Protective collection method for wild truffles

Abstract

The invention relates to a protective collection method for wild truffles, and belongs to the technical field of truffle collection. The method comprises the steps of collecting time selection, collecting tool selection, collecting place selection, truffle digging, fresh keeping after harvesting and the like. According to the method, mushroom pond damage and resource exhaustion caused by disordered mining and rotten digging of the wild truffles are avoided. By positioning the growth environment of the truffles, the efficiency of collecting the truffles in the field can be improved, and the protection of the truffle fungus pond is also emphasized in the collecting process, so that the soil looseness and air permeability of the fungus pond after scientific collection are improved, the fungus pond is protected and expanded year by year, and the yield of truffle sporocarp is improved year by year.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of truffle collection, and particularly relates to a protective collection method for wild truffles. Background Art

[0002] Truffle (scientific name: Truffle), trade name truffle, common name wood black (Nu tribe), pig arch fungus, pine fuling, is a kind of precious underground edible fungus. Truffle contains rich protein, 18 kinds of amino acids (including 8 essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body), unsaturated fatty acids, multiple vitamins, zinc, manganese, iron, calcium, phosphorus, selenium and other essential trace elements, as well as a large number of metabolites such as sphingolipids, cerebrosides, ceramides, triterpenes, androstenone, adenosine, truffle acid, sterols, truffle polysaccharides, truffle polypeptides, etc., and has extremely high nutritional and health value. Among them, androstenone has significant effects of promoting yang and regulating endocrine; sphingolipid compounds have obvious activity in preventing Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis and anti-tumor cell toxicity; polysaccharides, polypeptides, and triterpenes have the effects of enhancing immunity, anti-aging, anti-fatigue, etc., and can be used for health care.

[0003] China's truffle resources are mainly distributed in the Jinsha River basin and karst landform areas, with Gongshan County and Lanping County of Nujiang Prefecture in Yunnan Province, Yongsheng County and Huaping County of Lijiang City, Yongren County, Nanhua County and Wuding County of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Luliang County and Huize County of Qujing City, Shilin County of Kunming City, and Panzhihua City in Sichuan as the main production areas. Truffles produced in these areas account for more than 60% of China's total black truffle production.

[0004] On the one hand, truffles grow in a unique underground environment and their production is extremely rare, making it very difficult to collect wild truffles. Many people may go up the mountain to collect for a whole day but may not get any. On the other hand, due to the lack of knowledge and popularization of truffle biology, driven by economic interests, the phenomenon of predatory and random digging and collection has become more and more serious. Unscientific digging and collection methods cut off the symbiotic mycorrhizal (mycorrhizal) structure formed by the exchange of special nutrients between truffles and the young roots of symbiotic plants, and at the same time cause devastating damage to the soil environment for the growth and development of truffles. The output of truffle resources has decreased by 5-10% per year.

[0005] Therefore, how to overcome the shortcomings of the existing technology is an urgent problem to be solved in the field of truffle collection technology. Summary of the invention

[0006] The purpose of the invention is to solve the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a protective collection method for wild truffles.

[0007] To achieve the above purpose, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows: A protective collection method for wild truffles comprises the following steps: Step 1: Select the collection time: The collection period for wild truffles in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces is from the beginning of winter to February of the following year; The collection time in Hebei Province and Shandong Province is from early November to mid-December each year; The harvesting standard is that truffles with a maturity of 95% or more are considered mature truffles; Step 2: Select the collection tool: Select rake tools for collection; Step 3: Select the collection location: First, select a forest with at least one tree species of Pinus yunnanensis, Pinus armandii, Platycarya philadelphica, Quercus hupensis, Quercus sylvestris, Castanea mollissima, Hazelnut, Populus yunnanensis, and Cyclobalanopsis yunnanensis; then find an area with a burn circle or an area with indicator plants in the forest as a collection site; Step 4: Truffle harvesting: Choose a collection site with loose soil for excavation; if the soil at the collection site is compacted, do not excavate and move to the next collection site for excavation; During trial digging, if the collection site is a new mushroom pond, the digging depth should be less than or equal to 5 cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond in the second year, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 10cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond that is more than three years old, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 20cm; The root system of the tree must not be damaged during the excavation process; after excavation, the excavated soil must be backfilled; Step 5: Post-harvest preservation: If there is no refrigeration condition, place the truffles on moist soil in the vegetable field after collection, and spread 5cm to 6cm thick moss on top of the truffles; When refrigeration conditions are available, keep fresh at 1-4℃; or quickly freeze and then freeze at -17℃ to -22℃.

[0008] Furthermore, in step one, the specific method for detecting maturity is: using a microscope to observe and detect the number of mature truffle ascospores / the number of truffle ascospores being detected × 100% ≥ 95%.

[0009] Further, in step 2, the rake tools include tooth rakes and spike rakes.

[0010] Further, in step three, the indicator plant in Yunnan Province is the Morus alba or the Torch Fruit Tree.

[0011] Furthermore, in step three, in Yunnan Province, a collection site between 1700-2500 meters above sea level is selected for truffle harvesting.

[0012] Further, the method further comprises the following steps: Judging the truffle production situation of old mushroom ponds: (1) When the burnt circle of the old mushroom pond disappears completely and weeds grow luxuriantly on the pond, no more harvesting is done; after 2 to 5 years, when the pond recovers itself and a new burnt circle appears, harvesting is done again; (2) If the age of the pine trees in the old mushroom pond is 8 to 30 years, then they will be harvested; otherwise, they will not be harvested; (3) If the old pond is a truffle pond of the Platycodon grandiflorum tree, truffles can be collected once a year; or after three consecutive years of collection, the pond can be left to recover on its own for three years before truffles can be collected again; (4) After the soil in the old mushroom pond turns into clay, it is no longer harvested.

[0013] The present invention carries out protective collection according to the biological characteristics of wild truffles, which can not only reasonably develop and utilize truffle resources, but also make the wild truffles gifted by nature truly used by humans. Moreover, the protective collection is based on the microenvironment of the fungus pond that does not destroy the growth of truffle mycelium. The collection process is equivalent to the process of loosening the soil and expanding the fungus pond, and after collection, more and more wild truffles can be collected. The method of the present invention is gradually summarized in more than 20 years of long-term scientific research practice, and it is indeed feasible after personal practice. It belongs to original technology and no relevant reports have been found.

[0014] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) The present invention starts from the suitable environment for truffle growth and locates plants that can form symbiotic mycorrhizae with truffles, because only plants that can form symbiotic mycorrhizae with truffles can produce truffle fruiting bodies. Then, based on the unique sign of truffle growth, the "burnt circle" and indicator plants, a comprehensive analysis is made to determine the mushroom pond where truffles grow. Compared with randomly searching for truffles without any scientific basis, the efficiency of this method is at least 90% higher; (2) Currently, most people engaged in collecting truffles in the wild are local farmers, and a small number are scientific researchers. Farmers do not understand the biological characteristics of truffles, nor do they know the measures for protective collection. They often carry hoes to collect truffles everywhere, and start collecting immature truffles in August and September, which cuts off the symbiotic mycorrhizae of the truffles and turns the soil of the mushroom pond where a large amount of mycelium grows upside down, resulting in extinction-style collection. After the mushroom pond has been dug, truffles will no longer grow in the next year. The protective collection method of the present invention limits the collection time to ensure that the collected truffles are mature, limits the collection tools to ensure that the symbiotic mycorrhizae are not cut as much as possible, and backfills the pond soil after collection to ensure that the mushroom pond is not devastated. It is a sustainable scientific collection method; (3) The method of the present invention can scientifically judge whether the mushroom pond produces truffles based on the surface environment and soil morphology, thereby preventing the mushroom pond from being damaged by ineffective collection during the recovery period, which would affect its recovery speed. In addition, since most of the people who collect wild truffles are farmers and do not have low-temperature preservation conditions, an effective method for short-term preservation is provided to ensure that the truffles collected with great effort will not rot quickly and cause losses. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the morphology of the skin and flesh of a mature black truffle; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the observation of a typical wild truffle growth environment; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the truffle pond fire circle; Figure 4 Schematic diagram of soil organic matter mold. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] The present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with embodiments.

[0017] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the following examples are only used to illustrate the present invention and should not be considered to limit the scope of the present invention. If no specific techniques or conditions are specified in the examples, the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the art or the product specifications are used. If the manufacturer of the materials or equipment used is not specified, they are all conventional products that can be purchased.

[0018] Example 1

[0019] A protective collection method for wild truffles comprises the following steps: Step 1: Select the collection time: The collection period for wild truffles in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces is from the beginning of winter to February of the following year; The collection time in Hebei Province and Shandong Province is from early November to mid-December each year; The harvesting standard is that truffles with a maturity of 95% or more are considered mature truffles; Step 2: Select the collection tool: Select rake tools for collection; Step 3: Select the collection location: First, select a forest with Yunnan pine; then look for areas with burn circles or indicator plants in the forest as collection sites; Step 4: Truffle harvesting: Choose a collection site with loose soil for excavation; if the soil at the collection site is compacted, do not excavate and move to the next collection site for excavation; During trial digging, if the collection site is a new mushroom pond, the digging depth should be less than or equal to 5 cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond in the second year, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 10cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond that is more than three years old, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 20cm; The root system of the tree must not be damaged during the excavation process; after excavation, the excavated soil must be backfilled; Step 5: Post-harvest preservation: If there is no refrigeration condition, place the truffles on moist soil in the vegetable field after collection, and spread 5cm to 5.5cm thick moss on top of the truffles; When refrigeration conditions are available, keep fresh at 1-4℃; or quickly freeze and then freeze at -17℃ to -22℃.

[0020] Example 2

[0021] A protective collection method for wild truffles comprises the following steps: Step 1: Select the collection time: The collection period for wild truffles in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces is from the beginning of winter to February of the following year; The collection time in Hebei Province and Shandong Province is from early November to mid-December each year; The harvesting standard is that truffles with a maturity of 95% or more are considered mature truffles; Step 2: Select the collection tool: Select rake tools for collection; Step 3: Select the collection location: First, we selected forests with Armand pine, Platycodon grandiflorus, and Quercus ovata; then we searched for areas with burn circles or indicator plants in the forests as the collection sites; Step 4: Truffle harvesting: Choose a collection site with loose soil for excavation; if the soil at the collection site is compacted, do not excavate and move to the next collection site for excavation; During trial digging, if the collection site is a new mushroom pond, the digging depth should be less than or equal to 5 cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond in the second year, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 10cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond that is more than three years old, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 20cm; The root system of the tree must not be damaged during the excavation process; after excavation, the excavated soil must be backfilled; Step 5: Post-harvest preservation: If there is no refrigeration condition, place the truffles on moist soil in the vegetable field after collection, and spread 5.5cm to 6cm thick moss on top of the truffles; When refrigeration conditions are available, keep fresh at 1-4℃; or quickly freeze and then freeze at -17℃ to -22℃.

[0022] Example 3

[0023] A protective collection method for wild truffles comprises the following steps: Step 1: Select the collection time: The collection period for wild truffles in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces is from the beginning of winter to February of the following year; The collection time in Hebei Province and Shandong Province is from early November to mid-December each year; The harvesting standard is that truffles with a maturity of 95% or more are considered mature truffles; Step 2: Select the collection tool: Select rake tools for collection; Step 3: Select the collection location: First, we selected forests with Quercus sylvestris, Chinese chestnut, hazelnut, Populus yunnanensis and Cyclobalanopsis yunnanensis. Then, we searched for areas with burn circles or indicator plants in the forests as the collection sites. Step 4: Truffle harvesting: Choose a collection site with loose soil for excavation; if the soil at the collection site is compacted, do not excavate and move to the next collection site for excavation; During trial digging, if the collection site is a new mushroom pond, the digging depth should be less than or equal to 5 cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond in the second year, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 10cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond that is more than three years old, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 20cm; The root system of the tree must not be damaged during the excavation process; after excavation, the excavated soil must be backfilled; Step 5: Post-harvest preservation: If there is no refrigeration condition, place the truffles on moist soil in the vegetable field after collection, and spread 5.2cm to 5.8cm thick moss on top of the truffles; When refrigeration conditions are available, keep fresh at 1-4℃; or quickly freeze and then freeze at -17℃ to -22℃.

[0024] Example 4

[0025] A protective collection method for wild truffles comprises the following steps: Step 1: Select the collection time: The collection period for wild truffles in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces is from the beginning of winter to February of the following year; The collection time in Hebei Province and Shandong Province is from early November to mid-December each year; The harvesting standard is that truffles with a maturity of 95% or more are considered mature truffles; Step 2: Select the collection tool: Select rake tools for collection; Step 3: Select the collection location: First, we selected forests with Yunnan pine, Armand pine, and Platycarya philadelphica. Then, we searched for areas with burn circles or indicator plants in the forests as the collection sites. Step 4: Truffle harvesting: Choose a collection site with loose soil for excavation; if the soil at the collection site is compacted, do not excavate and move to the next collection site for excavation; During trial digging, if the collection site is a new mushroom pond, the digging depth should be less than or equal to 5 cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond in the second year, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 10cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond that is more than three years old, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 20cm; The root system of the tree must not be damaged during the excavation process; after excavation, the excavated soil must be backfilled; Step 5: Post-harvest preservation: If there is no refrigeration condition, place the truffles on moist soil in the vegetable field after collection, and spread 5cm to 6cm thick moss on top of the truffles; When refrigeration conditions are available, keep fresh at 1-4℃; or quickly freeze and then freeze at -17℃ to -22℃.

[0026] In step 1, the specific method for detecting maturity is: using a microscope to observe and detect the number of ascospores of mature truffles / the number of ascospores of the truffle being tested × 100% ≥ 95%.

[0027] In step 2, the rake tools include tooth rakes and spike rakes.

[0028] In step three, the indicator plant in Yunnan Province is Morus alba.

[0029] In step three, in Yunnan Province, select a collection site between 1,700 and 2,000 meters above sea level for truffle harvesting.

[0030] The following steps are also included: Judging the truffle production situation of old mushroom ponds: (1) When the burnt circle of the old mushroom pond disappears completely and weeds grow luxuriantly on the pond, no more harvesting is done; after 2 to 5 years, when the pond recovers itself and a new burnt circle appears, harvesting is done again; (2) If the age of the pine trees in the old mushroom pond is 8 to 30 years, then they will be harvested; otherwise, they will not be harvested; (3) If the old pond is a truffle pond of the Platycodon grandiflorum tree, truffles can be collected once a year; or after three consecutive years of collection, the pond can be left to recover on its own for three years before truffles can be collected again; (4) After the soil in the old mushroom pond turns into clay, it is no longer harvested.

[0031] Example 5

[0032] A protective collection method for wild truffles comprises the following steps: Step 1: Select the collection time: The collection period for wild truffles in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces is from the beginning of winter to February of the following year; The collection time in Hebei Province and Shandong Province is from early November to mid-December each year; The harvesting standard is that truffles with a maturity of 95% or more are considered mature truffles; Step 2: Select the collection tool: Select rake tools for collection; Step 3: Select the collection location: First, we selected forests with Armand pine, Platycodon grandiflorus, and Quercus ovata; then we searched for areas with burn circles or indicator plants in the forests as the collection sites; Step 4: Truffle harvesting: Choose a collection site with loose soil for excavation; if the soil at the collection site is compacted, do not excavate and move to the next collection site for excavation; During trial digging, if the collection site is a new mushroom pond, the digging depth should be less than or equal to 5 cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond in the second year, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 10cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond that is more than three years old, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 20cm; The root system of the tree must not be damaged during the excavation process; after excavation, the excavated soil must be backfilled; Step 5: Post-harvest preservation: If there is no refrigeration condition, place the truffles on moist soil in the vegetable field after collection, and spread 5.2cm to 5.8cm thick moss on top of the truffles; When refrigeration conditions are available, keep fresh at 1-4℃; or quickly freeze and then freeze at -17℃ to -22℃.

[0033] In step 1, the specific method for detecting maturity is: using a microscope to observe and detect the number of ascospores of mature truffles / the number of ascospores of the truffle being tested × 100% ≥ 95%.

[0034] In step 2, the rake tools include tooth rakes and spike rakes.

[0035] In step three, the indicator plant in Yunnan Province is the torch fruit tree.

[0036] In step three, in Yunnan Province, select a collection site between 2000-2500 meters above sea level for truffle harvesting.

[0037] The following steps are also included: Judging the truffle production situation of old mushroom ponds: (1) When the burnt circle of the old mushroom pond disappears completely and weeds grow luxuriantly on the pond, no more harvesting is done; after 2 to 5 years, when the pond recovers itself and a new burnt circle appears, harvesting is done again; (2) If the age of the pine trees in the old mushroom pond is 8 to 30 years, then they will be harvested; otherwise, they will not be harvested; (3) If the old pond is a truffle pond of the Platycodon grandiflorum tree, truffles can be collected once a year; or after three consecutive years of collection, the pond can be left to recover on its own for three years before truffles can be collected again; (4) After the soil in the old mushroom pond turns into clay, it is no longer harvested.

[0038] Example 6

[0039] A protective collection method for wild truffles comprises the following steps: Step 1: Select the collection time: The collection period for wild truffles in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces is from the beginning of winter to February of the following year; The collection time in Hebei Province and Shandong Province is from early November to mid-December each year; The harvesting standard is that truffles with a maturity of 95% or more are considered mature truffles; Step 2: Select the collection tool: Select rake tools for collection; Step 3: Select the collection location: First, we selected forests with pine, philadelphus truncatula, poplar and Cyclobalanopsis yunnanensis. Then we searched for areas with burn circles or indicator plants as the collection sites. Step 4: Truffle harvesting: Choose a collection site with loose soil for excavation; if the soil at the collection site is compacted, do not excavate and move to the next collection site for excavation; During trial digging, if the collection site is a new mushroom pond, the digging depth should be less than or equal to 5 cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond in the second year, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 10cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond that is more than three years old, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 20cm; The root system of the tree must not be damaged during the excavation process; after excavation, the excavated soil must be backfilled; Step 5: Post-harvest preservation: If there is no refrigeration condition, place the truffles on moist soil in the vegetable field after collection, and spread 5cm to 6cm thick moss on top of the truffles; When refrigeration conditions are available, keep fresh at 1-4℃; or quickly freeze and then freeze at -17℃ to -22℃.

[0040] In step 1, the specific method for detecting maturity is: using a microscope to observe and detect the number of ascospores of mature truffles / the number of ascospores of the truffle being tested × 100% ≥ 95%.

[0041] In step 2, the rake tools include tooth rakes and spike rakes.

[0042] In step three, the indicator plant in Yunnan Province is the torch fruit tree.

[0043] In step three, in Yunnan Province, select a collection site between 1,700 and 2,500 meters above sea level for truffle harvesting.

[0044] The following steps are also included: Judging the truffle production situation of old mushroom ponds: (1) When the burnt circle of the old mushroom pond disappears completely and weeds grow luxuriantly on the pond, no more harvesting is done; after 2 to 5 years, when the pond recovers itself and a new burnt circle appears, harvesting is done again; (2) If the age of the pine trees in the old mushroom pond is 8 to 30 years, then they will be harvested; otherwise, they will not be harvested; (3) If the old pond is a truffle pond of the Platycodon grandiflorum tree, truffles can be collected once a year; or after three consecutive years of collection, the pond can be left to recover on its own for three years before truffles can be collected again; (4) After the soil in the old mushroom pond turns into clay, it is no longer harvested.

[0045] Application Examples A protective collection method for wild truffles comprises the following steps: 1. Collection time selection: The collection period for wild truffles in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces is from the beginning of winter to February of the following year; The collection time in Hebei Province and Shandong Province is from early November to mid-December each year; The harvesting standard is that truffles with a maturity of 95% or more are mature truffles.

[0046] According to the biological characteristics of wild truffles, truffles in the northern region gradually mature after November, while truffles in the southwest region mature after the beginning of winter. Yunnan has late rains and late temperature drops, so truffles mature 1 to 2 months later than other places in China. Truffles will gradually mature after the temperature drops.

[0047] Note: Maturity can be roughly judged by visual observation and nose smell. The skin of mature black truffles is rough, dark brown in color, with tumor-like protrusions similar to lychee skin. When the truffle flesh is cut open, the mature truffle is black with light yellow to white textures, resembling clear and beautiful marble patterns (see Figure 1 ). Mature truffles contain more volatile components and have a strong aroma. Accurate judgment requires observation under a microscope, and the number of ascospores in mature truffles / the number of ascospores in the truffle being tested × 100% ≥ 95%.

[0048] 2. Selection of collection tools: Use rake-type tools such as toothed rakes and spiked rakes for collection. Do not use destructive tools such as hoes and small excavators for collection.

[0049] 3. Selection of collection sites: There are a small number of wild truffles distributed above 1,000 meters above sea level in Yunnan Province and surrounding provinces such as Sichuan and Guizhou, but a large number of wild truffles are distributed between 1,700 and 2,500 meters. The altitudes of other provinces are not used as a reference.

[0050] Collection environment judgment (see Figure 2 ): (1) Look at the tree species. Observe the trees in the mountains and forests at suitable altitudes to see if there are any species that are easy to form mycorrhiza with truffles, such as Yunnan pine, Armand pine, Platycodon grandiflorus, Quercus sutchuenensis, Quercus sutchuenensis, chestnut, hazelnut, Populus yunnanensis, and Cyclobalanopsis yunnanensis. If there are none, change to another mountain for observation. If there are, observe further. Among them, Yunnan pine, Armand pine, Platycodon grandiflorus, and Quercus sutchuenensis are the most important. Mountains and forests with these four trees or with these four trees as the main tree species need to be paid special attention. Not only should the area around the trees be observed, but also the area 50 meters away from the trees that are more than 20 years old should be observed. Wild truffles can grow anywhere that the roots of pine or Platycodon grandiflorus can reach. Truffles have been dug up at a distance of up to 50 to 60 meters.

[0051] (2) Look for the burn circle. Observe the ground conditions. If the grass is green in most places within the visual range, but there is no grass in some areas, or the grass is withered and yellow, or the grass is not as lush as other places, then it may be a "burn circle" area. An area that looks like an irregular circle, oval or other shape (see Figure 3 ).

[0052] Note: The burn circle is the area of ​​the forest mushroom pond where the truffle fruiting bodies develop and grow, which is formed by the intersection of truffle hyphae, mycorrhiza, soil, organic matter, minerals, etc. The mushroom pond can inhibit the growth of surface herbs and even kill them, eventually forming an area similar to a burn, called a "burn circle".

[0053] Look at the indicator plants. Indicator plants in Yunnan are generally mulberry trees or torch fruit trees. Mulberry trees are endomycorrhizae, while truffles are ectomycorrhizae. They are not easy to form mycorrhizae, but they grow leaves quickly in spring and are easy to shade and moisturize. Mulberry trees tend to shed their leaves in winter, and the fallen leaves are easy to rot. They accumulate a lot of organic matter and have many sources of nitrogen, which are easy to enrich. The probability of digging truffles within a radius of 5 meters from the center of the Mulberry tree is very high. Torch fruit trees cannot form mycorrhizae with truffles, but they have a strong ability to enrich nitrogen, and truffles are easy to dig near them.

[0054] Note: A. Coriolus chinensis: Coriolus chinensis ( Coriaria nepalensis Wall.) is a shrub of the genus Morus in the family Morinaceae. The branches spread horizontally, and the twigs are quadrangular or four-winged; the leaves are opposite, papery to thinly leathery, elliptical or broadly elliptical; the bud scales are membranous, ovate or ovate-triangular; the fruit is spherical, turning from red to purple-black when ripe; the achenes are berry-like, turning from red to purple-black when ripe; the flowering period is March-April; the fruiting period is May-June.

[0055] B. Torch fruit tree: scientific name is ( Pyracantha fortuneana ), belongs to the genus Pyracantha of the Rosaceae family. It is an evergreen shrub that can reach a height of 3 meters. The branches are short and dense, with thorn-like tips. There are rusty short soft hairs on the young branches, and dark brown and hairless on the old branches. The leaves are obovate or obovate-oblong, 1.5-6 cm long, 0.5-2 cm wide, glabrous on the surface, and bluntly serrated on the edges. The flowers are usually white, with round petals, 20 stamens, and 5 styles. The fruit is nearly spherical, about 5 mm in diameter, and orange-red or dark red in color. The flowering period is generally from March to May, and the fruiting period is from August to November.

[0056] 4. Truffle harvesting: (1) Try digging first to feel the looseness of the soil. If the soil is loose, with many fine particles, similar to sand, and rich in organic matter, there is a high probability that wild truffles will be found there, so you need to look carefully. If the soil is compacted, lumpy, or the organic matter is moldy (see Figure 4 ), the chance of finding wild truffles in places that are difficult to dig is very small, so there is no need to look for them carefully after trying.

[0057] (2) Digging method: Use a rake to gently scrape the topsoil of a new pond. The digging depth should be less than or equal to 5 cm. No truffle fruiting bodies will grow in places greater than 5 cm. For second-year old ponds, the digging depth should be less than or equal to 10 cm. Truffle fruiting bodies can grow at a depth of 1 to 10 cm. For third-year old ponds, the digging depth should be less than or equal to 20 cm. Truffle fruiting bodies can grow at a depth of 1 to 20 cm. In ponds with many years of age, truffle fruiting bodies can grow up to 50 cm deep. However, all ponds should not be dug deeper than 20 cm to protect the pond microenvironment.

[0058] Note: A new mushroom pond refers to a mushroom pond where truffles were dug out for the first time in the first year, and an old mushroom pond refers to a mushroom pond where truffles were dug out in previous years.

[0059] (3) The way to dig more wild truffles is to dig a new truffle pond in the first year. After digging the truffles, you must fill the soil back after digging. The digging process must not damage the root system of the trees. If the tree roots are not cut, there will be more truffles in the second year than in the first year, and more truffles in the third year than in the second year. This is because the process of digging truffles every year is equivalent to loosening the soil in the pond, which increases the oxygen permeability of the soil. The mycelium will grow more and more and grow deeper, the fruiting body will grow deeper and deeper, and the area of ​​the pond will grow larger and larger. However, if the pond soil is not filled back after digging, and the tree roots are cut, the production will drop sharply in the second year or even no truffles will grow. It is even better to hide the pond after digging, and dig up some dead branches and leaves and spread them on the dug pond to prevent others from discovering and destructively mining.

[0060] 5. Judgment on the production of truffles in old mushroom ponds: The sign that an old pond no longer produces truffles is that the burnt circle disappears completely and weeds grow luxuriantly on the pond. This pond no longer needs to be dug and no truffles are produced. After 2 to 5 years, when the pond has repaired itself and a new burnt circle appears, truffles will start to be produced again. The production of truffles in an old pond can also be judged by the tree species and soil, as follows: (1) Truffles are related to the age of the tree. Pine trees between 8 and 30 years old (generally Yunnan pine and Chinese pine) are very likely to produce truffles. When a lot of new mycorrhizae are formed each year, it is the peak period for truffles. The truffle production of pine trees over 30 years old is getting less and less, and the older the tree, the less the production. According to the inventor's research records, the pine tree with the most mushroom ponds has been harvested for 25 years and is still producing truffles.

[0061] Note: The method to observe the age of a pine tree is that the trunk of a pine tree branches once every year of growth. Since there are no branches in the first three years of a tree's life, the age of the tree = 3 + the number of times the trunk branches.

[0062] (2) After 4-5 years of harvesting, the truffle pond of the Platycodon grandiflorus will no longer produce truffles. This may be because the Platycodon grandiflorus has many fibrous roots on the ground, and each harvesting will damage the fibrous roots. Therefore, truffles can be harvested from the Platycodon grandiflorus pond once a year, or after three years of harvesting, the pond can be allowed to recover on its own and then harvested again in the next three years. In this way, the pond can continue to harvest truffles for more than ten years.

[0063] (3) Judging by the soil. The clay in the area where truffles grow will gradually turn into loose fine-grained soil, but will gradually return to clay after truffles no longer grow. It has nothing to do with the color of the soil such as red soil, loess, black soil, or the soil characteristics such as sandy soil, clay, and loam. It is mainly the soil form formed by the interaction between truffle mycorrhizae and hyphae and the soil.

[0064] 6. Determine the growth and yield of wild truffles based on rainfall and temperature: (1) In areas with suitable altitudes, rain has the greatest impact on truffle production. In areas with unsuitable altitudes, temperature has the greatest impact, with either too cold or too hot temperatures resulting in no or low production.

[0065] (2) Impact of rainfall: If it rains heavily in May in Yunnan, the yield will be high and wild truffles can be harvested in most mushroom ponds. If it rains heavily in July, the yield will be halved. The fruiting bodies of truffles begin to grow in April and May, and sufficient humidity promotes growth. If it rains heavily in July, the growth cycle of truffle fruiting bodies is short, resulting in a sharp drop in yield. Similarly, in years with continuous heavy rainfall in Yunnan, the yield of wild truffles is low, because continuous heavy rainfall will lead to low ground temperature, which is not conducive to the growth and development of fruiting bodies.

[0066] (3) In drought years, more truffles are found on shady hills, while in rainy years, more truffles are found on sunny hills. The reason is that in rainy years, sunny hills are warmer and have better thermal insulation, while in drought years, shady hills have better moisture retention.

[0067] This part can be used to determine whether to invest a lot of time and energy in collecting truffles in the wild. If the yield is high in the year, you can invest more; if the yield is low in the year, you can invest less or no investment.

[0068] 7. Post-harvest preservation: In rural areas without refrigeration conditions, after collection, spread them on moist vegetable soil, and spread 5-6cm thick moss on top of the truffles. They can be kept fresh for 10-15 days without rotting, but the weight will be slightly lighter. No soil is spread on top of the truffles, as spreading soil will greatly reduce the air permeability, and the truffles will begin to rot after 3 days. In places with refrigeration conditions, they can be kept fresh in a cold storage at 1℃ to 4℃ for 15 days, and can be stored for 2-3 years after quick freezing at -17℃ to -22℃.

[0069] The inventor's research team searched for wild truffle collection sites with 6 different combinations of environmental conditions in the wild, and investigated 100 sites for each environmental condition. The number of sites where truffles were successfully collected from the 100 sites was divided by 100 to obtain the collection success rate. The collection success rate is shown in Table 1.

[0070] Table 1. Statistics of truffle collection success rate under different environmental conditions

[0071] As can be seen from Table 1, the field collection of truffles is highly random, but there are also decisive factors. From the perspective of tree species, burn circles, indicator plants and soil morphology, the main decisive factor is the tree species that can form symbiotic mycorrhizae of truffles, followed by the surface morphology with burn circles, the loose and fine-grained soil morphology, and finally the indicator plants. However, if the four major environmental factors exist at the same time, the success rate of a single collection can reach 57%; if none of the four major environmental factors exist, the success rate of collection is 0.

[0072] The above shows and describes the basic principles, main features and advantages of the present invention. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and the above embodiments and descriptions are only for explaining the principles of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, the present invention may have various changes and improvements, which fall within the scope of the present invention to be protected. The scope of protection of the present invention is defined by the attached claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A protective collection method for wild truffles, characterized in that: The steps include: Step 1: Select the collection time: The collection period for wild truffles in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces is from the beginning of winter to February of the following year; The collection time in Hebei Province and Shandong Province is from early November to mid-December each year; The harvesting standard is that truffles with a maturity of 95% or more are considered mature truffles; Step 2: Select the collection tool: Select rake tools for collection; Step 3: Select the collection location: First, select a forest with at least one tree species of Pinus yunnanensis, Pinus armandii, Platycarya philadelphica, Quercus hupensis, Quercus sylvestris, Castanea mollissima, Hazelnut, Populus yunnanensis, and Cyclobalanopsis yunnanensis; then find an area with a burn circle or an area with indicator plants in the forest as a collection site; Step 4: Truffle harvesting: Choose a collection site with loose soil for excavation; if the soil at the collection site is compacted, do not excavate and move to the next collection site for excavation; During trial digging, if the collection site is a new mushroom pond, the digging depth should be less than or equal to 5 cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond in the second year, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 10cm; If the collection site is an old mushroom pond that is more than three years old, the excavation depth should be less than or equal to 20cm; The root system of the tree must not be damaged during the excavation process; after excavation, the excavated soil must be backfilled; Step 5: Preservation of wild truffles after harvesting: If there is no refrigeration condition, place the truffles on moist soil in the vegetable field after collection, and spread 5cm to 6cm thick moss on top of the truffles; When refrigeration conditions are available, keep fresh at 1-4℃; or quickly freeze and then freeze at -17℃ to -22℃.

2. The protective collection method of wild truffles according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 1, the specific method for detecting maturity is: using a microscope to observe and detect the number of ascospores of mature truffles / the number of ascospores of the truffle being tested × 100% ≥ 95%.

3. The protective collection method of wild truffles according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 2, the rake tools include tooth rakes and spike rakes.

4. The protective collection method of wild truffles according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step three, the indicator plant in Yunnan Province is the Morus alba or the Torch Fruit Tree.

5. The protective collection method of wild truffles according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step three, in Yunnan Province, select a collection site between 1,700 and 2,500 meters above sea level for truffle harvesting.

6. The protective collection method of wild truffles according to claim 1, characterized in that: The following steps are also included: Judging the truffle production situation of old mushroom ponds: (1) When the burnt circle of the old mushroom pond disappears completely and weeds grow luxuriantly on the pond, no more harvesting is done; after 2 to 5 years, when the pond recovers itself and a new burnt circle appears, harvesting is done again; (2) If the age of the pine trees in the old mushroom pond is 8 to 30 years, then they will be harvested; otherwise, they will not be harvested; (3) If the old pond is a truffle pond of the Platycodon grandiflorum tree, truffles can be collected once a year; or after three consecutive years of collection, the pond can be left to recover on its own for three years before truffles can be collected again; (4) After the soil in the old mushroom pond turns into clay, it is no longer harvested.

Images