A method for repairing and regulating carbon storage disturbance loss during power transmission and transformation project construction period

Abstract

The application relates to the technical field of ecological environment protection of electric power engineering, and discloses a carbon storage disturbance loss repair regulation method during power transmission and transformation engineering construction period, which establishes a carbon storage space-time evolution curve and anchors a recovery datum by analyzing construction procedures; all carbon storage steps and sudden drop nodes are identified and the total carbon loss is quantified; ecological restoration measures suitable for site conditions are adapted and a disturbance-repair space-time coupling model is constructed; the repair intervention time is inversely calculated with the constraints of sufficient coverage of carbon loss and recovery to the datum before disturbance, prepositioned or instant repair is implemented; the carbon storage curve is regenerated and the stage recovery effect is checked, and if the effect is not up to the standard, the repair scheme is optimized; all drop nodes in the whole construction period are iteratively regulated until the carbon storage in each stage is recovered to the level before disturbance; the application realizes accurate control and whole-cycle zero-carbon ecological influence of carbon storage during the power transmission and transformation engineering construction period, and solves the technical defects of traditional methods that only smooth mutations and have stage carbon loss.

Description

[0001] This invention relates to the field of ecological and environmental protection technology in power engineering, and in particular to a method for repairing and controlling carbon storage disturbance losses during the construction period of power transmission and transformation projects. Background Technology

[0002] Zero-carbon construction throughout the entire life cycle of power engineering has become a core development requirement for the industry. As a component of the backbone grid of the power system, power transmission and transformation projects span multiple terrains and long distances during the construction period. Core processes such as tower foundation excavation, tension field layout, conductor erection, and earthwork backfilling will directly disturb surface vegetation, soil organic carbon, and litter carbon pool, leading to a step-by-step decline or sudden drop in regional carbon storage, resulting in a phased loss of the ecological carbon pool.

[0003] Existing carbon management technologies for power transmission and transformation projects mostly focus on the project's own carbon emission accounting and construction energy consumption control, or only on smoothing out nodes with drastic changes in carbon storage. They fail to achieve zero-loss management throughout the entire project lifecycle, and their core shortcomings are as follows: First, the management targets are too low, only pursuing a stable carbon storage curve without requiring restoration to the pre-disturbance baseline value, resulting in continuous ecological carbon losses. Second, the management scope is limited, using fluctuation thresholds to screen for abrupt changes, ignoring many small, step-like carbon declines, which can easily lead to cumulative carbon losses. Third, the remediation logic is vague, lacking quantifiable remediation standards and precise timing control, and the remediation measures have low matching degree with the type of disturbance and the degree of loss. Fourth, there is a lack of a closed-loop control mechanism, failing to design differentiated remediation strategies for predictable and sudden disturbances, and thus failing to achieve dynamic iterative management throughout the entire project lifecycle.

[0004] Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a carbon storage control method for power transmission and transformation projects with the core objective of restoring carbon storage to pre-disturbance levels and achieving zero loss of the ecological carbon pool during the construction period. This method would achieve full-cycle zero-carbon control of carbon storage during the construction period by accurately anchoring the restoration benchmark, comprehensively managing carbon decline nodes, scientifically designing restoration plans, and quantitatively verifying restoration effects, thus meeting the needs of zero-carbon development in the power industry. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, the present invention aims to provide a method for repairing and controlling carbon storage disturbance losses during the construction period of power transmission and transformation projects. The core objective is to restore carbon storage to the pre-disturbance level throughout the entire construction cycle, thereby achieving zero loss of the ecological carbon pool during the construction period of power transmission and transformation projects. This solves the technical problems of existing methods that only smooth out sudden changes, have phased carbon losses, and have limited control scope.

[0006] A method for repairing and controlling carbon storage disturbance losses during the construction period of power transmission and transformation projects includes the following steps:

[0007] S1: Analyze the construction organization plan of power transmission and transformation project, break down the entire construction process, construct a construction disturbance factor matrix to quantify the degree of carbon storage disturbance in each process, superimpose the background carbon storage data of the construction area to construct a carbon storage prediction curve, and clarify the carbon storage recovery benchmark value before the disturbance of each process.

[0008] S2: Based on the carbon storage prediction curve, identify all the carbon storage step-down nodes and sudden drop nodes caused by construction disturbances through time-series difference operation, and calculate the full carbon deficit characteristic value that needs to be fully covered with reference to the carbon storage recovery benchmark value.

[0009] S3: Select suitable ecological restoration measures based on the site conditions of the power transmission and transformation project construction area, determine the time-varying carbon fixation function of each ecological restoration measure, and establish a coupling equation to describe the dynamic offsetting relationship between the carbon sink gain of the ecological restoration measures and the carbon loss caused by construction disturbance.

[0010] S4: With the constraints of carbon sink gain fully covering carbon deficit and carbon storage recovery to the carbon storage recovery benchmark value, the latest intervention time for repair is determined by the constraint optimization algorithm. Pre-repair is carried out for predictable construction disturbances, and immediate repair is carried out for sudden construction disturbances.

[0011] S5: The carbon sequestration function of the superimposed remediation measures is used to regenerate the carbon storage curve. The carbon storage recovery benchmark value is used as the verification standard to verify the carbon storage recovery effect. If the standard is not met, the remediation plan is optimized and re-verified.

[0012] S6: Continuously scan the carbon storage recovery curve after the restoration meets the standards, and implement restoration and regulation for each subsequent carbon decline node, iterating until the carbon storage at each stage of the entire project is restored to the pre-disturbance level, achieving zero loss in the ecological carbon pool.

[0013] Further: In step S1, the predicted curve The background carbon storage data is obtained by weighted summation of carbon storage in each grid and then time integration. The background carbon storage data includes vegetation carbon storage, soil organic carbon storage, and litter carbon storage.

[0014] The formula for the prediction curve is:

[0015]

[0016] in, Let the carbon storage be the carbon storage in the i-th time period and the j-th grid. The area weight of the j-th grid is set according to the grid area ratio. ;

[0017] In step S2, there is no threshold limit for steady change at any carbon storage decline node, and any negative change in carbon storage caused by construction disturbance during the construction period is included in the scope of remediation and control.

[0018] In step S3, the ecological restoration measures include one or more combinations of mixed herbaceous planting, cultivation of native tree species, soil carbon sequestration enhancement, and vegetation revegetation; the time-varying carbon fixation function... The data was obtained by fitting the carbon fixation rate variation law of the remediation measures based on on-site measurements, including one of the S-shaped growth curve and the linear growth curve.

[0019] The fitting yields the time-varying carbon fixation function. The functional form closely reflects the actual carbon fixation laws and is divided into two categories:

[0020] The formula for a slow-growing, S-shaped growth curve is as follows:

[0021]

[0022] in, For the maximum instantaneous carbon fixation rate, The growth rate constant is denoted by . The duration of the repair process;

[0023] The formula for a fast-growing linear growth curve is as follows:

[0024]

[0025] in, The carbon fixation rate coefficient, The initial carbon fixation rate accurately reflects the time-cumulative characteristics of carbon sink gain.

[0026] Further: In step S4, the target recovery time The parameters are determined comprehensively based on the construction schedule, the carbon sequestration efficiency of ecological restoration measures, and the requirements for zero-carbon construction of the project. ≥ ;

[0027] In step S5, the optimization of the remediation measures includes one or more of the following: expanding the scope of remediation implementation, replacing the remediation varieties with those having high carbon sequestration efficiency, increasing soil carbon sequestration enhancement measures, and increasing the density of remediation measures implementation.

[0028] In step S6, the one-node-one-remediation-plan refers to adapting ecological restoration measures, calculating time-varying carbon fixation functions, and reversing the timing of restoration intervention for each node with declining carbon storage based on its spatial location, carbon deficit, and type of construction disturbance.

[0029] In step S6, the iterative control algorithm is set to terminate under the following conditions: no new carbon storage decline nodes are identified within three consecutive sliding time windows throughout the entire construction period, and the carbon storage of all identified nodes remains stable at [a certain value]. The iteration is now terminated.

[0030] Furthermore: the coupling equation is:

[0031]

[0032] in, This represents the real-time carbon storage after coupling. Let τ be the moment when the remedial measures are implemented, and let τ be the integral variable. for Cumulative carbon sink gain up to time t ;

[0033] The constraints are explicitly defined as follows: and .

[0034] Furthermore, the specific steps of S1 are as follows:

[0035] S1.1: First, the construction organization plan for the power transmission and transformation project is comprehensively dismantled, and all processes, including foundation excavation, tower erection, line stringing, tension field setup, earthwork backfilling, and construction access road construction, are analyzed. The construction time, disturbance space range, and surface damage intensity of each process are clearly defined. The total construction period T is equally divided into n consecutive time periods, and the construction area is divided into m spatial grids according to the engineering disturbance precision. A two-dimensional disturbance factor matrix is ​​constructed, and the disturbance coefficient is calibrated grid by grid and time period by time. The coefficient values ​​strictly correspond to the actual disturbance level, completely avoiding subjective weighting bias. Among them, 0≤Ki,j≤1, Ki,j=1 represents complete disturbance, and Ki,j=0 represents no disturbance.

[0036] S1.2: Simultaneously collect baseline carbon storage data for the project area, covering three dimensions: aboveground and belowground carbon in vegetation, soil organic carbon, and litter carbon. Obtain the total baseline carbon pool through a combination of on-site sampling and remote sensing inversion. Map the carbon storage loss corresponding to the disturbance coefficient of each process onto the time axis for each period, overlay the baseline carbon storage data, and generate a spatiotemporal evolution prediction curve of carbon storage during the construction period through spatial grid weighted integration. The instantaneous carbon storage value before the start of each construction process is extracted and used as the legal recovery benchmark value after the disturbance of that process. This achieves precise anchoring of the benchmark value without any ambiguity.

[0037] Furthermore, the specific steps of S2 are as follows:

[0038] S2.1: For the predicted curve Perform a first-order time-series difference operation to calculate the instantaneous rate of change of carbon reserves. The calculation logic is the ratio of the difference in carbon storage at adjacent moments to the time step, which comprehensively captures the negative trend of carbon storage changes.

[0039] S2.2: This step does not set any fluctuation exemption threshold, only the rate of change. A negative value, indicating a decrease in carbon reserves compared to the pre-disturbance baseline, regardless of the magnitude of the decrease, is considered a valid decline node. It distinguishes between two types of nodes: stepped conventional construction descent and sudden accidental descent, fully covering all disturbance and loss points throughout the entire construction period;

[0040] S2.3: Based on the baseline value before the disturbance As the sole accounting basis, a fixed formula is used to calculate the characteristic value of the total carbon deficit: ,in This is the actual measured value of carbon storage after the disturbance occurs and before the remediation is implemented. This value directly reflects the total amount of carbon loss that needs to be fully compensated, without conversion or attenuation, ensuring accurate and complete loss accounting.

[0041] Furthermore, the specific steps of S3 are as follows:

[0042] S3.1: Based on the site conditions such as soil type, climate conditions, altitude and slope, and native vegetation type of the construction area, select ecological restoration measures with strong adaptability and high carbon sequestration efficiency, reject the blind selection of alien species, and give priority to low-disturbance restoration methods such as native vegetation revegetation and soil in-situ carbon sequestration enhancement.

[0043] S3.2: Through long-term field monitoring experiments, the instantaneous carbon fixation rate of various remediation measures from implementation to the stable growth period was measured, and the time-varying carbon fixation function was obtained by fitting. The function form closely matches the actual carbon sequestration law, and is divided into two types: slow-growing S-shaped growth curve and fast-growing linear growth curve, which accurately reflects the time accumulation characteristics of carbon sink gain.

[0044] S3.3: Based on the dynamic balance logic of carbon reserves, a spatiotemporal coupling equation for disturbance repair is established. This equation clearly describes the dual dynamic process of carbon reserve decay caused by construction disturbance and carbon sink accumulation brought about by repair measures. The integral term represents the total carbon sink gain from the time of repair intervention to the accounting time, realizing the spatiotemporal synchronous coupling of carbon loss and carbon sink gain, and providing a core calculation model for subsequent repair timing inversion.

[0045] Furthermore, the specific steps of S4 are as follows:

[0046] S4.1: Using the dual rigid constraints of cumulative carbon sinks fully covering carbon deficits and carbon reserves returning to the pre-disturbance baseline, the latest intervention time for remediation measures is calculated by substituting these constraints into the spatiotemporal coupling equation. To ensure that the timing of remediation is scientific and controllable, and to avoid long-term carbon losses due to delayed remediation;

[0047] S4.2: Implement differentiated repairs based on the type of construction disturbance: For predictable process disturbances clearly defined in the construction organization plan, adopt a proactive repair mode, with repair intervention occurring earlier than the disturbance occurs, to accumulate carbon sequestration in advance and offset subsequent disturbance losses. For unpredictable and sudden events such as rainstorm erosion and unexpected mechanical disturbances, adopt an immediate repair mode, with repairs initiated immediately upon disturbance occurrence, to minimize the duration of carbon loss and balance the scientific nature of management with the practicality of engineering.

[0048] Furthermore, the specific steps of S5 are as follows:

[0049] S5.1: Time-varying carbon fixation function after adaptation Substituting the values ​​into the coupling equation and superimposing them onto the original carbon storage prediction curve, a dynamic carbon storage curve incorporating remediation intervention is regenerated. It visually presents the trajectory of carbon storage recovery after restoration, based on the pre-disturbance baseline value. The sole acceptance criterion is the recovery time within the preset target time. Nodes conduct quantitative verification only when the carbon storage is restored. Greater than or equal to the baseline value At that time, the stage of judgment is considered to have met the standards;

[0050] S5.2: If the verification fails to meet the standard, immediately start the remediation plan optimization process. The optimization direction focuses on carbon sequestration efficiency and implementation intensity. This can be achieved by expanding the remediation area, replacing fast-growing and high carbon sequestration varieties, increasing soil carbon sequestration amendments, and increasing vegetation planting density to improve the carbon sequestration gain rate. The carbon sequestration function is then refitted and iteratively verified until the standard is met, preventing substandard remediation from flowing into the next construction stage.

[0051] Furthermore, the specific steps of S6 are as follows:

[0052] S6.1: Dynamic curve of carbon storage after restoration to compliance Repeat steps S2 to S5 to scan all carbon storage steps and sudden decline nodes during the subsequent construction period, quantify carbon loss one by one, determine the timing of intervention, implement repair and verify the recovery effect.

[0053] S6.2: For nodes with continuous carbon decline, adopt a one-node-one-repair scheme, and continuously iterate until all decline nodes are repaired to the standard throughout the entire construction period, and the carbon storage at each stage is restored to the pre-disturbance level, achieving zero carbon storage loss during the construction period.

[0054] The present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0055] 1. With the core objective of restoring carbon storage to pre-disturbance levels at each stage of the construction period and achieving zero loss in the ecological carbon pool, the project aims to truly achieve zero-carbon ecological impact during the construction period of power transmission and transformation projects, meeting the industry demand for zero-carbon construction throughout the entire life cycle of power engineering.

[0056] 2. All carbon storage tiered / sudden declines caused by construction disturbances during the construction period will be included in the remediation and control scope to avoid the cumulative losses from small carbon declines from the source and achieve precise carbon storage control throughout the entire process and time period.

[0057] 3. Set a dual recovery benchmark of "baseline carbon storage in the engineering area + real-time carbon storage before disturbance of each process", and take the restoration of carbon storage to the benchmark value before disturbance as the sole acceptance criterion. Combine the time-varying carbon fixation function and spatiotemporal coupling model to transform the repair effect into a calculable and verifiable carbon sink gain, ensuring the implementation and traceability of the repair plan.

[0058] 4. Adapt to actual engineering needs: For predictable process disturbances and sudden disturbances in the construction of power transmission and transformation projects, two modes are designed: pre-emptive repair and immediate repair. The timing of repair intervention is scientifically determined to ensure that the carbon sink accumulation rhythm is highly matched with the carbon storage recovery needs, which is suitable for the actual characteristics of power transmission and transformation projects that are cross-regional, multi-topographical, and have complex construction procedures.

[0059] 5. Construct a dynamic closed-loop control system of "identification-repair-verification-iteration". For the continuous carbon decline nodes caused by alternating construction of multiple processes, adopt a precise control method of "one node, one repair plan" to ensure that after the carbon storage in the previous stage is restored to the baseline, the subsequent carbon decline caused by disturbance can still be fully repaired, and finally achieve zero carbon storage loss throughout the entire construction period. Attached Figure Description

[0060] Figure 1 This is a spatiotemporal evolution curve of carbon storage disturbance-repair during the construction period of a power transmission and transformation project;

[0061] Figure 2 This is a flowchart of a method for repairing and controlling carbon storage disturbance losses during the construction period of power transmission and transformation projects. Detailed Implementation

[0062] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0063] Please see the appendix Figure 1 The present invention provides an embodiment 1: a method for repairing and controlling carbon storage disturbance loss during the construction period of power transmission and transformation projects, comprising the following specific implementation steps:

[0064] S1: Analyze the construction organization plan of power transmission and transformation project, break down the entire construction process, construct a construction disturbance factor matrix to quantify the degree of carbon storage disturbance in each process, superimpose the background carbon storage data of the construction area to construct a carbon storage prediction curve, and clarify the carbon storage recovery benchmark value before the disturbance of each process.

[0065] In step S1, the predicted curve The background carbon storage data is obtained by weighted summation of carbon storage in each grid and then time integration. The background carbon storage data includes vegetation carbon storage, soil organic carbon storage, and litter carbon storage.

[0066] The specific steps for S1 are as follows:

[0067] S1.1: First, the construction organization plan for the power transmission and transformation project is comprehensively dismantled, and all processes, including foundation excavation, tower erection, line stringing, tension field setup, earthwork backfilling, and construction access road construction, are analyzed. The construction time, disturbance space range, and surface damage intensity of each process are clearly defined. The total construction period T is equally divided into n consecutive time periods, and the construction area is divided into m spatial grids according to the engineering disturbance precision. A two-dimensional disturbance factor matrix is ​​constructed, and the disturbance coefficient is calibrated grid by grid and time period by time. The coefficient values ​​strictly correspond to the actual disturbance level, completely avoiding subjective weighting bias. Among them, 0≤Ki,j≤1, Ki,j=1 represents complete disturbance, and Ki,j=0 represents no disturbance.

[0068] The specific expression for the perturbation factor matrix is ​​as follows:

[0069] Wherein, the matrix dimension is n is the number of time periods, and m is the number of grids;

[0070] S1.2: Simultaneously collect baseline carbon storage data for the project area, covering three dimensions: aboveground and belowground carbon in vegetation, soil organic carbon, and litter carbon. Obtain the total baseline carbon pool through a combination of on-site sampling and remote sensing inversion. Map the carbon storage loss corresponding to the disturbance coefficient of each process onto the time axis for each period, overlay the baseline carbon storage data, and generate a spatiotemporal evolution prediction curve of carbon storage during the construction period through spatial grid weighted integration. The instantaneous carbon storage value before the start of each construction process is extracted and used as the legal recovery benchmark value after the disturbance of that process. This achieves precise anchoring of the benchmark value without any ambiguity.

[0071] The formula for calculating carbon storage in each grid is as follows:

[0072]

[0073] in, Let the carbon storage be the carbon storage in the i-th time period and the j-th grid. Let J be the background carbon storage of the j-th grid. Let be the disturbance coefficient for the i-th time period and the j-th grid.

[0074] The formula for the prediction curve is:

[0075]

[0076] in, Let the carbon storage be the carbon storage in the i-th time period and the j-th grid. The area weight of the j-th grid is set according to the grid area ratio. ;

[0077] S2: Based on the carbon storage prediction curve, identify all the carbon storage step-down nodes and sudden drop nodes caused by construction disturbances through time-series difference operation, and calculate the full carbon deficit characteristic value that needs to be fully covered with reference to the carbon storage recovery benchmark value.

[0078] The specific steps for S2 are as follows:

[0079] S2.1: For the predicted curve Perform a first-order time-series difference operation to calculate the instantaneous rate of change of carbon reserves. The calculation logic is the ratio of the difference in carbon storage at adjacent moments to the time step, which comprehensively captures the negative trend of carbon storage changes.

[0080] The specific formula for the instantaneous change in carbon reserves is as follows:

[0081] in, The time step is determined by the construction period, typically taken as 1 day or 1 month.

[0082] S2.2: This step does not set any fluctuation exemption threshold, only the rate of change. A negative value, indicating a decrease in carbon reserves compared to the pre-disturbance baseline, regardless of the magnitude of the decrease, is considered a valid decline node. And distinguish between stepped conventional construction descent ( ) and sudden unexpected decline ( Two types of nodes, fully covering all disturbance and loss points throughout the entire project period;

[0083] S2.3: Based on the baseline value before the disturbance As the sole accounting basis, a fixed formula is used to calculate the characteristic value of the total carbon deficit: ,in This is the actual measured value of carbon storage after the disturbance occurs and before the remediation is implemented. This value directly reflects the total amount of carbon loss that needs to be fully compensated. There is no conversion or attenuation, ensuring that the loss accounting is accurate and without omission.

[0084] S3: Select suitable ecological restoration measures based on the site conditions of the power transmission and transformation project construction area, determine the time-varying carbon fixation function of each ecological restoration measure, and establish a coupling equation to describe the dynamic offsetting relationship between the carbon sink gain of the ecological restoration measures and the carbon loss caused by construction disturbance.

[0085] The specific steps for S3 are as follows:

[0086] S3.1: Based on the site conditions such as soil type, climate conditions, altitude and slope, and native vegetation type of the construction area, select ecological restoration measures with strong adaptability and high carbon sequestration efficiency, reject the blind selection of alien species, and give priority to low-disturbance restoration methods such as native vegetation revegetation and soil in-situ carbon sequestration enhancement.

[0087] S3.2: Through long-term field monitoring experiments, the instantaneous carbon fixation rate of various remediation measures from implementation to the stable growth period was measured, and the time-varying carbon fixation function was obtained by fitting. The function form closely matches the actual carbon sequestration law, and is divided into two types: slow-growing S-shaped growth curve and fast-growing linear growth curve, which accurately reflects the time accumulation characteristics of carbon sink gain.

[0088] The fitting yields the time-varying carbon fixation function. The functional form closely reflects the actual carbon fixation laws and is divided into two categories:

[0089] The formula for a slow-growing, S-shaped growth curve is as follows:

[0090]

[0091] in, For the maximum instantaneous carbon fixation rate, The growth rate constant is denoted by . The duration of the repair process;

[0092] The formula for a fast-growing linear growth curve is as follows:

[0093]

[0094] in, The carbon fixation rate coefficient, The initial carbon fixation rate accurately reflects the time-cumulative characteristics of carbon sink gain.

[0095] S3.3: Based on the dynamic balance logic of carbon reserves, a spatiotemporal coupling equation for disturbance repair is established. This equation clearly describes the dual dynamic process of carbon reserve decay caused by construction disturbance and carbon sink accumulation brought about by repair measures. The integral term represents the total carbon sink gain from the time of repair intervention to the accounting time, realizing the spatiotemporal synchronous coupling of carbon loss and carbon sink gain, and providing a core calculation model for subsequent repair timing inversion.

[0096] The coupling equation is:

[0097]

[0098] in, This represents the real-time carbon storage after coupling. Let τ be the moment when the remedial measures are implemented, and let τ be the integral variable. for Cumulative carbon sink gain up to time t ;

[0099] S4: With the constraints of carbon sink gain fully covering carbon deficit and carbon storage recovery to the carbon storage recovery benchmark value, the latest intervention time for repair is determined by the constraint optimization algorithm. Pre-repair is carried out for predictable construction disturbances, and immediate repair is carried out for sudden construction disturbances.

[0100] The specific steps for S4 are as follows:

[0101] S4.1: Using the dual rigid constraints of cumulative carbon sinks fully covering carbon deficits and carbon reserves returning to the pre-disturbance baseline, the latest intervention time for remediation measures is calculated by substituting these constraints into the spatiotemporal coupling equation. To ensure that the timing of remediation is scientific and controllable, and to avoid long-term carbon losses due to delayed remediation;

[0102] The constraints are explicitly defined as follows: and ;

[0103] Substituting into the spatiotemporal coupling equation, a linear fitting inversion algorithm is used to calculate the latest intervention time of the remediation measures. The specific algorithm steps and formulas are as follows:

[0104] Define the inversion objective function: ;

[0105] The constraints are and ;

[0106] The bisection method is used for iterative solution, and the following settings are made: The range of values ​​is ( (Earliest possible time for remedial measures), iteration precision Continue until the constraints are met to obtain the optimal solution. To ensure that the timing of remediation is scientific and controllable, and to avoid long-term carbon losses due to delayed remediation;

[0107] S4.2: Implement differentiated repairs based on the type of construction disturbance: For predictable process disturbances clearly defined in the construction organization plan, adopt a pre-emptive repair mode, with the repair intervention time being earlier than the time of the disturbance, to accumulate carbon sequestration in advance and offset the subsequent disturbance loss; For unpredictable sudden nodes such as rainstorm erosion and unexpected mechanical disturbances, adopt an immediate repair mode, with repairs starting immediately upon the occurrence of the disturbance, to minimize the duration of carbon loss and to balance the scientific nature of management with the practicality of engineering.

[0108] S5: The carbon sequestration function of the superimposed remediation measures is used to regenerate the carbon storage curve. The carbon storage recovery benchmark value is used as the verification standard to verify the carbon storage recovery effect. If the standard is not met, the remediation plan is optimized and re-verified.

[0109] The specific steps for S5 are as follows:

[0110] S5.1: Time-varying carbon fixation function after adaptation Substituting the values ​​into the coupling equation and superimposing them onto the original carbon storage prediction curve, a dynamic carbon storage curve incorporating remediation intervention is regenerated. It visually presents the trajectory of carbon storage recovery after restoration, based on the pre-disturbance baseline value. The sole acceptance criterion is the recovery time within the preset target time. Nodes conduct quantitative verification only when the carbon storage is restored. Greater than or equal to the baseline value At that time, the stage of judgment is considered to have met the standards;

[0111] S5.2: If the verification fails to meet the standard, immediately start the remediation plan optimization process. The optimization direction focuses on carbon sequestration efficiency and implementation intensity. This can be achieved by expanding the remediation area, replacing fast-growing and high carbon sequestration varieties, increasing soil carbon sequestration amendments, and increasing vegetation planting density to improve the carbon sequestration gain rate. The carbon sequestration function is then refitted and iteratively verified until the standard is met, preventing substandard remediation from flowing into the next construction stage.

[0112] S6: Continuously scan the carbon storage recovery curve after the restoration meets the standards, implement restoration and regulation for each subsequent carbon decline node, and iterate until the carbon storage at each stage of the entire project is restored to the pre-disturbance level, achieving zero loss in the ecological carbon pool.

[0113] The specific steps for S6 are as follows:

[0114] S6.1: Dynamic curve of carbon storage after restoration to compliance Repeat steps S2 to S5 to scan all carbon storage steps and sudden decline nodes during the subsequent construction period, quantify carbon loss one by one, determine the timing of intervention, implement repair and verify the recovery effect.

[0115] S6.2: For nodes with continuous carbon decline, adopt a one-node-one-repair scheme, and continuously iterate until all decline nodes are repaired to the standard throughout the construction period, and the carbon storage at each stage is restored to the pre-disturbance level, achieving zero carbon storage loss during the construction period.

[0116] Three consecutive sliding time windows satisfy and The iteration terminates.

[0117] An embodiment 2 of this invention is applied to a 500kV transmission line project. This project crosses a mountainous forest area, with a total construction period of 12 months. The initial background carbon storage in the project area is 1000 tons (including 650 tons of vegetation carbon storage, 300 tons of soil organic carbon storage, and 50 tons of litter carbon storage). The core construction procedures are tower foundation excavation in the 4th month and tensioning field setup and conductor deployment in the 8th month. Construction disturbances will cause a stepwise decrease in regional carbon storage. The method of this invention achieves the zero-carbon control target of zero carbon loss during the construction period. The specific steps are as follows:

[0118] S1. Analyze the construction process and establish a spatiotemporal evolution curve of carbon storage.

[0119] The construction organization plan for this 500kV transmission line project was analyzed, breaking it down into key processes such as foundation excavation, tower erection, line stringing, tensioning field setup, and project completion. The planned construction periods for each process, as well as the extent and intensity of disturbance to the surface vegetation and soil in the mountainous forest area, were clarified. The tower foundation excavation was classified as a severe disturbance, with a disturbance coefficient of [missing information]. The tension field is set to a moderate disturbance, with a disturbance coefficient of... Tower erection and line stringing involve minor disturbances, with a disturbance coefficient of [missing value]. .

[0120] The total construction period of 12 months is divided into 12 time periods (one month is one time period). The construction area was divided into 20 spatial grids of 1km x 1km. Construct a two-dimensional perturbation factor matrix, the specific expression of which is:

[0121]

[0122] Based on the disturbance type of each process, determine the disturbance coefficient of each grid in each time period. (Severe disturbance) Moderate disturbance Mild disturbance ).

[0123] The carbon storage loss caused by construction disturbances at each stage was quantitatively calculated. The carbon storage loss was greatest during the tower foundation excavation stage, followed by the tension field setting stage. The carbon storage loss at each stage was mapped to a time axis and superimposed with the initial background carbon storage of 1000 tons in the project area to construct a spatiotemporal evolution prediction curve of carbon storage during the construction period. The baseline value of carbon storage was determined before the excavation of the tower foundation (4 months prior). The baseline value of carbon storage in tons before the establishment of the tensioning field (8 months prior). Tons (the carbon storage increased slightly due to the natural growth of vegetation after the initial restoration).

[0124] S2. Identify carbon storage decline points and quantify the characteristics of total carbon deficit.

[0125] For the prediction curve Perform time-series difference operations to calculate the rate of change of carbon reserves. The specific formula is as follows:

[0126]

[0127] in, Months (time step, set according to construction precision).

[0128] when When the carbon storage shows a negative change and decreases in a stepwise manner from the baseline value before the disturbance, that moment is determined to be the node of carbon storage decline. ;by For reference, calculate the descent node. The total carbon deficit characteristic value at the location , ,in This represents the actual carbon storage value after the descent node (unit: tC). The unit is tC.

[0129] In this embodiment, there is no threshold limitation for steady-state changes. Any negative change in carbon storage caused by construction disturbance during the construction period is included in the remediation and control scope, without omitting any small-scale step-like decline nodes. Two step-like decline nodes in carbon storage were identified through calculation:

[0130] (1) The beginning of the fourth month is the first point of decline in carbon reserves. Due to the severe disturbance caused by the excavation of the tower foundation, the carbon storage decreased from the baseline value. tons plummeted Tons, calculate the characteristic value of total carbon deficit. ton;

[0131] (2) The beginning of the 8th month is the second point of decline in carbon reserves. Due to the moderate disturbance caused by the tension field setup, carbon reserves decreased from the baseline value. tons decreased Tons, calculate the characteristic value of total carbon deficit. ton.

[0132] S3. Adapting repair measures and constructing a perturbation-repair spatiotemporal coupling model.

[0133] Based on the site conditions of the mountainous forest area of ​​the project (acidic red soil, subtropical monsoon climate, altitude 500-800m), ecological restoration measures were tailored for the two carbon storage decline nodes, and time-varying carbon fixation functions were measured. A perturbation-remediation spatiotemporal coupling equation is established to describe the process by which the carbon sequestration gain of remediation measures accumulates over time and dynamically offsets the carbon loss caused by construction disturbance. The coupling equation is as follows:

[0134]

[0135] in, Real-time carbon storage after coupling (unit: tC). τ represents the time of intervention for remedial measures (in months), and τ is the integral variable (in months). for Cumulative carbon sink gain up to time t (Unit: tC).

[0136] To adapt to the calculation requirements of engineering sites, the integral term is discretized and expanded into a discretized calculation formula:

[0137]

[0138] in, ( (months), this formula can be directly used for rapid calculation of carbon sequestration gains at engineering sites.

[0139] Specific adaptation schemes and time-varying carbon fixation functions for the two carbon storage decline nodes as follows:

[0140] (1) Targeting A mixed sowing scheme of alfalfa and bermudagrass was selected for remediation. This scheme is suitable for the soil conditions of mountainous forest areas and has a high carbon sequestration function. The growth curve is S-shaped, and the specific formula is as follows:

[0141]

[0142] Field measurements show that growth is slow in the first two months after sowing, with an instantaneous carbon fixation rate of ≤0.5 tons / month. From the third month onwards, it enters a rapid growth period, with the instantaneous carbon fixation rate increasing to 150-200 tons / month.

[0143] (2) Regarding A combined remediation scheme of rapid revegetation herbaceous plants and soil carbon sequestration enhancement was selected. The rapid revegetation herbaceous plants used were tall fescue and ryegrass, while the soil carbon sequestration enhancement employed organic fertilizer application and straw return to the field. This scheme demonstrated high short-term carbon sequestration efficiency and a time-varying carbon sequestration function. The curve represents a linear growth pattern, and the specific formula is as follows:

[0144]

[0145] On-site measurements showed that after implementation, the instantaneous carbon sequestration rate stabilized at 200 tons / month, and the carbon sink accumulation showed a linear increase (of which...). tons / month², ,Right now ).

[0146] S4. Determine the intervention time window for inversion and repair, and implement proactive / immediate repair.

[0147] In accordance with the requirements for zero-carbon construction of the project, the target recovery time for both carbon storage decline nodes is set at one month after the disturbance, i.e. At the beginning of the fifth month, At the beginning of the 9th month, and the following conditions are met. The dual rigid constraints are: "the cumulative carbon sink gain fully covers the total carbon deficit, and carbon reserves recover to the pre-disturbance baseline value." The constraints are as follows:

[0148]

[0149] Substituting the spatiotemporal coupling equations and discretized calculation formulas, the bisection method iterative solution inversion algorithm is adopted, and the inversion objective function is: Iteration accuracy Until the constraints are met, the latest intervention time for repair is obtained. .

[0150] The specific inversion calculation and repair implementation is as follows:

[0151] (1) Targeting The constraints are and Tons. Inversion calculations show that the alfalfa + bermudagrass mixed planting scheme requires 3 months to accumulate 400 tons of carbon sequestration, thus determining the latest intervention time. At the beginning of the first month, pre-remediation was carried out: at the beginning of the first month, the temporary land occupied around the tower base area and the ecological buffer area were sown in the whole area, with the sowing area being 1.2 times the area disturbed by construction, to ensure the carbon sequestration gain;

[0152] (2) Regarding The constraints are tons and Tons. Inversion calculations show that the rapid revegetation + soil carbon sequestration enhancement combination scheme requires 2.5 months to accumulate 500 tons of carbon sequestration, thus determining the latest intervention time. In the 5.5th month (early 6th month), pre-construction remediation will be carried out: at the beginning of the 6th month, reseeding and soil carbon sequestration enhancement construction will be carried out in the tensioning field and conductor laying area, and ecological protection belts will be set up at the same time to reduce secondary disturbances during construction.

[0153] S5. Regenerate the carbon storage curve and verify the recovery effect during the verification phase.

[0154] The time-varying carbon fixation functions of the two remediation schemes were superimposed onto the original prediction curve. Regenerate the dynamic curve of carbon storage after considering remediation intervention. The specific formula is as follows:

[0155]

[0156] The recovery effect is verified using the pre-disturbance baseline value. Only when the post-repair carbon storage is greater than or equal to the baseline value is the stage deemed satisfactory. The specific verification process is as follows:

[0157] Phase 1 Verification: After the initial sowing at the beginning of the first month, by the time the tower foundation was excavated in the fourth month, the restored vegetation had grown for 3 months, accumulating carbon sequestration gains. tons, and the carbon storage in the fourth month after aggregation is tons, until the target recovery time At the beginning of the fifth month, carbon reserves stabilized at 1,000 tons. The first phase of recovery has met the standards;

[0158] Second-phase verification: After the combined remediation was implemented at the beginning of the sixth month, by the time the tension field was set up in the eighth month, the remediation measures had been running for 2.5 months, and the cumulative carbon sequestration gain was [not specified]. tons, and the carbon storage in the 8th month after aggregation is tons, until the target recovery time At the beginning of the ninth month, carbon reserves stabilized at 1050 tons. The second phase of recovery has met the standards.

[0159] In this embodiment, both stages achieved the repair target on the first attempt, without the need to optimize the repair plan. If the recovery fails to meet the target, the repair measures can be optimized by expanding the repair area, replacing the high carbon sequestration variety, increasing the amount of organic fertilizer applied, etc. The time-varying carbon sequestration function is recalculated and superimposed for verification until the target is met.

[0160] S6. Iterative regulation and control to achieve the goal of zero carbon emissions throughout the entire project period.

[0161] Dynamic curves of carbon reserves after two stages of remediation have met the standards. A full construction period scan was performed using a sliding window scanning algorithm, with a scan window size of [size missing]. No subsequent step / sudden decline in carbon reserves caused by construction disturbances was identified, and minor disturbances such as tower erection and line stringing did not cause negative changes in carbon reserves.

[0162] This embodiment achieves the restoration of carbon storage to the pre-disturbance baseline value at each stage of construction by precisely repairing and verifying the two core carbon storage decline nodes, ultimately generating a zero-carbon carbon storage curve for the entire construction period. The curve remained stable above the pre-disturbance baseline value, and the ecological carbon pool in the project area had no loss, successfully achieving the zero-carbon target for carbon storage control during the construction period of the 500kV transmission line project.

[0163] Finally, it should be noted that the above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or make equivalent substitutions for some of the technical features. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for repairing and controlling carbon storage disturbance losses during the construction period of power transmission and transformation projects, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1: Analyze the construction organization plan of power transmission and transformation project, break down the entire construction process, construct a construction disturbance factor matrix to quantify the degree of carbon storage disturbance in each process, superimpose the background carbon storage data of the construction area to construct a carbon storage prediction curve, and clarify the carbon storage recovery benchmark value before the disturbance of each process. S2: Based on the carbon storage prediction curve, identify all the carbon storage step-down nodes and sudden drop nodes caused by construction disturbances through time-series difference operation, and calculate the full carbon deficit characteristic value that needs to be fully covered with reference to the carbon storage recovery benchmark value. S3: Select suitable ecological restoration measures based on the site conditions of the power transmission and transformation project construction area, determine the time-varying carbon fixation function of each ecological restoration measure, and establish a coupling equation to describe the dynamic offsetting relationship between the carbon sink gain of the ecological restoration measures and the carbon loss of construction disturbance. S4: With the constraints of carbon sink gain fully covering carbon deficit and carbon storage recovery to the carbon storage recovery benchmark value, the latest intervention time for repair is determined by the constraint optimization algorithm. Pre-repair is carried out for predictable construction disturbances, and immediate repair is carried out for sudden construction disturbances. S5: The carbon sequestration function of the superimposed remediation measures is used to regenerate the carbon storage curve. The carbon storage recovery benchmark value is used as the verification standard to verify the carbon storage recovery effect. If the standard is not met, the remediation plan is optimized and re-verified. S6: Continuously scan the carbon storage recovery curve after the restoration meets the standards, and implement restoration and regulation for each subsequent carbon decline node, iterating until the carbon storage at each stage of the entire project is restored to the pre-disturbance level, achieving zero loss in the ecological carbon pool.

2. The method for repairing and controlling carbon storage disturbance losses during the construction period of power transmission and transformation projects according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the predicted curve The background carbon storage data is obtained by weighted summation of carbon storage in each grid and then time integration. The background carbon storage data includes vegetation carbon storage, soil organic carbon storage, and litter carbon storage. The formula for the prediction curve is: in, Let the carbon storage be the carbon storage in the i-th time period and the j-th grid. The area weight for the j-th grid is set according to the grid area ratio. ; In step S2, there is no threshold limit for steady change at any carbon storage decline node, and any negative change in carbon storage caused by construction disturbance during the construction period is included in the scope of remediation and control. In step S3, the ecological restoration measures include one or more combinations of mixed herbaceous planting, cultivation of native tree species, soil carbon sequestration enhancement, and vegetation revegetation; the time-varying carbon fixation function... The data was obtained by fitting the carbon fixation rate variation law of the remediation measures based on on-site measurements, including one of the S-shaped growth curve and the linear growth curve. The fitting yields the time-varying carbon fixation function. The functional form closely reflects the actual carbon fixation laws and is divided into two categories: The formula for a slow-growing, S-shaped growth curve is as follows: in, For the maximum instantaneous carbon fixation rate, The growth rate constant is denoted by . The duration of the repair process; The formula for a fast-growing linear growth curve is as follows: in, The carbon fixation rate coefficient, The initial carbon fixation rate accurately reflects the time-cumulative characteristics of carbon sink gain.

3. The method for repairing and controlling carbon storage disturbance losses during the construction period of power transmission and transformation projects according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4, the target recovery time The parameters are determined comprehensively based on the construction schedule, the carbon sequestration efficiency of ecological restoration measures, and the requirements for zero-carbon construction of the project. ≥ ; In step S5, the optimization of the remediation measures includes one or more of the following: expanding the scope of remediation implementation, replacing the remediation varieties with those having high carbon sequestration efficiency, increasing soil carbon sequestration enhancement measures, and increasing the density of remediation measures implementation. In step S6, the one-node-one-remediation-plan refers to adapting ecological restoration measures, calculating time-varying carbon fixation functions, and reversing the timing of restoration intervention for each node with declining carbon storage based on its spatial location, carbon deficit, and type of construction disturbance. In step S6, the iterative control algorithm is set to terminate under the following conditions: no new carbon storage decline nodes are identified within three consecutive sliding time windows throughout the entire construction period, and the carbon storage of all identified nodes remains stable at [a certain value]. The iteration is now terminated.

4. The method for repairing and controlling carbon storage disturbance losses during the construction period of a power transmission and transformation project according to claim 1, characterized in that, The coupling equation is: in, This represents the real-time carbon storage after coupling. Let τ be the moment when the remedial measures are implemented, and let τ be the integral variable. for Cumulative carbon sink gain up to time t ; The constraints are explicitly defined as follows: and .

5. The method for repairing and controlling carbon storage disturbance losses during the construction period of power transmission and transformation projects according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific steps of S1 are as follows: S1.1: First, the construction organization plan for the power transmission and transformation project is comprehensively dismantled, and all processes, including foundation excavation, tower erection, line stringing, tension field setup, earthwork backfilling, and construction access road construction, are analyzed. The construction time, disturbance space range, and surface damage intensity of each process are clearly defined. The total construction period T is equally divided into n consecutive time periods, and the construction area is divided into m spatial grids according to the engineering disturbance precision. A two-dimensional disturbance factor matrix is ​​constructed, and the disturbance coefficient is calibrated grid by grid and time period by time. The coefficient values ​​strictly correspond to the actual disturbance level, completely avoiding subjective weighting bias. Among them, 0≤Ki,j≤1, Ki,j=1 represents complete disturbance, and Ki,j=0 represents no disturbance. S1.2: Simultaneously collect baseline carbon storage data for the project area, covering three dimensions: aboveground and belowground carbon in vegetation, soil organic carbon, and litter carbon. Obtain the total baseline carbon pool through a combination of on-site sampling and remote sensing inversion. Map the carbon storage loss corresponding to the disturbance coefficient of each process onto the time axis for each period, overlay the baseline carbon storage data, and generate a spatiotemporal evolution prediction curve of carbon storage during the construction period through spatial grid weighted integration. The instantaneous carbon storage value before the start of each construction process is extracted and used as the legal recovery benchmark value after the disturbance of that process. This achieves precise anchoring of the benchmark value without any ambiguity.

6. The method for repairing and controlling carbon storage disturbance losses during the construction period of a power transmission and transformation project according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific steps of S2 are as follows: S2.1: For the predicted curve Perform a first-order time-series difference operation to calculate the instantaneous rate of change of carbon reserves. The calculation logic is the ratio of the difference in carbon storage at adjacent moments to the time step, which comprehensively captures the negative trend of carbon storage changes. S2.2: This step does not set any fluctuation exemption threshold, only the rate of change. A negative value, indicating a decrease in carbon reserves compared to the pre-disturbance baseline, regardless of the magnitude of the decrease, is considered a valid decline node. It distinguishes between two types of nodes: stepped conventional construction descent and sudden accidental descent, fully covering all disturbance and loss points throughout the entire construction period; S2.3: Based on the baseline value before the disturbance As the sole accounting basis, a fixed formula is used to calculate the characteristic value of the total carbon deficit: ,in This is the actual measured value of carbon storage after the disturbance occurs and before the remediation is implemented. This value directly reflects the total amount of carbon loss that needs to be fully compensated, without conversion or attenuation, ensuring that there are no omissions in the loss accounting.

7. The method for repairing and controlling carbon storage disturbance losses during the construction period of a power transmission and transformation project according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific steps of S3 are as follows: S3.1: Based on the site conditions such as soil type, climate conditions, altitude and slope, and native vegetation type of the construction area, select ecological restoration measures with strong adaptability and high carbon sequestration efficiency, reject the blind selection of alien species, and give priority to low-disturbance restoration methods such as native vegetation revegetation and soil in-situ carbon sequestration enhancement. S3.2: Through long-term field monitoring experiments, the instantaneous carbon fixation rate of various remediation measures from implementation to the stable growth period was measured, and the time-varying carbon fixation function was obtained by fitting. The function form closely matches the actual carbon sequestration law, and is divided into two types: slow-growing S-shaped growth curve and fast-growing linear growth curve, reflecting the time accumulation characteristics of carbon sink gain. S3.3: Based on the dynamic balance logic of carbon reserves, a spatiotemporal coupling equation for disturbance repair is established. This equation clearly describes the dual dynamic process of carbon reserve decay caused by construction disturbance and carbon sink accumulation brought about by repair measures. The integral term represents the total carbon sink gain from the time of repair intervention to the accounting time, realizing the spatiotemporal synchronous coupling of carbon loss and carbon sink gain, and providing a core calculation model for subsequent repair timing inversion.

8. The method for repairing and controlling carbon storage disturbance loss during the construction period of a power transmission and transformation project according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific steps of S4 are as follows: S4.1: Using the dual rigid constraints of cumulative carbon sinks fully covering carbon deficits and carbon reserves returning to the pre-disturbance baseline, the latest intervention time for remediation measures is calculated by substituting these constraints into the spatiotemporal coupling equation. To ensure that the timing of remediation is scientific and controllable, and to avoid long-term carbon losses due to delayed remediation; S4.2: Implement differentiated repairs based on the type of construction disturbance: For predictable process disturbances clearly defined in the construction organization plan, adopt a proactive repair mode, with repair intervention occurring earlier than the disturbance occurs, to accumulate carbon sequestration in advance and offset subsequent disturbance losses. For unpredictable and sudden events such as rainstorm erosion and unexpected mechanical disturbances, adopt an immediate repair mode, with repairs initiated immediately upon disturbance occurrence, to minimize the duration of carbon loss and balance the scientific nature of management with the practicality of engineering.

9. A method for repairing and controlling carbon storage disturbance losses during the construction period of a power transmission and transformation project according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific steps of S5 are as follows: S5.1: Time-varying carbon fixation function after adaptation Substituting the values ​​into the coupling equation and superimposing them onto the original carbon storage prediction curve, a dynamic carbon storage curve incorporating remediation intervention is regenerated. It visually presents the trajectory of carbon storage recovery after restoration, based on the pre-disturbance baseline value. The sole acceptance criterion is the recovery time within the preset target time. Nodes conduct quantitative verification only when the carbon storage is restored. Greater than or equal to the baseline value At that time, the stage of judgment is considered to have met the standards; S5.2: If the verification fails to meet the standard, immediately start the remediation plan optimization process. The optimization direction focuses on carbon sequestration efficiency and implementation intensity. This can be achieved by expanding the remediation area, replacing fast-growing and high carbon sequestration varieties, increasing soil carbon sequestration amendments, and increasing vegetation planting density to improve the carbon sequestration gain rate. The carbon sequestration function is then refitted and iteratively verified until the standard is met, preventing substandard remediation from flowing into the next construction stage.

10. A method for repairing and controlling carbon storage disturbance losses during the construction period of a power transmission and transformation project according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific steps of S6 are as follows: S6.1: Dynamic curve of carbon storage after restoration to compliance Repeat steps S2 to S5 to scan all carbon storage steps and sudden decline nodes during the subsequent construction period, quantify carbon loss one by one, determine the timing of intervention, implement repair and verify the recovery effect. S6.2: For nodes with continuous carbon decline, adopt a one-node-one-repair scheme, and continuously iterate until all decline nodes are repaired to the standard throughout the entire construction period, and the carbon storage at each stage is restored to the pre-disturbance level, achieving zero carbon storage loss during the construction period.

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