSI-RS resource in the first set, etc.

[0178] The WTRU may indicate an association (e.g., QCL type and / or spatial relationship, etc.) between the determined and / or predicted CSI-RS resources from the first set and the parent CSI-RS resources and / or the first CSI-RS resources. The indication may be based on a bitmap mapping the CSI-RS resources from the first set corresponding to the configured codebook PMI of the parent CSI-RS resources and / or the first CSI-RS resources (e.g., 0 may indicate that there is no association between the PMI and the RS resource, and / or 1 may indicate that there is an association between the PMI and the RS resource). The WTRU may receive an acknowledgment to the base station (e.g., gNB). For example, the WTRU may receive an acknowledgment to the base station by receiving one or more PDCCHs in one or more CORESETs associated with the WTRU reporting configuration (e.g., possible).

[0179] A CSI-RS resource may be associated with one or more TCI state sets. RS resources may be used interchangeably with TCI states in this document.

[0180] In an example, a WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resources (e.g., in a set of RS resources). One or more (e.g., each) of the one or more RS resources may be associated with a TCI state set. The WTRU may determine the association based on one or more of: an explicit indication by a base station (e.g., gNB); an RS resource ID and / or a TCI state ID; beam information; and / or a WTRU indication.

[0181] The WTRU may receive an explicit indication from a base station (e.g., a gNB) based on one or more of RRC, MAC CE, and DCI. For example, the WTRU may receive a bitmap of one or more TCI states for one or more (e.g., each) RS resources (e.g., 0 may indicate that there is no association between the TCI state and the RS resource, and / or 1 may indicate that there is an association between the TCI state and the RS resource). In an example, the WTRU may receive an indication of an associated TCI state ID for the RS configuration. In an example, the WTRU may receive an indication of an associated RS ID for the TCI state.

[0182] The WTRU may make associations based on RS resource ID and / or TCI state ID. For example, 1 to X TCI states may be associated with a first RS and X+1 to Y TCI states may be associated with a second RS.

[0183] The WTRU may associate RS resources with one or more TCI states based on beam information (eg, beam direction, beam width, etc.).

[0184] The WTRU may indicate the associated TCI state with an RS ID. For example, the WTRU may report a CRI and / or an SSBRI and / or an associated TCI state index (TSI). The TSI may be reported based on one or more TCI state IDs and / or a bitmap (e.g., each bit may indicate an association of a TCI state). For example, 0 may indicate that there is no association and 1 may indicate that there is an association. The WTRU may receive an acknowledgment to a base station (e.g., a gNB). For example, the WTRU may receive an acknowledgment to a base station by receiving one or more PDCCHs in one or more CORESETs associated with a WTRU reporting configuration (e.g., possible).

[0185] In an example, one or more (e.g., each) TCI state in the TCI state set may be associated with one or more PMIs of the associated RS resources. The one or more PMIs may be wideband PMIs. The WTRU may determine the association based on one or more of: an explicit indication by a base station (e.g., a gNB); a PMI ID and / or a TCI state ID; beam information; and / or a WTRU indication. The WTRU may receive an explicit indication from a base station (e.g., a gNB) based on one or more of an RRC, a MAC CE, and / or a DCI. For example, the WTRU may receive a bitmap of one or more PMIs of one or more (e.g., each) RS resources (e.g., 0 may indicate that there is no association between the PMI and the RS resource, and / or 1 may indicate that there is an association between the PMI and the RS resource). In an example, the WTRU may receive an indication of an associated PMI ID for an RS configuration. In an example, the WTRU may receive an indication of an associated RS ID for a PMI.

[0186] The WTRU may make associations based on one or more PMI IDs and / or one or more TCI state IDs. For example, a first PMI may be associated with a first TCI state, and / or a second PMI may be associated with a second TCI state, etc.

[0187] The WTRU may associate the PMI and TCI status based on beam information (eg, beam direction, beam width, etc.).

[0188] The WTRU may indicate the associated PMI with a TCI state. For example, the WTRU may report a PMI and an associated TSI. The TSI may be reported based on a TCI state ID or a bitmap (e.g., each bit with a 1 may indicate an associated TCI state). For example, one bit (e.g., only one bit) of the TSI may be 1 and / or one or more other bits of the TSI may be 0. For example, the WTRU may receive an acknowledgement to a base station (e.g., a gNB) by receiving one or more PDCCHs in one or more CORESETs associated with a WTRU reporting configuration (e.g., possible).

[0189] For example, based on an association between RS resources and one or more TCI states, the WTRU may activate one or more TCI states (e.g., for receiving and / or transmitting one or more signals and / or channels). The WTRU may activate one or more TCI states based on one or more of: a TCI state indication, an RS indication, and / or a WTRU report.

[0190] The WTRU may activate one or more TCI states (e.g., for a second FR) based on a received TCI state indication (e.g., for a first FR). For example, the WTRU may receive a TCI state including RS resources (e.g., for QCL type D) via one or more of RRC, MAC CE, and / or DCI. The WTRU may activate one or more TCI states with RS resources.

[0191] The WTRU may activate one or more TCI states (e.g., for a second FR) based on a received RS indication (e.g., for a first FR). For example, the WTRU may receive an RS index (e.g., SRI) indicating an RS resource via one or more of an RRC, a MAC CE, and / or a DCI. The WTRU may activate one or more TCI states with the RS resource.

[0192] The WTRU may activate one or more TCI states (e.g., for a second FR) based on the reported RS index (e.g., for a first FR). For example, the WTRU may report the RS resource index (e.g., via CRI / SSBRI in a CSI report and / or PRACH transmission associated with the RS). The WTRU may receive an acknowledgment of the WTRU report (e.g., by receiving one or more PDCCHs in one or more CORESETs that may be associated with the WTRU reporting configuration). The WTRU may activate one or more TCI states associated with the RS resource.

[0193] For example, based on an association between a PMI and a TCI state, the WTRU may apply a TCI state (e.g., for receiving and / or transmitting one or more signals and / or channels). For example, the WTRU may apply one or more TCI states (e.g., for a second FR) based on a reported PMI (e.g., for a first FR). The WTRU may report one or more PMIs (e.g., via a CSI report). For example, based on the WTRU report, the WTRU may receive an acknowledgment of the WTRU report from a base station (e.g., a gNB) (e.g., by receiving one or more PDCCHs in one or more CORESETs that may be associated with the WTRU reporting configuration).

[0194] The WTRU may determine a processing time for TCI state activation and / or application. In an example, the WTRU may apply one or more different processing times to activate and / or apply one or more TCI states. For example, if the (e.g., new) indicated RS resources for activating one or more TCI states are the same as the previously indicated RS resources, the WTRU may apply the one or more determined TCI states after X (e.g., symbol / ms) from the base station (e.g., gNB) indication and / or confirmation and / or WTRU report. For example, if the (e.g., new) indicated RS resources for activating one or more TCI states are different from the previously indicated RS resources, the WTRU may apply the determined TCI state after Y=X+N (e.g., symbol / ms) from the base station (e.g., gNB) indication and / or confirmation and / or WTRU report.

[0195] The present invention may provide for determining the association between beam resources. Unlike mmWave (e.g., FR2), channels below 6 GHz (e.g., FR1) may be acquired with lower training overhead. In addition, the propagation of signals below 6 GHz may be more robust to blockage than the propagation of mmWave. Therefore, some association and / or correlation in space / time / frequency between channels below 6 GHz and mmWave channels may be utilized to help reduce the high training overhead of mmWave and / or maintain a reliable and / or robust link.

[0196] The high beamforming overhead of mmWave can be reduced by exploiting the spatial correlation between the two frequency bands. In an example, a coarse angle of arrival (AoA) estimate for the sub-6 GHz channels can be obtained to narrow the search space of one or more mmWave channels. One or more mmWave channels can be used for fine-tuning and / or one or more transmissions. This exercise may limit the range of angles that the mmWave transmitter may need to scan (e.g., from 180° to, for example, ≤20° on average in a standalone mmWave system).

[0197] In addition to beamforming overhead, for example, mmWave channels may be significantly (e.g., quite) variable with intermittent connectivity because objects tend to cause blockages and / or reflections, as opposed to scattering and / or diffraction in (e.g., typical) sub-6 GHz frequency channels. This may be particularly likely when the WTRU and / or objects close to the WTRU are in motion, making different propagation paths highly variable with intermittent off periods, resulting in potentially long "outages" and / or poor mmWave system performance. Utilizing associations between frequency bands (e.g., associations between layered beam resources) may help mitigate the variability of intermittent connectivity.

[0198] Such associations may be applicable in indoor environments and / or outdoor environments, but may be more applicable in line-of-sight (LOS) conditions. Such associations may be used to reduce overhead (e.g., for training and / or regular operation) and to serve as a fallback mechanism in the event that a system were to experience insufficient (e.g., poor) conditions (e.g., poor link quality). In an example, one or more (e.g., multiple) objects blocking LOS communications between a transmitter and a receiver may cause the WTRU to prefer sub-6 GHz channels that are more tolerant of blockage over mmWave channels for a period of time.

[0199] The WTRU may receive a configuration regarding a first set of beam resources and / or a second set of beam resources, wherein the beam resources in the first set may be associated with one or more beam resources in the second set. The beam resources may include TCI states, CSI-RS and / or SSBs for the downlink, and / or SRS resources or TCI states for the uplink. The first set of beam resources and the second set of beam resources may be in different frequency ranges (e.g., the first set may include FR1 beam resources, and / or the second set may include FR2 beam resources). The association may be an association between similar beam resources. In an example, a first beam resource regarding a TCI state within a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) may be associated with a second beam resource regarding a TCI state within a second frequency range (e.g., FR2). In an example, a first beam resource regarding a downlink (e.g., SSB) at one point in time may be associated with a second beam resource for a downlink (e.g., SSB) at a future point in time.

[0200] The association may be an association between different beam resources and / or parameters. In an example, beam resources in an uplink transmission (eg, SRS) may be associated with beam resources in a (eg, subsequent) downlink transmission (eg, SSB).

[0201] One or more (e.g., any) associations from one beam resource to another beam resource can be direct. In an example, a direct association between a first beam resource in a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) and a second beam resource in a second frequency range (e.g., FR2) can exist via a coarse angle of arrival estimate (e.g., on sub-6 GHz channels) that directly corresponds to an angular range to be scanned (e.g., by a mmWave transmitter) (e.g., as opposed to a wider range that the mmWave transmitter must scan).

[0202] One or more (e.g., any) associations from one beam resource to another beam resource may be indirect associations with one or more intermediate hops / nodes. In an example, there may be a function (e.g., f(.)) that maps a first channel (e.g., a channel below 6 GHz) to positioning and / or another function (e.g., g(.)) that maps positioning to a first achievable rate (e.g., mmWave). For example, since these two functions may have the same codomain (e.g., a set of candidate user positioning), there may be a composite function (e.g., fg(.)) that may use the first channel (e.g., a channel below 6 GHz) as an intermediate node to predict the best first achievable rate (e.g., mmWave) through beam positioning. The best second (e.g., mmWave) achievable rate may (e.g., subsequently) be mapped directly to the best beam. In an example, there may be more than one intermediate node when forming an association between a first beam resource and a second beam resource.

[0203] In an example, the association may be bijective such that a first beam resource may be mapped (eg, mapped only) to one second beam resource.

[0204] In an example, one beam resource may be mapped to more than one other beam resource so that the WTRU may determine which second beam resource is more suitable for use. The WTRU may determine which second beam resource is more suitable for use based on, for example, one or more additional measurements and / or historical information. In an example, if the AIML model associates one beam resource within a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) with two beam resources within a second frequency range (e.g., FR2), the WTRU may request a base station (e.g., gNB) to send the two beams within the second frequency range. The WTRU may perform one or more measurements (e.g., RSRP measurements) on the two beam resources within the second frequency range and / or may determine a more suitable resource within the second frequency range based on the measured parameters (e.g., having a higher measured RSRP). In an example, the WTRU may determine the most suitable resource based on one or more previous associations (e.g., historical information about beam resource associations).

[0205] The WTRU may determine beam resource associations for UL and / or DL ​​beam resources (e.g., based on an AIML model configured at the WTRU). The AIML model at the WTRU may be a subset of models in a list of standardized AIML models and / or the model may be downloaded from a base station (e.g., a gNB).

[0206] The beam resource association on the WTRU side may be WTRU-specific, which may require training and / or validation based on one or more (e.g., legacy) beam resources (e.g., FR1 beams and FR2 beams) and / or AI / ML models.

[0207] In an example, the WTRU may be configured to determine the validity of one or more (e.g., any) beam resource associations (e.g., established by an AIML model). In an example, the WTRU may perform one or more additional measurements to evaluate. For example, if the AIML model at the WTRU outputs an association between a beam resource within a first frequency range (e.g., FR1) and a second beam resource within a second frequency range (e.g., FR2), the WTRU may perform (e.g., CSI) measurements (e.g., RSRP) on the beam resource within the second frequency range to determine whether the association is sufficiently robust.

[0208] The beam resource association may be determined and / or configured by a base station (e.g., a gNB) and / or a network. One or more (e.g., each) base station (e.g., a gNB) in the network may have one or more different mapping rules and / or functions to determine beam resources and / or output different AIML models associated with different beam resources and / or associations between different types of AIML models.

[0209] The beam resource association may be cell-specific. The cell-specific beam resource association may include macro cells and / or small cells (e.g., femto cells, pico cells, micro cells, etc.) for 5G and above technologies, where one or more (e.g., each) 5G and above technologies may cover potentially different coverage radii. In an example, a base station (e.g., gNB) from a macro cell may form an association between different beam resource sets from a small cell to a base station (e.g., gNB).

[0210] If determined by the base station (e.g., gNB), the WTRU may receive one or more indications from the base station (e.g., gNB) regarding such an association. The indication may be periodic and / or semi-persistent, and / or event-triggered (e.g., non-periodic). In an example, the WTRU may receive an indication from the base station (e.g., gNB) at one or more (e.g., each) instances where the base station (e.g., gNB) determines an association between two beam resources or the base station (e.g., gNB) determines that a past association no longer holds. For example, the base station (e.g., gNB) may determine based on beam and / or blocking predictions that the second frequency band / range (e.g., mmWave) cannot be used for a time interval (e.g., based on an AIML model), and / or the base station (e.g., gNB) may transmit an indication to the WTRU (e.g., in a DCI) to inform the WTRU to prefer / prioritize the first frequency band / range (e.g., sub-6 GHz channels) for the corresponding time interval. In an example, the WTRU may receive an indication from a base station (e.g., a gNB) to terminate a past association (e.g., based on a rerun of an AIML model at the base station (e.g., a gNB), and / or based on recent WTRU movement that renders the past association no longer accurate, information that the base station (e.g., a gNB) may obtain from updated positioning information). The WTRU may be configured to receive and / or monitor association information from a base station (e.g., a gNB) on a periodic basis using one or more periodic options configured by the base station (e.g., a gNB). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may be configured to receive associations from a base station (e.g., a gNB) on a semi-periodic (e.g., semi-persistent) basis, for example using a set periodicity, unless triggered by an event before the periodic interval. The network (e.g., a base station) may determine the event. For example, the event may include the base station (e.g., a gNB) determining a (e.g., new) association between one beam resource and another beam resource. In an example, the event may include that the association between one beam resource and another beam resource may have to be stable (e.g., exceeding a preconfigured threshold). In this example (e.g., association exceeds a preconfigured threshold), one or more soft probabilities may be included (e.g., considered). For example, an event may include information inferred from one or more measurements made in a first frequency band / range (e.g., below 6 GHz) on a second frequency band / range (e.g., mmWave band) that the second frequency band / range (e.g., mmWave band) has a success rate as a robust channel in the second frequency band / range (e.g., PDSCH block error rate (BLER), PDCCH assumed BLER is below a threshold).

[0211] In an example where beam resource associations are determined at a base station (e.g., a gNB), the WTRU may be configured to provide feedback about such associations. In an example, the WTRU may evaluate and / or determine the validity of an association determined at a base station (e.g., a gNB). For example, the WTRU may evaluate and / or determine the validity of an association determined at a base station (e.g., a gNB) based on the WTRU measuring a CSI parameter (e.g., RSRP) within a second frequency range (e.g., FR2). Thus, the WTRU may request a refresh of the evaluation of the association at the base station (e.g., a gNB). The WTRU may request a refresh of the evaluation of the association at the base station (e.g., a gNB), for example, by transmitting an indication to the base station (e.g., a gNB). For example, the WTRU may request a refresh of the evaluation of the association at the base station by transmitting an indication in a UCI to the base station (e.g., a gNB). In an example, the WTRU may request more frequent indications of association information from the base station (e.g., a gNB). The WTRU may request more frequent indications of association information from the base station, for example, based on one or more WTRU measurements of CSI parameters (e.g., RSRP) within the second frequency range (e.g., FR2). In an example, the WTRU may determine a high mobility scenario (eg, frequent sensor measurements in the WTRU and / or higher than usual mobility). Therefore, the WTRU may request information about association more frequently.

[0212] In an example, a base station (e.g., a gNB) may have an integrated transceiver (e.g., sub-6 GHz / mmWave) model, whereby the base station (e.g., a gNB) may be able to use information collected from one frequency band to directly determine the amount of information collected in another frequency band (e.g., the amount of information that needs to be collected in the other frequency band), and / or whether the other frequency band can be used under one or more (e.g., certain) conditions. In an example, measurements from a first frequency band / range (e.g., sub-6 GHz) may provide one or more observations to model congestion so that a binary on-off process may be determined to address disruption of a second frequency band / range (e.g., mmWave). For example, based on one or more measurements within the first frequency band / range (e.g., sub-6 GHz), the base station (e.g., a gNB) may (e.g., temporarily) determine to stop using the second frequency band / range (e.g., mmWave) (e.g., until the congestion disappears). In an example, the WTRU may receive one or more indications from the base station (e.g., a gNB) to prefer the first frequency band / range (e.g., sub-6 GHz) for a period of time. The WTRU may receive one or more indications in a DCI from a base station (e.g., a gNB) to prefer a first frequency band / range (e.g., below 6 GHz) for a period of time.

[0213] In addition to beamforming, the first frequency band / range (e.g., below 6 GHz) may be used as a fallback (e.g., auxiliary) data delivery and / or reception mechanism. For example, the first frequency band / range and / or the second frequency band / range (e.g., below 6 GHz and / or mmWave) may be modeled as individual network nodes with one or more dedicated queues, resulting in the optimal transmission strategy across the two interfaces being transformed into an optimal scheduling problem across nodes having the first frequency band / range and / or the second frequency band / range. In such a system, for example, determining whether a packet may be added to a queue for the first frequency band / range (e.g., below 6 GHz) and / or a queue for the second frequency band / range (e.g., mmWave) may depend on a (pre-)configured threshold at a base station (e.g., gNB), such that if the queue length is less than the (pre-)configured threshold, the scheduler routes the packet and / or traffic to a specific queue. Such a dynamic threshold-based scheduling mechanism may be able to effectively capture the dynamic characteristics of a channel (e.g., mmWave) and / or maximize channel utilization.

[0214] In one or more (e.g., any) scenarios involving associations between beam resources, the associations may be used by the WTRU and / or a base station (e.g., a gNB). For example, associations between beam resources may be used by the WTRU and / or a base station to reduce overhead by having to scan narrower dimensions for mmWave sweeps. For example, associations between beam resources may be used by the WTRU and / or a base station as a backup procedure (e.g., a solution). Backup procedures (e.g., solutions) may include, for example, temporary link failures due to congestion within a higher frequency band / range (e.g., FR2), where if the WTRU and / or base station (e.g., gNB) determines that the association is insufficient (e.g., not good enough), the association may be dropped. The base station (e.g., gNB) may determine the association (e.g., and / or an AIML model at the base station). The WTRU may determine the association (e.g., and / or an AIML model at the WTRU).

[0215] The WTRU may be configured with one or more QCL configurations to indicate which sets of RS are expected to have similar large-scale channel properties. The QCL information may include one or more of the following: an identification of a reference signal resource (e.g., CSI-RS resource ID, SSB index, etc.) - additionally and / or alternatively, a BWP ID and / or a cell ID, etc., a type of QCL (e.g., Type A, Type B, Type C, Type D, etc.) - wherein one or more (e.g., each) QCL type may refer to one or more large-scale channel parameters, such as Doppler shift and / or spread, average delay, delay spread, spatial RX parameters, etc.

[0216] The WTRU may determine the association between beam resources for hierarchical beam prediction based on the QCL configuration. The QCL configuration may be extended and / or enhanced to implicitly or explicitly indicate the association for prediction between reference signals, beams, and / or CSI quantities derived therefrom.

[0217] The QCL configuration may be extended and / or enhanced to indicate to the WTRU an association between a first set of beam resources and a second set of beam resources. The association may mean that the first set of beam resources may be used to predict an applicable beam in a second set of beam resources. For example, the beam resources may include CSI-RS resources, SSB resources and / or SRS resources and / or their identifiers, TCI states for DL ​​and / or UL, etc. Additionally or alternatively, the beam resources may correspond to one or more time resources and / or frequency resources. For example, a first set of beam resources may be configured to be in a first frequency band (e.g., FR1) and / or a second set of beam resources may be configured to be in a second frequency band (e.g., FR2). In the examples described herein, extensions and / or enhancements to the QCL framework may include configuring one or more additional information elements, interpreting existing information elements based on preconfigured rules, and the like.

[0218] In an example, a WTRU may be configured with a QCL configuration including a new QCL type. The new QCL type may indicate that a first set of beam resources configured with the new QCL type, when associated with a second set of beam resources (e.g., via a TCI state configuration), may mean that the first set of beam resources may be used to predict the second set of beam resources.

[0219] In an example, a WTRU may be configured with a QCL configuration including a new QCL type. The new QCL type may indicate a specific CSI quantity associated with a first set of beam resources that the WTRU may use to predict an applicable second set of beam resources. For example, a first QCL type may indicate a PMI from a first set of beam resources for use in predicting a second set of beam resources. For example, a second QCL type may indicate a CQI from a first set of beam resources for use in predicting a second set of beam resources. The WTRU may be configured with one or more combinations of one or more different CSI quantities and / or one or more different resources from a first set of beam resources that are applicable to predicting a second set of beam resources.

[0220] In an example, a WTRU may be configured with a QCL configuration including a (e.g., new) QCL type. The new QCL type may indicate that a first set of beam resources configured with the new QCL type may mean a potential candidate for prediction when associated with multiple second sets of beam resources (e.g., configured via a TCI state). For example, when applying prediction based on a first set of beam resources, the WTRU may use the (e.g., new) QCL type configuration to identify valid candidates within a second set of beam resources. The WTRU may use the (e.g., new) QCL type configuration and / or the associated beam resources to infer the validity of the prediction. For example, the WTRU may be pre-configured with an association between a first beam resource (e.g., a CSI-RS associated with a FR1 band) and multiple second sets of beam resources (e.g., two or more CSI-RS associated with a FR2 band). The WTRU may be configured to verify the hierarchical beam prediction output from the AIML model using the pre-configured association. For example, for a given input based on a first set of beam resources, if the AIML model outputs a second beam resource within a pre-configured set of beam resources, the WTRU may determine the AIML model output as a valid candidate. If the AIML model output does not correspond to a beam within a pre-configured set of second beam resources, the WTRU may ignore the predicted output and / or determine that the AIML model output is incorrect. In an example, if the AIML model predicts a candidate among the candidates within the second set of beam resources, the WTRU may activate one or more TCI states associated with the predicted second set of beam resources. For example, if the AIML model prediction does not correspond to a beam within a pre-configured set of second beam resources, the WTRU may send a report to the network indicating the difference between the AIML output and the QCL configuration.

Claims

1. A method performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: performing one or more channel state information (CSI) measurements on a first set of reference signals (RS) associated with a first set of transmission configuration indicator (TCI) states; determining one or more CSI parameters of a second RS set based on the CSI measurement performed on the first RS set associated with the first TCI state set, wherein the second RS set is associated with the first RS set; receiving a first indication for activating or deactivating a first TCI state in the first TCI state set; determining to activate or deactivate a second TCI state in a second TCI state set based on the first indication to activate or deactivate the first TCI state in the first TCI state set and the determined one or more CSI parameters of the second RS set; as well as A second indication that the second TCI state in the second TCI state set has been activated or deactivated is transmitted.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: A spatial association between the first RS set and the second RS set is determined, wherein the one or more CSI parameters of the second RS set are determined based on the spatial association. 3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first RS set is associated with a first beam resource set, and the second RS set is associated with a second beam resource set. 4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the first set of beam resources is within a first frequency range, and the second set of beam resources is within a second frequency range. 5 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the first set of beam resources comprises a larger beam width than the second set of beam resources.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the one or more CSI parameters of the second RS set is based on a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), the precoding matrix indicator (PMI) being determined based on the one or more CSI measurements performed on the first RS set associated with the first TCI state set.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first TCI state set is associated with a first frequency range and the second TCI state set is associated with a second frequency range.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first indication is received via a Medium Access Control Control Element (MAC-CE).

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more CSI parameters of the second RS set are determined based on one or more artificial intelligence or machine learning models.

10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: Configuration information associated with the first set of RSs and the second set of RSs is received.

11. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) comprising: A processor and a memory, wherein the processor is configured to: performing one or more channel state information (CSI) measurements on a first set of reference signals (RS) associated with a first set of transmission configuration indicator (TCI) states; determining one or more CSI parameters of a second RS set based on the CSI measurement performed on the first RS set associated with the first TCI state set, wherein the second RS set is associated with the first RS set; receiving a first indication for activating or deactivating a first TCI state in the first TCI state set; determining to activate or deactivate a second TCI state in a second TCI state set based on the first indication to activate or deactivate the first TCI state in the first TCI state set and the determined one or more CSI parameters of the second RS set; as well as A second indication that the second TCI state in the second TCI state set has been activated or deactivated is transmitted.

12. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to determine a spatial association between the first RS set and the second RS set, wherein the one or more CSI parameters of the second RS set are determined based on the spatial association.

13. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the first RS set is associated with a first set of beam resources, and the second RS set is associated with a second set of beam resources.

14. The WTRU of claim 13, wherein the first set of beam resources is within a first frequency range and the second set of beam resources is within a second frequency range.

15. The WTRU of claim 13, wherein the first set of beam resources comprises a larger beam width than the second set of beam resources.

16. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the one or more CSI parameters of the second RS set based on a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), wherein the precoding matrix indicator (PMI) is determined based on the one or more CSI measurements performed on the first RS set associated with the first TCI state set.

17. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the first set of TCI states is associated with a first frequency range and the second set of TCI states is associated with a second frequency range.

18. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the first indication is received via a Medium Access Control Control Element (MAC-CE).

19. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to determine one or more CSI parameters of the second RS set based on one or more artificial intelligence or machine learning models.

20. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to receive configuration information associated with the first set of RSs and the second set of RSs.

Images