Communication method for quantum communication system, electronic equipment and medium

Abstract

The invention provides a communication method for a quantum communication system, electronic equipment and a medium, the quantum communication system comprises a first communication end and a second communication end, the first communication end is configured with a first communication end security key, and the second communication end is configured with a second communication end security key. The first communication end security key comprises a first communication end encryption key, a first communication end mask key, a first communication end control key and a first communication end basis vector modulation key, the communication method is used for a first communication end, and the communication method comprises the following steps: encrypting to-be-transmitted information by using the first communication end encryption key to obtain an encrypted ciphertext; performing forward coding on the encrypted ciphertext by using the first communication end mask key to obtain a to-be-transmitted code word; and coding the to-be-transmitted code word to the quantum state, sending the to-be-transmitted code word to a second communication end, and calculating the bit error rate of the quantum bit of the detection bit to evaluate a channel parameter. According to the embodiment, the first communication end performs encryption and forward coding on the to-be-transmitted message to obtain the to-be-transmitted codeword, so that the security and communication efficiency of quantum communication are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the field of quantum communication. Specifically, it relates to a communication method, an electronic device, and a medium for a quantum communication system. Background Art

[0002] With the continuous breakthroughs in quantum computing technology, the parallel computing power of quantum computing poses a huge threat to information security under the classical cryptographic system. In particular, public-key cryptography is the first to be affected. Practical quantum computers have the potential to break the currently widely used public-key cryptographic algorithms.

[0003] To improve the security of communication, currently, the prior art mainly includes the following two quantum communication methods for transmitting confidential information using quantum states: One is quantum secure direct communication, which encodes information onto quantum states to directly transmit confidential information without the need to establish a key in advance. However, the quantum secure direct communication protocol based on single photons requires two-way transmission of quantum states. For example, the DL04-QSDC (DL04-Quantum Secure Direct Communication, hereinafter referred to as the single-photon-based quantum one-time pad scheme) protocol. The transmission of quantum states in optical fibers decays exponentially with the transmission distance. Therefore, the single-photon DL04-QSDC protocol faces extremely large losses and is not suitable for long-distance transmission; Another quasi-quantum secure direct communication protocol based on one-way transmission of quantum states needs to establish a key in advance through quantum key distribution (hereinafter referred to as QKD) and extract a new key from the communication data for subsequent communication, which has security risks. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present application proposes a communication method, an electronic device, and a medium for a quantum communication system to solve the security problem of quantum communication.

[0005] According to one aspect of the present application, a communication method for a quantum communication system is proposed. The quantum communication system includes a first communication end and a second communication end. The first communication end is configured with a first communication end security key, and the first communication end security key includes a first communication end encryption key and a first communication end mask key. The communication method is used for the first communication end and includes: Encrypting the information to be transmitted using the first communication end encryption key to obtain an encrypted ciphertext; Performing forward encoding on the encrypted ciphertext using the first communication end mask key to obtain a codeword to be transmitted; Encoding the codeword to be transmitted onto a quantum state to send the codeword to be transmitted to the second communication end through the quantum state.

[0006] According to some embodiments, before encrypting the information to be transmitted using the first communication end encryption key to obtain an encrypted ciphertext, it further includes: The first communication end and the second communication end establish a two-way authenticated secure key through a post-quantum cryptography key encapsulation mechanism.

[0007] According to some embodiments, the first communication end and the second communication end establishing a two-way authenticated secure key through a post-quantum cryptography key encapsulation mechanism includes: Generate a first communication end quantum random number using a first communication end quantum random number generator, where the first communication end quantum random number includes a first communication end first quantum random number; Generate a first communication end static public-private key pair using the key generation algorithm of the post-quantum cryptography key encapsulation mechanism, where the first communication end static public-private key pair includes a first communication end static public key and a first communication end static private key; Send the first communication end static public key to the second communication end; Receive the second communication end static public key from the second communication end; Generate a first communication end dynamic public-private key pair using the key generation algorithm of the post-quantum cryptography key encapsulation mechanism, where the first communication end dynamic public-private key pair includes a first communication end dynamic public key and a first communication end dynamic private key; Generate a first ciphertext and a first key using the first communication end first quantum random number and the second communication end static public key; Send the first ciphertext and the first communication end dynamic public key to the second communication end; Receive a second ciphertext and a third ciphertext from the second communication end; Decapsulate the second ciphertext using the first communication end dynamic private key to obtain a second decapsulation key; Decapsulate the third ciphertext using the first communication end static private key to obtain a third decapsulation key; Perform a hash calculation on the second decapsulation key, the third decapsulation key, and the first key to obtain the first communication end secure key.

[0008] According to some embodiments, forward encoding the encrypted ciphertext using the first communication end mask key to obtain a transmission codeword includes: Perform an error correction and damage resistance encoding operation on the encrypted ciphertext to obtain an encoded ciphertext; Perform a masking operation on the encoded ciphertext using the first communication end mask key to obtain the transmission codeword.

[0009] According to some embodiments, the first communication end secure key further includes a first communication end control key, Before encoding the to-be-transmitted codeword onto a quantum state to send the to-be-transmitted codeword to the second communication end through the quantum state, the communication method further includes: Determine the current to-be-transmitted bit type according to the first communication end control key, where the bit type includes information bit and detection bit.

[0010] According to some embodiments, the first communication end security key further includes a basis modulation key, where encoding the to-be-transmitted codeword onto a quantum state to send the to-be-transmitted codeword to the second communication end through the quantum state includes: When it is determined according to the first communication end control key that the current to-be-transmitted bit type is the information bit, generate a transmission encoded information quantum state according to the basis modulation key; Encode the to-be-transmitted codeword onto the transmission encoded information quantum state to send the to-be-transmitted codeword to the second communication end through the transmission encoded information quantum state.

[0011] According to some embodiments, the first communication end quantum random number further includes a first communication end second quantum random number and a first communication end third quantum random number, and the communication method further includes: When it is determined according to the first communication end control key that the current to-be-transmitted bit type is the detection bit, generate a transmission detection information quantum state using the first communication end second quantum random number; Generate a transmission detection bit using the first communication end third quantum random number; Encode the transmission detection bit onto the transmission detection information quantum state to send the transmission detection bit to the second communication end through the transmission detection information quantum state.

[0012] According to some embodiments, when it is determined according to the first communication end control key that the current to-be-transmitted bit type is the detection bit, generating a transmission detection information quantum state using the first communication end second quantum random number includes: Determine the transmission codeword basis using the first communication end second quantum random number; Generate the transmission detection information quantum state using the transmission codeword basis.

[0013] According to some embodiments, performing a masking operation on the encoded ciphertext using the first communication end masking key to obtain a to-be-transmitted codeword includes: Generate a masking random number sequence according to the first communication end masking key; Perform an exclusive OR operation on the encoded ciphertext using the masking random number sequence to obtain the to-be-transmitted codeword.

[0014] According to one aspect of the present application, a communication method for a quantum communication system is provided. The quantum communication system includes a first communication end and a second communication end. The second communication end is configured with a second communication end security key, which includes a second communication end basis modulation key, a second communication end encryption key, and a second communication end mask key. The communication method is used for the second communication end and includes: Receiving the quantum state sent by the first communication end; Measuring the quantum state using the second communication end basis modulation key to obtain a transmission codeword and the corresponding timing position; According to the timing position, decoding the transmission codeword using the second communication end mask key to obtain a ciphertext codeword; Performing a decryption operation on the ciphertext codeword using the second communication end encryption key to obtain the transmitted information.

[0015] According to some embodiments, decoding the transmission codeword using the second communication end mask key according to the timing position to obtain a ciphertext codeword includes: Performing an unmasking operation on the transmission codeword using the second communication end mask key according to the timing position to obtain an unmasked codeword; Performing an error correction and damage-resistant decoding operation on the unmasked codeword to obtain a ciphertext codeword.

[0016] According to some embodiments, the second communication end security key further includes a second communication end control key. Before measuring the quantum state using the second communication end basis modulation key to obtain a transmission codeword and the corresponding timing position, it further includes: Determining the bit type of the quantum state transmission according to the second communication end control key, where the bit type includes information bit and detection bit.

[0017] According to some embodiments, before measuring the quantum state using the second communication end basis modulation key to obtain a transmission codeword and the corresponding timing position, the communication method further includes: The second communication end and the first communication end exchange security keys through a two-way authentication method.

[0018] According to some embodiments, the second communication end and the first communication end establish the two-way authentication security key through a post-quantum cryptography key encapsulation mechanism, including: Generating a second communication end quantum random number using a second communication end quantum random number generator, where the second communication end quantum random number includes a second communication end first quantum random number; Generate a second communication end static public-private key pair using a key generation algorithm of a post-quantum cryptography key encapsulation mechanism, where the second communication end static public-private key pair includes a second communication end static public key and a second communication end static private key; Send the second communication end static public key to the first communication end; Receive the first communication end static public key sent by the first communication end; Receive the first ciphertext and the first communication end dynamic public key sent by the first communication end; Generate a second ciphertext and a second key using the second communication end first quantum random number and the first communication end dynamic public key; Generate a third ciphertext and a third key using the second communication end first quantum random number and the first communication end static public key; Use the second communication end static private key to decrypt the first ciphertext to obtain a first decapsulation key; Send the second ciphertext and the third ciphertext to the first communication end; Perform a hash calculation on the second key, the third key, and the first decapsulation key to obtain the second communication end security key.

[0019] According to some embodiments, the second communication end quantum random number includes a second communication end second quantum random number, the quantum state includes a transmission detection information quantum state, and the communication method further includes: When it is determined according to the second communication end control key that the current bit type to be transmitted is a detection bit, detect the transmission detection information quantum state to obtain a received detection bit and a corresponding timing position; Receive the first communication end second quantum random number and a sent detection bit sent by the first communication end; Use the timing position to perform a basis vector comparison on the first communication end second quantum random number and the second communication end second quantum random number to obtain the basis vector same bit positions; Compare the received detection bit and the sent detection bit according to the basis vector same bit positions to evaluate the parameters of the quantum information channel between the first communication end and the second communication end.

[0020] According to an aspect of the present application, an electronic device is proposed, including: a processor; and a memory storing a computer program, when the computer program is executed by the processor, the processor is caused to execute the communication method as described in any previous embodiment.

[0021] According to one aspect of the present application, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided, on which computer-readable instructions are stored. When the instructions are executed by a processor, the processor is caused to execute the method according to one aspect of the present application as described in any previous embodiment.

[0022] According to some embodiments of the present application, the first communication end encrypts and forward encodes the message to be transmitted respectively to obtain the codeword to be transmitted, thereby improving the security of quantum communication.

[0023] In the embodiments of the present application, since the mask sequence does not need to be announced through the classical channel during the whole process, the classical channel resources are saved.

[0024] It should be understood that the above general description and the following detailed description are only exemplary and do not limit the present application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application, the drawings required for the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. By referring to the drawings and describing its exemplary embodiments in detail, the above and other objectives, features and advantages of the present application will become more obvious.

[0026] Figure 1 The system architecture diagram of a quantum communication system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0027] Figure 2 The flowchart of a communication method for a quantum communication system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0028] Figure 3 The flowchart of another communication method for a quantum communication system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0029] Figure 4a The schematic diagram of a communication process for a quantum communication system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0030] Figure 4b The flowchart of a communication process for a quantum communication system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0031] Figure 5 An electronic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0032] Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the example embodiments can be implemented in various forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this application will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of the example embodiments to those skilled in the art. Like reference numerals in the figures denote like or similar parts, and thus their repetitive description will be omitted.

[0033] The features, structures, or characteristics described may be combined in one or more embodiments in any suitable manner. In the following description, numerous specific details are provided to give a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the present disclosure. However, those skilled in the art will realize that the technical solutions of the present disclosure may be practiced without one or more of these specific details, or may be implemented in other ways, components, materials, devices, or operations, etc. In these cases, well-known structures, methods, devices, implementations, materials, or operations will not be shown or described in detail.

[0034] The flowcharts shown in the accompanying drawings are merely illustrative and not necessarily include all the contents and operations / steps, nor are they necessarily executed in the order described. For example, some operations / steps may be decomposed, while some operations / steps may be combined or partially combined, so the actual execution order may change according to the actual situation.

[0035] The terms "first", "second", etc. in the specification, claims, and above-mentioned drawings of this application are used to distinguish different objects and not to describe a specific order. In addition, the terms "comprising" and "having" and any variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, system, product, or device that includes a series of steps or units is not limited to the listed steps or units, but may optionally further include steps or units not listed, or may optionally further include other steps or units inherent to these processes, methods, products, or devices.

[0036] With the continuous breakthroughs in quantum computing technology, the parallel computing power of quantum computing poses a huge threat to information security under the classical cryptographic system. In particular, public-key cryptography is the first to bear the brunt. Practical quantum computers have the potential to break the currently widely used public-key cryptographic algorithms. To resist the potential impact of quantum computers, on the one hand, the global community is intensifying research on post-quantum cryptography. Post-quantum cryptography, also known as quantum-resistant cryptography, is a public-key cryptographic algorithm designed based on mathematical difficult problems that quantum computers cannot effectively solve, mainly including digital signature algorithms, public-key encryption, and key encapsulation mechanisms. On the other hand, the development of quantum mechanics provides a brand-new tool for the secure transmission of information - quantum communication. Quantum communication uses quantum states to perform key negotiation or information transmission. Quantum communication mainly includes quantum key distribution, quantum teleportation, and quantum secure direct communication, etc. Quantum key distribution uses the non-clonability of non-orthogonal single quantum states to achieve secure key negotiation. Based on the negotiated key, classical encryption is used to encrypt the information to be transmitted, and the encrypted ciphertext is transmitted by classical communication. Quantum teleportation uses pre-established quantum entanglement to achieve deterministic transmission of quantum states. Quantum secure direct communication encodes information onto quantum states and directly transmits confidential information without the need to establish a key in advance.

[0037] To improve the security of communication, currently, the existing technologies mainly include the following two quantum communication methods for transmitting confidential information using quantum states: One is quantum secure direct communication, which encodes information onto quantum states and directly transmits confidential information without the need to establish a key in advance. However, the quantum secure direct communication protocol based on single photons requires two-way transmission of quantum states. For example, the DL04-QSDC (DL04-Quantum Secure Direct Communication, hereinafter referred to as the single-photon-based quantum one-time pad scheme) protocol. And the transmission of quantum states in optical fibers decays exponentially with the transmission distance. Therefore, the single-photon DL04-QSDC protocol faces extremely large losses and is not suitable for long-distance transmission. Another quasi-quantum secure direct communication protocol based on one-way transmission of quantum states needs to establish a key in advance through quantum key distribution (hereinafter referred to as QKD) and extract new keys from the communication data for subsequent communication, which has security risks.

[0038] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems and improve the security and communication efficiency of quantum communication, the present application proposes a quantum communication system, as Figure 1 shown, which is a schematic diagram of the system architecture of a quantum communication system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application.

[0039] As Figure 1As shown, Alice and Bob first establish a secure key for mutual authentication through quantum random numbers and a post-quantum cryptographic key encapsulation mechanism. Then, Alice encrypts the transmitted information using the encryption key to obtain the ciphertext, and performs forward encoding on the ciphertext to obtain the ciphertext codeword. The ciphertext codeword is sent to Bob by transmitting the information bits through quantum states, and the detection bit quantum state is randomly modulated. Bob decodes the received information bit ciphertext codeword to obtain the ciphertext, and decrypts it using the encryption key to obtain the plaintext information. To detect the channel quality of the quantum information channel, Bob compares the bit error rate of the detection bit qubits to evaluate the channel parameters.

[0040] According to an embodiment of the present application, by using quantum random numbers and a post-quantum cryptographic key encapsulation mechanism, a key exchange for mutual authentication is realized between legitimate communication parties to establish a secure key. Then, the one-time pad mechanism is used to encrypt the information to obtain the ciphertext, and the ciphertext is encoded onto the quantum state for secure transmission. The present application improves the key establishment efficiency by using the post-quantum cryptographic key encapsulation mechanism, without reusing the one-time pad encryption key resources, and eliminates the security risks brought by the reuse of key resources. In addition, by using the masking mechanism to implement the encoding and decoding of the information bit ciphertext, Alice and Bob do not need to publish the mask random sequence through the classical channel, saving the classical communication channel resource overhead.

[0041] The following will describe in detail the specific embodiments according to the present application with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0042] Figure 2 The flowchart of a communication method for a quantum communication system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application is shown. According to an embodiment of the present application, Figure 2 The method shown includes steps S201, S203, and S205. The following will describe in detail Figure 2 a communication method for a quantum communication system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application.

[0043] According to an embodiment of the present application, Figure 2 the quantum communication system in

[0044] In some embodiments, the first communication end configures a first communication end secure key, and the first communication end secure key includes a first communication end encryption key and a first communication end mask key.

[0045] As Figure 2 shown, in step S201, the information to be transmitted is encrypted using the first communication end encryption key to obtain the encrypted ciphertext.

[0046] According to an embodiment of the present application, before step S201, the first communication end and the second communication end establish a secure key for mutual authentication through the post-quantum cryptographic key encapsulation mechanism.

[0047] In some embodiments, the first communication end generates a first communication end quantum random number using the first communication end quantum random number generator, where the first communication end quantum random number includes a first communication end first quantum random number. The first communication end establishes a two-way authenticated secure key with the second communication end based on the post-quantum cryptography key encapsulation mechanism using the first communication end first quantum random number.

[0048] In step S203, forward encoding is performed on the encrypted ciphertext using the first communication end mask key to obtain the codeword to be transmitted.

[0049] According to an embodiment of the present application, in step S203, first, an error correction and damage-resistant encoding operation is performed on the encrypted ciphertext to obtain an encoded ciphertext; then, a masking operation is performed on the encoded ciphertext using the first communication end mask key to obtain the codeword to be transmitted.

[0050] According to an embodiment of the present application, when performing a masking operation on the encoded ciphertext using the first communication end mask key, first, a mask random number sequence is generated according to the first communication end mask key; then, an exclusive OR operation is performed on the encoded ciphertext using the mask random number sequence to obtain the codeword to be transmitted.

[0051] In step S205, the codeword to be transmitted is encoded onto a quantum state to send the codeword to be transmitted to the second communication end through the quantum state.

[0052] According to an embodiment of the present application, the first communication end secure key further includes a first communication end control key, and before step S205, it is also necessary to determine the current bit type to be transmitted according to the first communication end control key. The bit type includes information bit and check bit.

[0053] In some embodiments, the first communication end secure key further includes a first communication end basis modulation key.

[0054] In a specific embodiment, when it is determined according to the first communication end control key that the current bit type to be transmitted is the information bit, in step S205, first, a transmission encoded information quantum state is generated according to the first communication end basis modulation key; then, the codeword to be transmitted is encoded onto the transmission encoded information quantum state to send the codeword to be transmitted to the second communication end through the transmission encoded information quantum state.

[0055] In some embodiments, the first communication end quantum random number further includes a first communication end second quantum random number and a first communication end third quantum random number.

[0056] It should be noted here that the first quantum random number, the second quantum random number, and the third quantum random number of the first communication end can be generated simultaneously by the quantum random number generator of the first communication end, or can be generated in batches, and no specific limitation is made here.

[0057] In some other embodiments, when it is determined according to the control key of the first communication end that the bit type to be transmitted currently is a detection bit, Figure 2 the method shown further includes: generating a transmission detection information quantum state by using the second quantum random number of the first communication end; generating a transmission detection bit by using the third quantum random number of the first communication end; encoding the transmission detection bit onto the transmission detection information quantum state to send the transmission detection bit to the second communication end through the transmission detection information quantum state.

[0058] In some embodiments, when generating the transmission detection information quantum state by using the second quantum random number of the first communication end, first, determine the transmission codeword basis vector by using the second quantum random number of the first communication end; then, generate the transmission detection information quantum state by using the transmission codeword basis vector.

[0059] According to Figure 2 the embodiments shown, the first communication end obtains the to-be-transmitted codeword by encrypting and forward encoding the to-be-transmitted message respectively, thereby improving the security of quantum communication. Since the entire process does not need to announce the mask sequence through the classical channel, the classical channel resources are saved.

[0060] Figure 3 Fig. shows a flowchart of another communication method for a quantum communication system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application. According to an embodiment of the present application, the quantum communication system includes a first communication end and a second communication end, wherein the communication method is for the second communication end.

[0061] In some embodiments, the second communication end is configured with a second communication end security key, and the second communication end security key includes a second communication end basis modulation key, a second communication end encryption key, and a second communication end mask key.

[0062] As Figure 3 shown, the communication method includes steps S301, S303, S305, and S309.

[0063] In step S301, receive the quantum state sent by the first communication end.

[0064] In step S303, measure the quantum state by using the second communication end basis modulation key to obtain the transmission codeword and the corresponding timing position.

[0065] In a specific embodiment, the timing position is determined according to the trigger position when measuring the quantum state.

[0066] According to an embodiment of the present application, the second communication - end security key further includes a second communication - end control key.

[0067] In some embodiments, before step S305, Figure 3 The communication method shown also needs to determine the bit type of quantum - state transmission according to the second communication - end control key. Among them, the bit type includes information - bit bits and detection - bit bits. When the bit type of quantum - state transmission is information - bit bits, step S305 is executed.

[0068] In other embodiments, before step S305, the second communication end and the first communication end also need to establish a two - way authenticated security key through a post - quantum cryptographic key encapsulation mechanism.

[0069] In some embodiments, the second communication end uses a second communication - end quantum random number generator to generate a second communication - end quantum random number. Among them, the second communication - end quantum random number includes a second communication - end first quantum random number. The second communication end establishes a two - way authenticated security key with the first communication end based on the post - quantum cryptographic key encapsulation mechanism using the second communication - end first quantum random number.

[0070] In step S305, according to the timing position, the transmitted codeword is decoded using the second communication - end mask key to obtain the ciphertext codeword.

[0071] According to an embodiment of the present application, in step S307, the second communication end first performs a demasking operation on the transmitted codeword using the second communication - end mask key according to the timing position to obtain a demasked codeword; then, an error - correcting and damage - resistant decoding operation is performed on the demasked codeword to obtain the ciphertext codeword.

[0072] In step S307, the ciphertext codeword is decrypted using the second communication - end encryption key to obtain the transmitted information.

[0073] According to an embodiment of the present application, the second communication - end quantum random number includes a second communication - end second quantum random number, the quantum state includes a transmitted detection - information quantum state, and when the bit type of quantum - state transmission is detection - bit bits, Figure 3 The communication method shown also needs to perform the following steps: First, the transmitted detection - information quantum state is detected to obtain a received detection bit and the corresponding timing position; Then, the second communication - end second quantum random number and the transmitted detection bit sent by the first communication end are received; After that, the first communication end second quantum random number and the second communication end second quantum random number are subjected to basis vector comparison using the timing position to obtain the basis vector same bit positions. Finally, the received detection bits and the transmitted detection bits are compared according to the basis vector same bit positions to evaluate the quantum information channel between the first communication end and the second communication end. For example, the quantum bit error rate and / or the reception rate are statistically calculated.

[0074] According to Figure 3 In the embodiment shown, the second communication end obtains the transmitted message by performing operations such as detecting, decoding, and decrypting the quantum state transmitted by the first communication end, realizing the secure transmission of information on the quantum channel.

[0075] Figure 4a The figure shows a schematic diagram of a communication process for a quantum communication system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application. Figure 4b The figure shows a flowchart of a communication process for a quantum communication system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application. The following will be described in detail in conjunction with Figure 4a For Figure 4b the implementation process.

[0076] As Figure 4a shown, the quantum communication system includes a first communication end Alice and a second communication end Bob.

[0077] As Figure 4b shown, the method includes steps S401, S403, S405, S407, and S409.

[0078] In step S401, Alice and Bob establish a two-way authenticated secure key through a quantum random number and a post-quantum cryptographic key encapsulation mechanism.

[0079] According to an embodiment of the present application, the first communication end Alice uses a first communication end quantum random number generator to generate a first communication end quantum random number R qa (including a first communication end first quantum random number R qa1, a first communication end second quantum random number R qa2, and a first communication end third quantum random number R qa3). The second communication end Bob uses a second communication end quantum random number generator to generate a second communication end quantum random number R qb (including a second communication end first quantum random number R qb1 and a second communication end second quantum random number R qb2).

[0080] As Figure 4a shown, Alice and Bob respectively use their own quantum random number generators to generate the first communication end quantum random numberR qa = ( R qa1 || R qa2 || R qa3) and the quantum random number of the second communication end R qb = ( R qb1 || R qb2); where R qa1 and R qb1 are used for post - quantum cryptographic key encapsulation, such as the NIST standard algorithm ML - KEM (FIPS 203).

[0081] Here it should be noted that the first quantum random number of the first communication end R qa1, the second quantum random number of the first communication end R qa2, and the third quantum random number of the first communication end R qa3 can be generated simultaneously, or in multiple times, or new random numbers can be generated when needed, and no specific limitation is made here. The generation method of the first quantum random number of the second communication end R qb1 and the second quantum random number of the second communication end R qb2 is the same as that of the first quantum random number of the first communication end R qa1, the second quantum random number of the first communication end R qa2, and the third quantum random number of the first communication end R qa3, and will not be elaborated here.

[0082] According to the embodiments of the present application, Alice at the first communication end uses the key generation algorithm of the post - quantum cryptographic key encapsulation mechanism to generate the static public - private key pair of the first communication end. The static public - private key pair of the first communication end ( pk 1, sk 1) includes the static public key of the first communication end and the static private key of the first communication end; Bob at the second communication end uses the key generation algorithm of the post - quantum cryptographic key encapsulation mechanism to generate the static public - private key pair of the second communication end ( pk 2, sk 2). After that, Alice at the first communication end sends the static public key of the first communication end pk 1 to the second communication end and receives the static public key of the second communication end pk 2 sent from the second communication end. Bob at the second communication end receives the static public key of the first communication end pk 1 sent from the first communication end.

[0083] Such as Figure 4aAs shown, Alice and Bob respectively use the key generation algorithm KeyGen() of ML-KEM (Lattice Based Key Encapsulation Mechanism, referred to as the lattice-based key encapsulation mechanism) to generate the first communication end static public and private key pair ( pk 1, sk 1) and the second communication end static public and private key pair ( pk 2, sk 2), and both parties send the first communication end static public key pk 1 and the second communication end static public key pk 2 through the classical channel, so that both parties know the public keys in each other's static keys; According to the embodiments of the present application, the first communication end Alice generates the first communication end dynamic public and private key pair ( pk , sk ), the first communication end dynamic public and private key pair ( pk , sk ) includes the first communication end dynamic public key pk and the first communication end dynamic private key sk ; the first communication end Alice uses the second communication end static public key pk 2 and the first communication end first quantum random number to perform key encapsulation, generating the first ciphertext c 2 and the first key K 2, and sends the first ciphertext c 2 and the first communication end dynamic public key pk to the second communication end Bob.

[0084] As shown in Figure 4, Alice dynamically generates the first communication end dynamic public and private key pair ( pk , sk ) using the key generation algorithm KeyGen() of ML-KEM, and uses the second communication end static public key pk 2 sent by Bob and the first communication end first quantum random number R qa1 to perform key encapsulation using the key encapsulation algorithm Encaps( pk 2), generating the corresponding first ciphertext c 2 and the first key K 2, denoted as ( c 2, K 2), and then sends the first communication end dynamic public key pk and the first ciphertext c 2 to Bob.

[0085] According to the embodiments of the present application, the second communication end Bob receives the first ciphertext c 2 and the first communication end dynamic public key pk, use the dynamic public key of the first communication end pk and the first quantum random number of the second communication end to perform key encapsulation to generate a second ciphertext c and a second key K , use the static public key of the first communication end pk 1 and the first quantum random number of the second communication end to perform key encapsulation to generate a third ciphertext c 1 and a third key K 1, use the static private key of the second communication end sk 2 to decrypt the first ciphertext c 2, to obtain a first decapsulation key K 2’, and send the second ciphertext c and the third ciphertext c 1 to the first communication end.

[0086] As Figure 4a shown, Bob uses the dynamic public key pk of Alice's first communication end received R and the first quantum random number pk qb1 of the second communication end to perform key encapsulation using the key encapsulation algorithm Encaps( c ) to generate the corresponding second ciphertext K and the second key c , denoted as ( K ); use the static public key pk 1 of Alice's first communication end and the first quantum random number R qb1 of the second communication end to perform key encapsulation using the key encapsulation algorithm Encaps( pk 1) to generate the corresponding third ciphertext c 1 and the third key K 1, denoted as ( c 1, K 1); use the static private key sk 2 of the second communication end to decrypt the received first ciphertext c 2 Decaps( sk 2, c 2), to obtain the first decapsulation key K 2’; then send the second ciphertext c and the third ciphertext c 1 to Alice.

[0087] According to an embodiment of the present application, the first communication end Alice receives the second ciphertext c and the third ciphertext c 1 sent from the second communication end. The first communication end Alice uses the dynamic private key sk of the first communication end to decrypt the second ciphertext c to obtain a second decapsulation keyK’ ; The first communication end Alice uses the first communication end static private key sk 1 to decrypt the third ciphertext c 1 to obtain the third decryption key K 1'.

[0088] As Figure 4a shown, Alice uses the first communication end dynamic private key sk to decrypt the received second ciphertext c Decaps( sk , c ) to obtain the second decryption key K’ ; uses the first communication end static private key sk 1 to decrypt the received third ciphertext c 1 Decaps( sk 1, c 1) to obtain the third decryption key K 1'.

[0089] Finally, the first communication end Alice performs a hash calculation on the second decryption key K’ , the third decryption key K 1' and the first key K 2 to obtain the first communication end security key. The second communication end Bob performs a hash calculation on the second key K , the third key K 1 and the first decryption key K 2' to obtain the second communication end security key.

[0090] As Figure 4a shown, the first communication end Alice performs a hash calculation on the keys in her hand to obtain the first communication end security key key1 := H( K’ , K 1 ’ , K 2); Similarly, Bob obtains the second communication end security key key2 := H( K , K 1, K 2 ’ ).

[0091] At this point, both parties have completed the establishment of the two-way authentication security keys and respectively fill the first communication end security key and the second communication end security key into their respective key pools. The security keys are divided into encryption keys k e control keys k c , basis modulation keys k i and mask keys ks 。

[0092] In step S403, Alice encrypts the information using the encryption key to obtain the ciphertext.

[0093] As Figure 4a shown, Alice extracts from its key pool an encryption key m of the same length as the plaintext to be transmitted k e , and adopts the one-time pad mechanism to use the encryption key k e to encrypt the plaintext to be transmitted m , obtaining the transmission ciphertext c m 。

[0094] In step S405, Alice performs forward encoding on the ciphertext to obtain the ciphertext codeword.

[0095] As Figure 4a shown, Alice performs forward error correction encoding and spreading on the transmission ciphertext c m to obtain the ciphertext codeword c m1 . Then, Alice and Bob respectively extract from their corresponding positions in their key pools a mask key of a specific length such as 256 bits k s , which serves as the seed of a pseudorandom function such as SHAKE256 (FIPS PUB 202), and generates a random number sequence through the pseudorandom function, and performs exclusive OR ( c m1 ) with the ciphertext codeword r ⊕ c m1 to obtain the codeword to be transmitted c m2 。

[0096] In step S407, Alice and Bob use quantum states to transmit the information-bit ciphertext codewords and randomly modulate the detection-bit quantum states.

[0097] As Figure 4a shown, Alice and Bob respectively extract the corresponding control keys k c from their key pools, and agree to determine whether the current bit is an information bit or a detection bit according to k c value. For example, when k c = 1, it is an information bit, and when k c = 0, it is a detection bit.

[0098] For information - bit qubits ( k c = 1), Alice and Bob respectively extract the corresponding basis - modulated keys from their respective key pools k i , and agree to determine the preparation / measurement basis of the current information - bit qubit according to the k i value. For example, when k i = 0, select the Z - basis to prepare / measure the quantum state, k i when = 1, select the X - basis to prepare / measure the quantum state; Alice selects an encoding method such as polarization encoding, phase encoding, timestamp encoding, etc., and encodes the codeword to be transmitted onto the information - bit quantum state. Taking polarization encoding as an example, the horizontal polarization state and the + 45° polarization state encode bit 0, and the vertical polarization state and the - 45° polarization state encode bit 1.

[0099] For check - bit qubits ( k c = 0), Alice randomly selects the preparation basis and generates a quantum state according to her quantum random number sequence (the second quantum random number of the first communication end R qa2|| the third quantum random number of the first communication end R qa3), that is, selects the preparation basis according to the second quantum random number of the first communication end R qa2. For example, when R qa2 = 0, select the Z - basis to prepare the quantum state, R when R qa2 = 1, select the X - basis to generate the quantum state; randomly generate bit 0 or 1 according to the third quantum random number of the first communication end

[0100] Alice uses quantum - state transmission technology to transmit all the qubits to be transmitted, including information - bit qubits and check - bit qubits.

[0101] In step S409, Bob decodes the received information - bit ciphertext codeword to obtain the ciphertext, and compares the bit - error rate of the check - bit quantum qubits to evaluate the channel parameters.

[0102] As Figure 4a shown, Bob determines whether the corresponding bit is an information bit or a check bit according to the control key k c value according to the rule pre - agreed with Alice; For information - bit qubits, Bob relies on the basis - modulated key k iSelect the measurement basis vector (Z basis or X basis), measure the quantum state received from Alice, and record the measurement result c’ m2 . When there is a measurement result, it is recorded as the trigger bit; when no photon is detected, it is recorded as the non-trigger bit. The non-trigger bit is due to photon loss in the channel and the photon not reaching Bob's end or Bob's detector not responding to the received photon. Bob determines the timing position according to the trigger result of the information bit, and extracts the corresponding random number from the random number sequence generated in step S405 r and extracts the corresponding random number r’ , and performs exclusive OR ( c’ m2 ) with the measurement result of the information bit quantum state r’ ⊕ c’ m2 ). After demasking, the ciphertext codeword c’ m1 is obtained; the ciphertext codeword c’ m1 is despread and forward error correction decoded to obtain the decoded ciphertext c m .

[0103] For the detection bit, Bob randomly selects the measurement basis vector (Z basis or X basis) according to its quantum random number sequence R qb2 , measures the quantum state received from Alice, and records the measurement result R b3 .

[0104] Bob announces the timing position of the detection bit with a trigger result, and Alice and Bob perform basis vector comparison on the triggered detection bits ( R’ qa2 , R’ qb2 ), where R’ qa2 is selected from the corresponding position in the second quantum random number R qa2 of the first communication end according to the timing position of the detection bit, and R’ qb2 is selected from the corresponding position in the second quantum random number R qb2 of the second communication end according to the timing position of the detection bit. Then, according to the comparison timing position where the preparation basis vector and the measurement basis vector determined by ( R’ qa2 , R’ qb2 ) are the same, compare R’ qa3 and R’ b3, parameters such as the quantum bit error rate and reception rate are statistically calculated. Parameter evaluation is used to dynamically and precisely adjust the error correction and damage-resistant coding parameters, improve the coding efficiency, and monitor the security of the quantum channel in real time. Among them, R’ qa3 is obtained by screening from the corresponding positions in R qa3 according to the timing position of the comparison detection bit, R’ b3 is obtained by screening from the corresponding positions in R b3 according to the timing position of the comparison detection bit.

[0105] It should be noted here that when evaluating the channel, Figure 4a taking the completion at Bob's end as an example, in a specific embodiment, it can be completed at Alice's end, or at Bob's end, or at other third parties. Figure 4a The implementation shown cannot be regarded as a limitation to this application.

[0106] In step S411, Bob uses the key to decrypt to obtain the plaintext information.

[0107] As Figure 4a shown, Bob extracts the encryption key corresponding to Alice's encryption key from its key pool k e , and decrypts the decoded ciphertext c m to obtain the plaintext information m .

[0108] According to the embodiments of this application, by using quantum random numbers and the post-quantum cryptography key encapsulation mechanism, a two-way authenticated key exchange is realized between legitimate communication parties to establish a secure key, and then the one-time pad mechanism is used to encrypt the information to obtain the ciphertext, and the ciphertext is encoded into a quantum state for secure transmission. This application improves the key establishment efficiency by using the post-quantum cryptography key encapsulation mechanism, without reusing the one-time pad encryption key resources, and eliminates the security risks brought by the reuse of key resources. In addition, the mask mechanism is used to realize the encoding and decoding of the ciphertext of the information bits, and Alice and Bob do not need to announce the mask random sequence through the classical channel, saving the classical communication channel resource overhead.

[0109] Compared with classical communication, the present application realizes reliable communication through quantum state transmission combined with error correction and damage-resistant coding. The post-quantum cryptography key encapsulation mechanism provides computational security guarantees. The method of generating and measuring quantum states can monitor the quantum bit error rate of the channel in real time online, evaluate the change of channel parameters in real time, and has the ability to sense eavesdropping. In addition, by transmitting the ciphertext encrypted by the one-time pad mechanism, compared with transmitting plaintext, the present application can reduce the requirement of secure communication for the quantum bit error rate of the channel and improve the channel security capacity; and it has a high adaptability to the classical secure relay network architecture and does not require additional source encryption.

[0110] Figure 5 FIG. shows an electronic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application. The following will be described with reference to Figure 5 the electronic device 200 according to this embodiment of the present application. Figure 5 The electronic device 200 shown is only an example and should not impose any limitations on the functions and usage scope of the embodiments of the present application.

[0111] As Figure 5 shown, the electronic device 200 is presented in the form of a general-purpose computing device. The components of the electronic device 200 may include but are not limited to: at least one processing unit 210, at least one storage unit 220, a bus 230 connecting different system components (including the storage unit 220 and the processing unit 210), a display unit 240, etc.

[0112] Among them, the storage unit stores program code, and the program code can be executed by the processing unit 210, so that the processing unit 210 executes the methods according to various exemplary embodiments of the present application described in this specification. For example, the processing unit 210 can execute the method as shown in Figure 1 FIG.

[0113] The storage unit 220 may include a readable medium in the form of a volatile storage unit, such as a random access storage unit (RAM) 2201 and / or a cache storage unit 2202, and may further include a read-only storage unit (ROM) 2203.

[0114] The storage unit 220 may further include a program / utilities 2204 having a set (at least one) of program modules 2205. Such program modules 2205 include but are not limited to: an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each or some combination of these examples may include the implementation of a network environment.

[0115] The bus 230 may represent one or more of several types of bus structures, including a storage unit bus or a storage unit controller, a peripheral bus, a graphics acceleration port, a processing unit, or a local bus using any bus structure in a variety of bus structures.

[0116] The electronic device 200 can also communicate with one or more external devices 300 (such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a Bluetooth device, etc.), and can also communicate with one or more devices that enable a user to interact with the electronic device 200, and / or communicate with any device that enables the electronic device 200 to communicate with one or more other computing devices (such as a router, a modem, etc.). Such communication can be carried out through the input / output (I / O) interface 250. Moreover, the electronic device 200 can also communicate with one or more networks (such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), and / or a public network, such as the Internet) through the network adapter 260. The network adapter 260 can communicate with other modules of the electronic device 200 through the bus 230. It should be understood that, although not shown in the figure, other hardware and / or software modules can be used in combination with the electronic device 200, including but not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data backup storage systems, etc.

[0117] Through the description of the above embodiments, those skilled in the art can easily understand that the example embodiments described herein can be implemented by software, or can be implemented by the way of software in combination with necessary hardware. The technical solutions according to the embodiments of the present application can be embodied in the form of a software product, and the software product can be stored in a non-volatile storage medium (which can be a CD-ROM, a USB flash drive, a mobile hard disk, etc.) or on a network, including several instructions to enable a computing device (which can be a personal computer, a server, or a network device, etc.) to execute the above method according to the embodiments of the present application.

[0118] The software product can adopt any combination of one or more readable media. The readable media can be a readable signal medium or a readable storage medium. The readable storage medium can be, for example but not limited to, an electrical, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any combination of the above. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the readable storage medium include: an electrical connection with one or more wires, a portable disk, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the above.

[0119] A computer-readable storage medium may include a data signal propagated in a baseband or as part of a carrier wave, which carries readable program code. Such a propagated data signal may take various forms, including but not limited to electromagnetic signals, optical signals, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The readable storage medium may also be any readable medium other than a readable storage medium, which can send, propagate, or transmit a program for use by or in conjunction with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The program code contained on the readable storage medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wired, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

[0120] The program code for performing the operations of this application may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including object-oriented programming languages such as Java, C++, etc., and also including conventional procedural programming languages such as the "C" language or similar programming languages. The program code may be executed entirely on the user's computing device, partially on the user's device, executed as a stand-alone software package, partially on the user's computing device and partially on a remote computing device, or entirely on a remote computing device or server. In the case of a remote computing device, the remote computing device may be connected to the user's computing device through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or may be connected to an external computing device (e.g., by using an Internet service provider to connect through the Internet).

[0121] The above computer-readable medium carries one or more programs, and when the one or more programs are executed by a device, the computer-readable medium implements the foregoing functions.

[0122] Those skilled in the art can understand that the above-mentioned modules can be distributed in the device according to the description of the embodiments, or can be correspondingly changed and distributed in one or more devices that are uniquely different from this embodiment. The modules of the above embodiments can be combined into one module, or further split into multiple sub-modules.

[0123] According to an embodiment of the present application, a computer program is provided, including a computer program or instruction, which when executed by a processor, can perform the method described above.

[0124] The above has introduced the embodiments of the present application in detail. Specific examples are used in this article to elaborate on the principle and implementation manner of the present application. The description of the above embodiments is only used to help understand the method of the present application and its core idea. At the same time, any changes or deformations made by those skilled in the art based on the idea of the present application, within the specific implementation manner and application scope of the present application, fall within the scope of protection of the present application. In summary, the content of this specification should not be construed as a limitation to the present application.

Claims

1. A communication method for a quantum communication system, characterized in that, The quantum communication system includes a first communication end and a second communication end. Among them, the first communication end is configured with a first communication end security key, and the first communication end security key includes a first communication end encryption key and a first communication end masking key. The communication method is used for the first communication end, and the communication method includes: Encrypt the information to be transmitted using the first communication end encryption key to obtain an encrypted ciphertext; Perform forward encoding on the encrypted ciphertext using the first communication end masking key to obtain a codeword to be transmitted; Encode the codeword to be transmitted onto a quantum state to send the codeword to be transmitted to the second communication end through the quantum state.

2. The communication method according to claim 1, wherein Before encrypting the information to be transmitted using the first communication end encryption key to obtain an encrypted ciphertext, it further includes: The first communication end and the second communication end establish a two-way authenticated security key through a post-quantum cryptographic key encapsulation mechanism.

3. The communication method according to claim 2, wherein The first communication end and the second communication end establish a two-way authenticated security key through a post-quantum cryptographic key encapsulation mechanism, including: Generate a first communication end quantum random number using a first communication end quantum random number generator, and the first communication end quantum random number includes a first communication end first quantum random number; Generate a first communication end static public-private key pair using the key generation algorithm of the post-quantum cryptographic key encapsulation mechanism, and the first communication end static public-private key pair includes a first communication end static public key and a first communication end static private key; Send the first communication end static public key to the second communication end; Receive the second communication end static public key from the second communication end; Generate a first communication end dynamic public-private key pair using the key generation algorithm of the post-quantum cryptographic key encapsulation mechanism, and the first communication end dynamic public-private key pair includes a first communication end dynamic public key and a first communication end dynamic private key; Perform key encapsulation using the first communication end first quantum random number and the second communication end static public key to generate a first ciphertext and a first key; Send the first ciphertext and the first communication end dynamic public key to the second communication end; Receive a second ciphertext and a third ciphertext from the second communication end; Decapsulate the second ciphertext using the first communication end dynamic private key to obtain a second decapsulation key; Decapsulate the third ciphertext using the first communication end static private key to obtain a third decapsulation key; Perform a hash calculation on the second decapsulation key, the third decapsulation key, and the first key to obtain the first communication end security key.

4. The communication method according to claim 3, wherein Performing forward encoding on the encrypted ciphertext using the first communication end masking key to obtain a codeword to be transmitted, including: Perform an error correction and damage resistance encoding operation on the encrypted ciphertext to obtain an encoded ciphertext; Perform a masking operation on the encoded ciphertext using the first communication end masking key to obtain the codeword to be transmitted.

5. The communication method according to claim 4, wherein The first communication end security key further includes a first communication end control key, Before encoding the codeword to be transmitted onto a quantum state to send the codeword to be transmitted to the second communication end through the quantum state, the communication method further includes: Determine the current bit type to be transmitted according to the first communication end control key, where the bit type includes information bit and detection bit.

6. The communication method according to claim 5, wherein The first communication end security key further includes a first communication end basis modulation key. Among them, encoding the to-be-transmitted codeword onto a quantum state to send the to-be-transmitted codeword to the second communication end through the quantum state includes: When it is determined according to the first communication end control key that the current bit type to be transmitted is the information bit, generating a transmission encoded information quantum state according to the first communication end basis modulation key; Encoding the to-be-transmitted codeword onto the transmission encoded information quantum state to send the to-be-transmitted codeword to the second communication end through the transmission encoded information quantum state.

7. The communication method according to claim 5, wherein The first communication end quantum random number further includes a first communication end second quantum random number and a first communication end third quantum random number. The communication method further includes: When it is determined according to the first communication end control key that the current bit type to be transmitted is the detection bit, generating a transmission detection information quantum state using the first communication end second quantum random number; Generating a transmission detection bit using the first communication end third quantum random number; Encoding the transmission detection bit onto the transmission detection information quantum state to send the transmission detection bit to the second communication end through the transmission detection information quantum state.

8. The communication method according to claim 7, wherein When it is determined according to the first communication end control key that the current bit type to be transmitted is the detection bit, generating a transmission detection information quantum state using the first communication end second quantum random number includes: Determining the transmission codeword basis using the first communication end second quantum random number; Generating the transmission detection information quantum state using the transmission codeword basis.

9. The communication method according to claim 4, wherein Performing a masking operation on the encoded ciphertext using the first communication end masking key to obtain a to-be-transmitted codeword, including: Generating a masking random number sequence according to the first communication end masking key; Performing an exclusive OR operation on the encoded ciphertext using the masking random number sequence to obtain the to-be-transmitted codeword.

10. A communication method for a quantum communication system, characterized in that, The quantum communication system includes a first communication end and a second communication end. Among them, the second communication end is configured with a second communication end security key, and the second communication end security key includes a second communication end basis modulation key, a second communication end encryption key, and a second communication end masking key. The communication method is for the second communication end, and the communication method includes: Receiving the quantum state sent by the first communication end; Measuring the quantum state using the second communication end basis modulation key to obtain a transmission codeword and the corresponding timing position; According to the timing position, decoding the transmission codeword using the second communication end masking key to obtain a ciphertext codeword; Performing a decryption operation on the ciphertext codeword using the second communication end encryption key to obtain transmission information.

11. The communication method according to claim 10, characterized in that, According to the timing position, decoding the transmission codeword using the second communication end masking key to obtain a ciphertext codeword, including: According to the timing position, performing an unmasking operation on the transmission codeword using the second communication end masking key to obtain an unmasked codeword; Perform error correction and damage-resistant decoding operations on the demasked codeword to obtain the ciphertext codeword.

12. The communication method according to claim 11, wherein The second communication end security key further includes a second communication end control key. Before measuring the quantum state using the second communication end basis modulation key to obtain the transmitted codeword and the corresponding timing position, it further includes: Determine the bit type of the quantum state transmission according to the second communication end control key, where the bit type includes information bit and detection bit.

13. The communication method according to claim 12, wherein Before measuring the quantum state using the second communication end basis modulation key to obtain the transmitted codeword and the corresponding timing position, the communication method further includes: The second communication end and the first communication end establish a mutually authenticated security key through a post-quantum cryptography key encapsulation mechanism.

14. The communication method according to claim 13, wherein The second communication end and the first communication end establish a mutually authenticated security key through a post-quantum cryptography key encapsulation mechanism, including: Generate a second communication end quantum random number using a second communication end quantum random number generator, where the second communication end quantum random number includes a second communication end first quantum random number; Generate a second communication end static public-private key pair using the key generation algorithm of the post-quantum cryptography key encapsulation mechanism, where the second communication end static public-private key pair includes a second communication end static public key and a second communication end static private key; Send the second communication end static public key to the first communication end; Receive the first communication end static public key sent by the first communication end; Receive the first ciphertext and the first communication end dynamic public key sent by the first communication end; Perform key encapsulation using the second communication end first quantum random number and the first communication end dynamic public key to generate a second ciphertext and a second key; Perform key encapsulation using the second communication end first quantum random number and the first communication end static public key to generate a third ciphertext and a third key; Decapsulate the first ciphertext using the second communication end static private key to obtain a first decapsulated key; Send the second ciphertext and the third ciphertext to the first communication end; Perform a hash calculation on the second key, the third key, and the first decapsulated key to obtain the second communication end security key.

15. The communication method according to claim 14, wherein The second communication end quantum random number includes a second communication end second quantum random number, the quantum state includes a transmission detection information quantum state, and the communication method further includes: In the case where it is determined according to the second communication end control key that the currently to-be-transmitted bit type is a detection bit, detect the transmission detection information quantum state to obtain a received detection bit and the corresponding timing position; Receive the first communication end second quantum random number and the transmitted detection bit sent by the first communication end; Perform basis comparison on the first communication end second quantum random number and the second communication end second quantum random number using the timing position to obtain the basis-same bit positions; Compare the received detection bit and the transmitted detection bit according to the basis-same bit positions to evaluate the parameters of the quantum information channel between the first communication end and the second communication end.

16. An electronic device, characterized in that, It includes a memory and a processor; wherein, the memory stores one or more computer instructions, and when the one or more computer instructions are executed by the processor, the communication method described in any one of claims 1-15 is implemented.

17. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, A computer program is stored thereon, and when the computer program is executed, the communication method described in any one of claims 1-15 is implemented.

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