Dynamic power control for sensing

Abstract

Systems, apparatus, processes, and computer-readable media for wireless communication are disclosed. For example, an example of a process may include receiving, at a network device, a reflected signal generated based on reflection of a plurality of sensed signals from a target object. The plurality of sensing signals may be configured in a plurality of resources, wherein each resource of the plurality of resources is associated with a different respective power level. The process may also include determining, at the network device, that a power level of a resource associated with the reflected signal satisfies a predefined power level, that the power level is an acceptable power level for performing sensing of the target object.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to joint communication and sensing.For example, aspects of the present disclosure relate to dynamic power control for performing sensing of one or more target objects (eg, at a limited resource cost). Background Art

[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content, such as voice, video, packet data, messaging and broadcasting. These systems may be able to support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., time, frequency and power). Examples of such multiple access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems (such as long term evolution (LTE) systems, advanced LTE (LTE-A) systems or LTE-A Pro systems) and fifth generation (5G) systems (which may be referred to as new radio (NR) systems). These systems may use techniques such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple access communication system may include one or more base stations or one or more network access nodes, each base station or network access node simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communication devices, which may be further referred to as user equipment (UE). Some wireless communication systems may support communication between UEs, which may involve direct transmission between two or more UEs.

[0003] As larger bandwidths are allocated for wireless cellular communication systems (e.g., including 5G and beyond 5G) and more use cases are introduced into cellular communication systems, multiplexing sensing signals and communication signals for joint communication and sensing may be an essential feature of existing or future wireless communication systems, such as to enhance the overall spectrum efficiency of the wireless communication network. Summary of the invention

[0004] The following presents a simplified summary of the invention related to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Therefore, the following summary of the invention should neither be considered as an exhaustive overview related to all conceived aspects, nor should it be considered to identify key or decisive elements related to all conceived aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Therefore, the sole purpose of the following summary of the invention is to present certain concepts related to one or more aspects of the mechanisms disclosed herein in a brief form before the detailed embodiments presented below.

[0005] Systems and techniques for wireless communications are described. According to at least one example, a method for wireless communications is provided. The method includes: receiving, at a network device, a reflection signal generated based on a plurality of sensing signals reflected from a target object, wherein the plurality of sensing signals are configured in a plurality of resources, each resource in the plurality of resources being associated with a different corresponding power level; and determining, at the network device, that the power level of the resource associated with the reflection signal is an acceptable power level for performing sensing of the target object based on the power level of the resource associated with the reflection signal satisfying a predefined power level.

[0006] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor (e.g., implemented in a circuit), the at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. The at least one processor is configured to: receive a reflection signal generated based on a plurality of sensing signals reflected from a target object, wherein the plurality of sensing signals are configured in a plurality of resources, each resource in the plurality of resources being associated with a different corresponding power level; and determine that the power level is an acceptable power level for performing sensing of the target object based on the power level of the resource associated with the reflection signal satisfying a predefined power level.

[0007] In another example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium is provided, on which instructions are stored, which when executed by one or more processors cause the one or more processors to: receive a reflection signal generated based on reflection of a plurality of sensing signals from a target object, wherein the plurality of sensing signals are configured in a plurality of resources, each of the plurality of resources being associated with a different corresponding power level; and determine, based on a power level of a resource associated with the reflection signal satisfying a predefined power level, that the power level is an acceptable power level for performing sensing of the target object.

[0008] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided. The apparatus includes: a component for receiving a reflection signal generated based on a plurality of sensing signals reflected from a target object, wherein the plurality of sensing signals are configured in a plurality of resources, each resource in the plurality of resources being associated with a different corresponding power level; and a component for determining that the power level of the resource associated with the reflection signal is an acceptable power level for performing sensing of the target object based on the power level of the resource associated with the reflection signal satisfying a predefined power level.

[0009] In some aspects, the apparatus is, is part of, and / or includes a UE, such as a wearable device, a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone and / or a mobile handset and / or a so-called "smart phone" or other mobile device), an extended reality (XR) device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) device, an augmented reality (AR) device, or a mixed reality (MR) device, which may include a head-mounted display (HMD) device or glasses), a vehicle or a computing device or component of a vehicle, a wireless communication device, a camera, a personal computer, a laptop computer, a server computer, another device, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the apparatus includes one or more cameras for capturing one or more images. In some aspects, the apparatus also includes a display for displaying one or more images, notifications, and / or other displayable data. In some aspects, the apparatus may include one or more sensors (e.g., one or more inertial measurement units (IMUs), such as one or more gyroscopes, one or more gyrometers, one or more accelerometers, any combination thereof, and / or other sensors).

[0010] This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used in isolation to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood by reference to appropriate portions of the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings, and each claim.

[0011] The foregoing and other features and aspects will become more apparent upon reference to the following description, claims and accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in describing various aspects of the present disclosure and are provided solely for illustration and not limitation of the various aspects.

[0013] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example wireless communication system that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for dynamic power control in sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0014] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a disaggregated base station architecture that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for dynamic power control in sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0015] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a frame structure that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for dynamic power control in sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0016] Figure 4is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system of an electronic device that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for dynamic power control in sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0017] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless device utilizing radio frequency (RF) monostatic sensing techniques according to some aspects of the present disclosure, which techniques may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques described herein to determine one or more characteristics of a target object.

[0018] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a receiver utilizing RF bistatic sensing techniques with a transmitter in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure, which techniques may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques described herein to determine one or more characteristics of a target object.

[0019] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a receiver utilizing RF bistatic sensing techniques with multiple transmitters in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure, which techniques may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques described herein to determine one or more characteristics of a target object.

[0020] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating example geometries for bistatic (or monostatic) sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating bistatic distances for bistatic sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] Fig.10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system for dynamic power control in sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0023] Fig.11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a network device experiencing interference from an attacker device according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] Fig. 12A is a diagram illustrating an example in which a network device performs single-station sensing of a target according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0025] Fig. 12B is a diagram illustrating an example in which a network device performs bistatic sensing of a target according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] Fig. 12C is a graph illustrating examples of typical radar cross section (RSC) values ​​for different types of targets in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0027] Fig.13Ais a diagram illustrating an example in which a network device transmits a sensing signal at an initial power level according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0028] Fig. 13B is a diagram illustrating an example of a network device transmitting a sensing signal at an increased power level according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0029] Fig. 13C is a diagram illustrating an example in which a network device transmits a sensing signal at a further increased power level according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0030] Fig.14 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system for dynamic power control in sensing in which a network device of the system transmits an acknowledgement message according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0031] Fig.15A is a diagram illustrating an example of sensing resources associated with different power levels according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0032] Fig. 15B is an example of some aspects of the present disclosure Fig.15A A graph of power levels associated with different sensing resources.

[0033] Fig.16 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system for dynamic power control in sensing, in which a network device of the system transmits a reverse transmission in an optimal resource, according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0034] Fig.17A is a diagram illustrating an example of a system for dynamic power control in sensing by performing power control by utilizing a signal according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0035] Fig. 17B is an example of some aspects of the present disclosure Fig.17A An example graph of the power level of a signal.

[0036] Fig.18 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a process for wireless communications utilizing dynamic power control in sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0037] Fig.19 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for dynamic power control in sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0038] For illustrative purposes, certain aspects of the present disclosure are provided below. Without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, alternative aspects may be designed. In addition, well-known elements of the present disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted to avoid making the relevant details of the present disclosure difficult to understand. Some aspects described herein may be applied independently, and some of them may be applied in combination, which is obvious to those skilled in the art. In the following description, specific details are set forth for explanation purposes to provide a thorough understanding of various aspects of the application. However, it is apparent that various aspects may be implemented without these specific details. Each drawing and description are not intended to be restrictive.

[0039] The following description provides only example aspects and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the present disclosure. Instead, the following description of the example aspects will provide a description that can be used to implement the example aspects to those skilled in the art. It should be understood that various changes may be made to the function and arrangement of the elements without departing from the scope of the present application as set forth in the appended claims.

[0040] Radar sensing systems use radio frequency (RF) waveforms to perform RF sensing (also known as radar sensing) to determine or estimate one or more characteristics of a target object, such as the distance, angle, and / or speed of the target object. The target object may include a vehicle, an obstacle, a user, a building, or other objects. A typical radar system includes at least one transmitter, at least one receiver, and at least one processor. When a receiver co-located with a transmitter is employed, the radar sensing system can perform single-station sensing. When a receiver is positioned at a first device away from a transmitter of a second device is employed, the radar system can perform dual-station sensing. Similarly, when multiple receivers of multiple devices are employed that are all positioned away from at least one transmitter of at least one device, the radar system can perform multi-station sensing.

[0041] During operation of the radar sensing system, a transmitter transmits an electromagnetic (EM) signal in the RF domain toward a target object. The signal reflects from the target object to produce one or more reflected signals that provide information or properties about the target, such as the position and velocity of the target object. At least one receiver receives the one or more reflected signals, and at least one processor that may be associated with the at least one receiver utilizes information from the one or more reflected signals to determine information or properties of the target object. The target object may also be referred to herein as a target.

[0042] Generally speaking, RF sensing involves monitoring moving targets with different motions (e.g., moving cars or pedestrians, human body motions such as breathing, and / or other micro-motions associated with the target). Doppler (which measures phase changes in the signal and indicates motion) is an important characteristic for sensing of targets.

[0043] In some cases, a radar sensing signal (which may be referred to as a radar reference signal (RS)) may be designed and used for sensing purposes. A radar RS does not contain any communication information. In contrast, communication RSs such as a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) and a sounding reference signal (SRS) are typically designed and used only for communication purposes, such as estimating channel parameters for communication.

[0044] Cellular communication systems are designed to send communication signals on designated communication bands (e.g., 23 gigahertz (GHz), 3.5 GHz, etc. for 5G / NR, 2.2 GHz, etc. for LTE). RF sensing systems are designed to send RF sensing signals on designated radar RF bands (e.g., 77 GHz for autonomous driving). It is likely that the spectrum used for communication and sensing will be shared in future cellular communication systems, in which case communication and sensing should be considered jointly.

[0045] In some cases, as larger bandwidths are allocated for wireless communication systems (e.g., including cellular communication systems such as 4G / LTE, 5G / NR and beyond) and more use cases are introduced into wireless communication systems, sensing signals and communication signals may be multiplexed (e.g., multiplexed using time division multiplexing (TDM)) for joint communication and sensing.

[0046] Radar or RF sensing (e.g., monostatic sensing or bistatic sensing) is inherently susceptible to interference generated by nearby aggressor sensing devices because the transmitted interference signal from the aggressor sensing device is typically much larger than the reflected target sensing signal. An aggressor sensing device is another sensing device that is not associated with the sensing radar (e.g., sensing transmitter and / or receiver) that is experiencing the interference.

[0047] Currently, there are some solutions to mitigate and / or reduce the generated interference. These solutions include, but are not limited to, specific waveform designs, signal variation designs, and designs to repair reflected target sensing signals. An effective solution involves power control of the transmitted sensing signal. The power control of the transmitted sensing signal should be able to satisfy the target detection of the sensing receiver while reducing the interference generated from the attacker sensing device.

[0048] Power control is a common solution in communication applications. However, in traditional sensing domains where there are usually constraints on the message exchange between clients, power control is usually not available. Generally speaking, sensing is performed using a maximum or predefined fixed power level (setting) for the transmission of the sensing signal to ensure accurate detection of the target. Such a power setting is acceptable for use in sparse sensing scenarios, but may be problematic for use in dense sensing scenarios as it may cause undesirable interference.

[0049] In some aspects of the present disclosure, systems, apparatus, methods (also referred to as processes), and computer-readable media (collectively referred to herein as "systems and techniques") are described herein that provide dynamic power control for performing sensing (e.g., radar or RF sensing) of one or more target objects. In one or more examples, power control messages may be exchanged between radar sensing devices (e.g., sensing transmitters and / or receivers) to implement power control in the transmission of sensing signals. Power control in the transmission of sensing signals may provide a reduction in interference to other sensing devices while still allowing accurate detection of one or more target objects (e.g., detection of the location of one or more target objects). In some examples, power control messages may be sent between radar sensing devices in an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system, where communications are enabled within sensing.

[0050] Additional aspects of the disclosure are described in more detail below.

[0051] As used herein, the terms "user equipment" (UE) and "network entity" are not intended to be exclusive to or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise specified. In general, a UE can be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, a router, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, and / or a tracking device, etc.), a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses, a wearable ring, and / or an extended reality (XR) device (such as a virtual reality (VR) headset, an augmented reality (AR) headset or glasses, or a mixed reality (MR) headset)), a vehicle (e.g., a car, a motorcycle, a bicycle, etc.), and / or an Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc., for a user to communicate on a wireless communication network. A UE can be mobile or can be stationary (e.g., at certain times) and can communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term "UE" may be interchangeably referred to as an "access terminal" or "AT," "client device," "wireless device," "subscriber equipment," "subscriber terminal," "subscriber station," "user terminal" or "UT," "mobile device," "mobile terminal," "mobile station," or variations thereof. Generally speaking, a UE may communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network, the UE may connect to external networks such as the Internet and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UE, such as through a wired access network, a wireless local area network (WLAN) network (e.g., based on IEEE 802.11 communication standards, etc.), and the like.

[0052] The network entity may be implemented in a converged or monolithic base station architecture, or alternatively, in a disaggregated base station architecture, and may include one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC. A base station (e.g., with a converged / monolithic base station architecture or a disaggregated base station architecture) may operate according to one of several RATs communicating with a UE (depending on the network in which it is deployed), and may alternatively be referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a Node B (NB), an evolved Node B (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a new radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNode B), etc. A base station may be primarily used to support wireless access for UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems, a base station may provide edge node signaling functionality, while in other systems, a base station may provide additional control and / or network management functionality. The communication link by which a UE can transmit signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). The communication link by which a base station can transmit signals to a UE is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term traffic channel (TCH) may refer to an uplink, a reverse or downlink, and / or a forward traffic channel.

[0053] The term "network entity" or "base station" (e.g., having an aggregated / monolithic base station architecture or a disaggregated base station architecture) may refer to a single physical transmit-receive point (TRP) or multiple physical transmit-receive points (TRPs), which may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term "network entity" or "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be a base station antenna corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term "network entity" or "base station" refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, these physical TRPs may be antenna arrays of the base station (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming). Where the term "base station" refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transmission medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRP may be a serving base station receiving measurement reports from a UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signal (or "reference signal" for short) the UE is measuring. As used herein, since a TRP is a point at which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, references to transmitting from or receiving at a base station should be understood to refer to a specific TRP of a base station.

[0054] In some specific implementations of supporting UE positioning, a network entity or base station may not support wireless access for the UE (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections with respect to the UE), but may instead send a reference signal to be measured by the UE to the UE, and / or may receive and measure a signal sent by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning tower (e.g., in the case of sending a signal to the UE) and / or as a position measurement unit (e.g., in the case of receiving and measuring a signal from the UE).

[0055] RF signals include electromagnetic waves of a given frequency that transmit information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single "RF signal" or multiple "RF signals" to a receiver. However, due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels, a receiver may receive multiple "RF signals" corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between a transmitter and a receiver may be referred to as a "multipath" RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a "wireless signal" or simply a "signal" where it is clear from the context that the term "signal" refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0056] According to various aspects, Figure 1An exemplary wireless communication system 100 is illustrated, which can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for dynamic power control in sensing described herein. The wireless communication system 100 (which can also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 and various UEs 104. In some aspects, the base stations 102 may also be referred to as "network entities" or "network nodes". One or more of the base stations 102 may be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the base stations 102 may be implemented in a decomposed base station architecture and may include one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC. The base stations 102 may include macrocell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). On the one hand, the macro cell base station may include an eNB and / or an ng-eNB (where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to a long term evolution (LTE) network), or a gNB (where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network), or a combination of both, and the small cell base station may include a femto cell, a pico cell, a micro cell, etc.

[0057] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through a backhaul link 122, and interface to one or more location servers 172 (which may be part of the core network 170 or may be external to the core network 170) through the core network 170. Among other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions related to one or more of the following: delivering user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC or 5GC) through a backhaul link 134 (which may be wired and / or wireless).

[0058] Base station 102 can communicate wirelessly with UE 104. Each of base stations 102 can provide communication coverage for a corresponding geographic coverage area 110. In one aspect, base station 102 in each coverage area 110 can support one or more cells. A "cell" is a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., on a certain frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, frequency band, etc.), and can be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI)) to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) or other protocol types) that can provide access to different types of UEs. Since a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term "cell" can refer to either or both of a logical communication entity and a base station supporting the logical communication entity, depending on the context. In addition, since a TRP is typically a physical transmission point of a cell, the terms "cell" and "TRP" can be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term "cell" may also refer to a geographic coverage area (eg, a sector) of a base station, as long as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communications within some portion of the geographic coverage area 110.

[0059] Although the geographic coverage areas 110 of neighboring macrocell base stations 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover area), some areas of the geographic coverage areas 110 may substantially overlap with the larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' may have a coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the coverage areas 110 of one or more macrocell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell base stations and macrocell base stations may be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include a Home eNB (HeNB) that may provide services to a restricted group referred to as a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG).

[0060] The communication link 120 between the base station 102 and the UE 104 may include uplink (also known as reverse link) transmissions from the UE 104 to the base station 102 and / or downlink (also known as forward link) transmissions from the base station 102 to the UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may be over one or more carrier frequencies. The allocation of carriers may be asymmetric for the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink than to the uplink).

[0061] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a WLAN AP 150 in communication with a WLAN station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in an unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 gigahertz (GHz)). When communicating in the unlicensed spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or a listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure before communicating to determine whether a channel is available. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may include a device (e.g., UE, etc.) that communicates with one or more UEs 104, base stations 102, APs 150, etc. using an ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum. The UWB spectrum may range from 3.1 GHz to 10.5 GHz.

[0062] The small cell base station 102' can operate in a licensed spectrum and / or an unlicensed spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed spectrum, the small cell base station 102' can adopt LTE or NR technology and use the same 5GHz unlicensed spectrum used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102' adopting LTE and / or 5G in the unlicensed spectrum can boost the coverage of the access network and / or increase the capacity of the access network. NR in the unlicensed spectrum can be referred to as NR-U. LTE in the unlicensed spectrum can be referred to as LTE-U, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) or MulteFire.

[0063] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 that can operate in mmW frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies to communicate with UE 182. The mmW base station 180 can be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture, or alternatively, in a decomposed base station architecture (e.g., including one or more of CU, DU, RU, near RT RIC, or non-RT RIC). Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz, with a wavelength between 1 mm and 10 mm. The radio waves in this band may be referred to as millimeter waves. Near mmW can be extended down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 mm. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, which is also referred to as centimeter waves. Communications using mmW and / or near mmW radio frequency bands have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) on the mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. In addition, it should be understood that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near-mmW and beamforming. Therefore, it should be understood that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed as limiting the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0064] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node), and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal to the receiving device. In order to change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that broadcast the RF signal. For example, a network node can use an antenna array (referred to as a "phased array" or "antenna array") that produces an RF beam that can be "steered" to point in different directions without actually moving the antenna. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas in the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas are added together in the desired direction to increase the radiation, and canceled in the undesired direction to suppress the radiation.

[0065] The transmit beams can be quasi-colocated, which means that they appear to the receiver (e.g., UE) to have the same parameters, regardless of whether the transmit antennas of the network nodes themselves are physically colocated. In NR, there are four types of quasi-colocated (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a given type of QCL relationship means that certain parameters about the second reference RF signal on the second beam can be derived based on information about the source reference RF signal on the source beam. Therefore, if the source reference RF signal is QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of the second reference RF signal sent on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of the second reference RF signal sent on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of the second reference RF signal sent on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type D, the receiver may use the source reference RF signal to estimate spatial reception parameters of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0066] In receive beamforming, a receiver uses a receive beam to amplify an RF signal detected on a given channel. For example, a receiver may increase the gain setting of an antenna array in a particular direction and / or adjust the phase setting of an antenna array in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., increase its gain level) the RF signal received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to be beamforming in a certain direction, it means that the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain of other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), etc.) for the RF signal received from that direction.

[0067] The receive beams may be spatially correlated. The spatial relationship means that the parameters of the transmit beam for the second reference signal may be derived from information about the receive beam for the first reference signal. For example, the UE may receive one or more reference downlink reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signal (PRS), tracking reference signal (TRS), phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), cell-specific reference signal (CRS), channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), synchronization signal block (SSB), etc.) from a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) using a specific receive beam. The UE may then form a transmit beam based on the parameters of the receive beam for transmitting one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., uplink positioning reference signal (UL-PRS), sounding reference signal (SRS), demodulation reference signal (DMRS), PTRS, etc.) to the network node or entity (e.g., a base station).

[0068] Note that, depending on the entity forming the "downlink" beam, the beam can be a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) is forming a downlink beam to send a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if the UE is forming a downlink beam, the downlink beam is a receive beam that receives a downlink reference signal. Similarly, depending on the entity forming the "uplink" beam, the beam can be a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink receive beam, and if the UE is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink transmit beam.

[0069] In 5G, the spectrum in which the wireless network nodes or entities (e.g., base stations 102 / 180, UEs 104 / 182) operate is divided into multiple frequency ranges: FR1 (from 450MHz to 6000MHz), FR2 (from 24250MHz to 52600MHz), FR3 (above 52600MHz), and FR4 (between FR1 and FR2). In a multi-carrier system (such as 5G), one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as a "primary carrier" or "anchor carrier" or "primary serving cell" or "PCell", and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as "secondary carriers" or "secondary serving cells" or "SCells". In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is a carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by the UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 performs an initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates an RRC connection reestablishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels and can be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that can be configured once an RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier, and can be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier can be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, since the primary uplink carrier and the primary downlink carrier are usually UE-specific, those signaling information and signals specific to the UE may not be present in the secondary carrier. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. This is also true for the uplink primary carrier. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a "serving cell" (whether PCell or SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency or component carrier that some base stations are using to communicate, the terms "cell", "serving cell", "component carrier", "carrier frequency", etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0070] For example, still refer to Figure 1, one of the frequencies used by the macrocell base station 102 may be an anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and the other frequencies used by the macrocell base station 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers ("SCells"). In carrier aggregation, the base station 102 and / or the UE 104 may use a spectrum of up to Y MHz (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz) bandwidth per carrier, with up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) in each direction for transmission. The component carriers may be adjacent to each other or may not be adjacent to each other in the spectrum. The allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink compared to the uplink). The simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rate. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically result in a doubling of the data rate (i.e., 40 MHz) compared to the data rate obtained with a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0071] In order to operate on multiple carrier frequencies, the base station 102 and / or the UE 104 are equipped with multiple receivers and / or transmitters. For example, the UE 104 may have two receivers, namely "receiver 1" and "receiver 2", where "receiver 1" is a multi-band receiver that can be tuned to band (i.e., carrier frequency) 'X' or band 'Y', and "receiver 2" is a single-band receiver that can be tuned to only band 'Z'. In this example, if the UE 104 is being served in band 'X', band 'X' will be referred to as the PCell or active carrier frequency, and "receiver 1" will need to tune from band 'X' to band 'Y' (SCell) to measure band 'Y' (and vice versa). In contrast, regardless of whether the UE 104 is being served in band 'X' or band 'Y', due to the separate "receiver 2", the UE 104 can measure band 'Z' without interrupting the service on band 'X' or band 'Y'.

[0072] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a UE 164, which may communicate with the macrocell base station 102 over the communication link 120 and / or communicate with the mmW base station 180 over the mmW communication link 184. For example, the macrocell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164, and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0073] The wireless communication system 100 may further include one or more UEs (such as UE 190) that are indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “side links”). Figure 1 In the example of FIG. 1 , UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of UEs 104 connected to one of base stations 102 (e.g., UE 190 can indirectly obtain cellular connectivity through the D2D P2P link), and has a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to WLAN AP 150 (UE 190 can indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity through the D2D P2P link). In an example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 can use any well-known D2D RAT (such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), As mentioned above, UE 104 and UE 190 may be configured to communicate using sidelink communications. In some cases, the sidelink transmission may include a request for feedback from the receiving UE (e.g., hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ)).

[0074] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a decomposed base station architecture that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for dynamic power control in sensing. The deployment of a communication system (such as a 5G NR system) may be arranged with various components or constituent parts in a variety of ways. In a 5G NR system or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment (such as a base station (BS), or one or more units (or one or more components) that perform base station functionality may be implemented in an aggregated or decomposed architecture. For example, a BS (such as a Node B (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), an NR BS, a 5G NB, an AP, a transmit receive point (TRP), or a cell, etc.) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also referred to as a standalone BS or a monolithic BS) or a decomposed base station.

[0075] A clustered base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A decomposed base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed between two or more units, such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs). In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed in one or more other RAN nodes. A DU may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of a CU, a DU, and a RU may also be implemented as a virtual unit, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0076] Base station type operations or network designs may take into account the aggregated nature of base station functionality. For example, a disaggregated base station may be used in an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (network configurations such as those initiated by the O-RAN Alliance)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)). Decomposition may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as virtually distributing functionality of at least one unit, which may enable flexibility in network design. Individual units of a disaggregated base station or disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0077] As mentioned earlier, Figure 2 A diagram illustrating an example decomposed base station 201 architecture is shown. The decomposed base station 201 architecture may include one or more central units (CUs) 211 that may communicate directly with a core network 223 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 223 through one or more decomposed base station units, such as a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 227 via an E2 link, or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC 217 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 207, or both. The CU 211 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 231 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DU 231 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 241 via respective fronthaul links. The RU 241 may communicate with respective UEs 221 via one or more RF access links. In some implementations, a UE 221 may be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 241.

[0078] Each of the units (i.e., CU 211, DU 231, RU 241, and near-RT RIC 227, non-RT RIC 217, and SMO framework 207) may include or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or send signals, data, or information (collectively referred to as signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units or an associated processor or controller that provides instructions to the communication interfaces of these units may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via a transmission medium. For example, a unit may include a wired interface configured to receive or send signals to one or more of the other units via a wired transmission medium. Additionally, a unit may include a wireless interface that may include a receiver, transmitter, or transceiver (such as an RF transceiver) configured to receive or send signals, or both, to one or more of the other units on a wireless transmission medium.

[0079] In some aspects, CU 211 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions may include radio resource control (RRC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function may be implemented using an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by CU 211. CU 211 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., central unit-user plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., central unit-control plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some specific implementations, CU 211 may be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, the CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface (such as an E1 interface). As needed, CU 211 may be implemented to communicate with DU 231 for network control and signaling.

[0080] DU 231 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RUs 241. In some aspects, DU 231 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, etc.) at least in part according to functional splits such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In some aspects, DU 231 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented using an interface that is configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by DU 231 or with control functions hosted by CU 211.

[0081] The lower layer functions may be implemented by one or more RUs 241. In some deployments, the RU 241 controlled by the DU 231 may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, etc.), or both, based at least in part on functional splitting (such as lower layer functional splitting). In such an architecture, the RU 241 may be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 221. In some specific implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communications with the RU 241 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 231. In some scenarios, this configuration may enable the DU 231 and CU211 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture (such as a vRAN architecture).

[0082] The SMO framework 207 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized network elements and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 207 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operation and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 207 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 291) to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CU 211, DU 231, RU 241, and near-RT RIC 227. In some specific implementations, the SMO framework 207 may communicate with hardware aspects of the 4G RAN (such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 213) via the O1 interface. Additionally, in some specific implementations, the SMO framework 207 may communicate directly with one or more RUs 241 via the O1 interface. The SMO framework 207 may also include a non-RT RIC 217 configured to support the functionality of the SMO framework 207 .

[0083] The non-RT RIC 217 may be configured to include logic functions that enable non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updating, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the near-RT RIC 227. The non-RT RIC 217 may be coupled to or communicate with the near-RT RIC 227 (such as via an A1 interface). The near-RT RIC 227 may be configured to include logic functions that enable near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions through an interface (such as via an E2 interface) that connects one or more CUs 211, one or more DUs 231, or both, and the O-eNB 213 with the near-RT RIC 227.

[0084] In some implementations, in order to generate an AI / ML model to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 227, the non-RT RIC 217 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. Such information may be utilized by the near-RT RIC 227 and may be received from a non-network data source or from a network function at the SMO framework 207 or the non-RT RIC 217. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 217 or the near-RT RIC 227 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 217 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO framework 207 (such as via reconfiguration of O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0085] Various radio frame structures may be used to support downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, and sidelink transmissions between network nodes (eg, a base station and a UE). Figure 3 is a diagram 300 illustrating an example of a frame structure that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for dynamic power control in sensing. Other wireless communication technologies may have different frame structures and / or different channels.

[0086] NR (and LTE) utilizes OFDM on the downlink and single carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. However, unlike LTE, NR also has the option of using OFDM on the uplink. OFDM and SC-FDM divide the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are also often called tones, frequency bins, etc. Each subcarrier can be modulated with data. In general, modulation symbols are transmitted in the frequency domain using OFDM and in the time domain using SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers can be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) can depend on the system bandwidth. For example, the spacing of the subcarriers can be 15kHz, and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) can be 12 subcarriers (or 180kHz). Therefore, for a system bandwidth of 1.25 megahertz (MHz), 2.5MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz, or 20MHz, the nominal fast Fourier transform (FFT) size can be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048, respectively. The system bandwidth may also be divided into subbands. For example, a subband may cover 1.08 MHz (ie, 6 resource blocks), and there may be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands for system bandwidths of 1.25 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, or 20 MHz, respectively.

[0087] LTE supports a single parameter set (subcarrier spacing, symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR can support multiple parameter sets (μ). For example, 15kHz, 30kHz, 60kHz, 120kHz, and 240kHz or larger subcarrier spacing (SCS) may be available. Table 1 provided below lists some different parameters for different NR parameter sets.

[0088]

[0089] Table 1

[0090] In one example, a 15 kHz parameter set is used. Thus, in the time domain, a 10 millisecond (ms) frame is divided into 10 equally sized subframes, each subframe is 1 ms, and each subframe includes one time slot. Figure 3 , time is represented horizontally (eg, on the X-axis), where time increases from left to right, and frequency is represented vertically (eg, on the Y-axis), where frequency increases (or decreases) from bottom to top.

[0091] A resource grid may be used to represent time slots, each of which includes one or more time-concurrent resource blocks (RBs) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs)) in the frequency domain. Figure 3An example of a resource block (RB) 302 is illustrated. Data or information for joint communication and sensing may be included in one or more RBs 302. RBs 302 are arranged by placing the time domain on the horizontal (or x) axis and the frequency domain on the vertical (or y) axis. As shown, RBs 302 may be 180 kilohertz (kHz) wide in frequency and one slot long in time (where a slot is 1 millisecond (ms) in time). In some cases, a slot may include fourteen symbols (e.g., in slot configuration 0). RBs 302 include twelve subcarriers (along the y-axis) and fourteen symbols (along the x-axis).

[0092] The intersection of a symbol and a subcarrier may be referred to as a resource element (RE) 304 or a tone. Figure 3 The RB 302 of the RF includes a plurality of REs, which include resource elements (REs) 304. For example, RE 304 is 1 subcarrier×1 symbol (e.g., OFDM symbol) and is the smallest discrete part of a subframe. RE 304 includes a single complex value representing data from a physical channel or signal. The number of bits carried by each RE 304 depends on the modulation scheme.

[0093] In some aspects, some REs 304 may be used to send downlink reference (pilot) signals (DL-RS). DL-RS may include positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), etc. Figure 3 The resource grid of exemplifies exemplary locations (labeled as “R”) of REs 304 for transmitting DL-RS.

[0094] Figure 44 is a diagram illustrating an example of a computing system 470 of an electronic device 407 that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for dynamic power control in sensing. The electronic device 407 is an example of a device that may include hardware and software for connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems using a communication network (e.g., a third generation partner network such as a fifth generation (5G) / new radio (NR) network, a fourth generation (4G) / long term evolution (LTE) network, a WiFi network, or other communication network). For example, the electronic device 407 may include or be part of a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone), a wearable device (e.g., a web-connected or smartwatch), an extended reality device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) device, an augmented reality (AR) device, or a mixed reality (MR) device), a personal computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a wireless access point, a router, a vehicle or a component of a vehicle, a server computer, a robotic device, and / or other devices used by a user to communicate over a wireless communication network. In some cases, device 407 may be referred to as user equipment (UE), such as when referring to a device configured to communicate using 5G / NR, 4G / LTE, or other telecommunication standards. In some cases, the device may be referred to as a station (STA), such as when referring to a device configured to communicate using the Wi-Fi standard.

[0095] The computing system 470 includes software and hardware components that may be electrically or communicatively coupled via a bus 489 (or may communicate in other ways, as appropriate). For example, the computing system 470 includes one or more processors 484. The one or more processors 484 may include one or more CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, APs, GPUs, VPUs, NSPs, microcontrollers, dedicated hardware, any combination thereof, and / or other processing devices and / or systems. The bus 489 may be used by the one or more processors 484 to communicate between cores and / or with one or more memory devices 486.

[0096] The computing system 470 may also include one or more memory devices 486, one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) 482, one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) 474, one or more modems 476, one or more wireless transceivers 478, one or more antennas 487, one or more input devices 472 (e.g., a camera, a mouse, a keyboard, a touch-sensitive screen, a touchpad, a keypad, a microphone or microphone array, etc.), and one or more output devices 480 (e.g., a display, a speaker, a printer, etc.).

[0097] One or more wireless transceivers 478 can receive wireless signals (e.g., signal 488) via antenna 487 from one or more other devices such as other user devices, network devices (e.g., base stations such as evolved Node B (eNB) and / or gNodeB (gNB)), WiFi access points (APs) such as routers, range extenders, etc.), cloud networks, etc. In some examples, computing system 470 may include multiple antennas or antenna arrays that can facilitate simultaneous transmission and reception functionality. Antenna 487 can be an omnidirectional antenna so that RF signals can be received from all directions and RF signals can be transmitted in all directions. Wireless signal 488 can be sent via a wireless network. The wireless network can be any wireless network, such as a cellular or telecommunications network (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc.), a wireless local area network (e.g., a WiFi network), a Bluetooth TM network and / or other networks. In some examples, one or more wireless transceivers 478 may include an RF front end that includes one or more components such as an amplifier, a mixer for down-converting a signal (also known as a signal multiplier), a frequency synthesizer (also known as an oscillator) that provides a signal to the mixer, a baseband filter, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), one or more power amplifiers, and other components. The RF front end generally handles the selection of wireless signals 488 and the conversion of the wireless signals to baseband or intermediate frequencies, and may convert RF signals to the digital domain.

[0098] In some cases, computing system 470 may include a coding-decoding device (or CODEC) configured to encode and / or decode data transmitted and / or received using one or more wireless transceivers 478. In some cases, computing system 470 may include an encryption-decryption device or component configured to encrypt and / or decrypt data transmitted and / or received by one or more wireless transceivers 478 (e.g., in accordance with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and / or Data Encryption Standard (DES) standards).

[0099] One or more SIMs 474 can each securely store an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number and associated keys assigned to a user of the electronic device 407. The IMSI and keys can be used to identify and authenticate subscribers when accessing a network provided by a network service provider or operator associated with one or more SIMs 474. One or more modems 476 can modulate one or more signals to encode information for transmission using one or more wireless transceivers 478. One or more modems 476 can also demodulate signals received by one or more wireless transceivers 478 to decode the transmitted information. In some examples, one or more modems 476 can include a WiFi modem, a 4G (or LTE) modem, a 5G (or NR) modem, and / or other types of modems. One or more modems 476 and one or more wireless transceivers 478 can be used to communicate data of one or more SIMs 474.

[0100] The computing system 470 may also include (and / or communicate with) one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media or storage devices (e.g., one or more memory devices 486), which may include, but are not limited to, local and / or network accessible storage, disk drives, drive arrays, optical storage devices, solid-state storage devices (such as RAM and / or ROM), which may be programmable, flash-updatable, and / or the like. Such storage devices may be configured to implement any suitable data storage, including, but not limited to, various file systems, database structures, etc.

[0101] In various aspects, the functionality may be stored as one or more computer program products (e.g., instructions or code) in the memory device 486 and executed by the one or more processors 484 and / or the one or more DSPs 482. The computing system 470 may also include software elements (e.g., located within the one or more memory devices 486) including, for example, an operating system, device drivers, executable libraries, and / or other code, such as one or more applications, which may include a computer program that implements the functionality provided by various aspects, and / or may be designed to implement methods and / or configure systems, as described herein.

[0102] In some aspects, the electronic device 407 may include components for performing the operations described herein. The components may include one or more components of the computing system 470. For example, the components for performing the operations described herein may include one or more of the input device 472, the SIM 474, the modem 476, the wireless transceiver 478, the output device 480, the DSP 482, the processor 484, the memory device 486, and / or the antenna 487.

[0103] In some aspects, the electronic device 407 may include components for providing joint communication and sensing and components for providing dynamic power control in sensing. In some examples, any or all of these components may include one or more wireless transceivers 478, one or more modems 476, one or more processors 484, one or more DSPs 482, one or more memory devices 486, any combination thereof, or other components of the electronic device 407.

[0104] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless device 500 utilizing RF single-station sensing technology to determine one or more characteristics (eg, position, velocity or speed, heading, etc.) of a target object 502. Specifically, Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless device 500 (e.g., a transmit / receive sensing node) that utilizes RF sensing technology (e.g., single-station sensing) to perform one or more functions, such as detecting the presence and location of a target object 502 (e.g., an object, user, or vehicle), which is illustrated in the figure in the form of a vehicle.

[0105] In some examples, wireless device 500 may be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a wearable device, a vehicle, an extended reality (XR) device, a computing device or a component of a vehicle, or other device that includes at least one RF interface (e.g., Figure 4 In some examples, the wireless device 500 may be a user device (e.g., Figure 4 An electronic device 407) provides connectivity, such as a base station (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.), a wireless access point (AP), or other device including at least one RF interface.

[0106] In some aspects, the wireless device 500 may include one or more components for transmitting RF signals. The wireless device 500 may include at least one processor 522 for generating a digital signal or waveform. The wireless device 500 may also include a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 504 capable of receiving a digital signal or waveform from the processor 522 (e.g., a microprocessor) and converting the digital signal or waveform into an analog waveform. The analog signal as an output of the DAC 504 may be provided to the RF transmitter 506 for transmission. The RF transmitter 506 may be a Wi-Fi transmitter, a 5G / NR transmitter, a Bluetooth transmitter, or a wireless transmitter. TM transmitter or any other transmitter capable of transmitting RF signals.

[0107] The RF transmitter 506 can be coupled to one or more transmit antennas, such as a Tx antenna 512. In some examples, the transmit (Tx) antenna 512 can be an omnidirectional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in all directions. For example, the Tx antenna 512 can be an omnidirectional Wi-Fi antenna capable of radiating Wi-Fi signals (e.g., 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz, etc.) in a 360-degree radiation pattern. In another example, the Tx antenna 512 can be a directional antenna that transmits RF signals in a specific direction.

[0108] In some examples, the wireless device 500 may also include one or more components for receiving RF signals. For example, the receiver array in the wireless device 500 may include one or more receiving antennas, such as a receiving (Rx) antenna 514. In some examples, the Rx antenna 514 may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of receiving RF signals from multiple directions. In other examples, the Rx antenna 514 may be a directional antenna configured to receive signals from a specific direction. In another example, the Tx antenna 512 and / or the Rx antenna 514 may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array (e.g., a phased antenna array).

[0109] The wireless device 500 may also include an RF receiver 510 coupled to an Rx antenna 514. The RF receiver 510 may include a signal for receiving RF waveforms such as Wi-Fi signals, Bluetooth signals, TM The RF receiver 510 may be configured to receive a received analog RF waveform, a 5G / NR signal, or any other RF signal. The output of the RF receiver 510 may be coupled to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 508. The ADC 508 may be configured to convert the received analog RF waveform into a digital waveform. The digital waveform as the output of the ADC 508 may be provided to a processor 522 for processing. The processor 522 (e.g., a digital signal processor (DSP)) may be configured to process the digital waveform.

[0110] In one example, the wireless device 500 can implement an RF sensing technique, such as a single-station sensing technique, by having a Tx waveform 516 transmitted from the Tx antenna 512. Although the Tx waveform 516 is illustrated as a single line, in some cases, the Tx waveform 516 can be transmitted in all directions by the omnidirectional Tx antenna 512. In one example, the Tx waveform 516 can be a Wi-Fi waveform transmitted by a Wi-Fi transmitter in the wireless device 500. In some cases, the Tx waveform 516 can correspond to a Wi-Fi waveform transmitted at the same time or nearly at the same time as a Wi-Fi data communication signal or a Wi-Fi control function signal (e.g., a beacon transmission). In some examples, the Tx waveform 516 can be transmitted using the same or similar frequency resources as the Wi-Fi data communication signal or the Wi-Fi control function signal (e.g., a beacon transmission). In some aspects, the Tx waveform 516 can correspond to a Wi-Fi waveform transmitted separately from the Wi-Fi data communication signal and / or the Wi-Fi control signal (e.g., the Tx waveform 516 can be transmitted at a different time and / or using different frequency resources).

[0111] In some examples, Tx waveform 516 may correspond to a 5G NR waveform transmitted simultaneously or nearly simultaneously with a 5G NR data communication signal or a 5G NR control function signal. In some examples, Tx waveform 516 may be transmitted using the same or similar frequency resources as the 5G NR data communication signal or the 5G NR control function signal. In some aspects, Tx waveform 516 may correspond to a 5G NR waveform transmitted separately from the 5G NR data communication signal and / or the 5G NR control signal (e.g., Tx waveform 516 may be transmitted at a different time and / or using different frequency resources).

[0112] In some aspects, one or more parameters associated with the Tx waveform 516 may be modified, which may be used to increase or decrease RF sensing resolution. These parameters may include frequency, bandwidth, number of spatial streams, number of antennas configured to transmit the Tx waveform 516, number of antennas configured to receive reflected RF signals (e.g., Rx waveform 518) corresponding to the Tx waveform 516, number of spatial links (e.g., number of spatial streams multiplied by number of antennas configured to receive RF signals), sampling rate, or any combination thereof. The transmitted waveform (e.g., Tx waveform 516) and the received waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 518) may include one or more RF sensing signals, which are also referred to as radar reference signals (RS).

[0113] In another example, the Tx waveform 516 can be implemented as a sequence with perfect or nearly perfect autocorrelation properties. For example, the Tx waveform 516 can include a single carrier Zadoff sequence or can include symbols similar to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) long training field (LTF) symbols. In some cases, the Tx waveform 516 can include a chirp signal as used, for example, in a frequency modulated continuous wave (FM-CW) radar system. In some configurations, the chirp signal can include a signal in which the signal frequency increases and / or decreases periodically in a linear and / or exponential manner.

[0114] In some aspects, the wireless device 500 can implement RF sensing techniques by performing alternating transmit and receive functions (e.g., performing half-duplex operation). For example, the wireless device 500 can alternately enable its RF transmitter 506 to transmit Tx waveform 516 when the RF receiver 510 is not enabled to receive (i.e., not receiving), and enable its RF receiver 510 to receive Rx waveform 518 when the RF transmitter 506 is not enabled to transmit (i.e., not transmitting). When the wireless device 500 performs half-duplex operation, the wireless device 500 can transmit Tx waveform 516, which can be a radar RS (e.g., a sensing signal).

[0115] In other aspects, the wireless device 500 can implement RF sensing techniques by performing concurrent transmit and receive functions (e.g., performing sub-band or full-band full-duplex operation). For example, the wireless device 500 can enable its RF receiver 510 to receive at or nearly the same time as it enables its RF transmitter 506 to transmit the Tx waveform 516. When the wireless device 500 performs full-duplex operation (e.g., sub-band full-duplex or full-band full-duplex), the wireless device 500 can transmit the Tx waveform 516, which can be a radar RS (e.g., a sensing signal).

[0116] In some examples, the transmission of a sequence or pattern included in the Tx waveform 516 may be continuously repeated such that the sequence is transmitted a specific number of times or for a specific duration. In some examples, if the RF receiver 510 is enabled after the RF transmitter 506, the repetition of the pattern in the transmission of the Tx waveform 516 may be used to avoid missing the reception of any reflected signals. In one example implementation, the Tx waveform 516 may include a sequence having a sequence length L that is transmitted two or more times, which may allow the RF receiver 510 to be enabled at a time less than or equal to L in order to receive reflections corresponding to the entire sequence without losing any information.

[0117] By implementing alternating or simultaneous transmit and receive functionality (e.g., half-duplex or full-duplex operation), the wireless device 500 can receive a signal corresponding to the Tx waveform 516. For example, the wireless device 500 can receive a signal reflected from an object or person within the range of the Tx waveform 516, such as the Rx waveform 518 reflected from the target object 502. The wireless device 500 can also receive a leakage signal (e.g., Tx leakage signal 520) that is directly coupled from the Tx antenna 512 to the Rx antenna 514 without reflecting from any object. For example, the leakage signal can include a signal that is passed from a transmitter antenna (e.g., Tx antenna 512) on the wireless device to a receive antenna (e.g., Rx antenna 514) on the wireless device without reflecting from any object. In some cases, the Rx waveform 518 can include multiple sequences corresponding to multiple copies of the sequence included in the Tx waveform 516. In some examples, the wireless device 500 can combine multiple sequences received by the RF receiver 510 to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

[0118] The wireless device 500 may also implement RF sensing techniques by obtaining RF sensing data associated with each of the received signals corresponding to the Tx waveform 516. In some examples, the RF sensing data may include channel state information (CSI) data related to a direct path of the Tx waveform 516 (e.g., the leakage signal 520) and data related to a reflected path corresponding to the Tx waveform 516 (e.g., the Rx waveform 518).

[0119] In some aspects, the RF sensing data (e.g., CSI data) may include information that can be used to determine the manner in which an RF signal (e.g., Tx waveform 516) propagates from the RF transmitter 506 to the RF receiver 510. The RF sensing data may include data corresponding to the effects on the transmitted RF signal due to scattering, fading, and / or power attenuation with distance, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the RF sensing data may include imaginary data and real data (e.g., I / Q components) corresponding to each tone in the frequency domain over a particular bandwidth.

[0120] In some examples, the RF sensing data can be used by the processor 522 to calculate the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the reflected waveform, such as the Rx waveform 518. In other examples, the RF sensing data can also be used to detect motion, determine position, detect changes in position or motion patterns, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the distance and arrival angle of the reflected signal can be used to identify the size, position, movement, and / or orientation of a target object (e.g., the target object 502) in the surrounding environment in order to detect the presence / proximity of the target object.

[0121] The processor 522 of the wireless device 500 can calculate the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 518) by utilizing signal processing, machine learning algorithms, any other suitable technology, or any combination thereof. In other examples, the wireless device 500 can send or transmit the RF sensing data to at least one processor of another computing device such as a server or a base station, and the other computing device can perform calculations to obtain the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 518 or other reflected waveforms.

[0122] In one example, the distance of the Rx waveform 518 may be calculated by measuring the time difference from when the leakage signal is received to when the reflected signal is received. For example, the wireless device 500 may determine a baseline distance zero based on the difference (e.g., propagation delay) from when the wireless device 500 transmits the Tx waveform 516 to when it receives the leakage signal 520. The processor 522 of the wireless device 500 may then determine the distance associated with the Rx waveform 518 based on the difference (e.g., time of flight, also referred to as round trip time (RTT)) from when the wireless device 500 transmits the Tx waveform 516 to when it receives the Rx waveform 518, which may then be adjusted based on the propagation delay associated with the leakage signal 520. In doing so, the processor 522 of the wireless device 500 may determine the distance traveled by the Rx waveform 518, which may be used to determine the presence and movement of a target (e.g., target object 502) that caused the reflection.

[0123] In further examples, the angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 may be calculated by the processor 522 by measuring the time difference of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 between individual elements of the receive antenna array, such as the antenna 514. In some examples, the time difference of arrival may be calculated by measuring the receive phase difference at each element in the receive antenna array.

[0124] In some cases, the distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 may be used by the processor 522 to determine the distance between the wireless device 500 and the target object 502 and the orientation of the target object 502 relative to the wireless device 500. The distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 may also be used to determine the presence, movement, proximity, identity, or any combination thereof of the target object 502. For example, the processor 522 of the wireless device 500 may utilize the calculated distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the Rx waveform 518 to determine that the target object 502 is moving toward the wireless device 500.

[0125] As mentioned above, the wireless device 500 may include a mobile device (e.g., an IoT device, a smart phone, a laptop, a tablet, etc.) or other types of devices. In some examples, the wireless device 500 may be configured to obtain device location data and device orientation data as well as RF sensing data. In some instances, the device location data and device orientation data may be used to determine or adjust the distance and angle of arrival of a reflected signal such as the Rx waveform 518. For example, when a target object 502 (e.g., a vehicle) moves toward the wireless device 500 during the RF sensing process, the wireless device may be set on the ground facing the sky. In this instance, the wireless device 500 may use its location data and orientation data as well as the RF sensing data to determine the direction in which the target object 502 is moving.

[0126] In some examples, the wireless device 500 can collect device orientation data using techniques including RTT measurements, time of arrival (TOA) measurements, time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements, passive positioning measurements, angle of arrival (AOA) measurements, angle of departure (AoD) measurements, received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurements, CSI data, using any other suitable techniques, or any combination thereof. In further examples, the device orientation data can be obtained from electronic sensors on the wireless device 500 such as a gyroscope, accelerometer, compass, magnetometer, barometer, any other suitable sensor, or any combination thereof.

[0127] Figure 6 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a receiver 604 using RF bistatic sensing techniques with a transmitter 600 to determine one or more characteristics (e.g., position, velocity or speed, heading, etc.) of a target object 602. For example, the receiver 604 may use RF bistatic sensing to detect the presence and position of the target object 602 (e.g., an object, user, or vehicle). Figure 6 In one example, the receiver 604 may be in the form of a base station such as a gNB.

[0128] Figure 6 The bistatic radar system of FIG. 6 includes a transmitter 600 (e.g., a transmitting sensing node), which is depicted in the figure as being in the form of a base station (e.g., a gNB), and a receiver 604 (e.g., a receiving sensing node), which are separated by a distance comparable to the expected distance to the target object. Figure 5 Compared with the single-station system, Figure 6 The transmitter 600 and the receiver 604 of the bistatic radar system are located far from each other. In contrast, a monostatic radar is a radar system that includes transmitters (e.g., Figure 5 RF transmitter 506 of the wireless device 500) and receiver (e.g., Figure 5The RF receiver 510 of the wireless device 500) is a radar system (e.g., Figure 5 system).

[0129] An advantage of a bistatic radar (or more generally, a multistatic radar with more than one receiver) over a monostatic radar is the ability to collect radar echoes reflected from a scene at angles different than the angle at which the pulse was transmitted. This may be of interest in some applications (e.g., vehicle applications, scenes with multiple objects, military applications, etc.), where target objects may reflect transmitted energy in many directions (e.g., where target objects are specifically designed to reflect in many directions), which may minimize the energy reflected back to the transmitter. It should be noted that in one or more examples, a monostatic system may coexist with a multistatic radar system, such as when the transmitter also has a co-located receiver.

[0130] In some examples, Figure 6 The transmitter 600 and / or the receiver 604 may be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a wearable device, a vehicle, or other device including at least one RF interface (e.g., Figure 4 In some examples, the transmitter 600 and / or the receiver 604 may be a user device (e.g., Figure 4 IoT device 407) provides connectivity to the device, such as a base station (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.), a wireless access point (AP), or other device including at least one RF interface.

[0131] In some aspects, the transmitter 600 may include one or more components for transmitting RF signals. The transmitter 600 may include at least one processor (e.g., Figure 5 The transmitter 600 may also include an RF transmitter (e.g., Figure 5 The RF transmitter 506 may be a transmitter configured to transmit a cellular or telecommunication signal (e.g., a transmitter configured to transmit a 5G / NR signal, a 4G / LTE signal, or other cellular / telecommunication signal, etc.), a Wi-Fi transmitter, a Bluetooth transmitter, or a wireless transmitter. TM transmitter, any combination thereof, or any other transmitter capable of transmitting RF signals.

[0132] The RF transmitter may be coupled to one or more transmit antennas, such as a Tx antenna (e.g., Figure 5TX antenna 512). In some examples, the Tx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in all directions, or a directional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in a specific direction. In some examples, the Tx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array.

[0133] The receiver 604 may also include one or more components for receiving RF signals. For example, the receiver 604 may include one or more receiving antennas, such as an Rx antenna (e.g., Figure 5 In some examples, the Rx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of receiving RF signals from multiple directions, or a directional antenna configured to receive signals from a specific direction. In another example, the Rx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array.

[0134] The receiver 604 may also include an RF receiver (eg, Figure 5 The RF receiver may include a RF receiver 510 for receiving RF waveforms (such as Wi-Fi signals, Bluetooth TM The output of the RF receiver may be coupled to at least one processor (e.g., Figure 5 The processor may be configured to process the received waveform (eg, Rx waveform 618).

[0135] In one or more examples, the transmitter 600 can implement an RF sensing technique (e.g., a bistatic sensing technique) by transmitting a Tx waveform 616 from a Tx antenna. It should be noted that although the Tx waveform 616 is illustrated as a single line, in some cases, the Tx waveform 616 can be transmitted in all directions by an omnidirectional Tx antenna.

[0136] In one or more aspects, one or more parameters associated with the Tx waveform 616 can be used to increase or decrease the RF sensing resolution. These parameters can include frequency, bandwidth, number of spatial streams, number of antennas configured to transmit the Tx waveform 616, number of antennas configured to receive reflected RF signals (e.g., Rx waveform 618) corresponding to the Tx waveform 616, number of spatial links (e.g., number of spatial streams multiplied by number of antennas configured to receive RF signals), sampling rate, or any combination thereof. The transmitted waveform (e.g., Tx waveform 616) and the received waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 618) can include one or more radar RF sensing signals (also referred to as RF sensing RS).

[0137] During operation, the receiver 604 (e.g., operating as a receive sensing node) may receive a signal corresponding to the Tx waveform 616, which is transmitted by the transmitter 600 (e.g., operating as a transmit sensing node). For example, the receiver 604 may receive a signal reflected from an object or person within the range of the Tx waveform 616, such as the Rx waveform 618 reflected from the target object 602. In some cases, the Rx waveform 618 may include multiple sequences corresponding to multiple copies of the sequence included in the Tx waveform 616. In some examples, the receiver 604 may combine the received multiple sequences to improve the SNR.

[0138] In some examples, at least one processor within receiver 604 can use the RF sensing data to calculate a distance, angle of arrival, or other characteristics corresponding to a reflected waveform, such as Rx waveform 618. In other examples, the RF sensing data can also be used to detect motion, determine position, detect a change in position or motion pattern, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the distance and angle of arrival of the reflected signal can be used to identify the size, position, movement, and / or orientation of a target (e.g., target object 602) in the surrounding environment in order to detect the presence / proximity of the target object.

[0139] The processor of the receiver 604 may calculate the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 618) by using signal processing, machine learning algorithms, any other suitable techniques, or any combination thereof. In other examples, the receiver 604 may send or transmit the RF sensing data to at least one processor of another computing device (such as a server), which may perform calculations to obtain the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 618 or other reflected waveforms.

[0140] In one or more examples, the angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 can be calculated by the processor of the receiver 604 by measuring the time difference of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 between individual elements of the receive antenna array of the receiver 604. In some examples, the time difference of arrival can be calculated by measuring the receive phase difference at each element in the receive antenna array.

[0141] In some cases, the distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 may be used by the processor of the receiver 604 to determine the distance between the receiver 604 and the target object 602 and the orientation of the target object 602 relative to the receiver 604. The distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 may also be used to determine the presence, movement, proximity, identity, or any combination thereof of the target object 602. For example, the processor of the receiver 604 may use the calculated distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the Rx waveform 618 to determine that the target object 602 is moving toward the receiver 604.

[0142] Figure 7 704 (e.g., an object, user, or vehicle) using RF bistatic sensing techniques. Figure 7 The vehicle is depicted in the form of an object without communication capabilities (which may be referred to as a device-less object), such as a person, a vehicle (e.g., a vehicle without the ability to send and receive messages, such as using C-V2X or dedicated short range communication (DSRC) protocols), or other device-less objects. Figure 7 The bistatic radar system is similar to Figure 6 The dual-station radar system is just Figure 7 The bistatic radar system has multiple transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c, and Figure 6 The bistatic radar system has only one transmitter 600 .

[0143] Figure 7 The bistatic radar system of includes a plurality of transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c (eg, transmitting sensing nodes), which are illustrated as being in the form of base stations. Figure 7 The bistatic radar system of further includes a receiver 704 (e.g., a receiving sensing node) depicted in the form of a smart phone. Each of the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c is separated from the receiver 704 by a distance comparable to the expected distance to the target object 702. Similar to Figure 6 The dual station system Figure 7 The transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c and the receiver 704 of the bistatic radar system are located far away from each other.

[0144] In one or more examples, the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c, and / or the receiver 704 can each be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a wearable device, a vehicle (e.g., a vehicle configured to send and receive communications according to C-V2X, DSRC, or other communication protocols), or other devices including at least one RF interface (e.g., Figure 4 In some examples, transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c and / or receiver 704 may each be a user device (e.g., Figure 4 IoT device 407) provides connectivity to the device, such as a base station (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.), a wireless access point (AP), or other device including at least one RF interface.

[0145] The transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c may include one or more components for transmitting RF signals. Each of the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c may include at least one processor (e.g., Figure 5 Each of the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c may also include an RF transmitter (e.g., Figure 5 RF transmitter 506). In one or more examples, Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c are RF sensing signals, and Tx waveforms 720a, 720b, 720c are communication signals. In one or more examples, Tx waveforms 720a, 720b, 720c are communication signals that can be used to schedule a transmitter (e.g., transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c) and a receiver (e.g., receiver 704) to perform RF sensing of a target object (e.g., target object 702) to obtain location information about the target object. The RF transmitter can be a transmitter configured to transmit a cellular or telecommunication signal (e.g., a transmitter configured to transmit a 5G / NR signal, a 4G / LTE signal, or other cellular / telecom signal, etc.), a Wi-Fi transmitter, a Bluetooth transmitter, or a wireless transmitter. TM transmitter, any combination thereof, or any other transmitter capable of transmitting RF signals.

[0146] The RF transmitter may be coupled to one or more transmit antennas, such as a Tx antenna (e.g., Figure 5 TX antenna 512). In one or more examples, the Tx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in all directions, or a directional antenna that transmits RF signals in a specific direction. The Tx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array.

[0147] Figure 7 The receiver 704 may include one or more components for receiving RF signals. For example, the receiver 704 may include one or more receiving antennas, such as Rx antennas (e.g., Figure 5 In one or more examples, the Rx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of receiving RF signals from multiple directions, or a directional antenna configured to receive signals from a specific direction. In some examples, the Rx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array (e.g., a phased antenna array).

[0148] The receiver 704 may also include an RF receiver (eg, Figure 5 The RF receiver may include a RF receiver 510 for receiving RF waveforms (such as Wi-Fi signals, Bluetooth TM The output of the RF receiver may be coupled to at least one processor (e.g., Figure 5 The processor 522 may be configured to process the received waveform (eg, Rx waveform 718, which is the reflected (echo) RF sensing signal).

[0149] In some examples, the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c can implement RF sensing techniques (e.g., bistatic sensing techniques) by having Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c (e.g., radar sensing signals) transmitted from a Tx antenna associated with each of the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c. Although the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c are illustrated as a single line, in some cases, the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c can be transmitted in all directions (e.g., through an omnidirectional Tx antenna associated with each of the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c).

[0150] In one or more aspects, one or more parameters associated with the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c can be used to increase or decrease RF sensing resolution. These parameters can include, but are not limited to, frequency, bandwidth, number of spatial streams, number of antennas configured to transmit the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c, number of antennas configured to receive reflected (echo) RF signals (e.g., Rx waveform 718) corresponding to each of the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c, number of spatial links (e.g., number of spatial streams multiplied by number of antennas configured to receive RF signals), sampling rate, or any combination thereof. The transmitted waveforms (e.g., Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c) and the received waveforms (e.g., Rx waveform 718) can include one or more radar RF sensing signals (also referred to as RF sensing RS). It should be noted that although Figure 7 Only one reflected sensing signal (eg, Rx waveform 718) is shown in FIG. 7 , but it should be understood that a separate reflected (echo) sensing signal will be generated by each sensing signal (eg, Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c) reflected from the target 702 object.

[0151] exist Figure 7During operation of the system, the receiver 704 (e.g., which operates as a receive sensing node) can receive signals corresponding to Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c transmitted by transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c (e.g., which each operate as a transmit sensing node). The receiver 704 can receive signals reflected from objects or people within the range of the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c, such as the Rx waveform 718 reflected from the target object 702. In one or more examples, the Rx waveform 718 can include multiple sequences corresponding to multiple copies of the sequence included in its corresponding Tx waveform 716a, 716b, 716c. In some examples, the receiver 704 can combine the received multiple sequences to improve the SNR.

[0152] In some examples, the RF sensing data can be used by at least one processor within the receiver 704 to calculate a distance, angle of arrival (AOA), TDOA, angle of departure (AoD), or other characteristics corresponding to a reflected waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 718). In additional examples, the RF sensing data can also be used to detect motion, determine position, detect a change in position or motion pattern, or any combination thereof. In one or more examples, the distance and angle of arrival of the reflected signal can be used to identify the size, position, movement, and / or orientation of a target object (e.g., target object 702) in order to detect target object presence / proximity.

[0153] The processor of the receiver 704 can calculate the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 718) by using signal processing, machine learning algorithms, any other suitable technology, or any combination thereof. In one or more examples, the receiver 704 can send or transmit the RF sensing data to at least one processor of another computing device (such as a server), which can perform calculations to obtain the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 718 or other reflected waveforms (not shown).

[0154] In one or more examples, the processor of the receiver 704 can calculate the angle of arrival (AOA) of the Rx waveform 718 by measuring the TDOA of the Rx waveform 718 between the various elements of the receive antenna array of the receiver 704. In some examples, the TDOA can be calculated by measuring the receive phase difference at each element in the receive antenna array. In an illustrative example, to determine the TDOA, the processor can determine the arrival time difference of the Rx waveform 718 to the receive antenna array element using one of the receive antenna array elements as a reference. The time difference is proportional to the distance difference.

[0155] In some cases, the processor of the receiver 704 may use the distance, AOA, TDOA, other measurement information (e.g., AoD, etc.), any combination thereof of the Rx waveform 718 to determine the distance between the receiver 704 and the target object 702, and determine the position of the target object 702 relative to the receiver 704. In one example, the processor may use the distance, AOA, and / or TDOA information as input to apply multilateration or other location-based algorithms to determine the position (e.g., 3D position) of the target object 702. In other examples, the processor may use the distance, AOA, and / or TDOA of the Rx waveform 718 to determine the presence, movement (e.g., speed or velocity, heading or direction or movement, etc.), proximity, identity, any combination thereof, or other characteristics of the target object 702. For example, the processor of the receiver 704 may use the distance, AOA, and / or TDOA corresponding to the Rx waveform 718 to determine that the target object 702 is moving toward the receiver 704.

[0156] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating the geometry for bistatic (or monostatic) sensing. Figure 8 The bistatic radar north reference coordinate system in two dimensions is shown. Specifically, Figure 8 804 and 804. The coordinate system and parameters for bistatic radar operation are shown defined in a plane (referred to as a bistatic plane) containing a transmitter 800, a receiver 804, and a target object 802. The bistatic triangle is located in the bistatic plane. The transmitter 800, the target object 802, and the receiver 804 are shown relative to each other. The transmitter 800 and the receiver 804 are separated by a baseline distance L. An extended baseline is defined such that the baseline distance L extends beyond the transmitter 800 or the receiver 804. The target object 802 and the transmitter 800 are separated by a distance R T , and the target object 802 and the receiver 804 are separated by a distance R R .

[0157] Angle θ T and θ R are the transmitter 800 observation angle and the receiver 804 observation angle, respectively, which are considered positive when measured clockwise from North (N). Angle θ T and θ R Also known as the angle of arrival (AOA) or line of sight (LOS). The bistatic angle (β) is the angle between the transmitter 800, the target object 802, and the receiver 804 in the radar. Specifically, the bistatic angle is the angle between the transmitter 800 and the receiver 804, where the vertex is located at the target object 802. The bistatic angle is equal to the observation angle of the transmitter 800 minus the observation angle of the receiver 804 θ R (For example, β = θ T -θ R ).

[0158] When the bistatic angle is exactly zero (0), the radar is considered to be monostatic; when the bistatic angle is close to zero, the radar is considered to be pseudo-monostatic; and when the bistatic angle is close to 180 degrees, the radar is considered to be a forward scatter radar. Otherwise, the radar is simply considered and is called a bistatic radar. The bistatic angle (β) can be used to determine the radar cross section of a target object.

[0159] Fig. 9 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of a bistatic range 910 for bistatic sensing. In the diagram, a transmitter (Tx) 900, a target object 902, and a receiver (Rx) 904 of a radar are shown relative to each other. The transmitter 900 is separated from the receiver 904 by a baseline distance L, the target object 902 is separated from the transmitter 900 by a distance Rtx, and the target object 902 is separated from the receiver 904 by a distance Rrx.

[0160] Bistatic distance 910 (shown as an ellipse) refers to a measured distance made by a radar having a separated transmitter 900 and receiver 904 (e.g., the transmitter 900 and receiver 904 are positioned far from each other). Receiver 904 measures the arrival time from when transmitter 900 transmits a signal to when receiver 904 receives the signal from transmitter 900 via target object 902. Bistatic distance 910 defines an ellipse of constant bistatic distance, called an equidistant contour, on which target object 902 is located, with the focus centered on transmitter 900 and receiver 904. If target object 902 is at a distance Rrx from receiver 904 and a distance Rtx from transmitter 900, and receiver 904 and transmitter 900 are positioned a distance L apart from each other, then the bistatic distance is equal to Rrx+Rtx-L. It should be noted that the motion of target object 902 causes a rate of change in the bistatic distance, which results in a bistatic Doppler shift.

[0161] Typically, the constant bistatic distance points draw ellipses with the transmitter 900 and receiver 904 positioned as foci. The bistatic isostatic contours are where the ground slices through the ellipse. When the ground is flat, the intercepts form ellipses (e.g., bistatic distance 910). Note that these ellipses are not centered on the mirror point except when the two platforms have equal heights.

[0162] As previously mentioned, systems and techniques are described herein that apply solutions associated with joint communication and sensing (eg, single-station sensing, dual-station sensing, and / or multi-station sensing). Fig.10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system 1000 for dynamic power control in sensing. Fig.10, system 1000 is shown to include a network device 1010 in the form of a UE. The network device 1010 (e.g., UE) can operate as a radar Rx (e.g., sensing Rx) for sensing purposes. A network device 1020 in the form of a base station (e.g., a gNB or a portion of a gNB, such as a CU, DU, RU, near-RT RIC, non-RT RIC, etc.) is also shown. The network device 1020 (e.g., gNB) can operate as a radar Rx (e.g., sensing Rx) for sensing purposes. The system 1000 also includes a plurality of network entities 1040, 1050, wherein the network entity 1040 is in the form of a radar server and the network entity 1050 is in the form of a location server.

[0163] System 1000 may include Fig.10 In addition, the system 1000 may include more or fewer network devices and / or more or fewer network entities as shown in FIG. Fig.10 Different types of network devices (e.g., vehicles) and / or different types of network entities (e.g., network servers) are shown. In addition, a UE may be used instead of a base station (e.g., gNB) as a radar Tx, such as Fig.10 As shown. In addition, in one or more examples, the network device 1010 (e.g., UE) may be equipped with heterogeneous capabilities, which may include but are not limited to 4G / 5G cellular connectivity, GPS capabilities, camera capabilities, radar capabilities, and / or LIDAR capabilities. The network devices 1010, 1020 and the network entities 1040, 1050 may be able to perform wireless communications with each other via communication signals (e.g., signals 1070a, 1070b, 1070c, 1070d).

[0164] In one or more examples, network devices 1010, 1020 may be capable of sending and receiving some type of sensing signal (e.g., camera, RF sensing signal, optical sensing signal, etc.). In some cases, network devices 1010, 1020 may send and receive sensing signals (e.g., RF sensing signals 1060a, 1060b) to detect nearby target objects (e.g., target object 1030 in the form of a vehicle) using one or more sensors. In some cases, network devices 1010, 1020 may detect nearby target objects based on one or more images or frames captured using one or more cameras.

[0165] The network device 1020 (which may operate as a radar Tx) may perform RF sensing (e.g., bistatic sensing or monostatic sensing) of at least one target object (e.g., target object 1030) to obtain RF sensing measurements (e.g., Doppler measurements, RTT measurements, TOA measurements, and / or TDOA measurements) of the target object (e.g., target object 1030). The RF sensing measurements of the target object (e.g., target object 1030) may be used (e.g., by at least one processor of at least one of the network devices 1010, 1020 and / or at least one of the network entities 1040, 1050) to determine one or more characteristics (e.g., speed, location, distance, movement, heading, size, and / or other characteristics) of the target object (e.g., target object 1030).

[0166] As previously mentioned, in general, sensing involves monitoring a moving target object (e.g., target object 1030) with different motions (e.g., a moving car or pedestrian, a person's body motion such as breathing, and / or other micro-motions associated with the target). Doppler (which measures phase changes in a signal and indicates motion) is an important characteristic for sensing of a target object (e.g., target object 1030). Therefore, in order to obtain an accurate estimate of the motion of the target object, the phase of the signal should be continuous (e.g., the signal should maintain phase continuity).

[0167] During operation of the system 1000, for example, when performing bistatic sensing of a target object (e.g., target object 1030), the network device 1020 (e.g., a base station) (operating as a radar Tx) may transmit an RF sensing signal 1060a toward the target object (e.g., target object 1030). The RF sensing signal 1060a may include a sensing signal, or may include a communication signal and a sensing signal multiplexed together. The sensing signal 1060a may be reflected from the target object (e.g., target object 1030) to generate an RF reflection sensing signal 1060b, which may be reflected toward the network device 1010 (e.g., a UE). The network device 1010 (e.g., a UE) (operating as a radar Rx) may receive the reflection sensing signal 1060b. After the network device (e.g., a UE) receives the reflection sensing signal 1060b, the network device (e.g., a UE) may obtain a measurement (e.g., a Doppler measurement, an RTT measurement, a TOA measurement, and / or a TDOA measurement) of the reflection sensing signal 1060b. Then, at least one processor (e.g., Fig.19The processor 1910 can determine or calculate characteristics (e.g., speed, position, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of a target object (e.g., target object 1030) by using sensing measurements (e.g., Doppler measurements, RTT measurements, TOA measurements, and / or TDOA measurements) from the received reflected sensing signal 1060b.

[0168] In some examples, network device 1010 (e.g., UE) may send measurements (e.g., Doppler measurements, RTT measurements, TOA measurements, and / or TDOA measurements) and / or determined characteristics (e.g., speed, position, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of a target object (e.g., target object 1030) to network device 1020 (e.g., base station) and / or network entity 1040 (e.g., radar server) via communication signals 1070a, 1070b. The network device 1020 (e.g., a base station) and / or the network entity 1040 (e.g., a radar server) may then send measurements (e.g., Doppler measurements, RTT measurements, TOA measurements, and / or TDOA measurements) and / or determined characteristics (e.g., speed, position, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of the target object (e.g., target object 1030) to the network entity 1040 (e.g., a radar server) and / or the network entity 1050 (e.g., a location server) via communication signals 1070c, 1070d.

[0169] As previously mentioned, radar sensing (e.g., monostatic sensing or bistatic sensing) is inherently susceptible to interference generated by nearby aggressor sensing devices, as the transmitted interference signal from the aggressor sensing device is typically much larger than the reflected target object sensing signal. An aggressor sensing device is another sensing device that is not associated with the sensing radar (e.g., sensing transmitter and / or receiver) that is experiencing the interference.

[0170] Fig.11 FIG. 1100 is a diagram illustrating an example of a network device 1110 (acting as a victim device) experiencing interference (eg, interference signal 1150) from an attacker device 1130. Fig.11 , the network device 1110 operates as a sensing Tx and Rx (e.g., a radar Tx and Rx) and is performing single-station sensing of a target object 1120. The network device 1110 may be in the form of a UE (such as a smart phone), and the target object 1120 may be in the form of a human body (which may be moving).

[0171] During operation, for single-station sensing, the network device 1110, when operating as a sensing Tx, may transmit a sensing signal 1140a toward the target object 1120. The sensing signal may be reflected from the target object 1120 to generate a reflected sensing signal 1140b. The network device 1110, when operating as a sensing Rx, may receive the reflected sensing signal 1140b and process the reflected sensing signal 1140b to determine the characteristics (e.g., position, type, size, posture, and motion) of the target object 1120.

[0172] However, during operation, another network device 1110 (e.g., an attacker) that is not associated with the network device 1130 may be transmitting sensing signals and / or communication signals 1150. The network device 1110 (e.g., a victim) may receive these signals 1150 as interference. These interference signals 1150 may have much smaller propagation losses than the reflected sensing signals 1140b because the interference signals 1150 are transmitted directly from the network device 1130 (e.g., an attacker) toward the network device 1110 (e.g., a victim) (e.g., not bidirectionally propagated by reflection from a target object).

[0173] For radar sensing (eg, monostatic sensing and bistatic sensing), there are multiple relevant formulas for radar for power control in different sensing scenarios.

[0174] For single-station sensing, the received signal power is:

[0175]

[0176] Where σ is the radar cross section (RSC) of the target object, P TX is Tx power, G TX is the Tx gain, G RX is the Tx gain, λ is the wavelength, and R mono is the range (eg, distance) from the network device (eg, sensing Rx and Tx) to the target object.

[0177] Fig. 12A 1200 is a diagram illustrating an example of a network device 1210 performing single-station sensing of a target object 1220. Fig. 12A In the present invention, during operation, the network device 1210 (e.g., in the form of a smart phone) may transmit a sensing signal 1230a toward a target object 1220 (e.g., in the form of a building) when operating as a sensing Tx. The sensing signal 1230a may be reflected from the target object 1220 and generate a reflected sensing signal 1230b. The reflected sensing signal 1230b may propagate toward the network device 1210. Then, the network device 1210 may receive the reflected sensing signal 1230b and process the reflected sensing signal 1230b to determine the characteristics of the target object 1220 when operating as a sensing Rx.

[0178] For dual-station sensing, the received signal power is:

[0179]

[0180] Where R bi-R1 is the range (e.g., distance) from the network device (e.g., sensing Tx) to the target object, and R bi-R2 is the range (eg, distance) from the network device (eg, sensing Rx) to the target object.

[0181] Fig. 12B 1205 is a diagram illustrating an example of network devices 1215a, 1215b performing bistatic sensing of a target object 1225. Fig. 12B , during operation, a network device 1215a (e.g., in the form of a smartphone) (operating as a sensing Tx) may send a sensing signal 1235a toward a target object 1225 (e.g., in the form of a building). The sensing signal 1235a may be reflected from the target object 1225 and generate a reflected sensing signal 1235b. The reflected sensing signal 1235b may propagate toward a network device 1215b (e.g., in the form of a smartphone). The network device 1215b (operating as a sensing Rx) may then receive the reflected sensing signal 1235b and process the reflected sensing signal 1235b to obtain characteristics of the target object 1225.

[0182] Fig. 12C 1207 is a graph illustrating examples of typical radar cross section (RSC) values ​​for different types of target objects. RCS (which may also be referred to as a radar signature) is a measure of how detectable a target object is by radar. An object with a large RCS indicates that the object is more easily detected than an object with a smaller RCS. The RCS of a target object may depend on the size, shape, and material of the target object, and may depend on the wavelength and angle of incidence of the electromagnetic wave of the signal.

[0183] exist Fig. 12C In the example, the upper portion of the horizontal axis represents decibels per square meter (dBsm), and the lower portion of the horizontal axis represents the cross-sectional size of the target object in square meters (m 2 ). For example, as shown in graph 1207, a person generally has a width of about 1 m 2 cross section.

[0184] As mentioned previously, there are some solutions to mitigate and / or reduce the generated interference. These solutions include, but are not limited to, specific waveform designs, signal variation designs, and designs to repair reflected target object sensing signals. An effective solution involves power control of the transmitted sensing signals. The power control of the transmitted sensing signals should be able to satisfy the target object detection of the sensing receiver while reducing the interference generated from the attacker sensing device.

[0185] Power control is a common solution in communication applications. However, in traditional sensing domains where there are usually constraints on the message exchange between clients, power control is usually not available. Generally speaking, sensing is performed using a maximum or predefined fixed power level (setting) for the transmission of the sensing signal to ensure accurate detection of the target object. Such a power setting works well for sparse sensing scenarios, but can be problematic to use in dense sensing scenarios as it can cause undesirable interference.

[0186] Recently, in integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) where communication and sensing are enabled together, messages (e.g., power control messages) may be exchanged between a sensing Tx device and a sensing Rx device to implement power control. However, if power control is enabled for sensing, there may be some challenges. For example, different sensing settings (e.g., for a single station or dual stations) may be enabled simultaneously in the same scenario. In such different sensing settings, power control may have difficulty handling such complex sensing settings. As another example of a challenge, a communication link for sensing may not always be available. For example, sensing Tx and sensing Rx may be two separate sensing devices (e.g., UE, base station, etc.) that do not have any communication link between each other. In another example of a challenge, short-range intensive sensing (which is a typical scenario in ISAC sensing) may have multiple potential attackers, some of which generate strong interference signals. It may be difficult to identify which device (s) is the real attacker and trigger power control accordingly. Therefore, based on the above challenges, the systems and techniques described herein provide a series of power control solutions that can match these different sensing scenarios.

[0187] In one or more aspects, the power control may be determined by the following equation, which is the power of the sensing Tx:

[0188] P 感测 =min{P max ,P 范围 ,P 目标 +PL}

[0189] Where P max is the maximum Tx sensing power, which may be specified by the standard or may be based on the device's own constraints (eg, UE's own constraints).

[0190] P 范围 The power required to cover the maximum range of sensing. In general, different sensing services have different specific sensing requirements. For example, phone-based sensing may only involve target objects located within one (1) meter from the sensing device to determine various characteristics (e.g., gestures and / or vital signs) of the target object (e.g., a person). Target objects located outside the 1 meter range may not provide valuable information for phone-based sensing. Similarly, constant phase element (CPE)-based sensing may only require power to support a ten (10) meter coverage area. 范围 It may be configured by the network, standardized, or based on the specific implementation of the device itself (for example, the specific implementation of the UE itself).

[0191] For one specific implementation, for single-station sensing with N-meter coverage, where P = R mono , P 范围 It can be determined by the following formula:

[0192] N 范围 =P rx,min +P Rx_mono +δ

[0193] Where P rx,min is the minimum received power of the sensing Rx, P Rx_mono is the power loss from bidirectional propagation, and δ is an incremental value, which is not required but may be related to power compensation of power reflection, HW constraints or other constraints.

[0194] For bistatic sensing with N meter coverage, using separate sensing Tx and sensing Rx, N ≈ R bi-R +R bi-R2 , and P can be determined by the following formula 范围 :

[0195] P 范围 =P rx,min +P Rx_bi +δ

[0196] Where P Rx_bi is the power loss from propagation.

[0197] P 目标 +PL is the power associated with the target object and may be the desired received power (P 目标 ) and the corresponding power loss (PL) from propagation (e.g., monostatic or bistatic sensing). The power loss (PL) may have different values ​​for monostatic sensing and bistatic sensing (e.g., for monostatic sensing, the power loss may be one value and for bistatic sensing, the power loss may be another value).

[0198] In one or more aspects, for power control in single-station sensing, the power level of the sensing Tx may then be ramped up for power control until the sensing Rx detects the target object or until the maximum power of the sensing Tx is triggered (e.g., reached), whichever comes first. The maximum power of the sensing Tx may be equal to min{P max ,P 范围}, the initial power level of sensing Tx is P min , and the sensing Tx power ramp step is P Δ .

[0199] During operation, for power control for single-station sensing, a network device (eg, operating as a sensing Tx) may enable power control at an initial power level P min Therefore, the network device (eg, operating as a sensing Tx) may emit a signal at a power level P toward the target object. min The sensing signal is sent for sensing. The sensing signal may be reflected from the target object to generate a sensing reflection signal. If the network device (e.g., operating as a sensing Rx) cannot detect the reflected sensing signal, the network device (e.g., operating as a sensing Tx) may increase the power level by P Δ To P min +P Δ The network device (eg, operating as a sensing Tx) may continue to increase the power level by P Δ , until the network device (eg, operating as a sensing Rx) detects a reflected sensing signal or until the maximum power is triggered, whichever comes first.

[0200] Fig.13A , Fig. 13B and Fig. 13C is a diagram illustrating an example of power control for single-station sensing. Specifically, Fig.13A is an example network device 1310 (which may be in the form of a UE such as a smartphone) by providing an initial power level (P min ) is a diagram showing an example of sending a sensing signal 1330a to perform single-station sensing. Fig.13A , the network device 1310 (eg, operating as a sensing Tx) may direct a power level P toward a target object 1320 (eg, in the form of a hand). min The sensing signal 1330a is sent for sensing (eg, for sensing a gesture). Fig.13A In the embodiment, the sensing signal 1330a has a low power level, so that the sensing signal 1330a cannot reach the target object 1320 to be reflected from the target object 1320 and generate a reflected sensing signal. Therefore, the network device 1310 (eg, operating as a sensing Rx) will not be able to detect any reflected sensing signal.

[0201] Since the network device 1310 (eg, operating as a sensing Rx) cannot detect any reflected sensing signal, the network device 1310 (eg, operating as a sensing Tx) may increase the power level by P Δ To P min +P Δ . Fig. 13B The network device 1310 is illustrated as being able to operate at an increased power level (P min +P Δ ) is a diagram showing an example of sending a sensing signal 1330b. Fig. 13B In the example, the network device 1310 (eg, operating as a sensing Tx) may transmit a signal at a power level P toward the target object 1320. min +P Δ A sensing signal 1330b is sent for sensing. Fig. 13B , the sensing signal 1330b has a sufficiently high power level such that the sensing signal 1330b can reach the target object 1320 and be reflected from the target object 1320 to generate a reflected sensing signal 1340b. However, the reflected sensing signal 1340b is not strong enough to reach the network device 1310. Therefore, the network device 1310 (e.g., operating as a sensing Rx) cannot detect the reflected sensing signal 1340b.

[0202] Since the network device 1310 (eg, operating as a sensing Rx) cannot detect the reflected sensing signal 1340b, the network device 1310 (eg, operating as a sensing Tx) may increase the power level by P Δ To P min +P Δ +P Δ。 Fig. 13C The network device 1310 is illustrated as further increasing the power level (P min +P Δ +P Δ ) is a diagram showing an example of sending a sensing signal 1330c. Fig. 13C In the example, the network device 1310 (eg, operating as a sensing Tx) may transmit a signal at a power level P toward the target object 1320. min +P Δ +P Δ A sensing signal 1330c is sent for sensing. Fig. 13B, the sensing signal 1330c has a sufficiently high power level so that the sensing signal 1330c can reach the target object 1320 and be reflected from the target object 1320 to generate a reflected sensing signal 1340c. The reflected sensing signal 1340c is strong enough to reach the network device 1310. Therefore, the network device 1310 (e.g., operating as a sensing Rx) can detect the reflected sensing signal 1340c. Since the network device 1310 (e.g., operating as a sensing Rx) can detect the reflected sensing signal 1340c, the network device 1310 (e.g., operating as a sensing Tx) can continue to operate at the current power level P min +P Δ +P Δ To send a sensing signal 1330c.

[0203] In some aspects, a target object signal (e.g., a reflected sensing signal) may have different definitions for different devices or scenarios. For example, for phone-based short-range sensing, a target object signal may be a reflected signal reflected from a static object and / or a motion. For another example, for CPE-based sensing, a service may be that a network device monitors motion in a room, and reflected signals from static objects may not be meaningful for CPE-based sensing. A target object signal (e.g., a reflected sensing signal) may be defined as a reflected signal with some specific Doppler information (e.g., for detected motion, such as body or arm movement).

[0204] In one or more aspects, for power control in dual-station sensing, if there is a communication connection between the sensing Tx and the Rx (e.g., they are located separately from each other), the sensing Rx can send a power control message to the sensing Tx via the communication link. The sensing Rx can use the power control message to confirm to the sensing Tx that the current transmit power level of the sensing service is acceptable.

[0205] Fig.14 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system 1400 for dynamic power control in sensing, wherein a network device 1410b (eg, sensing Rx) of the system 1400 transmits (eg, sends) an acknowledgement message. Fig.14 , system 1400 includes network device 1410a (e.g., sensing Tx), network device 1410b (e.g., sensing Rx), and network device 1450. Network devices 1410a, 1410b may be in the form of UEs (e.g., smart phones), and network device 1450 may be in the form of base stations (e.g., gNBs). Network devices 1410a, 1410b may perform bistatic sensing to detect target object 1420, which may be in the form of a walking person.

[0206] During operation, the network device 1410a (e.g., sensing Tx) may send a sensing signal 1430 toward the target object 1420. The sensing signal 1430 may be reflected from the target object 1420 and generate a reflected sensing signal that propagates toward the network device 1410b. The network device 1410b (e.g., sensing Rx) may receive the reflected signal. After the network device 1410b receives the reflected signal, the network device 1410b may determine whether the reflected signal has an acceptable power level for sensing of the target object 1420. When the reflected signal has an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the network device 1410b may determine that the reflected signal has an acceptable power level for sensing of the target object 1420, which is not too low that the network device 1410b cannot perform accurate sensing of the target object 1420, or is not too high that power is wasted. Different sensing scenarios (e.g., detection of gestures, finger movements, running) may have different predefined required SNR values. Network device 1410a (e.g., sensing Tx) will continue to ramp up the power level of sensing signal 1430 until network device 1410a receives a power control message from network device 1410b indicating that the power level is acceptable, or until a maximum power level for transmission of sensing signal 1430 has been triggered (e.g., reached), whichever comes first.

[0207] When network device 1410b determines that the reflected signal has an acceptable power level (e.g., SNR level) for determining accurate sensing of target object 1420, network device 1410b may send a power control message including a confirmation message to network device 1410a. The confirmation message indicates to network device 1410a (e.g., Sensing Tx) that the power level (e.g., SNR level) of sensing signal 1430 is acceptable for the sensing.

[0208] If the network devices 1410a, 1410b have a communication link with each other via a base station (e.g., network device 1450), the network device 1410b may send a power control message to the network device 1410a via the base station (e.g., network device 1450) using signals 1440a, 1440b. If the network devices 1410a, 1410b do not have a communication link with each other via a base station (e.g., network device 1450), but are able to communicate directly with each other via side link (SL) communication, the network device 1410b may send a power control message to the network device 1410a using SL communication via signal 1460. The signaling exchange process between the network devices 1410a, 1410b for dual-station sensing may be standardized.

[0209] In one or more aspects, for power control in single-station sensing, no signaling exchange is required between network devices (e.g., regarding reaching an acceptable power level for sensing) because the network devices (e.g., sensing Tx and sensing Rx) are collocated. The process and associated parameters for determining whether a sensed signal has an acceptable power level (e.g., SNR) can be standardized for different sensing scenarios.

[0210] In some aspects, the sensing Tx (e.g., network device 1410a) may perform power ramping along with beam scanning. For example, for each beam scan of the sensing Tx, the sensing Tx may ramp up the power level until an acceptable power level for sensing has been selected.

[0211] These power ramping methods for sensing can prevent wasting resources. In one or more aspects, to prevent large delays in the system, sensing reference signals (RS) can be configured in different resources such as resource elements (e.g., REs), where each resource can be associated with a different power level.

[0212] Fig.15A 15 is a diagram 1500 illustrating an example of sensing resources 1510 associated with different power levels. Fig.15A , the sensing resources 1510 are shown as being arranged in a matrix form (e.g., similar to Figure 3 302 of resource blocks). For the matrix, the x-axis represents time and the y-axis represents frequency. The sensing resources 1510 include sensing resources 1 1510a having a first power level, sensing resources 2 1510b having a second power level, sensing resources 3 1510c having a third power level, and sensing resources 4 1510d having a fourth power level.

[0213] Fig. 15B is an example of Fig.15A A graph 1505 of power levels associated with different sensing resources 1510 is shown. Fig. 15B In the graph 1505 of FIG. 1505 , the x-axis represents the resource index and the y-axis represents the power level. As shown in the graph 1505 , the sensing resource 3 1510 c has the lowest power level and the sensing resource 1 1510 a has the highest power level.

[0214] During operation (eg, single-station sensing or dual-station sensing), the sensing Rx may determine a resource index associated with a sensing RS having an acceptable power level for sensing. Fig. 15B In the example, the power level (eg, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)) of sensing resource 4 1510d is very close to the power level required by sensing Rx for sensing of the target object. Therefore, sensing Rx may determine that sensing resource 4 1510d has an acceptable power level.

[0215] For dual-station sensing, after sensing Rx determines a resource index (e.g., sensing resource 4 1510d) with an acceptable power level for sensing, sensing Rx may feed back the specific resource index (e.g., sensing resource 4 1510d) to sensing Tx (e.g., via a communication link, such as via a base station or via SL communication). After sensing Tx receives the resource index, sensing Tx may look up the specific resource index (e.g., sensing resource 4 1510d) on a power mapping table to determine the optimal power level for transmission of the sensing RS. The power mapping table may include a list of resource indexes and their associated power levels for sensing RS. For example, the power mapping table may indicate (e.g., as relatively shown in graph 1505) that sensing resource 1 1510a has a power level 4, sensing resource 2 1510b has a power level 2, sensing resource 3 1510c has a power level 1, and sensing resource 4 1510d has a power level 3.

[0216] For single-station sensing, after a network device (e.g., operating as a sensing Rx) determines a resource index (e.g., sensing resource 4 1510d) having an acceptable power level for sensing, the network device (e.g., operating as a sensing Tx) may look up the particular resource index (e.g., sensing resource 4 1510d) on a power mapping table to determine an optimal power level for transmission of the sensing RS.

[0217] In one or more aspects, the sensing Tx may transmit a sensing signal multiple times at different time domain positions (e.g., at different times) within a sensing signal opportunity (e.g., a sensing time window for sensing a target object) with different transmit power levels (e.g., with the same sensing signal sequence on the same frequency resource). Then, the sensing Rx only needs to feedback a specific time position, which may indicate a corresponding acceptable power level.

[0218] In one or more aspects, in dual-station sensing, if there is no available communication link between the sensing Tx and the Rx, after the sensing Rx determines a resource index having an acceptable power level for sensing, the sensing Rx may perform a reverse transmission to the sensing Tx in the specific resource (e.g., transmission on a frequency band of the specific resource) to indicate to the sensing Tx that the specific resource index has an acceptable power level for sensing.

[0219] Fig.16 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system 1600 for dynamic power control in sensing, wherein a network device 1610c of the system 1600 transmits a reverse transmission in an optimal resource. Fig.16In the embodiment of the present invention, the system 1600 may include two network devices 1610a, 1610b, each of which may be in the form of a UE (such as a smart phone). During the operation for dual-station sensing, for the first step, the sensing Tx 1610a may send a sensing signal toward a target object. The sensing signal may be configured in different resources (e.g., resource 1, resource 2, resource 3, and resource 4), each of which may be associated with a different power level. The sensing signal may be reflected from the target object and generate a reflected sensing signal. The sensing Rx 1610b may receive the reflected sensing signal. After the sensing Rx 1610b receives the reflected sensing signal, for the second step, the sensing Rx 1610b may determine which resource index of the reflected sensing signal has an optimal power level for sensing of the target object.

[0220] After the sensing Rx 1610b determines which resource index (e.g., resource 4) has the best power level for sensing, for the third step, the sensing Rx 1610b may perform a reverse transmission to the sensing Tx in the specific resource (e.g., transmission on the frequency band of resource 4) to indicate to the sensing Tx that the specific resource index (e.g., resource 4) has an acceptable power level for sensing. The power used for the reverse transmission should be large enough (e.g., the maximum transmission power of the sensing Rx) so that the sensing Tx can detect the reverse transmission signal sent from the sensing Rx.

[0221] After the sensing Tx receives the reverse transmission in the specific resource (e.g., resource 4), for the fourth step, the sensing Tx can look up the specific resource (e.g., resource 4) in the power mapping table to determine the optimal power level (e.g., power level 3) for the transmission of the sensing signal.

[0222] In one or more aspects, in some dual-station sensing settings, the sensing Tx and the sensing Rx are not connected to each other. In some cases, the sensing Tx and the sensing Rx do not even know each other. For example, in distributed sensing, the sensing Rx may not know which sensing Tx can provide sensing services. The sensing Rx may not even know where the sensing Tx is located. For these situations, power control may be very challenging. For these situations, one solution for power control may be based on once-arrived (OTA) signals.

[0223] In one or more aspects, for dual-station sensing, power control can be controlled by the sensing Rx using power control signals (e.g., signals RS2_1 and RS2_2). For example, signal RS2_1 can be used to increase the power level of the transmission for the sensing signal, and signal RS2_2 can be used to reduce the power level of the transmission for the sensing signal.

[0224] In some aspects, for bistatic sensing using signal RS2_1 to increase the power level for the transmission of the sensing signal, the sensing Rx (eg, Fig.17A The network device 1710b) may initially send the signal RS2_1 with a large default power (eg, the maximum power of the sensing Rx, which may ensure that the sensing Tx can detect the RS2_1 signal. Fig.17A After the network device 1710a of the sensing Rx has detected the RS2_1 signal sent by the sensing Rx, the sensing Tx may increase the power used for the transmission of the sensing RS (e.g., the RS1 signal) until the sensing Tx no longer detects RS2_1. The sensing Rx may continue to transmit the RS2_1 signal until the received reflected signal (e.g., generated by the RS1 signal reflected from the target object) has an acceptable power level (e.g., an acceptable SNR) that meets the sensing requirements for sensing the target object. The sensing Tx may determine the optimal power level for the transmission of the sensing signal (e.g., the sensing RS) by determining the time when the sensing Rx stops transmitting the RS2_1 signal. The sensing Tx may determine that the power level of the transmission of the RS1 at this time is the optimal power level for the transmission of the sensing signal.

[0225] In some aspects, for bistatic sensing using signal RS2_2 to reduce the power level of the transmission for the sensing signal, the sensing Tx (eg, Fig.17A The network device 1710a of FIG. 170 may initially transmit a sensing RS (e.g., an RS1 signal) at a constant power level. After receiving a reflected signal (e.g., generated by an RS1 signal reflected from a target object), if the sensing Rx (e.g., Fig.17A If the network device 1710b of the sensing Rx determines that the reflected signal has a power level that is too high for sensing of the target object (for example, this may cause interference to other nearby network devices), the sensing Rx may send the RS2_2 signal at a large default power level (for example, the maximum power of the sensing Rx, which ensures that the sensing Tx can detect the RS2_2 signal). After the sensing Tx receives the RS2_2 signal from the sensing Rx, the sensing Tx may reduce the power level used for the transmission of the sensing RS (for example, the RS1 signal) until the sensing Tx can no longer detect the RS2_2 signal sent from the sensing Rx. The sensing Rx will continue to send the sensing RS2_2 signal until the sensing Rx determines that the reflected signal has an acceptable power level (for example, an acceptable SNR) that meets the sensing requirements for sensing the target object.

[0226] In one or more aspects, for bistatic sensing, a sensing signal (eg, RS1 signal) may be used by the sensing Tx to control power control. Fig.17A is a diagram illustrating an example of a system 1700 for dynamic power control in sensing for performing power control by utilizing signals RS1, RS2. Fig.17A In the embodiment, system 1700 may include network devices 1710a, 1710b. Network devices 1710a, 1710b may each be in the form of a UE (such as a smart phone). Network device 1710a may operate as a sensing Tx, and network device 1710b may operate as a sensing Rx.

[0227] During operation, for dual-station sensing, for an initial step (e.g., step 0), the network device 1710a (e.g., operating as a sensing Tx) may initially transmit a sensing RS (e.g., an RS1 signal) at a large default power level (e.g., a maximum power for transmission by the network device 1710a such that the network device 1710b may detect the RS1 signal). After the network device 1710b (e.g., operating as a sensing Rx) has detected a reflected signal (e.g., generated by the RS1 signal reflected from the target object), for the first step, the network device 1710b may transmit an RS2 signal at a large default power (e.g., a maximum power for transmission by the network device 1710b such that the network device 1710a may detect the RS2 signal). After the network device 1710a detects the RS2 signal, for the second step, the network device 1710a may reduce the power used for transmission of the sensing RS (e.g., the RS1 signal) until the network device 1710a is no longer able to detect the RS2 signal. The network device 1710b may continue to send the RS2 signal until the network device 1710b determines that the reflected signal has an acceptable power level (eg, an acceptable SNR) that meets the sensing requirements for sensing the target object.

[0228] Fig. 17B is an example Fig.17A 1705 is a graph showing an example of the power levels of signals RS1, RS2. Fig. 17B In the graph 1705 of FIG. 1705 , the x-axis represents time and the y-axis represents power level. As shown in the graph 1705 , the network device 1710 a (e.g., operating as a sensing Tx) reduces the power level of the RS1 signal until the network device 1710 a can no longer detect the RS2 signal because the RS2 signal has a low power level.

[0229] In one or more aspects, for bistatic sensing, the sensing Tx (e.g., Fig.17A The network device 1710a) may only send one sensing signal. Fig.17AThe network device 1710b) may send one of a plurality of power control signals, each with a different time, frequency, and / or sequence. Each of these power control signals may indicate a different specific power level adjustment (e.g., -3dB, -1dB, 1dB, or 3dB). When the sensing Tx detects the power control signal sent from the sensing Rx, the sensing Tx may then know the specific power control adjustment required for the transmit power of the sensing signal (e.g., as specified by the received power control signal).

[0230] In one or more aspects, to increase and / or decrease the power level of the sensing signal transmitted by the sensing Tx, the sensing Rx may utilize a power control signal (eg, signals RS2, RS2_1, RS2_2) to control the transmission power level of the sensing signal by the sensing Tx.

[0231] Fig.18 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a process 1800 for wireless communication with dynamic power control in sensing. Process 1800 may be performed by a network device such as a UE (e.g., a mobile device such as a mobile phone, an XR device, a vehicle or a component of a vehicle, or other UE), a base station (e.g., a gNB, an eNB, an RSU, or other base station), or by a component or system (e.g., a chipset) of a network device or base station. The operations of process 1800 may be implemented as a processor (e.g., Fig.19 The software components executed and run on the processor 1910 or other processors of the wireless communication device. In addition, the wireless communication device can be enabled to send and receive signals in the process 1800, for example, through one or more antennas and / or one or more transceivers (e.g., wireless transceivers).

[0232] At block 1810, a network device (or a component thereof) may receive a reflected signal generated based on a plurality of sensing signals (e.g., sensing reference signals (RS)) reflected from a target object. The plurality of sensing signals are configured in a plurality of resources (e.g., resource elements of a resource block or a plurality of resource blocks), wherein each of the plurality of resources is associated with a different corresponding power level. In some aspects, the network device (or a component thereof) is configured to (and may) send a plurality of sensing signals toward a target object. In some cases, the plurality of sensing signals are sent by an additional network device (other than the network device). In such cases, the network device (or a component thereof) may send a power control signal to the additional network device, the power control signal indicating a resource index for a resource with an acceptable power level. In some examples, the network device (or a component thereof) may send a power control signal via a communication link (e.g., a Uu link provided via a base station). In some examples, the network device (or a component thereof) may send a power control signal via a side link communication (e.g., a PC5 interface, a DSRC interface, or other side link interfaces).

[0233] At box 1820, the network device (or its component) may determine that the power level is an acceptable power level for performing sensing of the target object based on the power level of the resource associated with the reflected signal satisfying the predefined power level. In an illustrative example, the predefined power level is a predefined signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In some aspects, the network device (or its component) may determine a resource index for a resource with an acceptable power level. In some cases, the network device (or its component) may determine an optimal transmit power for one or more additional sensing signals from a power mapping table based on the resource index. In some examples, the network device (or its component) may send one or more additional sensing signals using the optimal transmit power. In some examples, the network device (or its component) may send an indication of the optimal transmit power to an additional network device (or a network device other than the network device and the additional network device) for the transmission of one or more additional sensing signals.

[0234] Fig.19 is a diagram illustrating an example of a computing system 1900 that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for dynamic power control in sensing. Specifically, Fig.19 An example of a computing system 1900 is illustrated, which may be any computing device, for example, constituting an internal computing system, a remote computing system, a camera, or any components thereof, wherein the components of the system communicate with each other using connection 1905. Connection 1905 may be a physical connection using a bus, or a direct connection into processor 1910, such as in a chipset architecture. Connection 1905 may also be a virtual connection, a networked connection, or a logical connection.

[0235] In some aspects, computing system 1900 is a distributed system, where the functionality described in the present disclosure can be distributed within a data center, multiple data centers, a peer-to-peer network, etc. In some aspects, one or more of the described system components represent a number of such components, i.e., each of them performs some or all of the functionality that the component is described for. In some aspects, each component can be a physical or virtual device.

[0236] The example system 1900 includes at least one processing unit (CPU or processor) 1910 and connections 1905 that communicatively couple various system components including system memory 1915, such as read-only memory (ROM) 1920 and random access memory (RAM) 1925, to the processor 1910. The computing system 1900 may include a cache 1912 of high-speed memory directly connected to, in close proximity to, or integrated as part of the processor 1910.

[0237] Processor 1910 may include any general purpose processor and hardware or software services, such as services 1932, 1934, and 1936 stored in storage device 1930, that are configured to control processor 1910 as well as a dedicated processor where software instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. Processor 1910 may essentially be a completely independent computing system containing multiple cores or processors, buses, memory controllers, caches, etc. Multi-core processors may be symmetric or asymmetric.

[0238] To enable user interaction, the computing system 1900 includes an input device 1945 that can represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for voice, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphical input, a keyboard, a mouse, motion input, voice, etc. The computing system 1900 may also include an output device 1935, which may be one or more of a plurality of output mechanisms. In some cases, a multimodal system may enable a user to provide multiple types of input / output to communicate with the computing system 1900.

[0239] The computing system 1900 may include a communication interface 1940, which may generally govern and manage user input and system output. The communication interface may perform or facilitate receiving and / or sending wired or wireless communications using wired and / or wireless transceivers, including using an audio jack / plug, a microphone jack / plug, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port / plug, an Apple TM Lightning TM Ports / plugs, Ethernet ports / plugs, Fiber optic ports / plugs, Dedicated wired ports / plugs, 3G, 4G, 5G and / or other cellular data network wireless signal delivery, Bluetooth TM Wireless signal transmission, BluetoothTM Low Energy (BLE) wireless signal transmission, IBEACON TM Wireless signal transmission, radio frequency identification (RFID) wireless signal transmission, near field communication (NFC) wireless signal transmission, dedicated short range communication (DSRC) wireless signal transmission, 802.11 Wi-Fi wireless signal transmission, wireless local area network (WLAN) signal transmission, visible light communication (VLC), World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), infrared (IR) communication wireless signal transmission, public switched telephone network (PSTN) signal transmission, integrated services digital network (ISDN) signal transmission, ad hoc network signal transmission, radio wave signal transmission, microwave signal transmission, infrared signal transmission, visible light signal transmission, ultraviolet light signal transmission, wireless signal transmission along the electromagnetic spectrum, or some combination thereof.

[0240] The communication interface 1940 may also include one or more range finding sensors (e.g., LIDAR sensors, laser range finders, RF radars, ultrasonic sensors, and infrared (IR) sensors) configured to collect data and provide measurements to the processor 1910, whereby the processor 1910 may be configured to perform the determinations and calculations required to obtain various measurements of the one or more range finding sensors. In some examples, the measurements may include flight time, wavelength, azimuth, elevation, distance, linear velocity, and / or angular velocity, or any combination thereof. The communication interface 1940 may also include one or more global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers or transceivers for determining the location of the computing system 1900 based on receiving one or more signals from one or more satellites associated with one or more GNSS systems. GNSS systems include, but are not limited to, the United States' GPS, Russia's Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and Europe's Galileo GNSS. There is no restriction to operating on any particular hardware arrangement, and thus the underlying features herein may be easily substituted for improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed.

[0241] The storage device 1930 may be a non-volatile and / or non-transitory and / or computer-readable memory device, and may be a hard disk or other type of computer-readable medium that may store data accessible by a computer, such as a magnetic cassette, a flash memory card, a solid-state memory device, a digital versatile disk, a cassette, a floppy disk, a floppy disk, a hard disk, a magnetic tape, a magnetic stripe / magnetic stripe, any other magnetic storage medium, flash memory, a memristor memory, any other solid-state memory, a compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM) optical disk, a rewritable compact disk (CD) optical disk, a digital video disk (DVD) optical disk, a Blu-ray disc (BDD) optical disk, a holographic optical disk, another optical medium, a secure digital (SD) card, a micro secure digital (microSD) card, card, a smart card chip, an EMV chip, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a mini / micro / nano / pico SIM card, another integrated circuit (IC) chip / card, a random access memory (RAM), a static RAM (SRAM), a dynamic RAM (DRAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a flash EPROM (FLASH EPROM), a cache memory (e.g., a layer 1 (L1) cache, a layer 2 (L2) cache, a layer 3 (L3) cache, a layer 4 (L4) cache, a layer 5 (L5) cache, other (L#) cache), a resistive random access memory (RRAM / ReRAM), a phase change memory (PCM), a spin transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM), another memory chip or box, and / or a combination thereof.

[0242] Storage device 1930 may include software services, servers, services, etc., which, when the code defining such software is executed by processor 1910, causes the system to perform functions. In some aspects, hardware services that perform specific functions may include software components for performing functions stored in a computer-readable medium connected to necessary hardware components (such as processor 1910, connection 1905, output device 1935, etc.). The term "computer-readable medium" includes, but is not limited to, portable or non-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other media capable of storing, containing or carrying instructions and / or data. Computer-readable media may include non-transitory media in which data may be stored and does not include carrier waves and / or transient electronic signals propagated wirelessly or over a wired connection. Examples of non-transitory media may include, but are not limited to, disks or tapes, optical storage media (such as compact discs (CDs) or digital versatile discs (DVDs)), flash memory, memory, or memory devices. Computer readable media may store thereon code and / or machine executable instructions, which may represent a procedure, function, subprogram, program, routine, subroutine, module, software package, category, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and / or receiving information, data, independent variables, parameters, or memory contents. Information, independent variables, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or sent via any suitable means, including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network sending, etc.

[0243] Specific details are provided in the above description to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects and examples provided herein, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the application is not limited thereto. Thus, although the exemplary aspects of the present application have been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that each inventive concept can be implemented and adopted in various other ways, and the appended claims are not intended to be interpreted as including these variations, unless limited by the prior art. The various features and aspects of the above-mentioned applications can be used individually or in combination. In addition, without departing from the broader scope of this specification, the various aspects can be used in any number of environments and applications beyond the environment and application described herein. Therefore, the description and the accompanying drawings should be considered as illustrative rather than restrictive. For the purpose of illustration, each method is described in a specific order. It should be appreciated that, in alternative aspects, each method can be performed in a different order than described.

[0244] For clarity of explanation, in some instances, the present technology may be presented as including separate functional blocks, which include devices, device components, steps or routines in the method embodied in software or a combination of hardware and software. Additional components other than those components shown in the drawings and / or described herein may be used. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form to avoid confusing these aspects in unnecessary details. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures and techniques may be shown without unnecessary details to avoid confusing various aspects.

[0245] In addition, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the various exemplary logic blocks, modules, circuits and algorithmic steps described in conjunction with the various aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software or a combination of the two. In order to clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various exemplary components, frames, modules, circuits and steps have been generally described in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints proposed to the entire system. Those skilled in the art can implement the described functionality in different ways for each specific application, but such specific implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0246] Various aspects may be described above as a process or method, which is depicted as a flow chart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flow chart may describe an operation as a sequential process, many operations in the operation may be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be rearranged. The process is terminated when the operation of the process is completed, but the process may have additional steps not included in the accompanying drawings. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, the termination of the process may correspond to the function returning to the calling function or the main function.

[0247] The processes and methods according to the above examples can be implemented using stored computer executable instructions or otherwise obtained from computer readable media. Such instructions may include, for example, instructions and data that configure a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or a processing device to perform a certain function or function group. Parts of the computer resources used can be accessed through a network. Computer executable instructions can be, for example, binary, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, source code. Examples of computer readable media that can be used to store instructions, information used, and / or information created during the method according to the described examples include disks or optical disks, flash memories, USB devices with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, etc.

[0248] In some embodiments, computer-readable storage devices, media, and memories may include wired or wireless signals containing bit streams, etc. However, when referred to, non-transitory computer-readable storage media explicitly excludes media such as power consumption, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and signals themselves.

[0249] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and methods. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the above description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof in some cases, depending in part on the specific application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0250] The various illustrative logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or executed using hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or any combination thereof, and may be implemented in any of a variety of form factors. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, or microcode, program code or code segments (e.g., computer program products) for performing the necessary tasks may be stored in a computer-readable or machine-readable medium. The processor may perform the necessary tasks. Examples of form factors include: laptops, smartphones, mobile phones, tablet devices, or other small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rack-mounted devices, stand-alone devices, and the like. The functionality described herein may also be embodied in peripheral devices or add-in cards. By way of further example, such functionality may also be implemented on circuit boards in different chips or different processes executed on a single device.

[0251] The instructions, the media for conveying such instructions, the computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are example means for providing the functionality described in this disclosure.

[0252] The techniques described herein may also be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Such techniques may be implemented in any of a variety of devices, such as general-purpose computers, wireless communication devices, or integrated circuit devices with multiple uses, including applications in wireless communication devices, mobile phones, and other devices. Any features described as modules or components may be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, the techniques may be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium including a program code, which includes instructions for executing one or more of the above-mentioned methods, algorithms, and / or operations when executed. A computer-readable data storage medium may form part of a computer program product, which may include packaging materials. A computer-readable medium may include a memory or data storage medium, such as a random access memory (RAM) (such as a synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM)), a read-only memory (ROM), a non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a flash memory, a magnetic or optical data storage medium, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the technology may be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or communicates program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed, read, and / or executed by a computer, such as a propagated signal or wave.

[0253] The program code may be executed by a processor, which may include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general-purpose microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuits. Such processors may be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor; however, in an alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors combined with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Therefore, the term "processor" as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structures, any combination of the foregoing structures, or any other structure or device suitable for implementing the techniques described herein.

[0254] It should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the less than ("<") and greater than (">") symbols or terms used herein may be replaced by less than or equal to ("≤") and greater than or equal to ("≥") symbols, respectively, without departing from the scope of the present specification.

[0255] Where a component is described as being “configured to” perform certain operations, such configuration may be achieved, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operations, by programming programmable electronic circuits (e.g., a microprocessor or other suitable electronic circuits) to perform the operations, or any combination thereof.

[0256] The phrases “coupled to” or “communicatively coupled to” refer to any component being physically connected directly or indirectly to another component, and / or any component being in communication with another component directly or indirectly (e.g., connected to the other component via a wired or wireless connection and / or other suitable communication interface).

[0257] Claim language or other language stating "at least one of" a set and / or "one or more of" a set indicates that one member of the set or multiple members of the set (in any combination) satisfies the claim. For example, claim language stating "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" means A, B, or A and B. In another example, claim language stating "at least one of A, B, and C" or "at least one of A, B, or C" means A, B, C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, or A and B and C. The language "at least one of" a set and / or "one or more of" a set does not limit the set to the items listed in the set. For example, claim language stating "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" may mean A, B, or A and B, and may additionally include items not listed in the set of A and B.

[0258] Illustrative aspects of the present disclosure include:

[0259] Aspect 1. A method for performing wireless communications at a network device, the method comprising: receiving, at the network device, a reflection signal generated based on reflections of a plurality of sensing signals from a target object, wherein the plurality of sensing signals are configured in a plurality of resources, each of the plurality of resources being associated with a different corresponding power level; and determining, at the network device, that the power level is an acceptable power level for performing sensing of the target object based on the power level of the resource associated with the reflection signal satisfying a predefined power level.

[0260] Aspect 2. The method according to aspect 1, further comprising: sending the plurality of sensing signals toward the target object.

[0261] Aspect 3. The method according to any one of aspects 1 or 2, wherein the plurality of sensing signals are sent by an additional network device.

[0262] Aspect 4. The method according to aspect 3 further comprises: sending a power control signal to the additional network device, the power control signal indicating a resource index for the resource having the acceptable power level.

[0263] Aspect 5. The method according to aspect 4, wherein the power control signal is sent via a communication link.

[0264] Aspect 6. The method according to aspect 5, wherein the communication link is provided via a base station.

[0265] Aspect 7. The method according to aspect 4, wherein the power control signal is sent via side link communication.

[0266] Aspect 8. The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 7, further comprising: determining a resource index for the resource having the acceptable power level.

[0267] Aspect 9. The method according to aspect 8, further comprising: determining an optimal transmission power for one or more additional sensing signals from a power mapping table based on the resource index.

[0268] Aspect 10. The method according to aspect 9, further comprising: transmitting the one or more additional sensing signals using the optimal transmission power.

[0269] Aspect 11. The method according to any one of aspects 9 or 10, the method further comprising: sending an indication of the optimal transmission power to an additional network device for use in transmitting the one or more additional sensing signals.

[0270] Aspect 12. The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 11, wherein the plurality of sensing signals are sensing reference signals (RS).

[0271] Aspect 13. The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 12, wherein the plurality of resources are resource elements of a resource block.

[0272] Aspect 14. The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 13, wherein the predefined power level is a predefined signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

[0273] Aspect 15. The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 14, wherein the network device is one of a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

[0274] Aspect 16. The method according to aspect 15, wherein the UE is one of a mobile device or a vehicle.

[0275] Aspect 17. A method according to aspect 15, wherein the base station is a gNodeB (gNB).

[0276] Aspect 18. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: receive a reflection signal generated based on reflection of a plurality of sensing signals from a target object, wherein the plurality of sensing signals are configured in a plurality of resources, each of the plurality of resources being associated with a different corresponding power level; and determine, based on the power level of the resource associated with the reflection signal satisfying a predefined power level, that the power level is an acceptable power level for performing sensing of the target object.

[0277] Aspect 19. The apparatus according to aspect 18, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: output the plurality of sensing signals for transmission.

[0278] Aspect 20. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 18 or 19, wherein the plurality of sensing signals are sent by a network device.

[0279] Aspect 21. The apparatus according to aspect 20, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: output a power control signal to send to the network device, the power control signal indicating a resource index for the resource having the acceptable power level.

[0280] Aspect 22. The apparatus according to aspect 21, wherein the at least one processor is configured to output the power control signal for transmission via a communication link.

[0281] Aspect 23. The apparatus according to aspect 22, wherein the communication link is provided via a base station.

[0282] Aspect 24. The apparatus according to aspect 21, wherein the at least one processor is configured to output the power control signal for transmission via sidelink communication.

[0283] Aspect 25. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 18 to 24, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: determine a resource index for the resource having the acceptable power level.

[0284] Aspect 26. The apparatus according to aspect 25, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine an optimal transmit power for one or more additional sensing signals from a power mapping table based on the resource index.

[0285] Aspect 27. The apparatus according to aspect 26, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: output the one or more additional sensing signals for transmission using the optimal transmission power.

[0286] Aspect 28. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 26 or 27, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: output an indication of the optimal transmit power to send to a network device for use in transmitting the one or more additional sensing signals.

[0287] Aspect 29. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 18 to 28, wherein the plurality of sensing signals are sensing reference signals (RS).

[0288] Aspect 30. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 18 to 29, wherein the plurality of resources are resource elements of a resource block.

[0289] Aspect 31. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 18 to 30, wherein the predetermined power level is a predefined signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

[0290] Aspect 32. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 18 to 31, wherein the apparatus is one of a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

[0291] Aspect 33. The apparatus according to aspect 32, wherein the UE is one of a mobile device or a vehicle.

[0292] Aspect 34. An apparatus according to Aspect 32, wherein the base station is a gNodeB (gNB).

[0293] The foregoing description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Therefore, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be consistent with the full scope consistent with the language claims, where elements mentioned in the singular are not intended to mean "one and only one", unless specifically stated otherwise, but rather "one or more".

Claims

1. A method for wireless communication at a network device, the method comprising: receiving, at the network device, a reflection signal generated based on a plurality of sensed signals reflected from a target object, wherein the plurality of sensed signals are arranged in a plurality of resources, each resource in the plurality of resources being associated with a different respective power level; as well as The power level is determined, at the network device, to be an acceptable power level for performing sensing of the target object based on a power level of a resource associated with the reflected signal satisfying a predefined power level.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: The plurality of sensing signals are transmitted toward the target object. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of sensing signals are sent by an additional network device.

4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising: A power control signal is sent to the additional network device, the power control signal indicating a resource index for the resource having the acceptable power level.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the power control signal is sent via a communication link provided via a base station. The method of claim 4 , wherein the power control signal is sent via sidelink communication.

7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: A resource index for the resource having the acceptable power level is determined.

8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising: An optimum transmit power for one or more additional sensing signals is determined from a power map based on the resource index.

9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising: The one or more additional sensing signals are transmitted using the optimal transmit power.

10. The method according to claim 8, further comprising: An indication of the optimal transmit power is sent to an additional network device for use in the transmission of the one or more additional sensing signals. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of sensing signals are sensing reference signals (RS).

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of resources are resource elements of a resource block.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the predefined power level is a predefined signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

14. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to at least one memory and configured to: receiving a reflection signal generated based on a plurality of sensing signals reflected from a target object, wherein the plurality of sensing signals are arranged in a plurality of resources, each resource in the plurality of resources being associated with a different respective power level; as well as The power level is determined to be an acceptable power level for performing sensing of the target object based on a power level of a resource associated with the reflected signal satisfying a predefined power level.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: The plurality of sensing signals are output to be transmitted toward the target object. The apparatus according to claim 14 , wherein the plurality of sensing signals are sent by a network device.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: A power control signal is output for transmission to the network device, the power control signal indicating a resource index for the resource having the acceptable power level.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor is configured to output the power control signal for transmission via a communication link.

19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the communication link is provided via a base station.

20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor is configured to output the power control signal for transmission via a sidelink communication.

21. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: A resource index for the resource having the acceptable power level is determined.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: An optimum transmit power for one or more additional sensing signals is determined from a power map based on the resource index.

23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: The one or more additional sensing signals are output for transmission using the optimal transmission power.

24. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: An indication of the optimal transmit power is output to be sent to a network device for use in the transmission of the one or more additional sensing signals.

25. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the plurality of sensing signals are sensing reference signals (RS).

26. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the plurality of resources are resource elements of a resource block.

27. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the predefined power level is a predefined signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

28. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the apparatus is one of a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the UE is one of a mobile device or a vehicle.

30. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the base station is a gNodeB (gNB).

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