Hydrogen fuel cell heat production heat dynamic matching system and control method thereof

Abstract

The application discloses a hydrogen fuel cell heat production heat dynamic matching system and a control method thereof, relates to the technical field of hydrogen fuel cells, and aims to realize collaborative control of gas supply and heat management and efficient waste heat recovery. The system comprises a gas supply subsystem, a heat management subsystem, a sensing subsystem and an execution control subsystem. The heat management subsystem is provided with a main cooling loop, an auxiliary heating loop and a waste heat recovery loop, and can dynamically switch the working mode according to the stack temperature and the hot water demand. The execution control subsystem realizes low-temperature starting, load response, shutdown purging and multiple safety protection based on sensing data. Through the collaborative control of gas supply and heat management, the application improves the energy efficiency and the operation stability of the system, and is especially suitable for the scene that needs to consider power generation and heat supply.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of hydrogen fuel cell technology, and in particular to a dynamic matching system for heat generation and consumption in hydrogen fuel cells and its control method. Background Technology

[0002] Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have become a core energy conversion device in hydrogen transportation and distributed power generation due to their advantages such as rapid start-up, high power density, and zero emissions. However, PEMFC systems still face many technical challenges in practical applications, including difficulties in low-temperature start-up, low energy utilization efficiency, poor subsystem coordination, and insufficient safety protection.

[0003] Residual water inside the fuel cell stack is prone to freezing at low temperatures, leading to mechanical damage to the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Traditional external heating methods are slow to respond, energy-intensive, and improper gas supply timing can cause hydrogen accumulation or localized overheating. Existing thermal management systems often focus only on heat recovery and utilization, neglecting the inconsistency between peak heat production and peak heat consumption times, resulting in a mismatch in heating timing. Independent control of subsystems such as gas supply and thermal management leads to large temperature fluctuations during sudden load changes, incomplete shutdown purging, and difficulty in achieving stable operation under all conditions. Existing safety protection systems mostly use single-threshold alarms, lacking cross-subsystem interlocking responses, making it difficult to handle complex faults. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention provides a dynamic matching system for heat generation and consumption of hydrogen fuel cells and its control method, aiming to achieve coordinated control of gas supply and heat management and efficient recovery of waste heat.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution, including: A dynamic matching system for heat generation and consumption in a hydrogen fuel cell includes: a gas supply subsystem, a thermal management subsystem, a sensing subsystem, and an execution control subsystem; The gas supply subsystem includes a hydrogen supply unit and an air supply unit, which are used to supply hydrogen and air to the anode and cathode of the fuel cell stack, respectively; the gas supply subsystem also includes a purging unit, which is used to purge the gas pipelines of the fuel cell stack with nitrogen. The thermal management subsystem is connected to the cooling circuit of the fuel cell stack and includes a main cooling circuit and an auxiliary heating circuit. The main cooling circuit cools the fuel cell stack coolant through the hot side of the heat exchanger. The auxiliary heating circuit heats the fuel cell stack coolant during cold start-up using a PTC heater. The thermal management subsystem also includes a waste heat recovery circuit that recovers waste heat through the cold side of the heat exchanger for hot water supply. The sensing subsystem is used to monitor the status parameters of the fuel cell stack and pipelines in real time. The collected signals include the temperature and pressure of the fuel cell stack anode inlet and outlet, the hydrogen flow rate of the fuel cell stack anode inlet, the temperature and pressure of the fuel cell stack cathode inlet and outlet, the air flow rate of the fuel cell stack cathode inlet, the temperature, pressure and conductivity of the fuel cell stack coolant outlet, the temperature and pressure of the fuel cell stack coolant inlet, the temperature of the heat exchanger hot side inlet, the temperature and flow rate of the heat exchanger hot side outlet, the temperature of the heat exchanger cold side inlet and outlet, and the fuel cell stack voltage. The execution control subsystem is used to receive signals collected by the sensing subsystem and output drive commands to control the actions of various components in the system.

[0006] Preferably, in the main cooling circuit, the fuel cell coolant outlet is connected to the heat exchanger hot-side inlet via a first three-way valve (first and third outlets), a second three-way valve (first and second outlets), a thermostat (first and second outlets), and a third three-way valve (first and second outlets) connected in sequence; the heat exchanger hot-side outlet is connected to the fuel cell coolant inlet via a first water pump and a flow control valve connected in sequence; the second outlet of the first three-way valve is connected to a second water pump, a deionizer, and an expansion tank in sequence, and the expansion tank is connected to the third outlet of the second three-way valve; the third outlet of the third three-way valve is connected to the radiator inlet, and the radiator outlet is connected to the heat exchanger hot-side inlet; a fan is provided next to the radiator; the radiator and the fan constitute the auxiliary heat dissipation unit of the main cooling circuit. Wherein, the first three-way valve, the second three-way valve, and the third three-way valve have a first outlet and a second outlet in the horizontal direction, respectively, and a third outlet in the vertical direction; the thermostat has a first outlet and a second outlet in the horizontal direction, and a third outlet in the vertical direction; In the auxiliary heating circuit, the PTC heater inlet is connected to the third outlet of the thermostat, and the PTC heater outlet is located between the heat exchanger hot side outlet of the main cooling circuit and the first water pump.

[0007] Preferably, the gas supply subsystem is as follows: In the hydrogen supply unit, the hydrogen cylinder group is connected to the first solenoid valve, the first pressure reducing valve, and the hydrogen mass flow meter in sequence through a hydrogen supply pipeline, and then connected to the anode inlet of the fuel cell stack. The anode outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected to a hydrogen circulation pipeline, which passes through a gas-liquid separator and a hydrogen circulation pump in sequence, and then connects between the first pressure reducing valve and the hydrogen mass flow meter, returning to the anode inlet of the fuel cell stack to form a hydrogen circulation loop. The hydrogen circulation pipeline is also connected to a hydrogen exhaust pipeline, with the connection node located between the gas-liquid separator and the hydrogen circulation pump. The hydrogen exhaust pipeline has an exhaust valve. The bottom of the liquid collection chamber of the gas-liquid separator is connected to a drain pipeline, which is equipped with a drain valve. In the air supply unit, the air compressor is connected to the second solenoid valve, air filter, second pressure reducing valve, air mass flow meter and humidifier in sequence through the air supply pipe and then connected to the cathode inlet of the fuel cell stack; the cathode outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected to the third solenoid valve and back pressure valve in sequence through the air exhaust pipe; the humidifier is connected to the air exhaust pipe, and the connection node is located between the cathode outlet of the fuel cell stack and the third solenoid valve, using the discharged humid air to humidify the air in the air supply pipe; In the purging unit, the nitrogen cylinder group is divided into two branches through the nitrogen supply pipeline. The first branch is connected to the hydrogen supply pipeline and is equipped with a fourth solenoid valve. The second branch is connected to the air supply pipeline and is equipped with a fifth solenoid valve.

[0008] Preferably, in the waste heat recovery circuit, the cold water valve is connected in sequence to the third water pump, the cold side of the heat exchanger, the water storage tank and the hot water valve to form a hot water supply channel; the water storage tank is equipped with a temperature sensor, a liquid level sensor and a heating rod to monitor the water temperature and liquid level in the water storage tank, and to heat the water in the water storage tank to reach the target water temperature.

[0009] This invention also provides a control method for a dynamic matching system of heat generation and consumption in a hydrogen fuel cell, applicable to the aforementioned dynamic matching system of heat generation and consumption in a hydrogen fuel cell. The control of the system startup process is as follows: When the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant is lower than the first temperature threshold, the main cooling circuit is shut down and the auxiliary heating circuit is turned on, and the PTC heater is started so that the coolant circulates only in the auxiliary heating circuit; at the same time, hydrogen and air are supplied to the fuel cell at a low flow rate, wherein the low flow rate is a set percentage of the rated flow rate. When the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant is greater than or equal to the first temperature threshold and less than the second temperature threshold, the PTC heater is maintained and the fuel cell enters a low-power generation state. When the coolant inlet temperature of the fuel cell stack is greater than or equal to the second temperature threshold and less than the third temperature threshold, the PTC heater is turned off and the fuel cell stack enters normal power generation state. When the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant is greater than or equal to the third temperature threshold and less than the fourth temperature threshold, the main cooling circuit is activated, and the flow rate ratio of the main cooling circuit is gradually increased while the flow rate ratio of the auxiliary heating circuit is gradually decreased, thus entering a mixed circulation mode of the main cooling circuit and the auxiliary heating circuit. When the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant is greater than or equal to the fourth temperature threshold, the auxiliary heating circuit is shut down, so that the coolant circulates only in the main cooling circuit. When the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant is greater than or equal to the fourth temperature threshold, it is determined whether hot water supply is required. If hot water supply is required, the waste heat recovery circuit is opened. If hot water supply is not required, the waste heat recovery circuit is shut down, and the third outlet of the third three-way valve and the fan are opened. The fan speed is adjusted according to the outlet and inlet temperatures of the fuel cell coolant, and auxiliary heat dissipation is achieved through the radiator.

[0010] Preferably, the system startup process also includes fault protection: If, after the PTC heater is started, the rate of temperature rise of the fuel cell coolant inlet is lower than the preset threshold within a preset time, or if the fuel cell voltage does not reach the preset threshold after hydrogen and air are supplied, the PTC heater is determined to be faulty, the auxiliary heating circuit is cut off, and an alarm is triggered.

[0011] This invention also provides a control method for a dynamic matching system of heat generation and consumption in a hydrogen fuel cell, applicable to the aforementioned dynamic matching system of heat generation and consumption in a hydrogen fuel cell. The control of the system's normal operation process is as follows: The target operating values ​​of the fuel cell stack are obtained by querying the preset power-flow mapping table based on the target load power, including hydrogen flow rate, air flow rate, fuel cell coolant inlet temperature and fuel cell coolant outlet temperature. Based on the deviation between the actual operating values ​​monitored in real time by the sensing subsystem and the target operating values, the flow correction coefficients of hydrogen, air and fuel cell coolant are calculated. The opening degrees of the first and second pressure reducing valves are adjusted according to the flow correction coefficients of hydrogen and air, respectively; at the same time, the speed of the first water pump is adjusted according to the flow correction coefficient of the fuel cell coolant. Based on the running time of the hydrogen circulation pump or the pressure change at the anode outlet of the fuel cell stack, the exhaust valve and drain valve are periodically opened to discharge the nitrogen and liquid water accumulated at the anode.

[0012] Preferably, dynamic response is also included during normal operation: When the rate of increase of load power exceeds the set first change threshold, feedforward control is adopted to increase the supply of hydrogen and air in advance, and accelerate the circulation speed of the stack coolant. When the rate of decrease in load power exceeds the set second change threshold, the air exhaust volume is increased first to reduce the cathode pressure, and then the hydrogen supply volume is reduced.

[0013] Preferably, the following protections are also included during normal operation: Over-temperature protection: When the temperature at the anode inlet of the fuel cell stack exceeds the safety threshold, the supply of hydrogen and air is reduced, the output power of the fuel cell stack is reduced, and the speed of the first water pump and fan is increased to enhance the cooling of the fuel cell stack coolant. Insulation protection: When the coolant conductivity at the fuel cell coolant outlet exceeds a set threshold, the second outlet of the first three-way valve, the second water pump, and the third outlet of the second three-way valve are opened to reduce the coolant conductivity and simultaneously reduce the fuel cell output power. Pressure protection: When the coolant outlet pressure of the fuel cell stack reaches the set threshold, the third outlet of the second three-way valve is opened to release the pressure using the expansion tank; Purge interlock protection: Before the system starts, it checks whether nitrogen purging was completed during the last shutdown. If it was not completed, the system will be prohibited from starting and nitrogen purging will be forcibly performed.

[0014] Preferably, the normal operation process also includes a shutdown procedure: Load unloading phase: Gradually reduce the load power to zero while maintaining air supply for cathode purging; Nitrogen purging stage: Cut off the hydrogen supply and start nitrogen purging to purge the hydrogen supply pipeline and air supply pipeline with nitrogen. Shutdown completion phase: When the pressure at both the cathode inlet and anode inlet of the fuel cell stack drops below the safety threshold, nitrogen purging is turned off, the third solenoid valve and hydrogen circulation pump are turned off, and after a preset delay, all system components are shut down, and the system enters standby mode.

[0015] The advantages of this invention are: (1) This invention aims to achieve coordinated control of gas supply and heat management, and efficient recovery of waste heat. The system includes a gas supply subsystem, a heat management subsystem, a sensing subsystem, and an execution control subsystem. The heat management subsystem is equipped with a main cooling circuit, an auxiliary heating circuit, and a waste heat recovery circuit, and can dynamically switch operating modes according to the stack temperature and hot water demand. The execution control subsystem, based on sensor data, realizes low-temperature start-up, load response, shutdown purging, and multiple safety protections. This invention improves system energy efficiency and operational stability through coordinated control of gas supply and heat management, and is especially suitable for scenarios that need to balance power generation and heat supply.

[0016] (2) This invention proposes a hydrogen fuel cell system with integrated gas supply and heat management coordinated control, which pays particular attention to the timing matching of heat generation and heat consumption. It adopts a three-loop design and dynamic switching of auxiliary heating loop, main cooling loop and waste heat recovery loop to distinguish different working conditions such as cold start, low power, rated power and high load overheating. It relies on the coordinated switching of multiple three-way valves, thermostats and water pumps to achieve seamless switching of coolant small circulation, mixed circulation and large circulation. Based on the multi-segment temperature threshold graded control strategy, the PTC heater is used to accurately complete the low temperature cold start preheating, solve the industry pain points of difficult low temperature start, slow activation reaction and performance degradation of hydrogen fuel cells, and greatly improve the adaptability to low temperature environment. Under high load conditions, the main cooling loop, radiator and fan are linked to assist in heat dissipation. The multi-level heat dissipation redundancy design can quickly remove the redundant heat of the stack, strictly control the working temperature range of the stack and avoid high temperature overheating failure. It realizes the on-demand distribution and efficient utilization of heat energy.

[0017] (3) The present invention adopts a timing control strategy of heating first and then supplying gas. The PTC heater and coolant circulation work together. After the stack temperature reaches the standard, hydrogen and air are supplied in sequence, which effectively avoids the risk of hydrogen accumulation and local overheating of the reaction under low temperature environment, shortens the start-up time and extends the stack life.

[0018] (4) The coolant path can be switched as needed through the third three-way valve, that is, it can directly enter the heat exchanger to realize the waste heat recovery mode, or it can be cooled by the radiator first and then enter the heat exchanger to realize the auxiliary heat dissipation mode. Under the premise of ensuring the thermal safety of the electric stack, low-temperature waste heat can be recovered, the additional heating energy consumption can be reduced, and the problem of the asynchronous peak electricity consumption and peak hot water consumption can be solved, so as to realize the on-demand recovery and efficient utilization of heat energy.

[0019] (5) Based on the real-time monitoring data of the sensing subsystem, the main controller generates time-series correlation control commands to realize parameter matching and action interlocking of the gas supply and heat management actuators, thereby reducing the risk of temperature fluctuation and gas starvation during sudden load changes.

[0020] (6) The present invention establishes a protection mechanism across subsystems. When the temperature is too high, the conductivity of the coolant is too high, or the pressure is abnormal, multiple actuators are triggered simultaneously. A purge interlock is set to prevent starting under pressure, which significantly improves the system's ability to cope with complex faults. Attached Figure Description

[0021] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the connection structure of the present invention.

[0022] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the water storage tank structure.

[0023] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the three-way valve and the thermostat opening.

[0024] Figure 4This is a schematic diagram of the humidifier interface. Detailed Implementation

[0025] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0026] Example 1 This embodiment provides a specific implementation of a dynamic matching system for heat generation and consumption in hydrogen fuel cells, such as... Figure 1 As shown, it mainly consists of four parts: an air supply subsystem, a thermal management subsystem, a sensing subsystem, and an execution and control subsystem. The air supply subsystem is used to supply hydrogen and air to the fuel cell stack and perform nitrogen purging; the thermal management subsystem is used to cool, heat, and recover waste heat from the stack; the sensing subsystem is used to monitor key status parameters of the stack and pipelines in real time; and the execution and control subsystem generates time-correlated coordinated control commands based on the sensing data to drive the actions of each actuator.

[0027] The main components of the system include hydrogen cylinder group 111, first solenoid valve 112, first pressure reducing valve 113, hydrogen mass flow meter 114, hydrogen circulation pipeline 115, gas-liquid separator 116, hydrogen circulation pump 117, exhaust valve 118, drain valve 119, air compressor 121, second solenoid valve 122, air filter 123, second pressure reducing valve 124, air mass flow meter 125, humidifier 126, third solenoid valve 127, back pressure valve 128, nitrogen cylinder group 131, fourth solenoid valve 132, fifth solenoid valve 133, first three-way valve 211, second three-way valve 212, thermostat 213, third three-way valve 214, heat exchanger 215, first water pump 216, flow control valve 217, radiator 218, fan 219, second water pump 2101, deionizer 2102, and expansion tank 210. 3. PTC heater 221, cold water valve 231, third water pump 232, water storage tank 233, hot water valve 234, seventh temperature sensor 2341, thermostat 2342, heating rod 2343, liquid level sensor 2344, first temperature and pressure integrated sensor 311, second temperature and pressure integrated sensor 312, third temperature and pressure integrated sensor 313, fourth temperature and pressure integrated sensor 314, first temperature sensor 321, second temperature sensor 322, first pressure sensor 323, second pressure sensor 324, conductivity sensor 325, third temperature sensor 326, fourth temperature sensor 327, liquid flow sensor 328, fifth temperature sensor 331, sixth temperature sensor 332, signal acquisition unit 340, main controller 410, gas supply drive unit 420, thermal management drive unit 430.

[0028] Among them, the first solenoid valve 112, the second solenoid valve 122, the third solenoid valve 127, the fourth solenoid valve 132, and the fifth solenoid valve 133 have the same structure and function. The first three-way valve 211, the second three-way valve 212, and the third three-way valve 214 have the same structure and function. The thermostat 213 is a temperature-sensitive flow distribution valve, which is different from the structure of the above-mentioned electrically controlled three-way valve.

[0029] The gas supply subsystem includes a hydrogen supply unit, an air supply unit, and a purging unit.

[0030] The hydrogen supply unit of the gas supply subsystem includes a hydrogen cylinder group 111, a first solenoid valve 112, a first pressure reducing valve 113, a hydrogen mass flow meter 114, a hydrogen supply pipeline, a hydrogen circulation pipeline 115, a gas-liquid separator 116, a hydrogen circulation pump 117, a hydrogen exhaust pipeline, an exhaust valve 118, a drain pipeline, and a drain valve 119. The hydrogen cylinder group 111 is connected sequentially to the first solenoid valve 112, the first pressure reducing valve 113, and the hydrogen mass flow meter 114 via the hydrogen supply pipeline, and then connected to the anode inlet (hydrogen inlet) of the fuel cell stack. The anode outlet (hydrogen outlet) of the fuel cell stack is connected to the hydrogen circulation pipeline 115. The hydrogen circulation pipeline 115 is sequentially connected to the gas-liquid separator 116 and the hydrogen circulation pump 117, and then connected to the hydrogen supply pipeline. The connection point is located between the first pressure reducing valve 113 and the hydrogen mass flow meter 114, forming a hydrogen circulation loop. The hydrogen exhaust pipe inlet is connected to the hydrogen circulation pipe 115, with the connection point located between the gas-liquid separator 116 and the hydrogen circulation pump 117. An exhaust valve 118 is installed on the hydrogen exhaust pipe to discharge nitrogen accumulated at the anode from the fuel cell stack. The drainage pipe is connected to the liquid collection chamber of the gas-liquid separator 116, and a drainage valve 119 is installed on the drainage pipe.

[0031] The air supply unit includes an air compressor 121, a second solenoid valve 122, an air supply duct, an air filter 123, a second pressure reducing valve 124, an air mass flow meter 125, a humidifier 126, a third solenoid valve 127, a back pressure valve 128, and an air exhaust duct. The air compressor 121 is connected sequentially to the second solenoid valve 122, air filter 123, second pressure reducing valve 124, air mass flow meter 125, and humidifier 126 via the air supply duct. The outlet of the air supply duct is connected to the cathode inlet (air inlet of the fuel cell stack). The air exhaust duct is connected to the cathode outlet (air outlet of the fuel cell stack). The back pressure valve 128 and the third solenoid valve 127 are located on the air exhaust duct and are used to regulate the gas pressure in the air supply duct. The humidifier 126 is connected to the air exhaust duct and uses the discharged humid air to humidify the air in the air supply duct. Figure 4 As shown, the humidifier 126 has a dry air inlet 126a, a dry air outlet 126b, a humid air inlet 126c, and a humid air outlet 126d; the dry air inlet 126a is connected to the outlet of the air mass flow meter 125, the dry air outlet 126b is connected to the cathode inlet of the fuel cell stack; the humid air inlet 126c is connected to the cathode outlet of the fuel cell stack, and the humid air outlet 126d is connected to the inlet of the back pressure valve 128.

[0032] The purging unit includes a nitrogen cylinder assembly 131, a fourth solenoid valve 132, a fifth solenoid valve 133, and a nitrogen supply pipeline. The nitrogen cylinder assembly 131 is connected to the nitrogen supply pipeline, which branches into two lines. One line connects to a hydrogen supply pipeline with the connection point located between the first solenoid valve 112 and the first pressure reducing valve 113, and the fourth solenoid valve 132 is located on this line. The other line connects to an air supply pipeline with the connection point located between the second solenoid valve 122 and the air filter 123, and the fifth solenoid valve 133 is located on this line.

[0033] The thermal management subsystem is connected to the cooling circuit of the fuel cell stack and includes a main cooling circuit, an auxiliary heating circuit, and a waste heat recovery circuit.

[0034] The main cooling circuit includes a first three-way valve 211, a second three-way valve 212, a thermostat 213, a third three-way valve 214, a heat exchanger 215 (hot side), a first water pump 216, a flow control valve 217, a second water pump 2101, a deionizer 2102, an expansion tank 2103, a radiator 218, and a fan 219. The fuel cell stack coolant outlet is connected to the hot side inlet of the heat exchanger 215 via the first and third outlets of the first three-way valve 211, the first and second outlets of the second three-way valve 212, the first and second outlets of the thermostat 213, and the first and second outlets of the third three-way valve 214, all connected in sequence. The hot side outlet of the heat exchanger 215 is connected to the fuel cell stack coolant inlet via the first water pump 216 and the flow control valve 217, all connected in sequence. The second outlet of the first three-way valve 211 is sequentially connected to the second water pump 2101, the deionizer 2102, and the expansion tank 2103. The expansion tank 2103 is connected to the third outlet of the second three-way valve 212. The inlet of the radiator 218 is connected to the third outlet of the third three-way valve 214, and the outlet of the radiator 218 is connected to the hot-side inlet of the heat exchanger 215. A fan 219 is provided next to the radiator 218. Figure 3 As shown, the first three-way valve 211, the second three-way valve 212, and the third three-way valve 214 are the same type of valve, with the first and second outlets in the horizontal direction and the third outlet in the vertical direction. The thermostat 213 has the first and second outlets in the horizontal direction and the third outlet in the vertical direction. The thermostat has a different structure from the three-way valve.

[0035] The auxiliary heating circuit includes a PTC heater 221. The inlet of the PTC heater 221 is connected to the third outlet of the thermostat 213, and the outlet of the PTC heater 221 is located between the hot-side outlet of the heat exchanger 215 in the main cooling circuit and the first water pump 216. The PTC heater 221 heats the coolant during the cold start of the fuel cell stack, thereby reducing the cold start time of the fuel cell stack.

[0036] The waste heat recovery circuit includes a cold water valve 231, a third water pump 232, a cold side of a heat exchanger 215, a water storage tank 233, and a hot water valve 234. The cold water valve 231 is sequentially connected to the third water pump 232, the cold side of the heat exchanger 215, the water storage tank 233, and the hot water valve 234, forming a domestic hot water supply channel. Figure 2 As shown, the water storage tank 233 is equipped with a seventh temperature sensor 2341, a liquid level sensor 2344, and a heating rod 2343; the thermostat 2342 is connected to the seventh temperature sensor 2341 and the heating rod 2343, and controls the switch of the heating rod 2343 to heat the water in the water storage tank 233, so that the hot water in the water storage tank 233 reaches the target water temperature. .

[0037] The sensing subsystem includes: a first integrated temperature and pressure sensor 311 and a hydrogen mass flow meter 114 disposed at the anode inlet of the fuel cell stack; a second integrated temperature and pressure sensor 312 disposed at the anode outlet of the fuel cell stack; a third integrated temperature and pressure sensor 313 and an air mass flow meter 125 disposed at the cathode inlet of the fuel cell stack; a fourth integrated temperature and pressure sensor 314 disposed at the cathode outlet of the fuel cell stack; a first temperature sensor 321, a first pressure sensor 323 and a conductivity sensor 325 disposed at the coolant outlet of the fuel cell stack; a second pressure sensor 324 and a second temperature sensor 322 disposed at the coolant inlet of the fuel cell stack; a third temperature sensor 326 disposed at the hot side inlet of the heat exchanger 215; a fourth temperature sensor 327 and a liquid flow sensor 328 disposed at the hot side outlet of the heat exchanger 215; a fifth temperature sensor 331 disposed at the cold side inlet of the heat exchanger 215; a sixth temperature sensor 332 disposed at the cold side outlet of the heat exchanger 215; and a voltage monitoring module for measuring the fuel cell stack voltage.

[0038] The sensing subsystem also includes a signal acquisition unit 340, which is connected to multiple sensors and is used to condition and convert sensor signals from analog to digital, and send the converted digital signals to the execution control subsystem.

[0039] The execution control subsystem includes a main controller 410, an air supply drive unit 420, a thermal management drive unit 430, and a signal acquisition unit 340. The air supply drive unit 420 and the thermal management drive unit 430 are respectively connected to the main controller 410 via signals; the signal acquisition unit 340 is used to acquire signals from the sensing subsystem and transmit them to the main controller 410.

[0040] The gas supply drive unit 420 is used to output drive signals according to the instructions of the main controller 410 to control the operation of the first pressure reducing valve 113, the second pressure reducing valve 124, the first solenoid valve 112, the second solenoid valve 122, the third solenoid valve 127, the fourth solenoid valve 132, the fifth solenoid valve 133, the hydrogen circulation pump 117, the hydrogen mass flow meter 114, the air mass flow meter 125, the exhaust valve 118, the drain valve 119, and the back pressure valve 128.

[0041] The thermal management drive unit 430 is used to output drive signals according to the instructions of the main controller 410 to control the operation of the first water pump 216, the second water pump 2101, the third water pump 232, the first three-way valve 211, the second three-way valve 212, the third three-way valve 214, the PTC heater 221, the flow control valve 217, the cold water valve 231, the hot water valve 234, the fan 219, the thermostat 2342, and the liquid level sensor 2344.

[0042] In this embodiment, the specific selection of each valve, pump, and sensor can be determined according to the system power level. For example, a 10kW system can use a DC24V driven solenoid valve and a centrifugal pump.

[0043] This embodiment provides a control method for a dynamic matching system for heat generation and consumption in a hydrogen fuel cell, including control processes for the system startup phase and normal operation phase.

[0044] The control process during system startup is as follows: When the second temperature sensor 322 detects that the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant T < T1, the main controller 410 starts the PTC heater 221 and the first water pump 216, opens the first and third outlets of the first three-way valve 211, and the first and second outlets of the second three-way valve 212, so that the coolant circulates only in the auxiliary heating circuit; at the same time, the first solenoid valve 112, the second solenoid valve 122, and the hydrogen circulation pump 117 are opened, and the exhaust interval and exhaust time of the exhaust valve 118 are set to supply hydrogen and air to the fuel cell stack at a low flow rate; When T2>T≥T1, the main controller 410 maintains the operation of the PTC heater 221 and opens the third solenoid valve 127, and the fuel cell stack enters a low-power generation state. When T3>T≥T2, the main controller 410 shuts down the PTC heater 221, and the fuel cell stack enters normal operation mode; When T4>T≥T3, the first and second outlets of the third three-way valve 214 are opened, the third outlet of the thermostat 213 gradually closes, and the second outlet of the thermostat 213 gradually opens, gradually increasing the flow ratio of the main cooling circuit and decreasing the flow ratio of the auxiliary heating circuit, thus entering a mixed circulation mode of the main cooling circuit and the auxiliary heating circuit. When T≥T4, the third outlet of thermostat 213 is completely closed and the second outlet of thermostat 213 is completely open, and the coolant circulates completely through the hot side of heat exchanger 215.

[0045] T1, T2, T3, and T4 represent the first, second, third, and fourth temperature thresholds, respectively.

[0046] Furthermore, when T≥T4, the main controller 410 also makes the following judgment: When the liquid level in the water storage tank 233 is lower than the set liquid level H0, the main controller 410 opens the cold water valve 231 and the third water pump 232. Based on the feedback from the liquid flow sensor 328, the third temperature sensor 326, the fourth temperature sensor 327, the fifth temperature sensor 331, and the sixth temperature sensor 332, the controller adjusts the power of the third water pump 232 to maintain the hot-side outlet water temperature of the heat exchanger 215 at the target water temperature T. out When the seventh temperature sensor 2341 detects that the water temperature in the water tank 233 is lower than the set water temperature T0, the thermostat 2342 starts the heating rod 2343; when the water temperature reaches the set water temperature T0, the heating rod 2343 is turned off. When the water level in the water tank 233 reaches the set level H0, the cold water valve 231, the third water pump 232 and the second outlet of the third three-way valve 214 are closed, and the third outlet of the third three-way valve 214 and the fan 219 are opened. The fan speed is adjusted according to the first temperature sensor 321 and the third temperature sensor 326, and heat is dissipated through the radiator 218.

[0047] The system's low-temperature preheating process during startup also includes fault protection: If, after the PTC heater 221 is started, the rate of temperature rise of the fuel cell coolant inlet temperature is lower than the preset threshold within a preset time t1, or the fuel cell voltage does not reach the preset threshold V0 after hydrogen and air are supplied, the main controller 410 determines that there is a startup fault, cuts off the PTC heater 221, the first solenoid valve 112 and the second solenoid valve 122, and triggers an alarm.

[0048] The control process during the normal operation phase of the system is as follows: The target operating values ​​of the fuel cell stack are obtained by querying the preset power-flow mapping table based on the target load power, including hydrogen flow rate, air flow rate, fuel cell coolant inlet temperature and fuel cell coolant outlet temperature. Based on the deviation between the actual operating value monitored in real time by the sensing subsystem and the target operating value, the flow correction coefficients for hydrogen, air, and fuel cell coolant are calculated. Based on the flow correction coefficients of hydrogen and air, the opening degrees of the first pressure reducing valve 113 and the second pressure reducing valve 124 are adjusted respectively; at the same time, based on the flow correction coefficient of the fuel cell coolant, the speed of the first water pump 216 is adjusted. Based on the running time of the hydrogen circulation pump 117 or the hydrogen pressure change monitored by the second integrated temperature and pressure sensor 312, the exhaust valve 118 and drain valve 119 are periodically opened to discharge the nitrogen and liquid water accumulated at the anode.

[0049] The power-flow mapping table can be a table pre-established by the manufacturer through experiments or simulations, which records "how much electricity to generate, the minimum amount of hydrogen and air required, and the target values ​​of the inlet and outlet water temperatures of the coolant during stack operation".

[0050] This embodiment uses a proportional-integral control algorithm to calculate the flow correction coefficient. Taking the flow rate of the fuel cell coolant as an example, the main controller 410 calculates the flow rate based on the fuel cell coolant outlet temperature detected by the first temperature sensor 321. With the target operating temperature deviation The flow correction factor C for the fuel cell stack coolant is calculated as follows: ; in, The gain is proportional, and the gain is a constant. Let be the integral gain, and be a constant. is a time variable; t is time.

[0051] The main controller 410 sets the base flow rate of the fuel cell stack coolant. take The corrected target value of the fuel cell stack coolant flow rate is obtained, and the speed of the first water pump 216 and the opening of the flow control valve 217 are adjusted synchronously.

[0052] When the coolant outlet temperature of the fuel cell stack is too high... , Increase the coolant flow rate; when the coolant outlet temperature of the fuel cell stack is too low, , Reduce coolant flow rate.

[0053] Normal operation also includes dynamic response: When the rate of increase of load power exceeds the first change threshold, the main controller 410 adopts feedforward control to increase the opening of the first pressure reducing valve 113 and the second pressure reducing valve 124 and the speed of the first water pump 216 in advance; specifically, it can be adjusted according to the hydrogen flow rate, air flow rate and inlet and outlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant in the power-flow mapping table. When the rate of decrease in load power exceeds the second change threshold, the main controller 410 first increases the opening of the back pressure valve 128 to increase the air exhaust volume, reduce the gas pressure in the cathode pipeline, and then reduces the hydrogen flow rate.

[0054] The following safety protections are also included during normal operation: Over-temperature protection: When the first temperature sensor 321 detects that the temperature exceeds the safety threshold, the target flow rate setting value of hydrogen and air is reduced, the opening degree of the first pressure reducing valve 113 and the second pressure reducing valve 124 is adjusted synchronously to reduce the power of the fuel cell stack, and the speed of the first water pump 216 and the fan 219 is increased to enhance cooling. Insulation protection: When the conductivity sensor 325 detects that the conductivity of the coolant exceeds the threshold, the second outlet of the first three-way valve 211, the third outlet of the second water pump 2101 and the second three-way valve 212 are opened to reduce the conductivity in the coolant and at the same time reduce the output power of the fuel cell stack. Pressure protection: When the pressure of the first pressure sensor 323 reaches the set value, the third outlet of the second three-way valve 212 is opened, and the pressure is released by the expansion tank 2103; Purge Interlock: Before system startup, the main controller 410 checks whether nitrogen purging was completed during the last shutdown. If not, startup is prohibited and the purging procedure is forcibly executed.

[0055] Normal operation also includes a shutdown process: Load unloading phase: Gradually reduce the load power to zero while maintaining air supply for cathode purging; Nitrogen purging stage: Close the first solenoid valve 112 to cut off the hydrogen supply, open the fourth solenoid valve 132 and the fifth solenoid valve 133, and use nitrogen to purge the hydrogen supply pipeline and the air supply pipeline. Shutdown completion phase: When the first integrated temperature and pressure sensor 311 and the third integrated temperature and pressure sensor 313 detect that the pipeline pressure has dropped below the safety threshold, the fourth solenoid valve 132, the fifth solenoid valve 133, the third solenoid valve 127 and the hydrogen circulation pump 117 are closed. After a preset delay, all water pumps, fans 219 and PTC heaters 221 are turned off, and the system enters standby mode.

[0056] Example 2 Taking an ambient temperature of -10℃ as an example, the cold start (low temperature start) process of this system is explained.

[0057] When the second temperature sensor 322 detects that the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant is T=-8℃, which is lower than the set first temperature threshold T1=5℃, the main controller 410 performs the following operations.

[0058] Start the PTC heater 221 and the first water pump 216, open the first and third outlets of the first three-way valve 211, the first and second outlets of the second three-way valve 212, and the third outlet of the thermostat 213, so that the coolant circulates and heats only in the auxiliary heating circuit.

[0059] Simultaneously, the first solenoid valve 112, the second solenoid valve 122, and the hydrogen circulation pump 117 are opened to supply hydrogen and air at a low flow rate of 20% of the rated flow rate.

[0060] Set the exhaust valve 118 to open for 2 seconds every 30 seconds to release the nitrogen gas accumulated at the anode.

[0061] After approximately 120 seconds of heating, when the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant rises to T=6℃, which is greater than the set first temperature threshold T1=5℃, the system enters the second stage: maintaining the PTC heater 221, opening the third solenoid valve 127, and the fuel cell begins low-power generation at 10% of its rated power.

[0062] When the coolant inlet temperature of the fuel cell stack rises to T=42℃, which is greater than the set second temperature threshold T2=40℃, the PTC heater 221 is turned off and the fuel cell stack enters normal operation mode.

[0063] When the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant rises to T=57℃, which is greater than the set third temperature threshold T3=50℃, the first and second outlets of the third three-way valve 214 are opened, the third outlet of the thermostat 213 gradually closes, and the second outlet of the thermostat 213 gradually opens, gradually increasing the flow rate of the main cooling circuit and decreasing the flow rate of the auxiliary heating circuit.

[0064] When the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant rises to T≥T4, the fourth temperature threshold T4=65℃ is set, the third outlet of the thermostat 213 is completely closed, the second outlet of the thermostat 213 is completely opened, and the coolant circulates completely through the hot side of the heat exchanger 215.

[0065] The entire cold start process takes about 10 minutes, which is about 50% shorter than the traditional method.

[0066] Example 3 Simulate a real-world application scenario: The system is operating at its rated power of 30kW, and the load is suddenly increased to 45kW.

[0067] After the main controller 410 detects that the load change rate exceeds the first threshold of 5kW / s, it immediately executes feedforward control; 0.5 seconds in advance, it increases the opening of the first pressure reducing valve 113 and the second pressure reducing valve 124 from 65% to 85%; at the same time, it increases the speed of the first water pump 216 from 2800rpm to 3500rpm; based on the feedback from the first temperature sensor 321, it finely adjusts the flow rate to the target value 0.2 seconds later.

[0068] This control strategy ensures that the coolant outlet temperature fluctuation of the fuel cell stack is less than ±1.5℃, the cathode pressure fluctuation is less than ±3kPa, and no gas starvation occurs.

[0069] Example 4 A distributed energy supply scenario in a residential area: During the daytime peak electricity consumption period from 10:00 to 14:00, the power stack operates at full capacity, but the demand for hot water is low; during the evening off-peak electricity consumption period from 20:00 to 23:00, the power stack operates at reduced load, but the demand for hot water is high.

[0070] The dynamic matching process of this system is shown below.

[0071] During the daytime, the inlet temperature of the fuel cell stack coolant is T≥T4=65℃, and the water tank 233 is full: the waste heat recovery is turned off, the third outlet of the third three-way valve 214 and the fan 219 are opened, and heat is dissipated through the radiator 218, keeping the fuel cell stack at full power.

[0072] At night, the inlet temperature of the fuel cell stack coolant is T≥T4=65℃, and the liquid level in the water tank 233 is lower than H0=30%. The cold water valve 231 and the third water pump 232 are opened to recover waste heat to the water tank 233, stabilizing the hot-side outlet temperature of the heat exchanger 215 at T. out =65℃.

[0073] If the recovered heat is insufficient, the water temperature in the water storage tank 233 will drop to 55℃, which is lower than T0=60℃. The thermostat 2342 will activate the heating rod 2343 for auxiliary heating. When the water temperature in the water storage tank 233 reaches 65℃, the heating rod 2343 will stop working.

[0074] This control strategy enables the system's waste heat utilization rate to reach over 85%, and improves the domestic hot water supply satisfaction rate by 40%.

[0075] Example 5 An example of over-temperature protection is as follows: A cooling system malfunction caused the coolant outlet temperature of the fuel cell stack to rise to 78°C, exceeding the safety threshold of 75°C. The main controller 410 immediately reduced the hydrogen flow rate from 45 g / s to 30 g / s and the air flow rate from 350 g / s to 240 g / s. At the same time, the speed of the first water pump 216 was increased from 3000 rpm to 4500 rpm, and the fan 219 ran at full speed. After 30 seconds, the temperature dropped to 72°C, and normal operation was restored.

[0076] The following is an example of insulation protection: The conductivity sensor 325 detected that the coolant conductivity reached 6.2 μS / cm, which is greater than the threshold of 5 μS / cm. The main controller 410 opened the second outlet of the first three-way valve 211, the third outlet of the second water pump 2101 and the second three-way valve 212; the deionizer 2102 started working and at the same time reduced the power of the fuel cell stack from 40kW to 25kW; after 5 minutes, the conductivity dropped to 4.5 μS / cm and returned to normal.

[0077] The purge interlock example is as follows: Before the system starts, it is detected that the previous shutdown purging was not completed. The main controller 410 prevents the start-up and automatically executes the purging program: the fourth solenoid valve 132 and the fifth solenoid valve 133 are opened to purge with nitrogen until the detection pressure of the first temperature and pressure integrated sensor 311 and the third temperature and pressure integrated sensor 313 are both lower than 10 kPa.

[0078] The above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A dynamic matching system for heat generation and consumption in a hydrogen fuel cell, characterized in that, The system includes: a gas supply subsystem, a thermal management subsystem, a sensing subsystem, and an execution control subsystem; The gas supply subsystem includes a hydrogen supply unit and an air supply unit, which are used to supply hydrogen and air to the anode and cathode of the fuel cell stack, respectively; the gas supply subsystem also includes a purging unit, which is used to purge the gas pipelines of the fuel cell stack with nitrogen. The thermal management subsystem is connected to the cooling circuit of the fuel cell stack and includes a main cooling circuit and an auxiliary heating circuit. The main cooling circuit cools the fuel cell stack coolant through the hot side of the heat exchanger (215). The auxiliary heating circuit heats the fuel cell stack coolant through the PTC heater (221) during the cold start of the fuel cell stack. The thermal management subsystem also includes a waste heat recovery circuit, which recovers waste heat through the cold side of the heat exchanger (215) for hot water supply. The sensing subsystem is used to monitor the status parameters of the fuel cell stack and pipelines in real time, including the temperature and pressure of the fuel cell stack anode inlet and outlet, the hydrogen flow rate of the fuel cell stack anode inlet, the temperature and pressure of the fuel cell stack cathode inlet and outlet, the air flow rate of the fuel cell stack cathode inlet, the temperature, pressure and conductivity of the fuel cell stack coolant outlet, the temperature and pressure of the fuel cell stack coolant inlet, the temperature of the heat exchanger (215) hot side inlet, the temperature and flow rate of the heat exchanger (215) hot side outlet, the temperature of the heat exchanger (215) cold side inlet and outlet, and the fuel cell stack voltage; The execution control subsystem is used to receive signals collected by the sensing subsystem and output drive commands to control the actions of various components in the system.

2. The dynamic matching system for heat generation and consumption of a hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the main cooling circuit, the fuel cell coolant outlet is connected to the hot-side inlet of the heat exchanger (215) via the first and third outlets of the first three-way valve (211), the first and second outlets of the second three-way valve (212), the first and second outlets of the thermostat (213), and the first and second outlets of the third three-way valve (214) in sequence; the hot-side outlet of the heat exchanger (215) is connected to the fuel cell coolant inlet via the first water pump (216) and the flow control valve (217) in sequence; the first three-way valve (211) The second outlet of 1) is connected in sequence to the second water pump (2101), the deionizer (2102), and the expansion tank (2103). The expansion tank (2103) is connected to the third outlet of the second three-way valve (212). The third outlet of the third three-way valve (214) is connected to the inlet of the radiator (218). The outlet of the radiator (218) is connected to the hot side inlet of the heat exchanger (215). A fan (219) is provided next to the radiator (218). The radiator (218) and the fan (219) constitute the auxiliary heat dissipation unit of the main cooling circuit. Wherein, the first three-way valve (211), the second three-way valve (212), and the third three-way valve (214) have the first outlet and the second outlet in the horizontal direction, respectively, and the third outlet in the vertical direction; the thermostat (213) has the first outlet and the second outlet in the horizontal direction, and the third outlet in the vertical direction; In the auxiliary heating circuit, the inlet of the PTC heater (221) is connected to the third outlet of the thermostat (213), and the outlet of the PTC heater (221) is located between the hot side outlet of the heat exchanger (215) of the main cooling circuit and the first water pump (216).

3. The dynamic matching system for heat generation and consumption of a hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 2, characterized in that, The gas supply subsystem is described in detail below: In the hydrogen supply unit, the hydrogen cylinder group (111) is connected to the first solenoid valve (112), the first pressure reducing valve (113), and the hydrogen mass flow meter (114) in sequence through the hydrogen supply pipeline, and then connected to the anode inlet of the fuel cell stack; the anode outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected to the hydrogen circulation pipeline (115), which passes through the gas-liquid separator (116) and the hydrogen circulation pump (117) in sequence, and then connects between the first pressure reducing valve (113) and the hydrogen mass flow meter (114), returning to the anode inlet of the fuel cell stack to form a hydrogen circulation loop; the hydrogen circulation pipeline (115) is also connected to the hydrogen exhaust pipeline, with the connection node located between the gas-liquid separator (116) and the hydrogen circulation pump (117), and there is an exhaust valve (118) on the hydrogen exhaust pipeline; the bottom of the liquid collection chamber of the gas-liquid separator (116) is connected to the drain pipeline, and there is a drain valve (119) on the drain pipeline. In the air supply unit, the air compressor (121) is connected in sequence to the second solenoid valve (122), air filter (123), second pressure reducing valve (124), air mass flow meter (125) and humidifier (126) through the air supply pipe and then connected to the cathode inlet of the fuel cell stack; the cathode outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected in sequence to the third solenoid valve (127) and back pressure valve (128) through the air exhaust pipe; the humidifier (126) is connected to the air exhaust pipe, and the connection node is located between the cathode outlet of the fuel cell stack and the third solenoid valve (127), using the discharged humid air to humidify the air in the air supply pipe; In the purging unit, the nitrogen cylinder group (131) is divided into two branches through the nitrogen supply pipeline. The first branch is connected to the hydrogen supply pipeline and is equipped with a fourth solenoid valve (132). The second branch is connected to the air supply pipeline and is equipped with a fifth solenoid valve (133).

4. The dynamic matching system for heat generation and consumption of a hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 3, characterized in that, In the waste heat recovery circuit, the cold water valve (231) is connected in sequence to the third water pump (232), the cold side of the heat exchanger (215), the water storage tank (233) and the hot water valve (234) to form a hot water supply channel; the water storage tank (233) is equipped with a temperature sensor, a liquid level sensor and a heating rod, which are used to monitor the water temperature and liquid level in the water storage tank, and to heat the water in the water storage tank to reach the target water temperature.

5. A control method for a dynamic matching system of heat generation and consumption in a hydrogen fuel cell, characterized in that, The control of the system startup process for the dynamic matching system for heat generation and consumption of a hydrogen fuel cell as described in claim 2 is as follows: When the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant is less than the first temperature threshold, the main cooling circuit is shut down and the auxiliary heating circuit is turned on, and the PTC heater (221) is started so that the coolant circulates only in the auxiliary heating circuit; at the same time, hydrogen and air are supplied to the fuel cell at a low flow rate, wherein the low flow rate is a set percentage of the rated flow rate. When the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant is greater than or equal to the first temperature threshold and less than the second temperature threshold, the PTC heater (221) is maintained and the fuel cell enters a low-power generation state. When the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant is greater than or equal to the second temperature threshold and less than the third temperature threshold, the PTC heater (221) is turned off and the fuel cell enters the normal power generation state. When the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant is greater than or equal to the third temperature threshold and less than the fourth temperature threshold, the main cooling circuit is activated, and the flow rate ratio of the main cooling circuit is gradually increased while the flow rate ratio of the auxiliary heating circuit is gradually decreased, thus entering a mixed circulation mode of the main cooling circuit and the auxiliary heating circuit. When the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant is greater than or equal to the fourth temperature threshold, the auxiliary heating circuit is closed, so that the coolant circulates only in the main cooling circuit. When the inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant is greater than or equal to the fourth temperature threshold, it is determined whether hot water supply is required. If hot water supply is required, the waste heat recovery circuit is opened. If hot water supply is not required, the waste heat recovery circuit is closed, and the third outlet of the third three-way valve and the fan (219) are opened. The fan (219) speed is adjusted according to the outlet temperature and inlet temperature of the fuel cell coolant, and auxiliary heat dissipation is carried out through the radiator (218).

6. The control method for a dynamic matching system for heat generation and consumption of a hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 5, characterized in that, The system startup process also includes fault protection: If the temperature rise rate of the fuel cell coolant inlet is lower than the preset threshold within a preset time after the PTC heater (221) is started, or the fuel cell voltage does not reach the preset threshold after hydrogen and air are supplied, the PTC heater (221) is determined to be faulty, the auxiliary heating circuit is cut off, and an alarm is triggered.

7. A control method for a dynamic matching system for heat generation and consumption in a hydrogen fuel cell, characterized in that, The control process of the hydrogen fuel cell heat generation and consumption dynamic matching system according to claim 3 is as follows: The target operating values ​​of the fuel cell stack are obtained by querying the preset power-flow mapping table based on the target load power, including hydrogen flow rate, air flow rate, fuel cell coolant inlet temperature and fuel cell coolant outlet temperature. Based on the deviation between the actual operating values ​​monitored in real time by the sensing subsystem and the target operating values, the flow correction coefficients of hydrogen, air and fuel cell coolant are calculated. The opening of the first pressure reducing valve (113) and the second pressure reducing valve (124) are adjusted according to the flow correction coefficients of hydrogen and air, respectively; at the same time, the speed of the first water pump (216) is adjusted according to the flow correction coefficient of the fuel cell coolant. Based on the operating time of the hydrogen circulation pump (117) or the pressure change at the anode outlet of the fuel cell stack, the exhaust valve (118) and drain valve (119) are periodically opened to discharge the nitrogen and liquid water accumulated at the anode.

8. The control method for a dynamic matching system for heat generation and consumption of a hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 7, characterized in that, Normal operation also includes dynamic response: When the rate of increase of load power exceeds the set first change threshold, feedforward control is adopted to increase the supply of hydrogen and air in advance, and accelerate the circulation speed of the stack coolant. When the rate of decrease in load power exceeds the set second change threshold, the air exhaust volume is increased first to reduce the cathode pressure, and then the hydrogen supply volume is reduced.

9. The control method for a dynamic matching system for heat generation and consumption of a hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 7, characterized in that, The following protections are also included during normal operation: Over-temperature protection: When the temperature at the anode inlet of the fuel cell stack exceeds the safety threshold, the supply of hydrogen and air is reduced, the output power of the fuel cell stack is reduced, and the speed of the first water pump (216) and the fan (219) is increased to enhance the cooling of the fuel cell stack coolant. Insulation protection: When the conductivity of the coolant at the coolant outlet of the fuel cell stack exceeds the set threshold, the second outlet of the first three-way valve (211), the second water pump (2101), and the third outlet of the second three-way valve (212) are opened to reduce the conductivity of the coolant and at the same time reduce the output power of the fuel cell stack. Pressure protection: When the coolant outlet pressure of the fuel cell stack reaches the set threshold, the third outlet of the second three-way valve (212) is opened, and the pressure is released by the expansion tank (2103); Purge interlock protection: Before system startup, check whether nitrogen purging was completed during the last shutdown. If not, startup is prohibited and nitrogen purging is forcibly performed.

10. The control method for a dynamic matching system for heat generation and consumption of a hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 7, characterized in that, Normal operation also includes a shutdown process: Load unloading phase: Gradually reduce the load power to zero while maintaining air supply for cathode purging; Nitrogen purging stage: Cut off the hydrogen supply and start nitrogen purging to purge the hydrogen supply pipeline and air supply pipeline with nitrogen. Shutdown completion phase: When the pressure at the cathode inlet and the anode inlet of the fuel cell stack both drop below the safety threshold, nitrogen purging is turned off, the third solenoid valve (127) and the hydrogen circulation pump (117) are turned off, and after a preset delay, all components of the system are turned off and the system enters standby mode.

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