Novel method for feeding and controlled release of biological control agents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a novel method for feeding and controlled release of biological control agents. The present invention discloses a feeding composition comprising a predatory mite population capable of oviposition at least two generations comprising at least one mite species of the genus Phytoseiulus, and a fed mite population comprising at least one species from abbreviaceae and optionally from Phytoseiidae. Methods for feeding the same are also disclosed.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of Chinese Patent Application 201980016699.1, filed on March 5, 2019, entitled "A Novel Method for Feeding and Controlling the Release of Biocontrol Agents". Technical Field

[0002] This invention relates to the field of biological control agents for crop protection, and more specifically to novel means and methods for feeding biological control agents against plant pests. Background Technology

[0003] The use of arthropods (insects and mites) as biological control agents (BCAs) is an expanding field with many advantages over chemical pest control. Arthropod BCAs are able to naturally control other arthropod species that act as pests on crops.

[0004] Phytoseiids ( Phytoseiulus *Phytoseiidae* is a genus of mite belonging to the family Phytoseiidae. This predatory mite is most commonly used to control two-spotted spider mites in greenhouses and outdoor crops grown in temperate environments. A single *Phytosei* mite can consume up to seven adult spider mites or dozens of their eggs per day. A well-fed female will lay approximately 50 eggs in her lifetime. The genus *Phytosei* contains four known species, namely: *Phytoseiia galbana* (Chilean phytosei). P. persimmon ), Phytoseioides longiflora ( P. long-legged ), P. macropilis And strawberry phytosei mite ( P. fragariae (Chant and McMurtry 2006). All species of the genus *Phytosei* are considered type 1 predators, meaning they are highly specialized for a diet consisting of spider mites, particularly those of the *T.* genus (McMurtry and Croft 1997). The most commonly used species of this genus for biological control of spider mites is *Phytosei Chileanus*.

[0005] Chilean phytosei mite ( Phytoseiulus persimilis , P. persimmon The adult is bright red to orange, with long legs and a pear-shaped body (about 0.5 mm long).

[0006] The Chilean phytosei mite is considered a specialist among spider mites (mites of the family Tetranychidae), which are herbivorous mites (Helle and Sabelis 1985, Gerson et al. 2003). Gerson et al. 2003 specifically noted that "members of the genus Phytosei survive and place their eggs almost exclusively within the reticulate colonies of the genus." Phytoseiuluslive and place their eggs almost exclusively within the webbed colonies of Spider mite Gerson et al. (2003) further pointed out that "if other predators are present on the same plant, the specificity of Chilean phytosei mite on its spider mite prey may be a disadvantage." P. persimmon for spider mite prey can be a disadvantage if other predators are present on the same plants)".

[0007] The discovery of *Phytoseios gargarizans* may be related to another herbivorous (plant-fed) mite, the Tardiidae family. Tarsonemidae Primrose anserina ( Steneotarsonemus pallidus They develop and may reproduce on the surface (Simmonds, SP, 1970).

[0008] From a commercial point of view, a significant drawback of producing predatory mites that specialize in feeding on plants, such as spider mites, is that they require the breeding of the prey mites on plants, which is costly.

[0009] Walker and Schausberger, 1999, examined the more generalist *Neoseiuthischianus* mite (*California neomicroseius*). Neoseiulus californicus Both *Phytosei* genus and *Phytosei* genus are predatory adults, both in their adult and interspecific stages. Adult females and immature individuals of both predators have been reported to exhibit higher predation rates on larvae than on eggs and first nymphs. *Neoseiureas caecifolius* has been found to prey on *Phytosei* genus more severely than the other way around. *Phytosei* genus has been reported to prey on conspecifics more frequently than on heterospecifics and is more prone to cannibalism than *Neoseiureas caecifolius*. Furthermore, *Phytosei* genus has been reported to suffer higher mortality rates than *Neoseiureas caecifolius* when provided with prey.

[0010] Walzer and Schausberger (1999) further taught that female *Phytoseiolus chilinus* cannot sustain oviposition, whether preyed upon by same-species or different-species individuals. Furthermore, when preyed upon by same-species larvae, immature *Phytoseiolus chilinus* larvae have a lower mortality rate compared to different-species larvae. These authors inferred that neither same-species nor different-species prey provide sufficient nutrition for the continued reproduction of *Phytoseiolus chilinus*. Yao and Chant (1989) supported this, reporting that when preyed upon by cannibalism or predation… Iphigenia degenerating When the individuals are immature, the Chilean phytosei mite does not produce eggs. In this study, when cannibalism occurred, only two females laid a single egg.

[0011] In summary, it was found that *Phytoseidium gariculatum* can kill juvenile predatory mites of the Phytoseiidae family, including *Neoseiuthischianus* and... Iphigenia degenerating It develops on its own. However, it does not lay eggs when feeding on these prey mites. On the other hand, when the predatory mite *Neoseiuthis Californiae* and... I. degenerate When fed on *Phytoseiolus chilaris*, they do indeed lay eggs (Yao and Chant, 1989). This suggests that, unlike other mites in the same family, *Phytoseiolus chilaris* has a narrow dietary range.

[0012] The Chilean phytoseiid mite may also develop through cannibalism, feeding on its own younger stages. When fed in this manner, egg-laying is rare (Walzer and Schausberger, 1999; Yao and Chant, 1989). In all cases where phytoseiid mites are used as prey, the latter are fed with spider mites that grow on plants, and thus involve high costs.

[0013] Further investigation revealed that the Chilean phytosei mite develops on thrips (herbivorous insects) larvae, but does not lay eggs on this diet (Walzer 2004). This contrasts with the predatory mite *Neoseiu cauchus*, which is capable of reproducing on this prey (Walzer 2004). It should be emphasized that a high mortality rate during juvenile development was reported in this study.

[0014] U.S. Patent 9,781,937 and European Patent 2,612,551 disclose a mite composition comprising a food source of predatory mite species selected from Mesostigmatid or Prostigmatid species and a predatory mite species including aspirate species. These publications further disclose that at least a portion of the aspirate individuals are fixed, and that the fixed aspirate individuals are contacted with a fungicide containing a fungicide-reducing mite population selected from fungivorous mite species or mite species that produce antifungal exudates.

[0015] U.S. Patent 7,947,269 teaches a mite composition comprising a rearing population of a predatory phytosei mite species and an artificial host population comprising at least one species selected from the family Drosophila.

[0016] U.S. Patent 8,097,248 discloses a mite composition comprising a rearing population of the predatory mite species *Amblyseius skeletoni*, and an artificial host population comprising at least one species of anspirate mite species selected from the following families: i) Carpoglyphidae, ii) Pyroglyphidae, and iii) Glyciophagidae.

[0017] US Patent 8,733,283 discloses a method for feeding predatory mites by: providing a food source of prey mites containing dextrose; and feeding insectivorous mites (Stenophora spp.) on said food source. Thyreophagus entomophagus Prey mites; predatory mites that feed on insectivorous mites are provided at an initial ratio of 1:10 to 1:100, and the predatory mites are fed on the prey mites to produce a breeding population.

[0018] US patents 8,733,283 and EP2048941 teach that *Phytoseiole Chileanus* can only be fed on a spider mite diet. They report that *Phytoseiole Chileanus* is an obligate spider mite predator and cannot survive on alternative food sources such as pollen. It is emphasized in these publications that survival rates tend to be poor if the supply of prey is insufficient.

[0019] EP2380436 discloses a mite composition comprising a reared population of a predatory phytosei mite species and a population of at least one species from the suborder Aspiraea, characterized in that the population from the suborder Aspiraea is not alive.

[0020] WO2007075081 discloses a mite composition comprising a rearing population and an artificial host population of a predatory phytosei mite species, characterized in that the artificial host population comprises at least one species selected from the family Glyciphagidae. When referring to *Phytosei mite*, *Phytosei Chileanus*, it indicates that the spider mite (*Tetranychus biloba*) is the preferred prey.

[0021] None of the aforementioned patent documents discloses or teaches the successful rearing of the important predatory mite *Phytoseiolus chiares* on any form or developmental stage of mites in the suborder Aspirata. Instead, all the aforementioned patent documents and scientific publications report that *Phytoseiolus chiares* is an obligate tetrapod predator and cannot survive on alternative food sources. Therefore, entomologists / mitologists would not consider *Phytoseiolus chiares* a typical generalist species of the family Phytoseiidae or Amblyseinae, but rather a highly specialized species.

[0022] In view of the above, there is a long-term need for the effective and efficient large-scale rearing of Chilean Phytosei mites for the biological control of crop pests. Summary of the Invention

[0023] This invention relates to the field of insect control, and more particularly to systems and methods for feeding biological control agents against plant pests.

[0024] One object of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition comprising: at least one genus of phytosei mites. Phytoseiulus Predatory mite populations of mite species, and prey mite populations containing at least one species from the suborder Astigmata.

[0025] A further object of the present invention is to provide a feeding composition comprising: a predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei*, and a prey mite population comprising individuals of at least one species of the suborder Aspirate, wherein the predatory mite population is capable of laying eggs for at least two generations, and further wherein the Aspirate prey is selected from non-viable mites, non-viable eggs, and combinations thereof.

[0026] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a rearing composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the predatory mite is capable of laying eggs for at least 10 generations and is reared on the prey individuals of the Aspirate suborder.

[0027] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the predatory mite population exhibits an increased reproductive rate trait compared to a control predatory mite population lacking the aforementioned trait.

[0028] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the predatory mite population exhibits a daily reproduction rate in the range of about 1.15-1.2.

[0029] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the predatory mite population is characterized by being off-white.

[0030] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition does not contain a fungicide.

[0031] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the predatory mite species is selected from *Phytoseione stearens* (Strawberry Phytosei). Phytoseiulus fragariae ), Phytoseioides longiflora ( Phytoseiulus long-legged ), Phytoseiulus macropilis Chilean phytosei mite ( Phytoseiulus persimilis ) and Robert's phytosei mite ( Phytoseiulus robertsi ).

[0032] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the predatory mite species is *Phytosei gargarizans*.

[0033] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the species from the suborder Aspiraea belong to the families selected from: Carpoglyphidae, Pyroglyphidae, Acaridae, and Glycyphagidae.

[0034] A further object of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the species from the suborder Aspiraea include members of the family Drosomidae, such as the genus Drosomyces, for example, *Drosomyces sacchari*. Carpoglyphus milk ), Drosophila melanogaster ( Carpoglyphus munroi Members from the family Saccharidae, such as the genus Saccharidae, for example, *Mammillaria tumefaciens* (Saccharidae). Domestic cicada ); from the genus *Pseudomonas* Lepidoglyph Members of ) such as scaly mites ( Lepidoglyphus destructor Members from the family Meadowmitidae, such as the genus *Dust Mite*, for example, the flour mite (*Dust Mite*). Dermatophagoides flouris House dust mites ( Dermatophagoides pteronisinus Members from the family Acaridae, such as the genus *Tetranychus*. Tyrannosaurus ), such as the carrion mite ( Tyrophagus putrescence ).

[0035] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the population of the non-spiracular suborder prey is in frozen form.

[0036] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the population of prey from the suborder Aspirate comprises a mixture containing larvae of non-viable, frozen developmental stages.

[0037] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises at least one mite species of the genus *Phytosei* and a mixture comprising non-viable, frozen developmental stage *Dendrocarpa larvae* and sawdust or another carrier material.

[0038] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a mixture of Chilean phytosei mite and a non-viable, frozen developmental stage of sweet fruit mite larvae and sawdust or another carrier material.

[0039] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the population of prey from the suborder Aspiratea contains non-viable eggs of the sweet fruit mite.

[0040] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the population of prey from the suborder Aspirate comprises a 1:1 ratio (w / w) of non-viable eggs and non-viable larvae.

[0041] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition further comprises a carrier, such as sawdust, bran or another carrier material.

[0042] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the predator population fed on the mite species from the suborder Aspiraea reproduces at an average rate of at least about 15% per day, particularly from 15% to 25% per day.

[0043] A further object of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the foregoing claims, wherein the individuals of the anaplastic suborder are treated by means of: heat treatment, such as freezing, heating, cold shock or heat shock treatment; chemical treatment, such as gas or flue gas treatment; radiation treatment, such as UV, microwave, gamma radiation or X-ray treatment; mechanical treatment, such as violent shaking or stirring, shearing, impact; pneumatic treatment, such as ultrasonic treatment, pressure change, pressure drop; electrical treatment, such as electrocution; fixation with adhesives; fixation by starvation, such as induction by water or food deprivation; fixation by asphyxiation or hypoxia treatment, such as by temporarily removing oxygen from the atmosphere or replacing oxygen with another gas and any combination thereof.

[0044] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises Chilean phytosei mite and a mixture comprising non-viable sweet fruit mite eggs and sawdust or another carrier material.

[0045] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises *Phytosei gargarizans* and a mixture comprising non-viable *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* and sawdust or another carrier material.

[0046] A further object of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a population of predatory mites of *Phytoseios garutus* and dead individuals of *Ceratosus garutus* as the prey population, further wherein the predatory mites of *Phytoseios garutus* have a daily reproduction rate in the range of about 1.15-1.2.

[0047] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a population of predatory mites of *Phytosei* Chileanus and at least one dead individual belonging to a species of the suborder Anspiraea, said species being selected from: *Ceratophorus spp.*, *Ceratophorus spp.*, *Ceratophorus spp.*, *Dryopteris spp.*, and *Dryopteris spp.*

[0048] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the prey mite population further comprises mite species of the Phytoseiidae family.

[0049] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the prey mite species of the Physeiidae family is non-viable.

[0050] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose feeding compositions as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the compositions are capable of controlling crop pests.

[0051] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the crop pest is selected from mite pests, particularly members of the family Tetranychidae, such as Tetranychus two-spotted, and more particularly, spider mite species, especially those of the genus Tetranychus (…). Spider mite ), genus *Panthera* ( Panonychus ) and various other mite species.

[0052] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is capable of reducing the crop pest count by at least 50%.

[0053] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, which is formulated for controlled release of the predatory mites on crop plants.

[0054] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, which is contained in a container configured to control the release of the predatory mites on crop plants.

[0055] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the predatory mites are slowly and continuously released from the container into the crop over a period of approximately three weeks.

[0056] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method for raising a predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei*, the method comprising: (a) providing a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 24; and (b) allowing individuals of the predatory mite population to prey on individuals of a population of nonspiracies for at least two generations.

[0057] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method for raising a predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei*, the method comprising: (a) providing a composition comprising: a predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei* and a prey mite population comprising individuals of at least one species of the suborder Aspirate; and (b) allowing individuals of the predatory mite population to prey on individuals of the suborder Aspirate for at least two generations; wherein the suborder Aspirate prey is selected from non-viable mites, non-viable eggs, and combinations thereof.

[0058] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein a reared population is maintained at a temperature range of 18-30°C, particularly about 22°C.

[0059] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the reared population is maintained at a relative humidity of 70-90%, particularly about 85%.

[0060] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the predatory mite is capable of laying eggs for at least two generations, preferably at least ten generations, which are then reared on the prey individuals of the Aspirate suborder.

[0061] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the predatory mite population has a daily reproduction rate in the range of about 1.15-1.2.

[0062] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the predatory mite population is characterized by being off-white.

[0063] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition does not contain a fungicide.

[0064] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the predatory mite species is selected from *Phytoseidium falciparum* (strawberry phytosei). Phytoseiulus fragariae ), Phytoseioides longiflora ( Phytoseiulus long-legged ), Phytoseiulus macropilis Chilean phytosei mite ( Phytoseiulus persimilis ) and Robert's phytosei mite ( Phytoseiulus robertsi ).

[0065] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the predatory mite species is *Phytosei gargarizans*.

[0066] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the species from the suborder Aspiraphasia belong to the families Carpoglyphidae, Pyroglyphidae, Acaridae, and Glycyphagidae.

[0067] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the species from the suborder Aspiraea include members of the family Drosophila, such as the genus Drosophila, for example, *Drosophila melanogaster*. Carpoglyphus milk ), Drosophila melanogaster ( Carpoglyphus munroi Members from the family Saccharidae, such as the genus Saccharidae, for example, *Mammillaria tumefaciens* (Saccharidae). Domestic cicada ); from the genus *Pseudomonas* Lepidoglyph Members of ) such as scaly mites ( Lepidoglyphus destructor Members from the family Meadowmitidae, such as the genus *Dust Mite*, for example, the flour mite (*Dust Mite*). Dermatophagoides flouris House dust mites ( Dermatophagoides pteronisinus Members from the family Acaridae, such as the genus *Tetranychus*. Tyrannosaurus ), such as the carrion mite ( Tyrophagus putrescence ).

[0068] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the population of the non-spiracular suborder prey is in frozen form.

[0069] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the population of prey from the aspirate suborder comprises a mixture containing larvae in a frozen, non-viable developmental stage.

[0070] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises at least one mite species of the genus *Phytosei* and a mixture comprising non-viable, frozen developmental stage *Dendrocarpa larvae* and sawdust or another carrier material.

[0071] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises *Phytosei gargarizans* and a mixture comprising non-viable, frozen developmental stage *Dendrocarpus spp.* larvae and sawdust or another carrier material.

[0072] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the population of prey from the suborder Aspiratea contains non-viable eggs of the sweet fruit mite.

[0073] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the population of prey from the suborder Aspirate comprises a 1:1 ratio (w / w) of non-viable eggs and non-viable larvae.

[0074] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition further comprises a carrier, such as sawdust, bran, or another carrier material.

[0075] A further objective of the invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein a population of predators raised on mite species from the suborder Aspiraea reproduces at an average rate of at least about 15% per day, particularly from 15% to 25% per day.

[0076] A further object of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the foregoing claims, wherein the individuals of the aspirate suborder are treated by means of: thermal treatment, such as freezing, heating, cold shock, or heat shock treatment; chemical treatment, such as gas or flue gas treatment; radiation treatment, such as UV, microwave, gamma radiation, or X-ray treatment; mechanical treatment, such as violent shaking or stirring, shearing, or impact; pneumatic treatment, such as ultrasonic treatment, pressure change, or pressure drop; electrical treatment, such as electrocution; fixation with adhesives; fixation by starvation, such as induction by water or food deprivation; fixation by asphyxiation or hypoxia treatment, such as by temporarily removing oxygen from the atmosphere or replacing oxygen with another gas and any combination thereof.

[0077] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises *Phytosei gargarizans* and a mixture comprising non-viable *Dictyophora indica* eggs and sawdust or another carrier material.

[0078] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises *Phytosei gargarizans* and a mixture comprising non-viable *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* and sawdust or another carrier material.

[0079] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a population of predatory mites *Phytoseios garutus* and dead individuals of *Dendrocarpa garutus* as the prey population, further wherein the predatory mites *Phytoseios garutus* population has a daily reproduction rate in the range of about 1.15-1.2.

[0080] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a population of predatory mites, *Phytosei* Chileans, and at least one dead individual belonging to a species of the suborder Anopheles, said species being selected from: *Ceratophorus spp.*, *Ceratophorus spp.*, *Ceratophorus spp.*, *Dust mites*, and *Dust mite*.

[0081] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the prey mite population further comprises mite species of the Phytoseiidae family.

[0082] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the prey mite species of the Physeiidae family is non-viable.

[0083] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method for controlling crop pests, the method comprising applying a composition as defined in any of the preceding claims to field crops.

[0084] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the crop pest is selected from mite pests, particularly members of the family Tetranychidae, such as Tetranychus two-spotted, and more particularly, spider mite species, especially those of the genus Tetranychus (…). Spider mite ), genus *Panthera* ( Panonychus ) and various other mite species.

[0085] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose the use of compositions as defined in any of the preceding claims for the control of crop pests.

[0086] A further objective of the invention is to disclose uses as defined in any of the foregoing claims, wherein the crop pest is selected from mite pests, particularly members of the family Tetranychidae, such as Tetranychus two-spotted, and more particularly, spider mite species, especially those of the genus Tetranychus (…). Spider mite ), genus *Panthera* ( Panonychus ) and various other mite species.

[0087] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose uses as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the crop is selected from greenhouse-grown crops, field crops, vegetables, ornamental plants, fruit trees, hops, cotton, and strawberries.

[0088] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a biological control agent (BCA) for controlling crop pests, comprising a mixture of: (a) at least one predatory mite species of the genus *Phytosei* fed with a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 31; (b) optionally, comprising at least one prey mite individual from an aspirate suborder species selected from non-viable mites, non-viable eggs, and combinations thereof; and (c) optionally, a carrier material.

[0089] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a BCA as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the predatory mite population is characterized by being off-white.

[0090] A further object of the present invention is to disclose a container containing a composition according to any one of claims 1-29, the container being configured to be suspended on a crop plant, the container including an outlet hole from which the predatory mite is slowly and continuously released into the crop over a period of approximately three weeks.

[0091] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a container as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the container is selected from sachet, packet, pouch, pocket, sack, bottle, and bag.

[0092] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a container as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the consumed mite is in a frozen form.

[0093] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a container as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the consumed mite is a frozen non-spiracophylla mite egg.

[0094] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a container as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the prey mite is a frozen egg of the sweet fruit mite.

[0095] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein at least a portion of the population of prey from the Aspirate suborder is stabilized.

[0096] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the above claims, wherein the population of the non-spiracular suborder prey is stabilized.

[0097] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the population of prey from the suborder Aspirate comprises dead eggs and at least partially fixed mites.

[0098] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the nonspiracophylla prey population comprises eggs and dead mites.

[0099] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the population of prey from the suborder Aspirate comprises eggs and fixed larvae in a 1:1 ratio (w / w).

[0100] A further object of the present invention is to disclose a rearing composition as defined in any of the foregoing claims, wherein the mites are fixed by a fixation treatment selected from the following: heat treatment, such as freezing, heating, cold shock, or heat shock treatment; chemical treatment, such as gas or flue gas treatment; radiation treatment, such as UV, microwave, gamma radiation, or X-ray treatment; mechanical treatment, such as vigorous shaking or stirring, shearing, or impact; pneumatic treatment, such as ultrasonic treatment, pressure change, or pressure drop; electrical treatment, such as electrocution; fixation with adhesives; fixation by starvation, such as inducing fixation by water or food deprivation; fixation by asphyxiation or hypoxia treatment, such as by temporarily removing oxygen from the atmosphere or replacing oxygen with another gas, or any combination thereof.

[0101] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises Chilean phytosei mite and a mixture comprising fixed sweet fruit mite and sawdust or another carrier material.

[0102] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the fixed sweet fruit mite is a dead mite.

[0103] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a population of predatory mites *Phytoseios garutus* and dead individuals of *Ceratosus garutus* as the prey population, further wherein the predatory mites *Phytoseios garutus* population is capable of laying eggs for at least two generations, preferably at least ten generations.

[0104] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a population of predatory mites of *Phytosei* Chileanus and at least one dead individual belonging to a species of the suborder Anspiraea, said species being selected from: *Ceratophorus spp.*, *Ceratophorus spp.*, *Ceratophorus spp.*, *Dryopteris spp.*, and *Dryopteris spp.*

[0105] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the prey mite population further comprises mite species of the Phytoseiidae family.

[0106] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the prey mite species of the Phytoseiidae family is a genus of Amblyseius. Amblyseius For example, Amblyseius stesei ( Amblyseius swirskii ).

[0107] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the species of the prey mite is *Amblyseius stesei*.

[0108] A further object of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a population of predatory mites, namely, *Phytosei gargarizans*, and a population of prey mites, namely, *Amblyseius stesei*.

[0109] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the above claims, wherein the amblyseius steggii mite is at least partially immobilized.

[0110] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition comprising: at least one genus of phytosei mites. Phytoseiulus Predatory mite populations of mites, and prey mite populations containing at least one species from the Phytoseiidae family.

[0111] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the prey mite species is an amblyseius mite. Amblyseius For example, Amblyseius stesei ( Amblyseius swirskii ).

[0112] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a feeding composition as defined in any of the above claims, wherein the prey mites are immobilized.

[0113] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein at least a portion of the anaspira suborder prey population is fixed.

[0114] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the population of prey from the aspirate suborder is stabilized.

[0115] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the population of prey from the suborder Aspirate comprises a mixture containing dead, frozen larvae in the developmental stage.

[0116] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a mixture of Chilean phytosei mite and a dead, frozen, developmental stage sweet fruit mite larvae and sawdust or another carrier material.

[0117] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the population of prey from the suborder Aspirate comprises eggs and at least partially fixed mites.

[0118] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the population of prey from the suborder Aspirate comprises eggs and dead mites.

[0119] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the population of prey from the suborder Aspirate comprises eggs and fixed larvae in a 1:1 ratio (w / w).

[0120] A further object of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the foregoing claims, wherein the mites are immobilized by immobilization treatments selected from the following: heat treatment, such as freezing, heating, cold shock, or heat shock treatment; chemical treatment, such as gas or flue gas treatment; radiation treatment, such as UV, microwave, gamma radiation, or X-ray treatment; mechanical treatment, such as vigorous shaking or stirring, shearing, or impact; pressure treatment, such as ultrasonic treatment, pressure change, or pressure drop; electrical treatment, such as electrocution; immobilization with adhesives; immobilization by starvation, such as inducing it by water or food deprivation; and immobilization by asphyxiation or hypoxia treatment, such as by temporarily removing oxygen from the atmosphere or replacing oxygen with another gas, or any combination thereof.

[0121] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises *Phytosei gargarizans* and a mixture comprising fixed *Dictyophora indica* and sawdust or another carrier material.

[0122] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the fixed sweet fruit mite is a dead mite.

[0123] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a population of predatory mites *Phytoseiolus spp.* and dead individuals of *Ceratosus spp.* as the prey population, further wherein the predatory mites *Phytoseiolus spp.* are capable of laying eggs for at least two generations, preferably at least ten generations.

[0124] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a population of predatory mites, *Phytosei* Chileans, and at least one dead individual belonging to a species of the suborder Anopheles, said species being selected from: *Ceratophorus spp.*, *Ceratophorus spp.*, *Ceratophorus spp.*, *Dust mites*, and *Dust mite*.

[0125] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the prey mite population further comprises mite species of the Phytoseiidae family.

[0126] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the prey mite species is an amblyseius mite. Amblyseius For example, Amblyseius stesei ( Amblyseius swirskii ).

[0127] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the species of the mite being eaten is *Amblyseius stesei*.

[0128] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises a population of predatory mites, namely, *Phytosei gargarizans*, and a population of prey mites, namely, *Amblyseius stesnezoffii*.

[0129] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the amblyseius stesei is at least partially immobilized.

[0130] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method for raising a predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei*, the method comprising: (a) providing the composition according to claim 26; and (b) allowing individuals of the predatory mite population to prey on individuals of the genus *Phytosei*.

[0131] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined above, wherein the predatory mite species is selected from *Phytoseione stifae* (strawberry phytosei). Phytoseiulus fragariae ), Phytoseioides longiflora ( Phytoseiulus longipes ), Phytoseiulus macropilis Chilean phytosei mite ( Phytoseiulus persimilis ) and Robert's phytosei mite ( Phytoseiulus robertsi ).

[0132] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the predatory mite species is *Phytosei gargarizans*.

[0133] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the prey mite species is an amblyseius mite. Amblyseius For example, Amblyseius stesei (Amblyseius swirskii ).

[0134] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a method as defined in any of the above claims, wherein the prey mite is immobilized.

[0135] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a biological control product for controlling crop pests, comprising a mixture of: (a) predatory mites of *Phytoseios gargarizans* fed with a composition as defined in any of the preceding items, (b) prey mites comprising at least one species of the suborder Aspiraea, and (c) optionally, a carrier material.

[0136] A further objective of this invention is to disclose a biological control product as defined above, wherein the species from the suborder Aspiraea include members of the family Drosophila, such as the genus Drosophila, for example, *Drosophila melanogaster*. Carpoglyphus lactis ), Drosophila melanogaster ( Carpoglyphus munroi Members from the family Saccharidae, such as the genus Saccharidae, for example, *Mammillaria tumefaciens* (Saccharidae). Glycyphagus domesticus ); from the genus *Pseudomonas* Lepidoglyphus Members of ) such as scaly mites ( Lepidoglyphus destructor Members from the family Meadowmitidae, such as the genus *Dust Mite*, for example, the flour mite (*Dust Mite*). Dermatophagoides farinae House dust mites ( Dermatophagoides pteronisinus Members from the family Acaridae, such as the genus *Tetranychus*. Tyrophagus ), such as the carrion mite ( Tyrophagus putrescentiae ).

[0137] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a biological control product for controlling crop pests, comprising a mixture of: (a) predatory mites of *Phytoseius chinensis* fed with a composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, (b) prey mites comprising at least one species from the family Phytoseiidae, and (c) optionally, a carrier material.

[0138] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a biological control product for controlling crop pests, comprising predatory mites of the genus Phytosei broodstock fed with a composition as defined in any of the preceding claims.

[0139] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose compositions as defined in any of the preceding claims, which are formulated for controlled release of the predatory mites on crop plants.

[0140] A further object of the present invention is to disclose a container containing a composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, the container being configured to be suspended on a crop plant, the container including an outlet hole from which the predatory mite is slowly and continuously released into the crop over a period of approximately three weeks.

[0141] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a container as defined above, wherein the container is selected from pouches, bags, sachets, pockets, purses, and bags.

[0142] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a container as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the consumed mite is a frozen non-spiracophylla mite egg.

[0143] A further objective of the present invention is to disclose a container as defined in any of the preceding claims, wherein the prey mite is a frozen egg of the sweet fruit mite. Attached Figure Description

[0144] To understand the invention and see how it can be implemented in practice, several embodiments are now described by way of non-limiting example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure 1 It is in dead or fixed sweet fruit mites ( Carpoglyphus lactis, C. lactis Examples of photographs of different developmental stages of *Phytosei gargarizans* reared on mites; Figure 2 As one embodiment of the present invention, the sweet fruit mite (in dead or fixed) Carpoglyphus lactis, C. lactis Examples of photos of Chilean Phytosei mites reared on mites; Figure 3 It is a graphical representation of the daily reproduction rate of a population of Chilean phytoseiid mite feeding on a mixture of dead phytoseiid mite eggs and dead motile phytoseiid mites during a 14-week period. Figure 4 It is a graphical representation of the percentage of Chilean phytosei mites showing feeding signs such as their body shape and color; Figure 5 The illustration shows the mite release rate as a function of the number of days since the experimental setup. Figure 6 The illustration shows an example of the population source of Chilean phytosei mite reared on sweet fruit mites, which are the prey of the mite. P+ and P- The difference in daily reproduction rates between ); reproduction P+ Populations, and selection for improved adaptations of the sweet fruit mite as a prey; P- The population is a commercially available control population of *Phytoseios gargarizans* from Chile; and Figure 7 The illustrations illustrate the Chilean phytosei (Pp) and spider mite counts in plants exposed to the slow-release system of this invention compared to control plants. Detailed Implementation

[0145] Two-spotted spider mite, two-spotted spider mite ( Tetranychus urticaeKoch. is a major spider mite pest of ornamental plants and vegetable crops grown in greenhouses. Furthermore, this ubiquitous spider mite is a serious pest of many ornamental plants in home landscapings and is quite important as a pest of food and fiber crops worldwide (van de Vrie et al., 1972). The predatory phytosei mite *Phytosei trichiuri* is a key species used for the control of two-spotted spider mites in greenhouses and field crops.

[0146] The Chilean phytosei mite is a predatory mite that feeds exclusively on spider mites. Spider mites are herbivorous (plant-eating mites) and therefore need to be raised on plants, which is undesirable due to the complex handling and high rearing costs involved.

[0147] This invention provides for the first time an alternative method for rearing *Phytoseiolus gargarizans* and other mite species in the genus *Phytoseiolus*. Contrary to conventional thinking, this invention shows that mite species in the genus *Phytoseiolus*, such as *Phytoseiolus gargarizans*, can have their dietary range expanded and can be reared on other prey, which is cheaper for production and therefore more desirable. The alternative prey mites are primarily mites in the suborder Anspiral, which feed on stored products and are therefore significantly cheaper for production.

[0148] According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a system and method for using mites of the species *Ceratospermum* (especially dead mites) or other nonspiracophylla mites as alternative food for mite species of the genus *Phytosei* (such as *Phytosei Chileans*).

[0149] This invention shows that when feeding on dead mites belonging to the suborder Aspiraea (within the class Arachnida), mites of the genus Physeiium (especially Physeiium chrysogenum) can complete their life cycle and reproduce.

[0150] The object of this invention is to develop a system for producing *Phytosei* species (e.g., *Phytosei minor Chileanus*) on a diet containing non-spiral mites. This system is based on the following components: 1. Predators - especially Chilean phytosei mite, and more commonly mites of the genus Phytosei. 2. The prey - the mite species, which may be fruit mite, sweet-eating mite, scaly mite, dust mite, house dust mite or other non-spiracular mites or other mite species, such as amblyseius stesei. 3. Rearing System – The specific setup for raising mites, including the rearing medium, the pathway for presenting the prey mite to the predator, the prey's developmental stage, and other factors.

[0151] The following feeding methods are within the scope of this invention: 1. The predator is kept on a live mixture of prey mites. 2. Predators accept a mixture of prey mites that have been fixed by freezing or other means, such as radiation. 3. Extract prey mites at specific developmental stages from the prey mite population and then use them, alive or dead, as food for predators.

[0152] Note that in all of the above optional rearing methods, the prey mite can be one of the Aspirate mites mentioned above or other species.

[0153] Regarding the final biological control product, the following content is within the scope of this invention: 1. Contains both predator and prey mites, or a mixture of predator mites and prey mites at a specific stage used to feed predators. 2. Another option is to extract only the predator, so that the final product contains only the predator.

[0154] According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a feeding composition comprising: a predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei*, and a prey mite population comprising individuals from at least one species of the suborder Aspirate, wherein the predatory mite population is capable of laying eggs for at least two generations, further wherein the Aspirate prey is selected from non-viable mites, non-viable eggs, and combinations thereof.

[0155] Within the scope of this invention, the predatory mite is capable of laying eggs for at least 10 generations, preferably more, with individuals of the Aspirate suborder as prey.

[0156] Furthermore within the scope of this study, the predatory mite population exhibits an increased reproductive rate trait compared to a control population of the same species lacking the aforementioned traits.

[0157] Furthermore, within the stated range, the predatory mite population of the present invention exhibits a daily reproduction rate in the range of approximately 1.15-1.2.

[0158] Further within the scope of the invention, when the Phytoseioides predatory mites are bred on the prey of the Aspirate suborder as a food source, the predatory mite population is characterized by being off-white.

[0159] Within the scope of this invention, the predator will have an appearance different from that of a common product containing *Phytoseios gargarizans* bred on spider mites (in the case of this invention, a white mite instead of the usual orange).

[0160] According to a further embodiment, the present invention demonstrates for the first time that a population of Chilean phytoseioides successfully develops and reproduces on dead sweet fruit mites for at least six months (about 25 generations).

[0161] It should be emphasized that this paper surprisingly reports that the Chilean phytosei mite completes its life cycle and reproduces on non-plant-eating prey (prey that does not need to feed on living plants) or prey that does not consume non-plant-eating mites.

[0162] This invention provides a mite composition comprising a population of *Phytoseiolus gargarizans* fed with an artificial host mite population containing at least one species from the suborder Aspiraea or the family Phytoseiidae. To date, feeding mite species of the genus *Phytoseiolus*, such as the important predator mite *Phytoseiolus gargarizans*, on their natural herbivorous mite diet involves high costs and resources (such as providing suitable plants in sufficient abundance under greenhouse conditions).

[0163] This invention addresses the serious problem of raising the predator Chilean phytosei mite by feeding it on a cost-effective and efficient alternative diet of non-food plants.

[0164] Therefore, the present invention provides a mite composition comprising: a mite species of the genus Phytosei, a rearing population of a predatory mite species such as *Phytoseidium gargarizans*, a population of at least one species from the suborder Aspiraea or from the family Phytoseiidae, and optionally a carrier.

[0165] According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a feeding composition comprising: a predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei*, and a prey mite population comprising at least one species from the suborder Aspiraea.

[0166] According to a further embodiment, the present invention provides a method for rearing a predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei*, the method comprising: (a) providing a composition comprising: a predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei* and a prey mite population comprising at least one species from the suborder Aspirate; and (b) allowing individuals of the predatory mite population to prey on individuals of the suborder Aspirate.

[0167] According to a further embodiment, the present invention provides a feeding composition comprising: a predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei*, and a prey mite population comprising at least one species of the family Phytoseiidae.

[0168] According to a further embodiment, the present invention provides a method for raising a predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei*, the method comprising: (a) providing a composition comprising: a predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei*, and a prey mite population comprising at least one species from the family Phytoseiidae; and (b) allowing individuals of the predatory mite population to prey on individuals of the Phytoseiidae population.

[0169] In some implementations, the prey population, i.e., species from the suborder Aspiraea or from the family Phytoseiidae, is fixed and / or non-viable.

[0170] Further within the scope stated, the Chilean phytosei mite predatory mite is capable of reproducing for at least two generations, preferably at least ten generations, more preferably at least fifteen or more generations, feeding on the aforementioned aspirate suborder populations.

[0171] Compared to previous combinations, the compositions of the present invention offer a considerable number of advantages. In one aspect, the food material used to feed the prey during predator production will no longer be plants or herbivorous mites, but mites living on the stored products, thus providing substantial cost savings.

[0172] In another aspect, the present invention provides a feeding composition comprising: a predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei*, and a prey mite population comprising at least one species of the family Phytoseiidae.

[0173] According to some further embodiments of the present invention, the predatory mite species is selected from *Phytoseido spp.* (Fragariae spp.). Phytoseiulus fragariae ), Phytoseioides longiflora ( Phytoseiulus longipes ), Phytoseiulus macropilis Chilean phytosei mite ( Phytoseiulus persimilis ) and Robert's phytosei mite ( Phytoseiulus robertsi ).

[0174] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the predatory mite species is *Phytoseios gargarizans*.

[0175] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the prey mite species is a member of the genus *Amblyseius*. Amblyseius For example, Amblyseius stesei ( Amblyseius swirskii ).

[0176] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the feeding composition comprises fixed prey mites.

[0177] According to a further aspect of the invention, the prey mite is a fixed or dead mite.

[0178] According to a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for controlling crop pests, the method comprising applying a composition as defined in any of the preceding claims to field crops.

[0179] According to a further aspect, the present invention provides the use of compositions as defined in any of the foregoing for the control of crop pests.

[0180] According to a further aspect, the present invention provides a biological control product for controlling crop pests, comprising a mixture of: (a) individuals of the predatory mite *Phytoseios gargarizans* fed with a composition as defined in any of the preceding items, (b) individuals of the prey mite comprising at least one species from the suborder Aspiraea, and (c) optionally, a carrier material.

[0181] According to a further aspect, the present invention provides a biological control product for controlling crop pests, comprising a mixture of: (a) predatory mites of *Phytoseius chinensis* fed with the composition according to any one of claims 26 to 31; (b) prey mites comprising at least one species from the family Phytoseiidae; and (c) optionally, a carrier material.

[0182] This invention further provides mites, particularly species of the genus *Phytosei*, especially *Phytosei gargarizans* (Chilean phytosei mite). Phytoseiulus persimilis , P. persimilis Slow-release systems (e.g., sacs) are configured to be applied to crops.

[0183] The core aspect of this innovative technological solution is that the predatory mites can reproduce for several generations within the system, while a specific proportion of these mites continuously leave the system and reach the crop to control pests. This provides the crop with a continuous supply of mites without requiring farmers to repeatedly apply them.

[0184] The implementation scheme of the sustained-release system provided by the present invention is based on the following features: 1. Predatory mite individuals - *Phytoseiolus spp.* or other mite species of the genus *Phytoseiolus*.

[0185] 2. Food sources for predatory mites - artificial prey or hosts, such as the sweet fruit mite (Malus spp.). Carpoglyphus lactis , C. lactis (or frozen eggs of another type of nonspiral mites.)

[0186] 3. Predatory mites combine with their artificial hosts in the same physical location. This is achieved through the following alternative methods: a. Providing predatory mites with their artificial hosts in containers, such as pouches, sacs, bags, pockets, sacks, and sachets, configured to be suspended on crop plants, the mites being slowly and continuously released from the containers into the crop over a period of approximately three weeks.

[0187] b. Apply a mixture containing predatory mites, a carrier, and an artificial host as a food source directly to the crop leaves. From this mixture, the predatory mites will be slowly released into the crop over a period of approximately three weeks.

[0188] It should be noted that slow-release systems for such predatory mites are highly desirable for *Phytosei Chileanus*, as it is known to date as a specialist (natural enemy) of spider mites and is therefore fed on their diet. However, spider mites are unsuitable for this type of mite release system for plant protection for the following reasons: • Spider mites are pests themselves, and if applied alive, they can damage crops. • Spider mites cannot reproduce without a supply of plant material, and therefore cannot reproduce in sacs. • Without a food source, surviving spider mites die and wither rapidly (e.g., within a few days). • If supplied with food while the spider mite is dead, it will quickly wither and lose its nutritional value. • Tetranychus are expensive to produce.

[0189] This invention provides an unexpected technical solution to the aforementioned problems, and its success has only now been demonstrated. This solution is based on using frozen eggs of *Drosophila melitica* or other non-spiracular mite species as artificial hosts for *Phytoseiosi gargarizans*. Unlike spider mites, frozen *Drosophila melitica* eggs retain their nutritional value for approximately three weeks. This innovative solution allows for the extended release of *Phytoseiosi gargarizans* predatory mites from containers directly applied to crops for pest control or mixtures of predatory mites and their artificial hosts.

[0190] As used herein, the term “about” means ±10% of a defined quantity or measure or value.

[0191] The term "controlled release" hereinafter refers to slow release, sustained release, or rapid release, which is designed to be released in a prolonged, controlled mode or manner. In the context of this invention, it refers to the gradual release of a predatory mite into a crop plant over a specified period of time, such as throughout the day or over the week.

[0192] The terms "slow-release system" or "container" hereinafter refer to sac-like release systems, such as sacs, pouches, bags, pouches, bottles, or pods containing compositions or formulations of the Phytoseiid predatory mites of the present invention, artificial hosts (dead nonspirillary mites), and optional carriers. Further included within the scope of the invention are devices, units, apparatuses, compartments, components, strips, or shells available or known in the art for the slow release of beneficial insects or predatory mites.

[0193] Within the scope of this invention, the Phytoseidoidea predatory mite release system can be of any suitable type. Typically, a mite release system may include a container suitable for containing individuals of Phytoseidoidea predatory mites (e.g., *Phytoseidoidea gargarizans*) and individuals of artificial host mites (e.g., dead *Ceratophyllum demersum* eggs). The container includes an opening and / or an outlet for generating an outlet for Phytoseidoidea predatory mites in their motile phase. This type of release system is known to those skilled in the art, and various products are commercially available, such as sac-type release systems and other suitable types of release systems included within the scope of this invention.

[0194] As used herein, the term "rearing composition" generally refers to a composition suitable for the reproduction, rearing, breeding, cultivation, or dissemination of mite species. More specifically, it refers to a composition suitable for the commercial rearing of mites. This document acknowledges that large-scale rearing systems for predatory mites depend heavily on the availability of suitable prey for the predator. Therefore, there remains a need to improve rearing systems for both predatory mites and mites suitable as reared prey. To address this problem, the present invention provides a composition or system particularly suitable for the effective and efficient rearing of mite species of the genus *Phytosei*, especially *Phytosei minor Chileanus*, a highly important predatory mite for the biological control of crop pests (teguments). It is shown for the first time that *Phytosei minor Chileanus* completes its life cycle and reproduces, i.e., at least two generations, by being reared on non-spiracular mite species or on prey mite species of the family *Phytoseiidae* (e.g., *Amblyseius stesei*).

[0195] The term "carrier" hereafter refers to an inactive or inert substance or particulate or medium. In a preferred embodiment, the feeding composition of the present invention comprises a carrier of an individual of a mite species. The carrier can be any solid material suitable for providing a carrier surface for the mite individual. Examples of suitable carriers are plant materials such as bran (e.g., wheat), sawdust (e.g., fine sawdust), corn cob meal, vermiculite, etc.

[0196] As used below, the term "Phytosei" refers to a genus of mites within the family Phytoseiidae. This genus of predatory mites is most commonly used to control two-spotted spider mites in greenhouse and outdoor crops. Within the scope of this invention, the genus Phytosei includes the following species: *Phytosei strumarium*, *Phytosei stenoptera*, and... Phytoseiulus macropilis Phytoseioides Chileanus and Phytoseioides Robertus. Phytoseioides are predatory mites and are known as specialists among spider mites (Tetranychidae), which are herbivorous mites.

[0197] The term "Chilean physeido mite" as used below Phytoseiulus persimilis ")" or "Chilean phytosei mite ( P. persimilis ")" refers to the presence of Chilean phytosei mite ( Phytoseiulus persimilis , P. persimilisThis is a predatory mite population. *Phytoseidium* is a genus of mites within the family Phytoseiidae. These predatory mites are the most commonly used predators of *Tetranychus two-spotted* in greenhouse and temperate outdoor crops.

[0198] Chilean phytosei mite is commonly used for the control and management of spider mites. They are voracious predators of most spider mite pests (spider mite species). Some of the species they affect include: two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus bispotus). Tetranychus urticae ), Carmine mite, Cinnabar spider mite ( T. cinnabarinus ) and Pacific spider mite (Pacific spider mite) T. pacificus Unlike the Neoseui California mite, which may remain abstaining for relatively long periods of time (…), Neoseiulus californicus (Order: Mesophora, Family: Phytoseiidae, Subfamily: Amblyseinae), *Phytoseidium chiloides* requires a fresh diet. Furthermore, *Phytoseidium chiloides* is not as flexible in its diet as other predatory mite species available for spider mite control, as it is known to feed only on specific spider mite species, rather than on all of them.

[0199] This invention solves these problems by providing for the first time a composition for the large-scale rearing of *Phytoseios garutaceus* containing a species of mite from the suborder Aspiraea. The rearing system of this invention is far more cost-effective than rearing *Phytoseios garutaceus* on its conventional diet of herbivorous mites.

[0200] The term "artificial host" generally refers below to a non-natural host or a host other than the target host of predatory mites, a host that biocontrol practitioners can more easily breed than a target host in a laboratory. In the context of this invention, an artificial host or prey refers to an organism that is unlikely to be attacked by natural enemies or predatory mites in its natural habitat but is artificially used to support its development and / or reproduction. Typically, it is a species that is easier and less expensive to breed. Examples within the scope of this invention include storage mites (such as Aspirophora) for predatory mites (e.g., species of the genus *Phytosei*), and mite eggs for predatory insects and mites. According to a further aspect, the term artificial host is used when biocontrol agents are forced to feed on insects or mites that they do not prey on in nature. This can allow for higher levels of production. This invention shows for the first time that Aspirophora mites (Acari: Aspirophora) can be used as artificial prey for the large-scale breeding of commercially available species of the genus *Phytosei*.

[0201] The term “juvenile mite” or “juvenile mites” in the following text refers to the developmental life stage or instar of a mite, including the egg, larva, first nymph, and second nymph (third instar) individuals.

[0202] In the context of this invention, the terms "individual" or "individuals" or "mite individual" refer to a stage of mite development, including but not limited to egg and larval stages, such as larvae, first nymphs, and second nymphs (third instar) individuals.

[0203] The term "motor stage" in this context refers to the developmental stages of a mite, including the larval, first nymph, and second nymph (third instar) stages, and the adult stage.

[0204] The term "non-viable" as used below generally means incapable of surviving, growing, developing, or functioning. According to a key aspect of the invention, it refers to dead, non-viable, or inactive or fixed mites (i.e., any mite developmental stage or phase) or mite eggs. In one specific embodiment of the invention, non-viable spiracophylla mites and / or eggs are used as prey for predatory mites of the genus *Phytosei*.

[0205] According to some embodiments of the invention, non-viable mites or eggs are produced by treatment or exposure to treatment, said treatment including, but not limited to, thermal treatment, such as freezing, freeze-drying, heating, cold shock, or heat shock treatment; chemical treatment, such as gas or flue gas treatment; radiation treatment, such as UV, microwave, gamma radiation, or X-ray treatment; mechanical treatment, such as violent shaking or stirring, exposure to shear forces, or impact; pneumatic treatment, such as ultrasonic treatment, pressure changes, or pressure drops; electrical treatment, such as electrocution; fixation with adhesives; fixation by starvation, such as inducing fixation by water or food deprivation; fixation by asphyxiation or hypoxia treatment, such as by temporarily removing oxygen from the atmosphere or replacing oxygen with another gas and any combination thereof.

[0206] According to one specific embodiment, the composition of the present invention comprises frozen sweet fruit mite eggs of a dead predator of the genus *Phytosei*. As used herein, the terms "Astigmatid," "Astigmata," "Astigmatic mites," or "Astigmatina" refer to the order *Astigmatida* within the subclass Acariformes. *Astigmatida* is a "group" of mites. *Astigmatida* belongs to the suborder *Sarcoptiformes*, which contains the order *Acariformes*, which are "biting" mites. *Astigmatida* contains superfamilies with over several thousand genera. Non-limiting examples of such superfamilies and families within the scope of the present invention may include: Suborder: Acari Superfamily : Schizoglyphoidea: Examples from various families include: Schizoglyphidae Histiostomatoidea: Examples of families include Histiostomatidae and Guanolichidae. Superfamily Canestrinioidea: Examples of families include: Chetochelacaridae, Lophonotacaridae, Canestriniidae, and Heterocoptidae. The superfamily Hemisarcoptoidea includes the following families: Chaetodactylidae, Hyadesiidae, Carpoglyphidae, Algophagidae, Hemisarcoptidae, and Winterschmidtiidae. The superfamily Glycyphagoidea includes the following families: Euglicyphagidae, Chortoglyphidae, Pedetropodidae, Echimyopodidae, Aeroglyphidae, Rosensteiniidae, and Glycyphagidae. The superfamily Acaroidea includes the following families: Sapracaridae, Suidasiidae, Lardoglyphidae, Glycacaridae, and Gaudiellidae. Superfamily Acaridae: Examples of families include: Hypoderoidea, Hypoderidae Suborder: Ophiopogonidae Superfamily : Superfamily Pterolichoidea: Examples of families include: Oconnoriidae, Ptiloxenidae Pterolichidae: Examples of mites in this family include: Cheylabididae, Ochrolichidae, Gabuciniidae, Falculiferidae, Eustathiidae, Crypturoptidae, Thoracosathesidae, Rectijanuidae, Ascouracaridae, Syringobiidae, Kiwilichidae, Kramerellidae Superfamily Freyanidae: Examples of families include Freyanidae, Vexillariidae, and Caudiferidae. The superfamily Analgoidea includes the following families: Heteropsoridae, Analgidae, Xolalgidae, Avenzoariidae, Pteronyssidae, Proctophyllodidae, Psoroptoididae, Trouessartiidae, Alloptidae, Thysanocercidae, Dermationidae, Epidermoptidae, Apionacaridae, Dermoglyphidae, Laminosioptidae, Knemidokoptidae, and Cytoditidae. Superfamily Pyroglyphoidea: Examples of families include Pyroglyphidae and Turbinoptidae. The superfamily Psoroptoidea includes the following families: Psoroptidae, Galagalgidae, Lobalgidae, Myocoptidae, Rhyncoptidae, Audycoptidae, Listrophoridae, Chirodiscidae, Atopomelidae, Chirorhynchobiidae, Gastronyssidae, Lemurnyssidae, Pneumocoptidae, and Sarcoptidae. The preferred aspirophyllous mite species used as artificial host populations for predatory mites of the genus *Phytosei* (e.g., *Phytosei gargarizans*) in the biological control system of the present invention are mite species of the family Drosomidae, more preferably *Drosomidae sacchari*. Carpoglyphus lactis , C. lactis ).

[0207] The Drosophila family is a mite family within the suborder Aspiraea, containing four genera: Drosophila, Drosophila, and Drosophila. Coproglyphus ), Dichotomiopus and Pullea .

[0208] The sweet fruit mite (preferred by the present invention as a food source for feeding Chilean phytosei mite) is used in this invention. Carpoglyphus lactis , Acarus lactis Belongs to the genus *Drosophila*. *Drosophila medusa* is recognized herein as a stored product mite that infects stored goods rich in sugar, including dried fruit, wine, beer, dairy products, jams, and honey. Because *Drosophila medusa* can feed on stored products, it is highly desirable and cost-effective to breed *Phytoseios chilina* on this mite species, as first shown in this invention.

[0209] In a further embodiment of the invention, predatory mites of the genus Physeioides, such as the Chilean Physeioides, can complete their life cycle and reproduce by feeding on dead mites belonging to the suborder Aspiraea and / or the dust mite.

[0210] The term "trait" hereinafter refers to a characteristic or phenotype. A phenotypic trait can refer to the appearance or other detectable characteristics of an individual, resulting from the interaction of its genome, proteome, and / or metabolome with its environment. For example, in the context of this invention, an increased reproductive rate, as described herein, is a phenotypic characteristic of a predatory mite of the compositions of this invention. According to a further embodiment of the invention, a trait can also arise from interactions between mites and their associated microorganisms. Traits can be inherited in a dominant or recessive manner, or in a partially or incompletely dominant manner. Traits can be monogenic (i.e., determined by a single locus) or polygenic (i.e., determined by more than one locus), or can also arise from the interaction of one or more genes with their environment. A dominant trait results in a complete phenotypic expression in a heterozygous or homozygous state; typically, a recessive trait only manifests itself when present in a homozygous state.

[0211] The term “genetic linkage” is understood within the scope of this invention to refer to the association of a heritable trait due to the proximity of genes at the same chromosome, as measured by the percentage recombination (cmM) between loci.

[0212] As used in this article, the term "population" refers to a genetically heterogeneous collection of mites that share common genetic origins.

[0213] As used herein, the phrase "genetic marker," "molecular marker," or "biomarker" refers to a characteristic in an individual's genome, such as a nucleotide or polynucleotide sequence associated with one or more target loci or traits. In some embodiments, the genetic marker is polymorphic in the target population, or a locus occupied by polymorphism, depending on the context. Genetic markers or molecular markers include, for example, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), indels (i.e., insertions and deletions), simple sequence repeats (SSRs), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAFD), cut amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers, diversity array technology (DArT) markers, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) or combinations thereof, as well as many other examples such as the DNA sequence itself. Genetic markers can be used, for example, to locate genetic loci containing alleles on chromosomes, which contribute to the variability of phenotypic traits. The phrases “genetic marker” or “molecular marker” or “biomarker” can also refer to polynucleotide sequences that are complementary to or correspond to genomic sequences, such as nucleic acid sequences used as probes or primers.

[0214] Genetic markers can be physically located on a chromosome at a location that is either within or outside the associated genetic locus (i.e., intragenic or extragenic, respectively).

[0215] As used herein, the term “germstone” refers to the entirety of the genotypes of a population or other group of individuals (e.g., a species).

[0216] As used in this article, the terms “heterozygote” and “heterozygote offspring” refer to individuals that are genetically distinct from their parents (e.g., individuals that are genetically heterozygous or largely heterozygous).

[0217] As used herein, the term "allelic gene" refers to any one or more alternative or variant forms of a gene or hereditary unit at a specific locus, all of which relate to a trait or characteristic at that specific locus. In the diploid cells of an organism, the allele of a given gene is located at a specific location or locus (multiple loci) on a chromosome. An allele is present on each chromosome of a homologous chromosome pair. Diploid plant species can contain a large number of different alleles at a specific locus. Such alternative or variant forms of alleles may result from single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions, insertions / deletions, inversions, translocations, or deletions, or from gene regulation, for example, caused by chemical or structural modifications, transcriptional regulation, or post-translational modifications / regulations.

[0218] Alleles associated with qualitative traits can contain alternative or variant forms of various genetic units, including those that are the same as or related to a single gene or multiple genes or their products, or even genes that disrupt the genetic factors that contribute to the phenotype represented by a locus or are controlled by genetic factors that contribute to the phenotype represented by a locus.

[0219] As used herein, the term "locus" (multiple loci) refers to one or more specific locations, regions, or sites on a chromosome where, for example, a gene or genetic marker element or factor is found. In specific embodiments, such genetic elements contribute to traits.

[0220] As used herein, the term “reproduction” and its grammatical variations refer to any process that produces offspring individuals. Reproduction can be sexual or asexual, or any combination thereof. Exemplary, non-restrictive types of reproduction include hybridization, introgression, self-pollination, backcrossing, generation of diploid-haploid derivatives, and combinations thereof.

[0221] As used in this article, the term "genetic determinant cluster" refers to a genetic determinant cluster, such as a gene, allele, QTL, or trait.

[0222] Introgression of genetic determinants refers to the incorporation of genes, alleles, QTLs, or traits into a line in which virtually all the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of the line are restored, except for the introgressed determinant. This method is frequently used in cultivar development, where one or more genetic determinants are preferably transferred to the desired genetic background through backcrossing.

[0223] The term "genotype" refers to the genetic makeup of a cell or organism. An individual's genotype comprises specific alleles at one or more genetic marker loci present in the individual's haplotype. As is known in the art, a genotype can involve a single locus or multiple loci, whether those loci are related or unrelated and / or linked or unlinked. In some embodiments, an individual's genotype involves one or more related genes because one or more of these genes are involved in the expression of a target phenotype. Thus, in some embodiments, a genotype comprises a summary of one or more alleles present at one or more genetic loci within the individual. In some embodiments, the genotype is represented in terms of haplotype.

[0224] According to a further embodiment of the invention, a predatory mite of the genus Phytosei, such as *Phytosei gargarizans*, can complete its life cycle and reproduce (i.e., including development and oviposition) for at least three generations when feeding on live larvae of *Amblyseius szewicz*, a species belonging to the family Phytoseiidae.

[0225] Within the scope of this invention, populations of predatory mites of the genus Phytoseiid, such as the mite species Phytoseiid chrysei, are further disclosed, which are fed on dead or fixed mite species selected from fruit mites, house dust mites, scale insects, sweet-eating mites, house dust mites, amblyseius stearensis, and any combination thereof.

[0226] According to a further implementation scheme, the predatory mites that feed on the aforementioned prey mites develop and reproduce for at least two generations.

[0227] According to a further embodiment of the invention, *Phytosei* Chileanus or other predatory mites of the genus *Phytosei* can develop on dead individuals belonging to the following species of the suborder Anspiraea: *Dictyophora indica*, *Scalypha aeruginosa*, *Scalypha aeruginosa*, and *House dust mite*.

[0228] Furthermore, within the scope of this practice, mites used as prey are fixed by a selection of fixation treatments, including: heat treatment, such as freezing, heating, cold shock, or heat shock; chemical treatment, such as gas or flue gas treatment; radiation treatment, such as gamma radiation, UV, microwave, or X-ray treatment; mechanical treatment, such as vigorous shaking or stirring, shearing, or impact; pressure treatment, such as ultrasonic treatment, pressure changes, or pressure drops; electrical treatment, such as electrocution; fixation with adhesives; fixation by starvation, such as inducing fixation by water or food deprivation; and fixation by asphyxiation or hypoxia, such as by temporarily removing oxygen from the atmosphere or replacing oxygen with another gas.

[0229] Technicians will understand how these treatments can lead to the fixation of individuals from the suborder Aspirateria or other mites from the family Phytoseiidae, and that the fixation treatment should ensure that the mite remains a suitable prey (food source) for the predatory mite.

[0230] Furthermore within the scope of this study, the term "fixed mite" can also refer to a dead or non-living mite.

[0231] Now for reference Figure 1 The photographs show Chilean phytosei mites at different developmental stages bred on dead or fixed sweet fruit mites. The image shows adult females (…). Figure 1 A) and larvae that have just hatched from the eggs ( Figure 1 B). As can be seen in the figure, all stages are characterized by the typical pale white color of this diet, which is the opposite of the normal orange color obtained when *Phytosei Chileanus* is fed with spider mites (their regular diet). In other words, the predator of the present invention, fed on *Phytosei Chileanus*, becomes off-white instead of the typical orange. Additionally, the predator's dorsal plate is darker than the surrounding cuticle. This figure shows that *Phytosei Chileanus* can develop and reproduce on dead or fixed *Phytosei Chileanus* mites. As explained above, the production of *Phytosei Chileanus* (Acari: Anopheles) is significantly more cost-effective than the conventional diet of *Phytosei Chileanus* (a herbivorous spider mite).

[0232] Now for reference Figure 2 The photograph shows Chilean Phytosei mites bred on dead or fixed sweet fruit mites. As can be seen, the predator has a distinctive appearance, where it turns off-white instead of the typical orange (when feeding on a regular spider mite diet), and the predator's dorsal plate is darker than the cuticle surrounding it.

[0233] This article acknowledges that the two-spotted spider mite feeds on a wide variety of plant species and is a major pest of vegetables, ornamental plants, fruit trees, hops, cotton, and strawberries (van de Vrie et al., 1972). Currently, it can be assumed that most major spider mite problems in greenhouses involve the two-spotted spider mite. Larvae, first nymphs, second nymphs, and adults primarily feed on the undersides of leaves.

[0234] Within the scope of this invention are compositions for controlling mite pests, particularly members of the Tetranychidae family of the class Acari, such as Tetranychus two-spotted, and more particularly, Tetranychus species, especially those of the genera Tetranychus, Tetranychus, and various other mite species.

[0235] According to some embodiments of the invention, the crop is selected from greenhouse-grown crops and field crops. Non-limiting examples of crop types within the scope of the invention include vegetables, ornamental plants, fruit trees, hops, cotton, and strawberries.

[0236] Specific examples of mite pest-host plant species within the scope of this invention include the following: Acanthaceae: Shrimp Flower ( Acanthus mollis ); Duckbill Flower ( Justicia adhatoda ).

[0237] Actinidiaceae: Actinopteryx sinensis (Chinese kiwifruit) Actinidia chinensis Delicious kiwifruit Actinidia deliciosa ); species of the genus Actinopteryx ( Actinidia sp .) Adoxaceae family: Canadian elderberry ( Canadian elderberry ); Chinese elderberry ( Chinese elderberry Delicious elderberry ( Edible elderberry ); Elderberry ( Black elderberry ); Stemless elderberry ( Elderberry sieboldiana ); Elderberry species ( Elderberry sp. ); Viburnum ( Viburnum lantana ); Snowball viburnum ( Viburnum opulence ); Viburnum 'wrinkled' ( Viburnum rhytidophyllum ); Viburnum species ( Viburnum sp. Mediterranean viburnum ( Viburnum tinus ).

[0238] Aizoaceae: Ice-leaved Sunflower.

[0239] Alstroemeriaceae: Species of the genus Alstroemeria ( Alstroemeria sp. .).

[0240] Amaranthaceae: Species of the genus *Alternanthera*; *Amaranthus buergerianus* ( Amaranthus blitum ); Amaranth tassel ( Amaranth tailed ); Amaranthus graecizans Green amaranth ( Amaranthus hybridus Purple amaranth ( Amaranth mangosteen ); Long-awned amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri ); Amaranth officinalis ( Amaranthus retroflexus ); Species of the genus Amaranth ( Amaranthus sp. ); Amaranth ( Amaranthus spinosus ); wrinkled amaranth ( Green amaranth ); Four-winged schreberi ( Atriplex canescens ); bean-shaped barberry ( Atriplex lentiformis ); Half-baccatabine ( Triple semi-bark );beet( Beetroot ); Celosia ( Silver Celosia ); lamb's quarters ( Chenopodium white ); A type of wild gooseberry grows on the wall ( Wallwort ); species of the genus *Chegordon* ( Chenopodium sp. ); *Nepeta cataria* ( Dyspnea ambrosial ); Haloxylon ammodendron ( Haloxylon ammodendron ); Red Amaranth ( Iresine herbstii ); Salt worm-like ;spinach( Spinach ).

[0241] Amaryllidaceae: Garlic (Garlic) Allium ampeloprasum );onion( Garlic onion ); green onion ( Garlic fistulous );garlic( Allium sativum ); species of the genus Allium ( Allium sp. ); Species of the genus Narcissus ( Narcissus sp. ).

[0242] Anacardiaceae: Mango; *Dendrobium nobile*; Pistachio ( Pistachio tree ).

[0243] Annonaceae: *Annona squamosa*; *Annona sinensis*; *Solanum nigrum* (spiny solanum). Scaly food ).

[0244] Apiaceae family: *Pheretima aspergillum*; *Pheretima aspergillum*; *Pheretima aspergillum*; Celery knotflower Peruvian yellow root; Macedonian Athamanta ; Bupleurum lanceolate Coriander; Cryptotaenia canadensis Carrots; species of the genus Eryngium; fennel; parsley; angelica dahurica; Phellolophium madagascariense ; Spananthe sp. .

[0245] Apocynaceae: We call it smooth. Cannabis; species of the genus *Alternanthera*; periwinkle; species of the genus *Mandevilla*; Matlea carolinensis European oleander; species of the genus *Plumeria*; species of the genus *Cynanchum*; *Serpenta*; *Vinca minor*; species of the genus *Vinca minor*.

[0246] Holly family: Ilex obtusifolia.

[0247] Araceae: Taro; species of the genus *Alocasia*; species of the genus *Anthurium*; Italian arum Species of the genus *Alocasia* (white star); *Caladium* (variegated); *Caladium* (flowering lily); *Calla lily* (calla lily); *Caladium* (Fuding calendula); *Caladium* (columnarium); *Daffodilus* (pink-leaved calendula); *Euphorbia* (golden dragon leaf); *Philodendron* (philodendron); Symplocarpus foetidus ; Species of the genus Taro; Calla Lily.

[0248] Araliaceae: Aralia genus species; Canadian ivy ( Canary ivy ); English ivy; species of the genus *Ivy*; Hydrocotyle umbellata Round-leaved Ficus microcarpa; Australian Schefflera arboricola; Schefflera most elegant Species of the genus Schefflera; Tetrapanax papyrifer ( Tetrapanax papyrifera ).

[0249] Araucariaceae: species of the genus *Kauri*; species of the genus *Araucaria*.

[0250] Arecaceae family: Coconut species; Date palm; Delonix regia species; Veitchia sp. .

[0251] Aristolochiaceae: Aristolochia.

[0252] Asparagaceae: Asparagus laricinus ; Asparagus officinalis ; Asparagus setaceous Species of the genus Asparagus; Aspidistra elatior ; Cordyline fruticosa Species of the genus Cordyline; Dracaena brown ; Fragrant Dracaena ; Dracaena goldieana Species of the genus *Dracaena*; Hyacinth; Lachenalia sedge-leaf ; Maianthemum racemosum Species of the genus *Aglaonema*; *Polygonatum odoratum*; *Rubus idaeus*; Species of the genus *Yucca*.

[0253] Balsamicaceae family: Impatiens balsamina; species of the genus Impatiens balsamina; African Impatiens balsamina.

[0254] Berberidaceae: Cretan barberry ; Barberry thunbergii ; Common barberry ; Barberry wilsonii Nandina domestica.

[0255] Betulaceae: Alder; true birch; paper-bark birch; weeping birch; species of the genus Carpinus; European hazel.

[0256] Bignoniaceae: *Campsis grandiflora* (thick-calyxed); *Campsis virgaurea* (firecracker flower); *Campsis sinensis* (hard-boned); *Campsis grandiflora* (yellow bell flower).

[0257] Boraginaceae: Borage; Cynoglossum columnae Perfume grass; Heliotropium eichwaldii European heliotrope; Nama bristle ; Spring omphalodes .

[0258] Brassicaceae: Aethionema scaly Mustard greens; rapeseed; cabbage; turnip; species of Brassica; shepherd's purse; Diplotaxis erucoides ; Diplotaxis viminea ;arugula; Greek erysipelas Species of the genus *Saccharis*; Erysimum x cheiri ; Hirschfeldia incana ; Lepidium spp. Species of the genus Capsicum; Matthiola small fruit Violet; Most fragrant matthiola Species of the genus Nasturtium; wild radish; species of the genus Radix Radix; Rapistrum rugosum Welding vegetables; Field mustard ; Spiny Zilla .

[0259] Bromeliaceae: Tillandsia species.

[0260] Buxaceae: Bux variegata.

[0261] Hu Tongke: American mammal .

[0262] Campanulaceae: Bellflower, erinaceus ; species of the genus *Lysimachia*; bellflower.

[0263] Cannabinoides: Cannabis; Southern Celts ; Western Celt Hops; Humulus scandens; Trembling micrantha .

[0264] Canna family: Canna.

[0265] Caprifoliaceae: Capers, coin-shaped .

[0266] Honeysuckle family: Giant cephalaria Species of the genus *Weigela*; Leicestershire beautiful ; Honeysuckle EtruscanBlack honeysuckle; common honeysuckle; species of the genus *Lonicera*; *Lonicera tatarica*; golden flame honeysuckle; Pterocephalus feathery ; Sicilian scabious ; Symphoria racemosa ; hairy core wood; Symphoricarpus orbicular ; Weigela hortensis .

[0267] Caricaceae family: Papaya.

[0268] Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus pseudoflora; Dianthus barbatus; Dianthus musk; Dianthus chinensis; species of the genus Dianthus; Carnation thin-flowered ; Corded Drymaria Cone-shaped stone flower; Goosegrass; Silene chalcedony ; Silent common ; Goosegrass.

[0269] Celastraceae: Celastrus orbiculatus ; Climbing clematis European Euonymus; Holly Euonymus; species of the genus Euonymus.

[0270] Hemiflora family: Helianthemum willow-leaf .

[0271] Cleuronectiaceae family: Cleuronecti genus species; daylily.

[0272] Salicaceae: Clethra arborea .

[0273] Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa.

[0274] Commelinaceae: Commelina rotundifolia; Common commelina ; Commelina diffusa .

[0275] Asteraceae: Acanthospermum hispidum Phoenix tail yarrow; Yarrow fraasii ; Ageratum conyzoidea Purple Ageratum purpureus; Three-lobed Ragweed; Anthemis chia Burdock; Small burdock; Arktotheca calendula Species of the genus *Chrysanthemum*; *Chrysanthemum stenoptera*; Annual wars ;Bloody weed; Bidens biternata Bidens trifoliata; Species of the genus Bidens; Species of the genus Pandanus; Brachyscome sp. ; Marigold ; Marigold medicinal plant Species of the genus *Calendula*; *Aster tataricus*; *Ligustrum lucidum*; red flowers; Blue centaury ; Centaury yellow-eyed ;Needle-piercing cornflower; Imperial centaury Cornflower; Chaenactis stevioides Chrysanthemum indicum; wild chrysanthemum; Hangzhou chrysanthemum; southern garland chrysanthemum; species of the genus Chrysanthemum; Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus Chicory; bitter lettuce; Chicory pumilus ; Spiny chicory Wild wormwood; small wormwood; species of the genus *Erigeron*; Cosmos two-winged ; Cosmos sp. ; Wild chrysanthemum; The crepes are neglected. ; Red crepe Spiny artichoke; species of the genus Artichoke; Scarlet Dahlia Species of the genus Dahlia; Dahlia variabilis Elaeagnus angustifolia; Erigeron annuus; species of the genus Erigeron; Euryops sp. ; Euthamia graminifolia ; Galinsoga caracasana ; Achyranthes bidentata; Galinsoga small-flowered ; Gerbera jamesonii ; Gerbera sp. ; Helianthella quinquenervosa ;sunflower; Helichrysum luteoalbum ; Helichrysum tenax ; Helichrysum thianschanicum Jerusalem artichoke species; Helminthotheca echioides ; Lettuce, shallot Lettuce; poisonous lettuce; European rice purslane; Leontodon autumnal ; Leucanthemum vulgare ; Melampodium perfoliatum ; Blackthorn Mikania micrantha; Montanoa bipinnatifida ; Notobasis syriaca Species of the genus *Chrysanthemum*; ... Globose pentasia ; Picris pauciflora ; Picris sprengeriana ; Pseudognaphalium obtuse leaf Goldenrod 'Celosia'; species of the genus *Datura*. Schkuhria pinnata ; Spotted Scolymus Species of the genus *Allium*; Livid Senecio Species of the genus *Senecio*; European *Senecio*; Giant marigold Sow thistle; Dipsacus asper; Sonchus oleraceus Species of the genus *Sonchus*; Marigolds erect ; Marigolds ; Marigolds, small ; Marigolds Marigold species; Taraxacum officinale; Round-leaved swollen-stalked chrysanthemum; Tragopogon doubtful Yellow-flowered Brahman ginseng; Long-stalked chrysanthemum; Urospermum dalechampii Species of the genus *Cymbidium*; Xanthium; Zinnia elegant Zinnia species.

[0276] Convolvulaceae: *Convolvulus arvensis* (Chinese bindweed); *Convolvulus arvensis* (hedge bindweed); Convolvulaceae sp. Field bindweed; Convolvulus shaggy ; Sigmund bindweed; Sicilian bindweed Species of the genus Convolvulium; Tricolor bindweedMoth vine; Water spinach; Morning glory Sweet potato; morning glory; Ipomoea cairica ; Morning glory Hochstetter ; Color-changing morning glory; wild sweet potato; Ipomoea lobata Morning glory; purple morning glory; species of the genus Ipomoea; tricolor morning glory; three-lobed morning glory.

[0277] Cornaceae: Cornus officinalis; Cornus chinensis; Cornus nuttallii ; Species of the genus Cornus.

[0278] Cucurbitaceae: Winter melon; White Bryonia Medicinal watermelon; watermelon; cantaloupe; cucumber; species of the Cucurbita genus; black-seeded pumpkin; winter squash; pumpkin; zucchini; species of the Cucurbita genus; species of the Cucurbita genus; Palmate Diplocyclos Squid gourd; gourd; angular loofah; loofah; bitter gourd; Citrullus fistulosus ; Chayote.

[0279] Cupressaceae: American pinnatifida; species of the genus Cupress. Juniperus arizonica Virginia cedar; Chinese arborvitae.

[0280] Cyperaceae: tiger pea; Cyperus rotundus; Cyperus schimperianus .

[0281] Dipterocarpaceae: Sal tree.

[0282] Ebenaceae family: Persimmon tree; Diospyros scabrida .

[0283] Elaeagnaceae family: Elaeagnus angustifolia; Elaeagnus umbellata .

[0284] Equisetaceae: Horsetail .

[0285] Ericaceae: Rhododendron nudiflorum; species of the Rhododendron genus; species of the Rhododendron genus; species of the Rhododendron genus.

[0286] Euphorbiaceae: Amaranthus trifoliata; Acalypha havanensis Species of the genus *Amaranthus*; *Amaranthus wilfordii*; Species of the genus *Codiaeum*; *Codiaeum*; Croton sives Croton species; Euphorbia amygdaloides ; Euphorbia burmanni ; Euphorbia helenae ; Euphorbia helioscopia Flying grass; Milk-promoting grass; Euphorbia small-flowered Poinsettia; Euphorbia species; Rubber tree; Sandbox tree; Jatropha gossypiifolia ; Jatropha spear ; Jatropha multifida Species of the genus Jatropha; Cassava ; cassava species; French indigo; indigo species; castor bean.

[0287] Fagaceae family: White oak; Summer oak; species of the genus Quercus.

[0288] Family: Silphium: Japanese aucuba .

[0289] Gentianaceae: Lisianthus; species of the Gentian genus.

[0290] Geraniaceae: Erodium alnifolium ;Wild Geranium; Geranium dissectum ; Geranium bright ; Soft-haired Geranium; Round-leaved Geranium; Geranium species; Geranium; Geranium species.

[0291] Gesneriaceae: African purple gesneriaceae.

[0292] Pittosporaceae: Goodenia sp. ; Species of the genus *Kaloula*.

[0293] Curcumae family: American curcuma; black curcuma; red curcuma.

[0294] Hedyotis diffusa: Fiery red Hedyotis diffusa; Heliconia latispatha .

[0295] Hydrangeaceae family: Deutzia genus species; Hydrangea macrophylla ; panicle hydrangea; species of the genus Hydrangea; European mountain plum; silky mountain plum.

[0296] Iris family: Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora Gladiolus; Italian gladiolus Species of the genus *Acorus*; *Iris tectorum*; Iris x germanica ; Ixia bends .

[0297] Juglandaceae: Hickory; Royal walnut ; Species of the genus Juglans.

[0298] Lamiaceae family: species of the genus Ajuga; African ballota ; Clerodendrum chinense ; Clerodendrum thomsoniae ; Galeopsis speciosa Yellow weasel petals; Glechoma hederacea ; Species of the genus *Gynostemma*; Holmskioldia sanguinea Species of the genus *Cephalotaxus*; *Sesamum indicum* var. *short-stalked*; *Gnaphalium affine*; Purple scythe Species of the genus *Sesamum*; Species of the genus *Lavender*; Leonotis ocymifolia ; Leucas martinicensis Summer Solstice Grass; Milissa Herb; Wild Mint; Mint Species; Spearmint; Peppermint; Shell Flower; American Mint; Nepenthes catharsis ; Basil Small crown jasmine; white perilla; rosemary; Silver sage Medicinal sage; Steppe sage; Species of the genus *Sage*; Sage splendens ; Salvia verticillata ; Sage with colorful buds; Wild water sage; Vitex negundo.

[0299] Lauraceae: Species of the genus *Ipomoea*; Endlicheria paniculata ; Laurel tree; Avocado.

[0300] Leguminosae: Robinia pseudoacacia; Acacia horrida ; Acacia huarango ; Acacia karroo ; Acacia robust Species of the genus Acacia; Alysicarpus longifolius ; Amphicarpaea bracteata Healing fluffy flowers; Peanut ; Species of the genus *Arachis*; Milk vetch; Bauhinia forficata ; Bauhinia monandra Species of the genus *Bauhinia*; *Bauhinia variegata* (white-spotted bauhinia); Bituminous bituminous ; Jack bean; Caragana arborescens ; Cassia artemisioides Carob; Bauhinia purpurea; Chickpea; Species of the genus *Pteris*; Butterfly pea; Crown Valentine's Day Sunflower; Three-pointed leaf pigweed; Species of the genus *Pyrus*; Indian rosewood; Soft dahlia ; Desmodium Khasia Species of the genus *Lysimachia*; *Dracaena cochinchinensis*; Erythrina poeppigiana Species of the genus *Erythrina*; Species of the genus *Dystomata*; Species of the genus *Gleditsia*; Soybean; Newborn indigo; Indigofera pulubii ; Indigofera dyeing ; Inga sp. ; Scarlet-bellied woodpecker Purple-flowered hyacinth bean; Laburnum anagyroides Species of the genus *Golden Chain*; Lathyrus chickpea Sweet peas; wild soybeans; lentils; Lespedeza maximowiczii ; Lobelia chinensis; Lupinus spp. (a shrub); Lupine silver ; Lupine Large-winged bean; broad-winged bean; brown-spotted alfalfa; Tree Medicago alfalfa; round alfalfa; multi-type alfalfa; purple alfalfa; species of alfalfa; white sweet clover; Indian sweet clover; species of sweet clover; *Salvia lantana*; *Gnaphalium affine*; white soybean; Neorautanenia mitis ; Onobrychis viciifolia ; Species of the genus *Foragegrass*; *Vigna angularis*; *Vigna rubra*; *Vigna purpurea*; Species of the genus *Vigna*; Common bean; Pea ; Psophocarpus four-lobed ; Mountain Pueraria Three-lobed kudzu; Rhynchosia capitata ; Rhynchosia Caribbean Black locust; sesbania; sesbania; Sesbania herbaceous ; Spartium juncea ; Styphnolobium Japanese ; Hooked Teramnus ; Tipuana tipu Alexandrine clover; Yellow clover; Clover dasyur ; obtuse-leaved clover; Clover cluster Hybrid clover; Crimson clover; Red clover; Purple clover White clover; species of the genus Trifolium; Foamy clover ; Vetches narrow-leaved ; Vetches beans ; Beautiful vetch Arrowhead pea; species of the genus *Vicia*; Hairy vetch ; Aconite-leaved cowpea; angular cowpea; meerkats; radiating cowpea; species of the genus Vigna; Unguiculata vine wisteria; Wisteria polystachya Chinese wisteria.

[0301] Liliaceae family: species of the genus Lilium.

[0302] Linaceae family: Reinwardtia tetragyna .

[0303] Lythraceae family: species of the genus *Cercis*; Lagerstroemia speciosa; Punica granatum.

[0304] Magnoliaceae: Magnolia liliflora Species of the genus Magnolia; Star magnolia .

[0305] Malvaceae: Okra; Bellflower; Abutilon reflexum Species of the genus *Abutilon*; Abutilon; Abutilon tubular Hollyhock; Althaea nudifera ; Byttneria australis ; Ceiba pentandra Round-fruited jute; Long-fruited jute; Sea island cotton; Herbaceous cotton; Upland cotton; Species of the genus *Gossypium*; Asiatic Grewia ; Grewia biloba ; Helicteres guazumifolia ; Hibiscus lunariifolius Hibiscus mutabilis; hibiscus; species of the genus Hibiscus; hibiscus Hibiscus trionum ; Egyptian mallow Musk-scented mallow; Round-leaved mallow; Mallow of Nicea Small-flowered mallow; species of the genus *Malva*; European mallow; Mallow trimester ; Malvella leprosa White-backed yellow-flowered herb; species of the genus *Myrica*; Dung beetle American linden; Heartleaf linden; Broadleaf linden; Red lime tree Species of the genus *Tilia*; Silver-leaved Tilia; Linden x euchlora ; Triumfetta semitriloba ; Indica .

[0306] Marantaceae family: Maranta species; Maranta species.

[0307] Meliaceae family: Indian neem tree; neem; red neem.

[0308] Stephania tetrandra family: Tinospora fragosa .

[0309] Moraceae: Breadfruit tree; Fig tree ; Ficus elastica ; Ficus religiosa ; Species of the genus *Ficus*; White mulberry; Black mulberry; Red mulberry; Species of the genus *Morus*.

[0310] Moringaceae family: Moringa.

[0311] Musaceae family: Musa ovata; Banana banana Species of the genus Musa; Musa x paradisiaca .

[0312] Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus grandis; strawberry guava; guava; Hainan rose apple.

[0313] Southern Fagaceae: Nothofagus alpina .

[0314] Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea spectacular .

[0315] Ironwood family: Sandalwood.

[0316] Oleaceae: Forsythia suspensa (Korea Forsythia); Forsythia hanging ; Forsythia x intermedia ; Ash narrow-leaved European ash; flowering ash; species of the ash genus; dwarf forsythia; winter jasmine; Jasmine medicinal plant Jasmine; species of the genus *Jasminum*; privet with pointed leaves; common privet; olive; Fragrant osmanthus ; Syringa offered ; Common lilac .

[0317] Onagraceae: Chylismia claviformis ; Epilobium angustifolium ; Fuchsia Magellanic ; Fuchsia sp. ; Fuchsia x hybrid Species of the genus *Prunella*; Evening primrose Evening Primrose with Split Leaf; Species of the genus Evening Primrose; Evening Primrose with Four Wings.

[0318] Orchidaceae: Species of the genus *Dracaena*; Species of the genus *Orchid*; Species of the family Orchidaceae; *Papilionophora*.

[0319] Oxalis family: Oxalis corniculata ; Red clover; European Oxalis ; Sorrel floribunda ; Oxalis species.

[0320] Papaveraceae: Thistle poppy; *Cephalotaxus fortunei*; *Cephalotaxus fortunei*; species of the genus *Cephalotaxus*; species of the genus *Callicarpa*; *Aster tataricus*; South African poppy; wild poppy; *Papaver rhoeas*; *Papaver somniferum*; poppy.

[0321] Passifloraceae: Passiflora caerulea; Passiflora edulis; Passiflora foetida; Passiflora sp.

[0322] Paulowniaceae: Paulownia fortunei.

[0323] Pedaliaceae: Sesamum indicum.

[0324] Phyllanthaceae: Glochidion eriocarpum; Phyllanthus sp.

[0325] Phytolaccaceae: Allium spp. ; Phytolacca americana; Phytolacca dioica; Phytolacca esculenta ; Phytolacca vigintemera.

[0326] Pinaceae: Pinus sylvestris; Tsuga canadensis.

[0327] Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira.

[0328] Plantaginaceae: Angelonia sp.; Antirrhinum majus; Digitalis purpurea; Hippuris vulgaris; Linaria spp. ; Bacopa monnieri; Plantago asiatica; Plantago lanceolata; Plantago major; Plantago sp.; Veronica persica; Veronica sp.; Veronica teucrium.

[0329] Platanaceae: Platanus acerifolia; Platanus sp. [[ID=3i]]

[0330] Plumbaginaceae: Limoniastru guyonianum ; Limonium sinuatum; Plumbago zeylanica; Plumbago sp.

[0331] Poaceae: Aegilops sp.; Agropyron desertorum; Aira sp. ; Avena fatua; Avena sativa; Avena sp.; Avena ventricosa; Bambusa sp.; Bromus catharticus; Bromus sp.; Bearded chondrosis ; Cynodon dactylon ; Dactyloctenium aegyptium; Clay-colored fingernail ; Digitaria ciliaris; Digitaria marginata; Digitaria sanguinalis; Eleusine coracana; Elymus hispidus ; Elymus repens; Eragrostis sp.; Festuca arundinacea; Festuca sp.; Festuca pratensis; Hordeum sp.; Lolium perenne; Lolium sp.; Ophiuros exaltatus; Oryza glaberrima; Oryza sativa; Panicum miliaceum ; Panicum sp.; Paspalum dilatatum; Pennisetum purpureum; Phleum pratense; Poa annua; Poa pratensis; Poa trivialis; Poa sp.; Rottboellia exaltata; Saccharum officinarum; Setaria glauca; Setaria viridis; Sitanion hyena ; Sorghum bicolor; Sorghum aleppoensis ; Sorghum sp.; Stenotaphrum secundatum; Wheat sp. ; Zea mays; Zeugites sp. 。

[0332] Polemoniaceae: Phlox paniculata; Phlox paniculata ; Phlox sp.

[0333] Polygonaceae: Southern red-footed fox ; Fallopia baldschuanica ; Rolled Polygonum; Water Polygonum; Horse Polygonum; Spring Polygonum; Persicaria pensylvanica ; Polygonum hydropiper; Polygonum aviculare; Sorrel; Sorrel minor; Sorrel rubrotinctum; Sorrel scabra; Sorrel obtuse-leaved; Species of the genus Sorrel.

[0334] Pontederiaceae: Water Hyacinth.

[0335] Portulacaceae: Portulaca.

[0336] Primulaceae: Greek Cyclamen; Ivy-leaved Cyclamen; Cyclamen peach Cyclamen species; Primula spp.; Primula spp.; Primula species; Chlorella vulgaris.

[0337] Ranunculaceae: Summer-blooming Calendula; European Anemone; Butterfly Anemone; Species of the genus Columbine; Clematis paniculate Clematis species; Delphinium species; Hellebore species; Ranunculus; Thalictrum fendleri .

[0338] Oleaceae family: Oleaceae.

[0339] Rhamnaceae: Dodone's fringe ; Helinus whole-leaf ; Alpine buckthorn ; Buckthorn Imereti ; Ziziphus jujube ; Ziziphus thorn-of-christ .

[0340] Rosaceae: Common Alchemilla ; Armenian mummy ; Portuguese cherry Fine-toothed cherry; European sour cherry; Japanese papaya; Chaenomeles sinensis Cotoneaster horizontalis; Cotoneaster smallis; Cotoneaster tomentose Glossy Hawthorn; Hawthorn Liaoning hawthorn; Quince Loquat; Spiraling Mosquito Grass; Strawberry Wild strawberries; Virginia strawberries; Fragaria x ananassa Purple Calyx Roadside Green; Evil domestic Malus spectabilis; apple tree; species of the genus Malus; Maderensis ; Pode of birds Potentilla fruticosa; Potentilla chinensis; Potentilla norvegicus Chrysanthemum leaves; Potentilla chinensis; Almond; Apricot; European sweet cherry; Cherry plum; Prunus cherry-like Sour cherry; European plum; Prunus insititia ; Prunus lusitanica ; Peach tree Chinese plum; wild black cherry; species of the genus *Prunus*; blackthorn plum; Scarlet Pyracantha Taiwan firethorn; species of the genus *Pyracantha*; European pear; Pyrus pyrifolia Species of the genus *Pyrus*; *Rosa canis*; *Rosa multiflora*; hybrid rose; Rose multiflora ;Perfume rose; Rose wrinkled Species of the genus Rosa; Rose x white ; Rosa x centifolia ; Rosa x damaska ; Rose x wrinkled ; winter strawberry; Rubus chaerophyllus Palm-leaved raspberry; Rubus fruticosus ;raspberry; Blackberry Lloydian Black raspberry; Rubus species; Rubus; Rowan; Rowan species; Spiraea macrantha.

[0341] Rubiaceae: Arabica coffee; species of the genus Coffea; original coffea vine; Starry sky Gardenia; a species of the genus Gardenia.

[0342] Rutaceae: Choisya ternata ; Citrus aurantiifolia Bitter orange; mandarin orange; lemon; pomelo; citron; grapefruit; tangerine; Citrus sinensis ; Citrus sp. ; bitter orange; rue; Zanthoxylum rhoifolium .

[0343] Salicaceae: Dovyalis caffra Silver poplar; Black poplar; Poplar species; European aspen; People x Canadian ; Egyptian willow White willow; weeping willow; yellow willow; glandular willow; Willow tree ; firecracker willow; species of the willow genus; Artemisia willow.

[0344] Sapindaceae: Acer corkii; Acer arvense; Acer Norway; Acer rockii; Acer rubrum; Acer sugarense; species of the genus Acer; Aesculus hairless ;Che Sang Zi; Koelreuteria paniculata ; Chinese lychee ; Species of the genus Sapindus.

[0345] Saxifragaceae: Ghost Dengqiao.

[0346] Scrophulariaceae: Buddleja macrocarpa; Buddleja berry; species of the genus *Dendrobium*; species of the genus *Indigofera*; Nemesia sp. Hairy-petaled and hairy-stamened flower.

[0347] Family: Simaroubaceae: Ailanthus altissima.

[0348] Solanaceae: Acnistus arborescens Woody Datura; Large-flowered Datura; Brugmansia x candida ; Calibrachoa sp. Chili pepper; species of the Capsicum genus; Blue-green cestrum ; Cestrum elegans ; Chest scrubbedTree tomato species; Datura stramonium; Datura stramonium species; Datura stramonium; Goji berry; Nicandra physalodes Tobacco; Species of the genus Tobacco; Tobacco; Petunia sp. ; Petunia x hybrid ; Physalus sharp-leaved Physalis; bitter gourd; Physalis lagasca Physalis; Salpichroa origanifolia ; Nightshade Ethiopian Solanum nigrum var. glabra; Solanum pricklyum; Solanum nigrum var. Solanum delagoense Silver Leaf Eggplant; Nightshade large-flowered ; Solanum laciniatum Tomato; large-fruited eggplant; nipple eggplant; Solanum aubergine Cantaloupe; eggplant; black nightshade; Solanum panduraeforme ; Eggplant; Solanum species; Potato; Sleeping eggplant.

[0349] Strelitziaceae family: Strelitzia reginae.

[0350] Theaceae family: Camellia; tea tree; Camellia sp. .

[0351] Thymelaeaceae: Pompom Tree.

[0352] Tropaeolaceae: Tropaeolum; species of the genus Tropaeolum.

[0353] Ulmaceae: American elm; Glossy elm; European white elm; Weeping elm; Red elm ; elm species.

[0354] Urticaceae: Ramie; Glandular mulberry leaf hemp; Jewish wall paintings Straight-wall grass; White-throated Pipit ; heterophytic nettle; species of the genus *Nettle*; European nettle.

[0355] Verbenaceae: Lemon verbena; Golden dewdrop; Glandularia phlogiflora ; Lantana camara ; White lippia Verbena longibracteata; Verbena narrowleaf; Hybrid Verbena; Verbena officinalis ; Species of the genus Verbena.

[0356] Violaceae: Viola tricolor; species of Viola; pansy; Viola x wittrockiana .

[0357] Vitaceae: Species of the genus *Ampelopsis*; Virginia creeper; Species of the genus *Vitis*; Wine grapes.

[0358] Yellow-spotted roses: Hemerocallis fulva; Musk Hemerocallis fulva.

[0359] Gingeraceae: Turmeric; Ginger Root.

[0360] Tribulus terrestris (family Zygophyllaceae): Tribulus terrestris.

[0361] The term “fungus reducing agent” or “fungal reducing agent” refers in the following text to chemical fungal reducing agents, such as natural or synthetic fungicides, or biological fungal reducing agents, such as populations of mite species that produce antifungal exudates or populations of fungivorous mites.

[0362] Within the scope of this invention, the feeding composition as defined in any of the foregoing claims is devoid of or lacks a fungicide-reducing agent. When reared on non-viable individuals (including mites and / or eggs at any developmental stage) of the suborder Aspirate, the claimed Phytoseiid mites of this invention are able to complete their life cycle and reproduce for at least two generations. It should be noted that non-viable, developmentally staged Aspirate mites cannot produce or secrete a fungicide-reducing agent.

[0363] To understand the present invention and see how it can be implemented in practice, several preferred embodiments will now be described by way of non-limiting examples only.

[0364] Example 1 Program for feeding Chilean phytosei mites In this embodiment, the mites are fed a mixture containing dead, frozen, developing-stage sweet fruit mites and sawdust or another carrier material (e.g., bran) to the Chilean phytosei mites. The prey mites are fixed before being used as food, for example, by freezing or by gamma radiation.

[0365] Examples of growth conditions: Temperature: in the range of 18℃-30℃, especially around 22℃.

[0366] Humidity: above 60%, especially around 85%.

[0367] By using the feeding program mentioned above, the Chilean phytosei mite population increased by an average of about 15% per day.

[0368] Figure 3 The figure illustrates the daily reproduction rate of *Phytosei Chileanus* feeding on a mixture of dead *Phytosei* eggs and motile *Phytosei* mites (killed by freezing) over a 14-week period. As can be seen, an average increase between approximately 10% and 20% in the daily reproduction rate of *Phytosei Chileanus* was recorded.

[0369] The method used in this experiment: At 22°C and 85% relative humidity, a population of *Phytosei gargarizans* was reared in a mixture containing sawdust, using dead *Drosophila melanogaster* as the prey. The mixture was weighed weekly, and four samples containing approximately 50 mg were placed on black tape and counted. The total population size was calculated based on these counts, with 1500 individuals left in the rearing each week. The reproduction rate was calculated by dividing the total number of individuals found by 1500, giving the multiplier of the population during that week. To convert to the daily reproduction rate, the number was taken as the seventh root of the following formula: Where λ is the daily reproduction rate, N(0) is the number of mites left in the previous count (1500 in this case), N(t) is the number of mites found in the current count, and t=7.

[0370] Example 2 Rearing *Phytosei gargarizans* on an aspirate group of mites In this experiment, different mite species were tested as food for the Chilean phytosei mite using the following protocol: Thirty Chilean phytosei mites were isolated from modified Munger cells and fed on frozen nonspiral suborder mites of the species listed below. The food was replaced daily, and the mites were examined for signs of feeding. Indicators included a complete, round body (as opposed to the flattened body of non-feeding mites) and a whitish tinge (as opposed to the usual orange tinge of mites feeding on spider mites).

[0371] Now for reference Figure 4 The graph shows the percentage of Chilean phytosei mites that showed signs of feeding (as indicated by their body shape and color) after being fed for three consecutive days from their respective prey species: GD = House sweet mite ( Domestic cicada (Saccharididae family) LD = Scale-loving mite ( Lepidogyphus destructor (Saccharididae family) DF = dust mite ( Dermatophagoides flouris (Ceratophorae family) DP = House Dust Mites ( Dermatophagoides pteronisinus (Ceratophorae family) CL = Sweet fruit mite ( Milk thistle (Drosomidae family).

[0372] It is evident that the Chilean phytosei mite can feed on all of the aforementioned aspirate suborder prey species with varying degrees of efficiency.

[0373] Example 3 Using *Amblyseius stesei* as a prey for *Phytosei gargarizans*. In this experiment, 50 predatory mites were fed frozen *Amblyseius stesei* mites at 22°C and 85% RH, and examined daily. The mites showed signs of feeding by their large size and whitish tinge. When oviposition began, the eggs were removed from the population, separated, and hatching was monitored. Hatching was observed, followed by the maturation of the resulting larvae. When these mites matured, two were separated to examine oviposition. These females did indeed lay eggs, and the hatching of the resulting eggs was observed. This indicates that *Phytosei minor* can develop and reproduce for at least two generations on frozen *Amblyseius stesei* mites used as food, and that the eggs laid in the third generation are viable.

[0374] Example 4 Slow-release system of Chilean phytosei mite The following description refers to a controlled release system for *Phytosei Chileans* according to some embodiments of the invention. A mixture containing approximately 200 *Phytosei Chileans* mites, bred on dead fruit mites and sawdust as a carrier, is inserted into a container (e.g., a small sac or small plastic bottle of approximately 100 ml) with an outlet hole in its cap. The container is placed on a tape or surface under controlled conditions (25°C and 75% humidity). The tape is replaced twice weekly, and the *Phytosei Chileans* mites appearing on it are counted to evaluate the release rate from the container.

[0375] Now for reference Figure 5 The illustration shows the mite release rate from the container as a function of the number of days since the experimental setup.

[0376] like Figure 5 As can be seen, mites were continuously released from the container over a period of 20 days, with the release peak occurring around day 9 (between day 8 and day 10). The release rate of predatory mites ranged from approximately 2 to 25 mites per day. This example demonstrates that a slow-release or controlled-release system for *Phytoseios chili* (continuously released for at least approximately 20 days) was constructed based on the feeding composition and method of the present invention.

[0377] Example 5 Phytosei serpentine mite reared on sweet fruit mites as prey Referring now to one embodiment, the long-stalked phytosei mite (a further representative example of the genus Phytosei) was fed a mixture containing dead sweet fruit mites as the prey. Phytoseiulus longipes , P. long-legged They are used for raising.

[0378] Example rearing protocol: A population of *Phytosei longipes* is reared at 22°C and 85% relative humidity in a mixture containing sawdust, using dead *Drosophila melanogaster* mites as the prey. The mites show signs of feeding by changing their color from a typical reddish hue to white, as described above for *Phytosei Chileanus* mites that feed on *Drosophila melanogaster* mites. P, very kindAs shown in the image (see...) Figure 1 and 2 Furthermore, all different life stages of *Phytosei longipes* have been observed, indicating that this species completes its developmental cycle on this alternative diet. Feeding for three weeks demonstrates that *Phytosei longipes* populations can be fed on a diet of dead *Dictyophora indica* for at least that period.

[0379] Example 6 Breeding and selecting Chilean phytosei mite populations with increased reproductive rates on sweet fruit mites that are the prey. This experiment demonstrates the successful breeding and selection of Chilean Phytoseioides populations suitable for rearing on sweet fruit mites as prey. As shown in this example, the selected Chilean Phytoseioides populations are characterized by the advantageous and desirable property of a significantly increased reproductive rate when reared on individuals of the suborder Aspirateria.

[0380] experimental program : At 22°C and 85% relative humidity, dead sweet fruit mites were used as prey to rear Chilean phytosei mites in a mixture containing sawdust. The mixture was weighed weekly, and four samples, each containing approximately 50 mg, were placed on black tape and counted. The total population size was calculated based on these counts, and 1500 individuals were left for rearing each week. The reproduction rate was calculated by dividing the total number of individuals found by 1500 to give the multiplier of the population during the week. To calculate the daily reproduction rate, the seventh root of the calculated number was taken according to the following formula: , Where λ is the daily reproduction rate, N(0) is the initial number of mites left for rearing (i.e., 1500 mites), N(t) is the total number of mites found after a one-week rearing period, and t=7.

[0381] It should be noted that each population should be maintained and measured for 4–10 weeks. The entire procedure should be repeated 3 times.

[0382] Now for reference Figure 6 This indicates the adaptation and selection of the Chilean phytosei mite population (in response to the sweet fruit mite as a contaminated artificial host) for reproduction and consumption. Figure 6 The middle mark is P+ Compared to the conventional or commercially available population of Chilean phytoseiid mites used as a control (reased on their natural host, the spider mite) (in) Figure 6 The middle mark is P- The difference in daily reproductive rate (represented by λ, a finite rate of increase) observed between the two groups. This figure represents the mean and standard error found in the values ​​of λ during the experiment.

[0383] from Figure 6As can be seen, the Chilean phytosei mite population was selected for improved adaptations to be reared on individual sweet fruit mites (Phytosei mite). P+ This indicates that, compared to the control population of Chilean phytoseiid mite (which did not undergo the reproductive and selection processes described in particular), P- Compared to the prey mites, the daily reproduction rate on the fruit mites (which are the prey mites) increased significantly by approximately 3.6 times. P+ / P- (0.18 / 0.05).

[0384] In summary, this invention provides for the first time a population of *Phytoseiolus chinensis* characterized by an increased reproductive rate when reared on individuals of the non-spiracular suborder mites, such as *Drosophila melanogaster*. This enables the highly desirable, revolutionary, indoor production of improved *Phytoseiolus chinensis* predatory mites that exhibit increased productivity when reared on non-spiracular suborder species compared to currently available, unselected *Phytoseiolus chinensis* mites, which show significantly reduced reproductive rates and productivity when reared on the same non-spiracular suborder prey species.

[0385] Example 7 Slow-release mites in the field This embodiment demonstrates the performance of the sustained-release system of the present invention (e.g., as described in Embodiment 4 above) under greenhouse conditions.

[0386] Bell pepper plants were grown in a greenhouse and exposed to three different treatments in five replicates: a) When a slow-release capsule containing 30 individuals of Chilean Physeioides var. chinensis was applied to a plant, the plant was infected with the spider mite 13 days later. b) When a slow-release capsule containing 30 individuals of the Chilean phytosei mite was applied to a plant, the plant was infected with the spider mite 6 days later. c) Control plants, which were not exposed to Chilean physeido mite.

[0387] The sacs are located on the lower part of the plant, up to 1 meter in height. Infection is carried out by pinning a leaf infested with spider mites to one of the top leaves of the plant. Three days after infestation, the mite population on each plant is sampled. Spider mites and Chilean phytosei mites found on or above the infested leaves are counted.

[0388] Now for reference Figure 7The illustrations exemplify the counts of *Phytoseiole Chileans* (Pp) and spider mites in plants exposed to the slow-release system of the present invention compared to control plants. As can be seen, predatory mites were found on plants exposed to both *Phytoseiole Chileans* treatments. Furthermore, the number of spider mites in the *Phytoseiole Chileans*-treated plants decreased rapidly compared to control plants. More specifically, an inverse correlation was observed between *Phytoseiole Chileans* counts and spider mite counts; that is, the more *Phytoseiole Chileans* found on the plant, the fewer spider mites were counted. This experiment clearly demonstrates that *Phytoseiole Chileans*, and more specifically, the composition of the present invention, is effective against spider mite infestation. The *Phytoseiole Chileans* slow-release system of the present invention reduces the spider mite population on plants, despite the relatively long time (approximately 6 to 13 days) between *Phytoseiole Chileans* application and spider mite arrival on the plant. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the *Phytoseiole Chileans* composition and slow-release system as described herein in controlling spider mite infestation.

Claims

1. A method for rearing a population of predatory mites, said predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei*, the method comprising: a. Providing a composition comprising: a predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei* and a prey mite population comprising individuals of at least one species of the suborder Aspirateria; b. Allow individuals of the predatory mite population to continue preying on individuals of the nonspiracolumnar suborder population for at least two generations; The prey of the suborder Aspiratera is selected from non-viable mites, non-viable eggs, and combinations thereof.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the predatory mite population has a daily reproduction rate in the range of about 1.15-1.

20.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the composition does not contain a fungicide.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the predatory mite species is selected from *Phytoseidotus strawberryensis*, *Phytoseidotus longipes*, and... Phytoseiulus macropilis Chilean phytosei mite and Robert phytosei mite.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the species from the suborder Aspira belong to the families selected from: Drosophila, Melipodidae, Flouridae and Saccharidae.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the population of prey from the nonspiracophylla suborder comprises non-viable sweet fruit mite eggs.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a carrier, such as sawdust, bran, or another carrier material.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the predator population bred on the mite species from the suborder Aspiraea reproduces at an average rate of at least about 15% per day, particularly from 15% to 25% per day.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the aphyllopoda suborder individual is treated by means of a process selected from: thermal treatment, such as freezing, heating, cold shock, or heat shock treatment; chemical treatment, such as gas or flue gas treatment; radiation treatment, such as UV, microwave, gamma radiation, or X-ray treatment; mechanical treatment, such as violent shaking or stirring, subjecting to shear forces, or impact; pneumatic treatment, such as ultrasonic treatment, pressure change, or pressure drop; electrical treatment, such as electrocution; or fixation by asphyxiation or hypoxia treatment, such as by temporarily removing oxygen from the atmosphere or replacing oxygen with another gas or any combination thereof.

10. Use of the composition for the control of crop pests, the composition comprising: a predatory mite population comprising at least one species of the genus *Phytosei* and a prey mite population comprising individuals of at least one species of the suborder Aspirate, wherein the predatory mite population is capable of laying eggs for at least two generations, further wherein the Aspirate prey is selected from non-viable mites, non-viable eggs, and combinations thereof.

11. The use according to claim 10, wherein the crop pest is selected from mite pests, particularly members of the family Tetranychidae, such as Tetranychus two-spotted, and more particularly, spider mite species, especially the genera Tetranychus, Tetranychus and other various mite species.

12. The use according to claim 11, wherein the crop is selected from greenhouse-grown crops, field crops, vegetables, ornamental plants, fruit trees, hops, cotton and strawberries.

13. Biological control agents (BCAs) used to control crop pests, comprising the following mixture: a) At least one predatory mite species of the genus *Phytosei* raised by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 9. b) Optionally, it comprises at least one prey mite individual from an aspirate suborder, said aspirate suborder individual selected from viable mites, viable eggs, and combinations thereof; and c) Carrier material.

14. A container containing the BCA of claim 13, the container being configured to be suspended on a crop plant, the container including an outlet hole from which the predatory mite is slowly and continuously released into the crop over a period of approximately three weeks.

15. The container of claim 14, wherein the container is selected from pouches, bags, sachets, pockets, purses, bottles, and bags.

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