Traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetotherapy patch and application thereof

By designing a composite structure for the traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch, the problems of simple structure and unstable interlayer bonding in existing products have been solved. This achieves the synergistic effect of magnetic therapy and traditional Chinese medicine, improves breathability and application stability, and enhances the comfort and convenience of use.

CN122208563APending Publication Date: 2026-06-16LISHUI PEOPLES HOSPITAL

Patent Information

Authority / Receiving Office
CN · China
Patent Type
Applications(China)
Current Assignee / Owner
LISHUI PEOPLES HOSPITAL
Filing Date
2026-05-13
Publication Date
2026-06-16

AI Technical Summary

Technical Problem

Existing black plaster products have a simple structure, lack synergy with magnetic therapy structures, have unstable interlayer bonding, insufficient breathability and application comfort, and are prone to causing stuffiness with long-term use. They are also inconvenient to store and use.

Method used

A traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch was designed, comprising a composite structure of a support layer, a breathable layer, a magnetic therapy layer, a plaster layer, an anti-adhesion layer, and a fixing frame layer. The magnetic therapy layer is located between the support layer and the plaster layer. The breathability and stability of the application process are improved by setting the breathable layer and the fixing frame layer, and the anti-adhesion layer facilitates storage and use.

🎯Benefits of technology

This approach achieves a synergistic effect between magnetic therapy and external application of traditional Chinese medicine, improving the overall therapeutic effect of the product, enhancing the breathability and stability of the patch, reducing the risk of edge lifting and interlayer separation, and improving the comfort and convenience of use.

✦ Generated by Eureka AI based on patent content.

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    Figure CN122208563A_ABST
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Abstract

This invention relates to the field of traditional Chinese medicine external application patches, and discloses a traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch and its application. The patch includes a support layer, a breathable layer on one side of the support layer, and a magnetic therapy layer, a plaster layer, and an anti-adhesion layer sequentially arranged on the other side of the support layer. The magnetic therapy layer is located between the support layer and the plaster layer. A fixed border layer is provided around the perimeter of the patch. The plaster layer is a black plaster layer containing a traditional Chinese medicine composition. This invention features a reasonable layer arrangement, with the magnetic therapy layer located between the support layer and the plaster layer, which facilitates the synergistic effect of magnetic therapy and external application of traditional Chinese medicine, thereby improving the overall therapeutic effect of the product. The breathable layer and fixed border layer improve breathability, comfort, and stability during application, and reduce the risk of edge lifting and layer separation. The anti-adhesion layer facilitates storage, removal, and use. Overall, the patch has the advantages of structural stability, convenient application, and strong applicability.
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Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of external application of traditional Chinese medicine patches, and in particular to a black plaster magnetic therapy patch of traditional Chinese medicine and its application. Background Technology

[0002] Black plaster, as a traditional Chinese medicine external preparation, has long been used for joint pain, muscle strain, wind-cold-dampness syndrome, and soft tissue discomfort due to its convenient use, clear target area, and continuous application. Existing black plasters typically incorporate Chinese herbal ingredients into the plaster formula, utilizing local application to promote blood circulation, dispel wind and cold, relax muscles and tendons, reduce swelling and relieve pain, thus possessing certain external therapeutic effects.

[0003] Meanwhile, magnetic therapy patches, as a common external physiotherapy product, typically use magnetic elements within the patch to create a magnetic field at the application site, thus meeting the needs for local physiotherapy and relieving discomfort. Existing technologies also include product designs that combine traditional Chinese medicine patches with magnetic therapy structures, aiming to achieve a synergistic effect of multiple external treatments.

[0004] However, existing products still have some shortcomings. First, some existing black plaster products have a relatively simple structure, usually focusing only on the medicinal layer itself and lacking a layered design adapted to the magnetic therapy structure, resulting in insufficient synergy between the external application of traditional Chinese medicine and the magnetic therapy effect. Second, some existing magnetic therapy patches, when combined with the plaster medicinal layer, are prone to problems such as unstable interlayer bonding, insufficient application comfort, and easy lifting of the edges, affecting the use effect and user experience. Third, some existing patch products do not adequately consider breathability, anti-adhesion, and overall stability, which can easily cause a stuffy feeling when applied for a long time, and are not convenient to store and use. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to address the shortcomings of existing technologies by proposing a traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch and its application.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0007] A traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch includes a support layer, a breathable layer on one side of the support layer, and a magnetic therapy layer, a plaster layer, and an anti-adhesion layer sequentially on the other side of the support layer. The magnetic therapy layer is located between the support layer and the plaster layer. A fixed frame layer is provided around the periphery of the traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch. The plaster layer is a black plaster layer containing a traditional Chinese medicine composition.

[0008] Preferably, the magnetic therapy layer includes one or more magnetic units, which are arranged at intervals along the surface of the patch to form a local magnetic field area at the application site.

[0009] Preferably, the magnetic unit is one or more of permanent magnet sheets, magnetic beads, magnetic powder blocks, and flexible magnetic sheets.

[0010] Preferably, the traditional Chinese medicine composition includes one or both of traditional Chinese medicine extracts and fine powders of traditional Chinese medicine.

[0011] Preferably, the traditional Chinese medicine composition includes at least two categories of traditional Chinese medicines that promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis, traditional Chinese medicines that dispel wind and cold, traditional Chinese medicines that relax muscles and tendons and unblock meridians, and traditional Chinese medicines that reduce swelling and relieve pain.

[0012] Preferably, the traditional Chinese medicine composition includes one or more of borneol, camphor, and menthol.

[0013] Preferably, the traditional Chinese medicine composition accounts for 20% to 80% of the total weight of the ointment's medicinal layer.

[0014] Preferably, the support layer is a non-woven fabric layer, a medical fabric layer, a polymer elastic film layer, or a composite fiber layer; the breathable layer is provided with breathable micropores.

[0015] Preferably, the fixed frame layer is a ring-shaped frame structure, and its adhesive force is greater than that of the ointment layer to the skin, so as to prevent the edges from lifting or the layers from separating during use; the anti-adhesive layer is a silicone release paper, release film or composite release layer.

[0016] The above-mentioned application of traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch in the preparation of external patches for relieving local pain.

[0017] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows:

[0018] The traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch of the present invention adopts a composite structure of a support layer, a breathable layer, a magnetic therapy layer, a plaster layer, an anti-adhesive layer, and a fixed frame layer. The layers are reasonably arranged, and the magnetic therapy layer is located between the support layer and the plaster layer, which is conducive to the synergistic effect of magnetic therapy and external application of traditional Chinese medicine, thereby improving the overall therapeutic effect of the product.

[0019] The ointment layer of the present invention is a black ointment layer containing a traditional Chinese medicine composition. It can be selected from traditional Chinese medicine extracts and / or fine powders as needed, and can be combined with components such as borneol, camphor, and menthol. This helps to exert the effects of promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, dispelling wind and cold, relaxing muscles and tendons, reducing swelling and relieving pain, and improving the applicability of external application to local discomfort areas.

[0020] In addition, by setting a breathable layer and a fixed frame layer, the present invention can improve the breathability, comfort and stability during the application process, and reduce the risk of edge lifting and interlayer separation. With the addition of an anti-adhesive layer, it is easy to store, remove and use. Overall, it has the advantages of stable structure, convenient application and strong applicability. Attached Figure Description

[0021] Fig. 1 This is a side structural cross-sectional view of a traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch proposed in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0022] Fig. 2 This is a front structural diagram of a traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch proposed in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0023] In the diagram: 1-Fixed frame layer, 2-Support layer, 3-Breathable layer, 4-Magnetic therapy layer, 5-Ointment layer, 6-Anti-adhesive layer. Detailed Implementation

[0024] To provide a clearer understanding of the technical features, objectives, and beneficial effects of this invention, the technical solution of this invention is described in detail below, but this should not be construed as limiting the scope of implementation of this invention. Unless otherwise specified, the methods used in this invention are conventional methods in this technical field. In this invention, materials, reagents, or instruments whose manufacturers are not specified are all conventional products that can be purchased commercially.

[0025] Reference Figs. 1-2 In one embodiment, the present invention provides a traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch, comprising a support layer 2, a breathable layer 3 on one side of the support layer 2, and a magnetic therapy layer 4, a plaster layer 5, and an anti-adhesion layer 6 sequentially disposed on the other side of the support layer 2, wherein the magnetic therapy layer 4 is located between the support layer 2 and the plaster layer 5; a fixed frame layer 1 is provided around the periphery of the traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch; the plaster layer 5 is a black plaster layer containing a traditional Chinese medicine composition.

[0026] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the magnetic therapy layer 4 includes one or more magnetic units, which are arranged at intervals along the surface of the patch to form a local magnetic field area at the application site.

[0027] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the magnetic unit is one or more of permanent magnet sheets, magnetic beads, magnetic powder pressing blocks, and flexible magnetic sheets.

[0028] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the traditional Chinese medicine composition includes one or both of traditional Chinese medicine extracts and fine powders of traditional Chinese medicine.

[0029] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the traditional Chinese medicine composition includes at least two categories of traditional Chinese medicines that promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis, traditional Chinese medicines that dispel wind and cold, traditional Chinese medicines that relax muscles and tendons and unblock collaterals, and traditional Chinese medicines that reduce swelling and relieve pain.

[0030] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the traditional Chinese medicine composition includes one or more of borneol, camphor, and menthol.

[0031] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the traditional Chinese medicine composition accounts for 20% to 80% of the total weight of the ointment layer 5.

[0032] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the support layer is a non-woven fabric layer, a medical fabric layer, a polymer elastic film layer, or a composite fiber layer; the breathable layer is provided with breathable micropores.

[0033] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fixed frame layer is a ring-shaped frame structure, and its adhesive force is greater than that of the ointment layer to the skin, so as to prevent the edges from lifting or the layers from separating during use; the anti-adhesive layer is a silicone release paper, release film or composite release layer.

[0034] The above-mentioned application of traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch in the preparation of external patches for relieving local pain.

[0035] The specific implementation of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0036] Example 1: In this example, the support layer 2 of the herbal black plaster magnetic therapy patch is made of medical non-woven fabric with a thickness of 0.35mm, serving as a support and shaping element. A breathable layer 3 is compositely disposed on the lower surface of the support layer 2. The breathable layer 3 is a microporous breathable membrane with a thickness of 0.12mm and uniformly distributed breathable micropores on its surface, with a pore size of 0.1mm~0.3mm. The magnetic therapy layer 4 is disposed on the upper surface of the support layer 2, comprising 6 magnetic units arranged in a matrix along the patch plane. Each magnetic unit is a circular permanent magnet with a diameter of 8mm and a thickness of 2mm, and the center-to-center distance between adjacent magnetic units is 15mm. The ointment layer 5 is coated on top of the magnetic therapy layer 4, covering the upper surface of the magnetic therapy layer 4 and enclosing the gaps between adjacent magnetic units. The ointment layer 5 has a thickness of 1.8mm. The anti-adhesive layer 6 is a silicone release paper, adhered to the outer surface of the ointment layer 5, and peeled off during use. The fixed frame layer 1 is a ring-shaped frame structure, using medical pressure-sensitive adhesive frame with a width of 10mm. It surrounds the perimeter of the Chinese herbal black plaster magnetic therapy patch and is used to fix the support layer 2, magnetic therapy layer 4, plaster layer 5 and breathable layer 3.

[0037] In this embodiment, the traditional Chinese medicine composition in the medicated layer 5 of the ointment consists of a traditional Chinese medicine extract and fine traditional Chinese medicine powder, accounting for 45% of the total weight of the ointment. The traditional Chinese medicine extract is prepared by extraction and concentration of the following raw materials: Angelica sinensis, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Angelica pubescens, Notopterygium incisum, Eucommia ulmoides, Achyranthes bidentata, Lycopodium clavatum, and Clematis chinensis. The fine traditional Chinese medicine powder includes: frankincense, myrrh, safflower, Angelica dahurica, and dragon's blood. In addition, borneol and camphor are added to the traditional Chinese medicine composition as aromatic and meridian-clearing components. Among the above components, at least two of the following categories are included: blood-activating and stasis-removing traditional Chinese medicine, wind-dispelling and cold-dispersing traditional Chinese medicine, muscle-relaxing and meridian-clearing traditional Chinese medicine, and swelling-reducing and pain-relieving traditional Chinese medicine. In this embodiment, four categories are actually included.

[0038] In this embodiment, the preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch is as follows: Angelica sinensis, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Heracleum hemsleyanum, Notopterygium incisum, Eucommia ulmoides, Achyranthes bidentata, Lycopodium clavatum and Speranskia tuberculata are crushed into coarse powder, and then an extraction solution is prepared by ethanol extraction combined with water decoction extraction, and concentrated to obtain a traditional Chinese medicine extraction paste. Frankincense, myrrh, Carthamus tinctorius, Angelica dahurica and Sanguis draxonis are crushed through a 100-mesh sieve to obtain fine traditional Chinese medicine powder. After heating and melting the black plaster matrix, the traditional Chinese medicine extraction paste is added and stirred evenly, then the fine traditional Chinese medicine powder is added, and stirring is continued. When the temperature drops to about 50 °C, borneol and camphor are added to obtain a paste-like medicinal material. The magnetic units are fixed on the upper surface of the support layer 2 in a matrix form to form a magnetic therapy layer 4. The paste-like medicinal material is evenly coated on the magnetic therapy layer 4 to form a paste-like medicine layer 5. An anti-adhesive layer 6 is adhered to the outside of the paste-like medicine layer 5, a fixed border layer 1 is compounded and fixed on the periphery of the support layer 2, and a breathable layer 3 is compounded on the lower surface of the support layer 2, and then cut to obtain the finished product.

[0039] When in use, remove the anti-adhesive layer 6, and apply the paste-like medicine layer 5 to the painful areas of the neck and shoulders, waist or knee joints, and apply it for 8-12 hours each time.

[0040] Embodiment 2: The support layer 2 of the traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch in this embodiment is made of a polymer elastic membrane layer with a thickness of 0.25 mm, so that the patch has good bending adaptability. The breathable layer 3 is arranged on the lower side of the support layer 2 and is a composite fiber breathable layer, on which breathable micropores are evenly arranged. The magnetic therapy layer 4 is composed of flexible magnetic sheets, and the flexible magnetic sheets are divided into multiple strip-shaped magnetic units, and the strip-shaped magnetic units are arranged in parallel at intervals along the length direction of the patch. The paste-like medicine layer 5 is arranged outside the magnetic therapy layer 4 with a thickness of 1.5 mm. The anti-adhesive layer 6 is a release film. The fixed border layer 1 is a circular border structure with a width of 8 mm.

[0041] The overall shape of this embodiment is an oval patch with a length of 120 mm and a width of 90 mm, which is suitable for applying to the back or shoulders.

[0042] In this embodiment, the traditional Chinese medicine composition only adopts the method of compounding fine traditional Chinese medicine powder and partial medicinal extracts, and the traditional Chinese medicine composition accounts for 60% of the total weight of the paste-like medicine layer. The traditional Chinese medicine composition includes:

[0043] Traditional Chinese medicines for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis: Angelica sinensis, Carthamus tinctorius, Frankincense, Myrrh;

[0044] Traditional Chinese medicines for dispelling wind and cold: Artemisia argyi, Notopterygium incisum;

[0045] Traditional Chinese medicines for relaxing muscles and tendons and dredging collaterals: Lycopodium clavatum, Speranskia tuberculata, Dipsacus asperoides;

[0046] Traditional Chinese medicines for detumescence and pain relief: Angelica dahurica;

[0047] Aromatic components: Menthol, Borneol.

[0048] Among them, a portion of Artemisia argyi, Notopterygium incisum, Angelica sinensis, Lycopodium clavatum, and Clematis chinensis are made into an extract; Frankincense, Myrrh, Safflower, Angelica dahurica, and Dipsacus asper are made into a fine powder of traditional Chinese medicine; Menthol and Borneol are added to the extract later.

[0049] In this embodiment, the preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch is as follows: Suitable medicinal materials are coarsely pulverized, then extracted by soaking in 75% ethanol, followed by water decoction extraction. The extracts are combined and concentrated to obtain an extract. Frankincense, myrrh, safflower, angelica dahurica, and dipsacus are pulverized through a 120-mesh sieve to obtain fine powder. The black plaster matrix is ​​heated and softened, then the extract is added and stirred evenly. The fine powder is then added and mixed. When the temperature drops to 45℃, menthol and borneol are added and stirred evenly to form a plaster. A strip-shaped flexible magnetic sheet is attached to the upper surface of the support layer 2 to form a flexible magnetic therapy layer 4. The plaster is evenly spread on the surface of the magnetic therapy layer 4 to form a plaster layer 5. A release film is covered on the surface of the plaster layer 5 as an anti-adhesion layer 6, and a fixed frame layer 1 is set around the perimeter. A breathable layer 3 is laminated on the other side of the support layer 2 to obtain the finished product.

[0050] This embodiment is suitable for preparing a topical patch for relieving muscle strain in the lower back, shoulder discomfort, and localized soreness. When using, it can be applied directly to the affected area, with each application lasting 6-10 hours.

[0051] Example 3: In this example, the support layer 2 of the herbal black plaster magnetic therapy patch is made of a composite fiber layer, possessing both flexibility and mechanical strength. The breathable layer 3 is a medical-grade breathable non-woven fabric layer with uniformly distributed breathable micropores. The magnetic therapy layer 4 includes 9 spherical magnetic beads, which are arranged in a 3×3 array along the patch plane, with each bead having a diameter of 6mm. The plaster layer 5 has a thickness of 2.2mm. The anti-adhesive layer 6 is a composite release layer. The fixing frame layer 1 has a ring-shaped frame structure with a width of 12mm, used to improve edge adhesion stability.

[0052] The overall shape of this embodiment is a near-rectangular rounded structure, 100mm long and 80mm wide, suitable for application to areas such as the knee and elbow joints.

[0053] In this embodiment, the traditional Chinese medicine composition is added to the black plaster layer in the form of a traditional Chinese medicine extract, and is also combined with some fine traditional Chinese medicine powder. The traditional Chinese medicine composition accounts for 75% of the total weight of the plaster layer.

[0054] The traditional Chinese medicine composition includes:

[0055] Traditional Chinese medicine for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis: Ligusticum chuanxiong, peach kernel, Panax notoginseng, safflower;

[0056] Traditional Chinese medicine for dispelling wind and cold: Angelica pubescens, Cinnamomum cassia, Asarum heterotropoides;

[0057] Traditional Chinese medicines that promote blood circulation and relieve muscle tension: Eucommia ulmoides, Achyranthes bidentata, and Clematis chinensis;

[0058] Traditional Chinese medicines for reducing swelling and relieving pain: Dragon's blood, Angelica dahurica;

[0059] Aromatic components: camphor, menthol.

[0060] Among them, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Angelica pubescens, Cinnamomum cassia, Eucommia ulmoides, Achyranthes bidentata, and Clematis chinensis are added in the form of extracts; Prunus persica, Panax notoginseng, Carthamus tinctorius, Daemonorops draco, and Angelica dahurica are added in the form of fine powders; Camphor and Menthol are added at a lower temperature.

[0061] In this embodiment, the preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch is as follows: The medicinal materials used to prepare the extract are pulverized into coarse powder, first extracted with ethanol, then extracted with water decoction, and the extracts are combined and concentrated to a thick paste. The medicinal materials used for direct application to the plaster are pulverized and passed through a 100-150 mesh sieve to obtain fine powder of traditional Chinese medicine. The black plaster matrix is ​​heated to a fluid state, the extracted extract is added and stirred, then the fine powder is gradually added, mixed evenly, and cooled to 40-50℃. Camphor and menthol are added to obtain the plaster material. Nine magnetic beads are fixed in a 3×3 array on the surface of the support layer 2 to form a magnetic therapy layer 4. The plaster material is covered on the outside of the magnetic therapy layer 4 and smoothed to form a plaster layer 5. A composite release layer is set on the surface of the plaster layer 5 to form an anti-sticking layer 6, a breathable layer 3 is composited on the other side of the support layer 2, and a fixed frame layer 1 is set around the perimeter. After cutting and shaping, it is packaged.

[0062] This embodiment is suitable for preparing a topical patch for relieving local joint pain and discomfort after activity in joints such as the knee and elbow. When using, remove the anti-adhesive layer 6 and apply the medicated plaster layer 5 to the affected area, applying for 8-24 hours each time.

[0063] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any equivalent substitutions or modifications made by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in the present invention, based on the technical solution and inventive concept of the present invention, should be covered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch, characterized in that, It includes a support layer (2), a breathable layer (3) is provided on one side of the support layer (2), and a magnetic therapy layer (4), a paste medicine layer (5) and an anti-adhesion layer (6) are provided on the other side of the support layer (2) in sequence. The magnetic therapy layer (4) is located between the support layer (2) and the paste medicine layer (5). The periphery of the traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch is provided with a fixed frame layer (1); The ointment layer (5) is a black ointment layer containing a traditional Chinese medicine composition.

2. The traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch according to claim 1, characterized in that, The magnetic therapy layer (4) includes one or more magnetic units, which are arranged at intervals along the body plane.

3. The traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch according to claim 2, characterized in that, The magnetic unit is one or more of the following: permanent magnet sheet, magnetic bead, magnetic powder pressed block, and flexible magnetic sheet.

4. The traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch according to claim 1, characterized in that, The traditional Chinese medicine composition includes one or two of the following: traditional Chinese medicine extract and traditional Chinese medicine fine powder.

5. The traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch according to claim 1, characterized in that, The traditional Chinese medicine composition includes at least two of the following categories: traditional Chinese medicine for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, traditional Chinese medicine for dispelling wind and cold, traditional Chinese medicine for relaxing muscles and tendons and promoting blood circulation, and traditional Chinese medicine for reducing swelling and relieving pain.

6. The traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch according to claim 1, characterized in that, The traditional Chinese medicine composition includes one or more of borneol, camphor, and menthol.

7. The traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch according to claim 1, characterized in that, The herbal composition accounts for 20% to 80% of the total weight of the ointment layer (5).

8. The traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch according to claim 1, characterized in that, The support layer is a non-woven fabric layer, a medical fabric layer, a polymer elastic film layer, or a composite fiber layer.

9. A traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fixed frame layer is a ring-shaped frame structure; the anti-adhesive layer is silicone release paper, release film or composite release layer.

10. The use of the traditional Chinese medicine black plaster magnetic therapy patch as described in any one of claims 1-9 in the preparation of a topical patch for relieving local pain.