Ecological restoration method and application of rock mine slope in high-altitude ecologically fragile area

Abstract

The invention provides an ecological restoration method for a rock mine slope in a high-altitude ecologically fragile area and application, and particularly relates to the technical field of ecological environment restoration. The ecological restoration method comprises the following steps: leveling a rock mine side slope in a high-altitude ecologically fragile area, and then recovering the landform of the rock mine side slope by adopting soil dressing coverage; the rock mine side slope grouted rubble diamond lattice protection is carried out, and indigenous shrub and grass are planted in the lattice; installing a water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system on the rock mine slope; and finally, the rock mine slope surface is subjected to shotcreting and anchoring slope protection or slope surface support building to prevent water and soil loss. Wherein the altitude height of the high altitude is greater than 4000 m. According to the ecological restoration method, powerful technical support is provided for ecological restoration of the rock mine slope in the high-altitude ecologically fragile area, and meanwhile important guarantee and reference are provided for ecological restoration work after mining in the high-altitude area.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of ecological environment restoration, and in particular to an ecological restoration method and application of rock mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas. Background Art

[0002] During the mining process, rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas often face problems such as large-scale exposure, poor soil conditions, difficulty in plant growth, and severe soil erosion. These problems have not only caused serious damage to the local ecological environment, but also brought huge challenges to ecological restoration work. The application effect of traditional low-altitude mine slope restoration methods in high-altitude areas is not good, mainly reflected in poor ecological restoration stability, poor vegetation growth effect, and poor durability of restoration effect. In addition, there is currently no mature technical system that can achieve long-term ecological restoration of rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas.

[0003] The ecological problems faced by rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas include:

[0004] Lack of a complete set of ecological restoration methods: The ecological environment in high-altitude and cold areas is extremely sensitive and fragile. Once damaged, it is extremely difficult to restore. The difficulty of maintaining soil fertility, plant growth, and construction operations is significantly higher than that in low-altitude areas. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a set of ecological restoration methods suitable for mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas, especially native and near-natural vegetation restoration technology.

[0005] Ecological restoration efficiency is low and the effect is difficult to last: the existing greening technologies on the market, such as net-mounted soil spraying, vegetation concrete, high-order aggregate spraying, geocells, etc., have not yet been put into practical use in the greening of rock slopes in high-altitude mines. These technologies lack attention to the vegetation growth space and plant growth stability in ecologically fragile areas. Blind application may lead to "water and soil incompatibility", resulting in low ecological restoration efficiency and difficult to last.

[0006] Difficulty in soil reconstruction and improvement: Traditional restoration methods fail to make use of soil and plant resources around the mining area in accordance with local conditions, nor do they improve the slope soil into high-quality soil suitable for the growth of native plants. This makes it difficult to effectively solve the problem of soil reconstruction and plant growth on the slopes of high-altitude mines.

[0007] The problem of soil erosion is serious: high-altitude areas are prone to strong winds and sandstorms, and fresh water resources are scarce. Traditional restoration methods fail to fully consider the impact of wind on plant growth and soil erosion. Therefore, existing methods have limited effectiveness in the treatment of mine slopes in ecologically fragile areas, and it is difficult to effectively solve the problems of large-scale exposed rock slopes, serious damage to the landscape, and obvious soil erosion in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas.

[0008] In view of this, the present invention is proposed. Summary of the invention

[0009] One of the purposes of the present invention is to provide an ecological restoration method for rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas, aiming to solve at least one of the above-mentioned technical problems in the prior art.

[0010] The second purpose of the present invention is to provide an application of an ecological restoration method for rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas.

[0011] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose of the present invention, the following technical solutions are particularly adopted:

[0012] The first aspect of the present invention provides an ecological restoration method for rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas, comprising the following steps:

[0013] Leveling the rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas, and then using imported soil to cover and restore the topography of the rocky mine slopes;

[0014] The rocky mine slope is protected by a diamond-shaped mortar-laid stone lattice structure, and native shrubs and grasses are planted in the lattice structure;

[0015] Installing a water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system on the rocky mine slope;

[0016] Finally, the rock mine slope is sprayed with anchors for slope protection or slope support is constructed to prevent soil erosion;

[0017] Wherein, the high altitude has an altitude of more than 4000m.

[0018] Furthermore, the rocky mine slopes in the high-altitude ecologically fragile areas are leveled, including:

[0019] The rock piles on the rock mine slope are cleaned up, and the uneven parts of the slope caused by excavation, occupation and collapse are repaired to make it flat.

[0020] Furthermore, the landform of the rock mine slope is restored by covering with imported soil, including:

[0021] In the area with good vegetation growth near the rocky mine slope, the turf is peeled off and covered on the rocky mine slope;

[0022] Wherein, the thickness of the turf is ≥30cm.

[0023] Furthermore, in the area with good vegetation growth, the soil texture is sandy soil to loamy clay, the effective soil layer thickness is ≥10cm, and the soil bulk density is ≤1.5g / m 3 , gravel content ≤ 50%, pH value 6.0 ~ 8.5, organic matter ≥ 0.3%.

[0024] Furthermore, in the rocky mine slope, the diamond lattice structure of mortar-laid stone is protected, and native shrubs and grasses are planted in the lattice structure, including:

[0025] On the rocky mine slope, mortar masonry is used to build diamond-shaped units and connect them to each other, with a side length of 1.5 to 2.5 m and a mortar masonry thickness of 0.35 to 0.55 m, to obtain diamond lattice protection; native shrubs and grasses are planted in the diamond lattice;

[0026] Among them, the native shrubs and grasses include at least one of Elymus nutans, Elymus ovatus, Artemisia alpina, Sand-fixing grass, Poa annua and Artemisia selengensis.

[0027] Furthermore, a water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system is installed on the rocky mine slope, including:

[0028] A high-position water storage tank is arranged at the top of the rocky mine slope, and then a water supply network is arranged in the rocky mine slope area. A dripper or a drip irrigation pipe is arranged in the water supply network to drip water or liquid organic fertilizer into the soil in the form of drops.

[0029] Furthermore, the sprayed anchor slope protection comprises:

[0030] Anchor rod construction is carried out on the slope surface of the rock mine, and then concrete is sprayed to form a first concrete layer; after the first layer of concrete has initially set, a steel mesh is laid on the slope surface and firmly connected to the anchor rod; concrete is continued to be sprayed to form a second concrete layer, ensuring that the steel mesh is completely wrapped by concrete to form an integral sprayed anchor support structure.

[0031] Furthermore, the construction of slope support includes:

[0032] The rock mine slope surface is trimmed, frame beams, retaining walls and anchor rods are set up, and then concrete is sprayed to form a first concrete layer; after the first layer of concrete has initially set, a steel mesh is laid on the slope surface and firmly connected to the anchor rods; concrete is continued to be sprayed to form a second concrete layer, ensuring that the steel mesh is completely wrapped by concrete to form an overall slope support.

[0033] Furthermore, the liquid organic fertilizer includes a urea aqueous solution or a potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution.

[0034] Preferably, the concentration of the liquid organic fertilizer is 0.1-0.5wt%.

[0035] The second aspect of the present invention provides the application of the ecological restoration method in the restoration of rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas.

[0036] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0037] The ecological restoration method provided by the present invention can effectively improve the soil structure of the slope by leveling the rocky mine slope in the high-altitude ecologically fragile area and using foreign soil to cover and restore the slope landform, thereby providing good basic conditions for subsequent vegetation restoration. Foreign soil covering can increase soil fertility and improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, thereby creating a more favorable environment for plant growth. The slope is protected by a mortar-laid diamond lattice structure and native shrubs and grasses are planted in the lattice, which can not only enhance the stability of the slope, but also provide a suitable growth space for plants. This structure can effectively prevent soil erosion, provide support and protection for the growth of native plants, and promote the rapid recovery and growth of vegetation. The installation of a water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system can achieve precise irrigation and fertilization, and improve the utilization efficiency of water resources and fertilizers. The system can be scientifically regulated according to the water and fertilizer requirements of plants, avoiding the waste of water resources and soil compaction caused by traditional irrigation methods. At the same time, drip irrigation technology can reduce air humidity, reduce the probability of disease and insect pests, and further improve the growth quality of plants and the ecological restoration effect. Finally, by spraying anchor slope protection or building slope support measures, the stability of the slope can be further enhanced, effectively preventing soil erosion, and improving the slope's resistance to weathering and erosion, providing long-term and stable guarantees for ecological restoration.

[0038] The application provided by the present invention, in view of the advantages of the above-mentioned ecological restoration method, provides strong technical support for the ecological restoration of rock mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas, and also provides important guarantee and reference for ecological restoration work after mining in high-altitude areas. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0039] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific implementation methods of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the specific implementation methods or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some implementation methods of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0040] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the process of ecological restoration of rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas;

[0041] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the process of another ecological restoration method for rock mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments.

[0043] Hereinafter, the terms "including", "having" and their cognates, which may be used in various embodiments of the present invention, are intended only to indicate specific features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, components or combinations of the foregoing items, and should not be understood as first excluding the existence of one or more other features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, components or combinations of the foregoing items or adding the possibility of one or more features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, components or combinations of the foregoing items.

[0044] Rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas have the following characteristics:

[0045] 1. Complex geological structure

[0046] Rock mass fragmentation: The rock mass of rock mine slopes in high-altitude areas is usually relatively fragmented, with obvious joints and fissures. This fragmented rock mass structure makes the slope less stable and prone to geological disasters such as collapse and landslides.

[0047] Development of structural planes: There are multiple groups of dominant structural planes in the rock mass. The distribution, combination and density of these structural planes have an important impact on slope stability. For example, a bedding slope may have a local wedge sliding risk because the inclination of the rock layer is opposite to the slope direction.

[0048] 2. Harsh weather conditions

[0049] Cold climate: The temperature in high altitude areas is low, the winter is long and cold, and the summer is short and cool. This climatic condition makes the plant growth cycle short and vegetation recovery difficult.

[0050] Strong wind and sand: The wind is strong in high altitude areas, and wind and sand activities are frequent. This not only has an adverse impact on plant growth, but also aggravates soil erosion.

[0051] 3. Fragile ecological environment

[0052] Poor soil fertility: Soil fertility in high-altitude areas is generally low and difficult to support plant growth. This makes vegetation restoration on mine slopes a great challenge.

[0053] Low vegetation coverage: Due to the cold climate and poor soil, the vegetation coverage in high-altitude areas is low. After mining, the slope vegetation is severely damaged, making ecological restoration difficult.

[0054] 4. Poor slope stability

[0055] High and steep slopes: The slopes of high-altitude mines are usually high and steep with large slopes. Such high and steep slopes have poor stability and are prone to geological disasters under the conditions of complex geological structures and harsh climatic conditions.

[0056] Various instability modes: The instability modes of high-altitude rock mine slopes include dangerous rock collapse, plane sliding, wedge failure, dumping failure and arc sliding failure. The existence of these instability modes makes the stability analysis and management of slopes more complicated.

[0057] Based on this, the present invention provides an ecological restoration method for rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas, such as Figure 1 As shown, the specific steps include:

[0058] S102, leveling the rocky mine slope in the high-altitude ecologically fragile area, and then using imported soil to cover and restore the topography of the rocky mine slope. The high altitude is greater than 4000m.

[0059] Among them, ecologically fragile areas refer to areas where the ecosystem's ability to resist interference is weak, is prone to degradation and difficult to recover.

[0060] In the specific implementation process, the high-altitude rocky mine slopes are first cleaned to remove loose rocks, floating soil, debris and obstacles that may affect subsequent construction. This step helps to eliminate potential geological disasters such as floating stones and collapse. The slope and slope shape are trimmed to achieve a relatively stable state. For example, through measures such as slope cutting and unloading, the slope of the pit slope and the slag mountain slope can be controlled within a reasonable range, such as less than 26°, thereby providing stable site conditions for subsequent ecological restoration.

[0061] Imported soil refers to soil suitable for plant growth that is transported from other places. According to the special environmental conditions of high-altitude ecologically fragile areas, imported soil needs to be carefully formulated to meet the basic needs of vegetation growth. Cover the leveled slope evenly with the imported soil. The thickness of the imported soil covering needs to be determined according to the specific conditions of the slope and the requirements of vegetation restoration. Generally, it is necessary to ensure sufficient thickness to support the growth of plant roots. By covering with imported soil, a layer of soil with fertility and water retention capacity is provided for the slope, thereby restoring the topography of the slope and creating favorable conditions for the growth of vegetation. This helps to improve the ecological environment of the slope and promote the rapid recovery and growth of vegetation.

[0062] The above-mentioned leveling and soil covering measures can effectively improve the soil conditions of rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas, laying the foundation for subsequent vegetation restoration and ecological restoration.

[0063] S104. A diamond-shaped grout structure with mortar-laid stones is provided on the rocky mine slope for protection, and native shrubs and grasses are planted in the grout structure.

[0064] The diamond lattice is built with mortar masonry (such as rough stone or block stone). The diamond lattice can effectively disperse the water flow and reduce the erosion of the slope by rainwater. The thickness of mortar masonry is generally 35cm to 55cm, and the specific thickness can be adjusted according to the stability requirements of the slope and environmental conditions.

[0065] The lattice is embedded 10cm to 30cm into the slope, which can enhance the overall stability of the slope and prevent rock sliding. Drain holes are set in the lattice, usually using PVC pipes with a diameter of not less than 100mm, to drain rainwater from the slope and prevent groundwater infiltration.

[0066] Expansion joints are set up at intervals of 20m to 25m in the lattice protection. The width of the joint is about 2cm and is filled with asphalt hemp tendons and other materials to adapt to the temperature deformation and uneven settlement of the slope.

[0067] Select native shrubs and herbaceous plants that are adapted to local climate and soil conditions. These plants have strong resistance to stress, drought and barrenness, and can grow in harsh environments. Planting native shrubs and grasses can effectively improve the ecological environment of the slope, increase vegetation coverage, and reduce soil erosion. Plant roots can penetrate deep into the soil, enhance the shear strength of the soil, and further improve the stability of the slope. Through the growth and succession of plants, the ecosystem function of the slope can be gradually restored and the ecological balance can be promoted.

[0068] S106. Install a water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system on the rock mine slope.

[0069] The integrated water and fertilizer drip irrigation system is an ecological restoration technology that combines irrigation and fertilization. The system achieves a reasonable combination of water and fertilizer by accurately controlling the amount of irrigation water and fertilizer, improving plant growth efficiency, and reducing soil erosion and environmental pollution. In the ecological restoration of rocky mine slopes, the integrated water and fertilizer drip irrigation system can effectively solve the problems of water shortage and insufficient soil fertility in high-altitude areas, and provide strong support for vegetation restoration.

[0070] S108, finally spraying anchors on the rock mine slope or building slope support to prevent soil erosion.

[0071] Sprayed anchor slope protection is an engineering measure that uses sprayed concrete and anchor rods to reinforce the slope. Its main function is to prevent weathering, erosion and rain scouring of the slope rock mass, thereby improving the stability of the slope.

[0072] Constructing slope support is a comprehensive slope protection measure, which is suitable for areas with severe terrain changes and obvious soil erosion.

[0073] By spraying anchors to protect slopes or building slope supports, we can effectively prevent soil erosion on the slopes of high-altitude rock mines, enhance the stability of the slopes, and provide protection for ecological restoration.

[0074] The ecological restoration method provided by the present invention can effectively improve the soil structure of the slope by leveling the rocky mine slope in the high-altitude ecologically fragile area and using foreign soil to cover and restore the slope landform, thereby providing good basic conditions for subsequent vegetation restoration. Foreign soil covering can increase soil fertility and improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, thereby creating a more favorable environment for plant growth. The slope is protected by a mortar-laid diamond lattice structure and native shrubs and grasses are planted in the lattice, which can not only enhance the stability of the slope, but also provide a suitable growth space for plants. This structure can effectively prevent soil erosion, provide support and protection for the growth of native plants, and promote the rapid recovery and growth of vegetation. The installation of a water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system can achieve precise irrigation and fertilization, and improve the utilization efficiency of water resources and fertilizers. The system can be scientifically regulated according to the water and fertilizer requirements of plants, avoiding the waste of water resources and soil compaction caused by traditional irrigation methods. At the same time, drip irrigation technology can reduce air humidity, reduce the probability of disease and insect pests, and further improve the growth quality of plants and the ecological restoration effect. Finally, by spraying anchor slope protection or building slope support measures, the stability of the slope can be further enhanced, effectively preventing soil erosion, and improving the slope's resistance to weathering and erosion, providing long-term and stable guarantees for ecological restoration.

[0075] In another embodiment of the present invention, an ecological restoration method for rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas, such as Figure 2 As shown, the following steps are included:

[0076] S202, clearing the piled rocks on the rock mine slope, and trimming the uneven slope caused by excavation, occupation and collapse to make it flat.

[0077] S204. In an area with good vegetation growth near the rocky mine slope, peel off the turf and cover it on the rocky mine slope; wherein the thickness of the turf is ≥30 cm.

[0078] Furthermore, in the area with good vegetation growth, the soil texture is sandy soil to loamy clay, the effective soil layer thickness is ≥10cm, and the soil bulk density is ≤1.5g / m 3 , gravel content ≤ 50%, pH value 6.0 ~ 8.5, organic matter ≥ 0.3%.

[0079] It should be noted that the soil texture is sandy to loamy clay, which means that the particle composition of the soil is between sandy and loamy clay, covering various soil texture types in the continuous range from sandy to loamy clay.

[0080] The specific process of stripping turf is to strip turf from areas with good vegetation growth near the mining area to a thickness of more than 30 cm, and then pile up the stripped turf. Subsequently, maintenance measures are implemented on the turf to ensure that it can play a good role in vegetation restoration when it is used for mine slope coverage in the future.

[0081] Specific maintenance measures include: regular watering, once every two weeks, using sprinkler irrigation; applying organic fertilizer, using microbial fertilizer and organic farmyard manure in a ratio of 1:10, evenly spreading it on the turf surface after turf mowing or before the vigorous growth period, and using sprinkler irrigation or natural rainfall to integrate it into the soil to promote turf growth. Through the above measures, healthy and well-growing turf resources are provided for the ecological restoration of the mine slope.

[0082] S206. On the rocky mine slope, mortar masonry is used to build diamond-shaped units and connect them to each other, with a side length of 1.5 to 2.5 m and a thickness of 0.35 to 0.55 m, to obtain diamond-shaped lattice protection; and native shrubs and grasses are planted in the diamond-shaped lattice;

[0083] Among them, the native shrubs and grasses include at least one of Elymus nutans, Elymus ovatus, Artemisia alpina, Sand-fixing grass, Poa annua and Artemisia selengensis.

[0084] The construction is carried out using the mortar method. First, a layer of cement mortar is laid on the foundation or the lower layer of stones. The grade of the cement mortar is M7.5 to M10. Then the stones are placed on the mortar, and it is ensured that the gaps between the stones are filled tightly with the mortar.

[0085] S208, setting a high-level water storage tank at the top of the rocky mine slope, and then setting a water supply network in the rocky mine slope area, wherein drippers or drip irrigation pipes are set in the water supply network to drip water or liquid organic fertilizer into the soil in the form of drops.

[0086] The water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system installed on the rock mine slope adopts polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene pipes for its drip irrigation pipe system, wherein the main pipe diameter is 40-60mm, the branch pipe diameter is 20-30mm, and the gross pipe diameter is 10-15mm. The branch pipes are connected by three-way or four-way pipe fittings, and the distance between the branch pipes is controlled at 10-30m. The gross pipes are connected to the branch pipes by bypass pipe fittings, and the distance between the drippers on the gross pipes is 0.5-1m. The irrigation method is drip irrigation, and the irrigation frequency is once every 5-7 days, and each irrigation time is 30-60 minutes.

[0087] Liquid organic fertilizers use urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate with good water solubility, and the concentration is controlled between 0.1% and 0.5%. They need to be stirred evenly before use. The timing of fertilization is controlled to be 10 to 15 minutes after the start of drip irrigation, and the frequency of fertilization is consistent with the frequency of irrigation. Through the above configuration and operation steps, the drip irrigation system can efficiently provide water and nutrients for vegetation on the slopes of mines, promote vegetation growth, reduce water waste and environmental pollution, and improve the effect of ecological restoration.

[0088] S210, spraying and anchoring the slope surface of the rock mine or constructing slope support to prevent soil erosion.

[0089] Sprayed anchor slope protection is suitable for loose slope conditions, specifically S2102, anchor rod construction is carried out on the slope surface of the rock mine slope, and then concrete is sprayed to form the first concrete layer; after the first layer of concrete has initially set, the steel mesh is laid on the slope surface and firmly connected to the anchor rod; concrete is continued to be sprayed to form the second concrete layer, ensuring that the steel mesh is completely wrapped by concrete to form an overall sprayed anchor support structure.

[0090] In the specific implementation process, the spray anchor slope protection is carried out according to the following process:

[0091] Anchor construction: HRB400 grade steel anchors with a diameter of 25mm are used, and the horizontal and vertical spacing of the anchors are both 2m. The length of a single anchor is 6 to 9m, and the inclination of the anchor is 20°. Drill holes according to design requirements. The diameter of the drill hole should match the diameter of the anchor, and ensure that the drilling depth meets the anchor length requirements. Insert the anchor into the drill hole and anchor the anchor with suitable anchoring materials (such as cement mortar or anchoring agent) to ensure sufficient bonding strength between the anchor and the rock mass.

[0092] Steel mesh construction: Steel mesh is made of 8mm diameter steel bars, and the mesh spacing of the steel mesh is generally 20cm. The steel mesh should be tied or welded according to the design requirements, the steel bars should be overlapped in both directions, the overlap length should meet the requirements of relevant specifications, and double-sided welding should be used to ensure that the steel mesh is firmly connected. The steel mesh should be firmly connected to the anchor rod to ensure that the steel mesh can cooperate with the anchor rod to bear force during the shotcrete process.

[0093] Shotcrete construction: Use C25 concrete for shotcrete construction. First, spray the first layer of concrete with a thickness of 3 to 4 cm to form a preliminary protective layer and provide support for the laying of the steel mesh. After the first layer of concrete has initially set, lay the steel mesh on the slope and firmly connect it to the anchor rod. Shotcrete the second layer of concrete to a designed thickness of 10 to 15 cm to ensure that the steel mesh is completely wrapped by concrete to form an integral spray-anchor support structure. During the shotcrete process, the spraying speed and distance should be controlled to ensure the uniformity and density of the concrete while avoiding excessive impact on the slope.

[0094] or,

[0095] For slope areas where the surface topography has changed seriously, slope support is constructed. Specifically: S2104, the rock mine slope is repaired, and then frame beams, retaining walls and anchor rods are set up, and then concrete is sprayed to form the first concrete layer; after the first layer of concrete is initially set, the steel mesh is laid on the slope surface and firmly connected to the anchor rods; the second concrete layer is continued to be sprayed to ensure that the steel mesh is completely wrapped by concrete to form an overall slope support.

[0096] In the specific implementation process, the slope support is constructed according to the following process:

[0097] Slope cleaning and trimming: Clean the slope surface, remove loose rocks, debris and loose soil, and ensure the slope is flat. Perform local trimming on areas where the surface topography has changed seriously to restore the original surface water collection conditions and landscape form.

[0098] Anchor construction: Use HRB400 grade steel anchor with a diameter of 25mm, the length of a single anchor is 3-4m, and the anchor spacing is not less than 1.5m. Drill holes according to design requirements, the drilling depth should meet the anchor length requirements, and ensure that the drilling direction is consistent with the inclination of the slope. Insert the anchor into the drilled hole and anchor the anchor with suitable anchoring materials (such as cement mortar or anchoring agent) to ensure sufficient bonding strength between the anchor and the rock mass.

[0099] Steel mesh construction: Steel mesh is made of steel bars with a diameter of 8 to 10 mm, and the mesh spacing is generally 20 to 30 cm. The steel mesh should be firmly connected to the anchor rod to ensure that it can be coordinated during the shotcrete process.

[0100] Shotcrete construction: Use C25 grade concrete for spraying construction, with a spraying thickness of 6 to 10 cm. When spraying concrete, the spraying speed and spraying distance should be controlled to ensure the uniformity and density of the concrete, while avoiding excessive impact on the slope.

[0101] In a second aspect, the present invention provides the application of the ecological restoration method in the restoration of rock mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas.

[0102] The application provided by the present invention, in view of the advantages of the above-mentioned ecological restoration method, provides strong technical support for the ecological restoration of rock mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas, and also provides important guarantee and reference for ecological restoration work after mining in high-altitude areas.

[0103] Application Examples

[0104] In 2021, ecological restoration was carried out on the mine slope of the JM Copper Metal Mine Tongqianshan Mining Field (hereinafter referred to as JM-TQ) in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China (4300-4800m above sea level). The specific process is as follows:

[0105] 1. Clean up the piled rocks on the slope of the JM-TQ mine, and trim the uneven slope caused by excavation, occupation and collapse to make it flat.

[0106] 2. In the area with good vegetation growth near the slope of JM-TQ mine, the soil texture in this area is light loam or sandy loam, the effective soil layer thickness is about 65cm, and the soil bulk density is 1.2-1.5g / m 3 , gravel content is about 15%, pH value is about 4.9-6.6, and organic matter content is about 12-22%. The thickness of the peeled turf is about 30cm and is synchronously covered on the JM-TQ mine slope to be repaired.

[0107] 3. On the slope of the JM-TQ mine, a layer of cement mortar is laid on the foundation or lower layer of stones, and the grade of the cement mortar is M7.5; then the stones are placed on the mortar, and it is ensured that the gaps between the stones are densely filled with mortar, and the diamond units are built and connected to each other. The side length is set to 2m, and the thickness of the mortar masonry is 0.5m to obtain diamond lattice protection; sand-fixing grass is planted in the diamond lattice.

[0108] 4. Set up a high-level water reservoir at the top of the JM-TQ mine slope to store irrigation water. Then, lay a water supply network in the slope area, which consists of pipes of different diameters, including a main pipe with a diameter of 50mm, a branch pipe with a diameter of 25mm, and a gross pipe with a diameter of 15mm. The main pipe is responsible for transporting water from the high-level water reservoir to the slope, the branch pipe is laid longitudinally along the slope, and the gross pipe is led out from the branch pipe and penetrates into the vegetation area of ​​the slope. The branch pipes are connected by three-way or four-way pipe fittings, and the spacing is controlled at 20m. The gross pipe is connected to the branch pipe through a bypass pipe fitting, and the spacing between the drippers on the gross pipe is 1m. The dripper or drip irrigation pipe is installed on the gross pipe to accurately drip water or liquid organic fertilizer into the soil in the form of drops, directly reaching the roots of the plants.

[0109] 5. The spray anchor slope protection was carried out on the slope surface of the JM-TQ mine. HRB400 grade steel anchor rods with a diameter of 25mm were used. The horizontal and vertical spacing of the anchor rods were both 2m. The length of a single anchor rod was 7m, and the inclination angle of the anchor rod was 20°. The anchor rod was inserted into the drilled hole and anchored with cement mortar.

[0110] The steel mesh is made of 8mm diameter steel bars, and the mesh spacing of the steel mesh is 20cm. The steel mesh should be tied or welded according to the design requirements, the steel bars should be overlapped in both directions, the overlap length should meet the requirements of relevant specifications, and double-sided welding should be used to ensure the connection of the steel mesh is firm.

[0111] First, the first layer of concrete spraying is carried out with C25 concrete, with a spraying thickness of about 3.5cm, to form a preliminary protective layer and provide support for the laying of the steel mesh. After the first layer of concrete is initially set, the steel mesh is laid on the slope and firmly connected to the anchor rod. The second layer of concrete spraying is carried out, and the concrete is sprayed to the designed thickness of 13cm to ensure that the steel mesh is completely wrapped by concrete to form an overall sprayed anchor support structure.

[0112] 6. After the above process is completed, the sand-fixing grass is maintained by drip irrigation once every 7 days, and each irrigation time is 45 minutes. Liquid organic fertilizer uses urea with a mass concentration of 0.3%. The fertilization time is controlled within 5 minutes after the start of drip irrigation, and the fertilization frequency is consistent with the irrigation frequency.

[0113] In 2023, the ecological restoration results of the JM-TQ mine were statistically analyzed, and the original landforms of the damaged mine slopes were basically restored, meeting the requirements for shrub and grass planting. After the restoration, the mine slope treatment rate reached more than 95%, the slope vegetation coverage rate exceeded 40%, and shrub and grass crops were able to grow. The integrated water and fertilizer drip irrigation system can increase the fertilizer utilization rate by more than 30% and the water resource utilization by more than 40%. The overall control of soil erosion reached at least 88%.

[0114] Finally, it should be noted that the above-described embodiments are only specific implementations of the present invention, which are used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit them. The protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the above-described embodiments, ordinary technicians in the field should understand that any technician familiar with the technical field can still modify the technical solutions recorded in the above-described embodiments within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, or can easily think of changes, or make equivalent replacements for some of the technical features therein; and these modifications, changes or replacements do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, and should be included in the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be based on the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for ecological restoration of rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Leveling the rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas, and then using imported soil to cover and restore the topography of the rocky mine slopes; The rocky mine slope is protected by a diamond-shaped mortar-laid stone lattice structure, and native shrubs and grasses are planted in the lattice structure; Installing a water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system on the rocky mine slope; Finally, the rock mine slope is sprayed with anchors for slope protection or slope support is constructed to prevent soil erosion; Wherein, the high altitude has an altitude of more than 4000m.

2. The ecological restoration method according to claim 1, characterized in that: Leveling of rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas, including: The rock piles on the rock mine slope are cleaned up, and the uneven parts of the slope caused by excavation, occupation and collapse are repaired to make it flat.

3. The ecological restoration method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The landform of the rock mine slope is restored by covering with imported soil, including: In the area with good vegetation growth near the rocky mine slope, the turf is peeled off and covered on the rocky mine slope; Wherein, the thickness of the turf is ≥30cm.

4. The ecological restoration method according to claim 3, characterized in that: In the area with good vegetation growth, the soil texture is sandy soil to loamy clay, the effective soil layer thickness is ≥10cm, and the soil bulk density is ≤1.5g / m 3 , gravel content ≤ 50%, pH value 6.0 ~ 8.5, organic matter ≥ 0.3%.

5. The ecological restoration method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The rocky mine slope is protected by a diamond lattice structure with mortar masonry, and native shrubs and grasses are planted in the lattice, including: On the rocky mine slope, mortar masonry is used to build diamond-shaped units and connect them to each other, with a side length of 1.5 to 2.5 m and a mortar masonry thickness of 0.35 to 0.55 m, to obtain diamond lattice protection; native shrubs and grasses are planted in the diamond lattice; Among them, the native shrubs and grasses include at least one of Elymus nutans, Elymus ovatus, Artemisia alpina, Sand-fixing grass, Poa annua and Artemisia selengensis.

6. The ecological restoration method according to claim 1, characterized in that: A water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system is installed on the rocky mine slope, including: A high-position water storage tank is arranged at the top of the rocky mine slope, and then a water supply network is arranged in the rocky mine slope area. A dripper or a drip irrigation pipe is arranged in the water supply network to drip water or liquid organic fertilizer into the soil in the form of drops.

7. The ecological restoration method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The spray anchor slope protection comprises: Anchor rod construction is carried out on the slope surface of the rock mine, and then concrete is sprayed to form a first concrete layer; after the first layer of concrete has initially set, a steel mesh is laid on the slope surface and firmly connected to the anchor rod; concrete is continued to be sprayed to form a second concrete layer, ensuring that the steel mesh is completely wrapped by concrete to form an integral sprayed anchor support structure.

8. The ecological restoration method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The slope support construction includes: The rock mine slope surface is trimmed, frame beams, retaining walls and anchor rods are set up, and then concrete is sprayed to form a first concrete layer; after the first layer of concrete has initially set, a steel mesh is laid on the slope surface and firmly connected to the anchor rods; concrete is continued to be sprayed to form a second concrete layer, ensuring that the steel mesh is completely wrapped by concrete to form an overall slope support.

9. The ecological restoration method according to claim 6, characterized in that: The liquid organic fertilizer includes urea aqueous solution or potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution; Preferably, the concentration of the liquid organic fertilizer is 0.1-0.5wt%.

10. Use of the ecological restoration method according to any one of claims 1 to 9 in the restoration of rocky mine slopes in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas.

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