Solid non-polar electrode and electric field monitoring device

Abstract

The utility model discloses a solid non-polarized electrode and electric field monitoring devices, apply to measuring device technical field to solve the problem of poor stability of solid non-polarized electrode in prior art in long -term use, specifically including the inside of electrode shell is divided into the main cavity and at least two buffer cavity of intercommunication, main cavity and each buffer cavity along the axial direction of electrode shell setting in proper order, and main cavity is close to electrode cap setting, main cavity and buffer cavity in filling have electrolyte solution, electrode cap is in the electrode lead of vertical direction through setting, and main cavity is provided with the electrode core of electrode lead connection. In this way, through the structure of multistage buffer cavity and main cavity series intercommunication, the interference of outside environment to electrolyte solution in main cavity is isolated, delays the rate of main cavity moisture and solute direct loss to outside environment, improves the long -term stability of solid non-polarized electrode.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of measuring device technology, and in particular to a solid non-polarizable electrode and an electric field monitoring device. Background Technology

[0002] As oilfield exploration deepens, the proportion of low-permeability oil and gas reservoirs in newly proven reserves has increased significantly, with more than half of the explored reserves being low-permeability oil reservoirs. Fracturing technology is crucial for the effective development of these reserves. Accurately grasping the geometry and extension of hydraulic fracturing fractures is of great significance for evaluating fracturing effectiveness, verifying and improving the accuracy of fracturing design, and ultimately increasing single-well productivity. Magnetoelectric fracturing can effectively reflect the extension direction of hydraulic fractures. Electromagnetic methods, when applied to fracturing and oilfield development monitoring, need to detect subtle changes in deep underground fracturing fluids or oil and gas targets. As the front end of data acquisition in electromagnetic exploration, the performance of electric field sensors is critical. In actual geoelectric field measurements, the most commonly used electric field sensor is the solid non-polarized electrode.

[0003] Currently, solid nonpolar electrodes mainly include Cu-CuSO4 electrodes, Pb-PbCl2 electrodes, and Ag-AgCl electrodes, among which the Pb-PbCl2 nonpolar electrode is the most commonly used and suitable for observing most geoelectric field signals. Solid nonpolar electrode measurements generally require burial in the soil. As monitoring time increases, the electrolyte solution inside the electrode is gradually consumed, and water within the electrolyte solution continuously seeps out. The external environment also exchanges with the salts in the electrolyte solution, altering its properties. This results in increased internal resistance, range, and self-noise levels, making it impossible to meet long-term stability requirements. Utility Model Content

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a solid non-polarizable electrode and an electric field monitoring device, which solves the technical problem of poor stability of solid non-polarizable electrodes in long-term use in the prior art.

[0005] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a solid non-polarizable electrode, comprising: an electrode housing, an electrode cap disposed on the top of the electrode housing, and an isolation base plate disposed on the bottom of the electrode housing;

[0006] The interior of the electrode housing is divided into a main cavity and at least two buffer cavities; the main cavity and each buffer cavity are arranged sequentially along the axial direction of the electrode housing, and the main cavity is located close to the electrode cap; the main cavity and the buffer cavities are filled with electrolyte solution.

[0007] An electrode lead is vertically inserted inside the electrode cap, and an electrode core connected to the electrode lead is located in the main cavity.

[0008] Optionally, the volume of the main cavity is larger than that of the buffer cavity.

[0009] Optionally, the isolation base plate is made of paulownia wood chips or paulownia wood-nanoporous ceramic composite plate.

[0010] Optionally, the electrode core is a lead wire or a lead wire coated with silver / silver chloride.

[0011] In an optional implementation, both the electrode housing and the electrode cap are made of polypropylene.

[0012] Optionally, the solid non-polarized electrode also includes: multiple isolation plates with through holes;

[0013] Multiple isolation plates are fixedly installed on the inner wall of the electrode housing; the multiple isolation plates divide the interior of the electrode housing into a main cavity and at least two buffer cavities; the number of through holes is one or more.

[0014] Optionally, the electrode cap has a sealed cavity inside, through which the electrode lead passes; the sealed cavity is filled with sealing material.

[0015] Optionally, the sealing material is at least one of silicone, epoxy resin and polyurethane.

[0016] Optionally, the electrode cap has a through hole in the vertical direction, and a protective hose is installed inside the through hole. The electrode lead passes through the electrode cap through the protective hose, and part of the protective hose extends out of the electrode cap.

[0017] Secondly, this utility model provides an electric field monitoring device, comprising: a control module and at least one solid non-polarizable electrode as described in any of the aforementioned embodiments;

[0018] The control module is connected to the electrode leads of the solid non-polarizable electrode.

[0019] The beneficial effects of this utility model embodiment are as follows:

[0020] In this embodiment of the invention, a physical isolation barrier is formed by connecting multiple buffer cavities in series with the main cavity. Media from the external environment must sequentially penetrate multiple buffer cavities before contacting the main cavity, significantly extending the intrusion path and isolating the external environment from interference with the electrolyte solution within the main cavity. This extends the optimal state time of the electrolyte solution within the main cavity and prolongs the electrode's lifespan. Simultaneously, the channels through which the electrolyte solution in the main cavity seeps out are blocked by the electrolyte solution in the buffer cavities, greatly slowing the rate at which water and solute in the electrolyte solution within the main cavity are directly lost to the external environment, thus improving the water-locking capacity of the solid non-polarizable electrode. This axial series isolation structure of "main cavity + multiple buffer cavities" can achieve long-term stability of the concentration, composition, and chemical properties of the electrolyte solution within the main cavity, improving the long-term stability of the solid non-polarizable electrode.

[0021] Other features and advantages of this invention will be set forth in the following description, and will be apparent in part from the description, or may be learned by practicing the invention. The objects and other advantages of this invention can be realized and obtained by means of the structures particularly pointed out in the written description, claims, and drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0022] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the present invention and constitute a part of this invention, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description thereof, serve to explain the present invention and do not constitute an undue limitation thereof. In the drawings:

[0023] Figure 1 This is a schematic cross-sectional view of the solid non-polarizable electrode in an embodiment of this utility model.

[0024] Figure 2 This is a cross-sectional structural diagram of the electrode cap in an embodiment of this utility model;

[0025] Figure 3 This is a top view of the solid non-polarizable electrode in an embodiment of this utility model.

[0026] Icons: 1-Electrode housing; 2-Electrode cap; 3-Isolation base plate; 4-Main cavity; 5-Buffer cavity; 6-Electrolyte solution; 7-Electrode lead; 8-Electrode core; 9-Isolation plate; 10-Sealed cavity; 11-Protective hose. Detailed Implementation

[0027] The technical solutions of the present utility model will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present utility model, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present utility model, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the protection scope of the present utility model.

[0028] This utility model embodiment provides a solid non-polarizable electrode, see reference. Figure 1 As shown, the solid non-polarizable electrode includes at least: an electrode housing 1, an electrode cap 2 disposed on the top of the electrode housing 1, and an isolation base plate 3 disposed on the bottom of the electrode housing 1;

[0029] The interior of the electrode housing 1 is divided into a main cavity 4 and at least two buffer cavities 5; the main cavity 4 and each buffer cavity 5 are arranged sequentially along the axial direction of the electrode housing 1, and the main cavity 4 is located close to the electrode cap 2; the main cavity 4 and the buffer cavities 5 are filled with an electrolyte solution 6.

[0030] An electrode lead 7 is vertically inserted inside the electrode cap 2, and an electrode core 8 connected to the electrode lead 7 is disposed in the main cavity 4.

[0031] exist Figure 1 In the solid non-polarized electrode shown, to ensure its corrosion resistance and insulation, the electrode shell 1 and electrode cap 2 are typically made of chemically inert materials. The interior of the solid non-polarized electrode is further divided into a main cavity 4 and at least two buffer cavities 5. The main cavity 4, located near the electrode cap 2, houses the electrode core 8 and the electrolyte solution 6, serving as a reaction chamber to ensure initial electrochemical performance. At least two buffer cavities 5 are arranged in series below the main cavity 4 along the axial direction. Adjacent cavities can be connected through small holes or channels to form a diffusion barrier for the electrolyte solution 6. The axial direction is from the electrode cap 2 to the isolation base plate 3. The buffer cavities 5 can be designed with a stepped or honeycomb structure to slow the flow of the electrolyte solution 6. The main cavity 4 and buffer cavities 5 are filled with saturated electrolyte solution 6, with the saturated electrolyte solution 6 inside the main cavity 4 completely submerging the electrode core 8. The buffer chamber 5 can be pre-filled with an electrolyte solution 6 of the same or higher concentration as the main chamber 4, forming a concentration gradient from the inside out to inhibit the penetration of external media. The type of electrolyte solution 6 can be determined according to the electrode material. The isolation base plate 3 is mainly used to ensure that the soil solution can effectively wet the isolation base plate 3 to establish ion conduction between the inside of the electrode and the external soil solution. It is also used to prevent soil particles, roots, most organic colloids and microorganisms from directly contacting the electrode surface, avoiding interference with the electrode reaction caused by pollution, mechanical wear and biofilm formation, and preventing contamination of the electrolyte solution 6. The electrode cap 2 is made of a material that matches the shell. A sealing hole can be reserved at the top of the electrode cap 2, and a through hole is opened in the vertical direction of the electrode cap 2. The diameter of the through hole is slightly larger than the diameter of the lead wire. The electrode lead wire 7 can be made of an inert metal (such as silver / silver chloride or platinum wire). One end of the lead wire extends to the bottom of the main chamber 4 and connects to the electrode core 8, and the other end connects to the external measurement circuit. After the lead wire passes through the electrode cap 2, the sealing hole of the electrode cap 2 can be sealed with silicone or epoxy resin to prevent leakage of the electrolyte solution 6. The electrode core 8 is welded or crimped to the electrode lead 7 to ensure conductivity.

[0032] In practical applications, the insulating base plate 3 of the solid non-polarized electrode is buried at the location of the soil to be tested, ensuring close contact between the insulating base plate 3 and the soil. The electrode lead 7 is connected to an external potential measuring instrument. The insulating base plate 3 isolates electrons from direct contact with the soil, establishing a slow ion diffusion channel. Inside the protected main cavity 4, the electrode core 8, made of low-polarization material, is in contact with a constant-composition electrolyte solution 6, generating a highly stable electrode potential. Through multiple series-connected buffer cavities 5, the influence of external soil environment changes on the electrolyte solution 6 inside the main cavity 4 is delayed. The electrode lead 7 of the solid non-polarized electrode outputs a relatively stable electrode potential. The potentials of the stable reference points collected by the two potential measuring devices through the two solid non-polarized electrodes reflect the electric field in the soil.

[0033] In this way, the multi-stage buffer chambers 5 connected in series with the main chamber 4 form a physical isolation barrier. The medium in the external environment must penetrate through multiple buffer chambers 5 in sequence before contacting the main chamber 4, which greatly extends the intrusion path and isolates the interference of the external environment on the electrolyte solution 6 in the main chamber 4, prolonging the optimal state time of the electrolyte solution 6 in the main chamber 4 and extending the service life of the electrode. At the same time, the channel for the electrolyte solution 6 in the main chamber 4 to seep out is blocked by the electrolyte solution 6 in the buffer chambers 5, which greatly slows down the rate at which the water and solute in the electrolyte solution 6 in the main chamber 4 are directly lost to the external environment, improving the water-locking ability of the solid non-polarizable electrode. This axial series isolation structure of "main chamber 4 + multi-stage buffer chambers 5" can achieve long-term stability of the concentration, composition and chemical properties of the electrolyte solution 6 in the main chamber 4, improving the long-term stability of the solid non-polarizable electrode.

[0034] In one possible implementation, the volume of the main cavity is larger than that of the buffer cavity.

[0035] In practical applications, the main cavity serves as the core reaction zone, and its volume is significantly larger than that of the buffer cavities, exceeding the total volume of all buffer cavities. The main cavity and buffer cavities can be cylindrical cavities with the same bottom area but different heights. Alternatively, the main cavity can also be cylindrical, with all buffer cavities collectively forming an inverted conical cavity.

[0036] In one possible implementation, the isolation base plate is paulownia wood chips or paulownia wood-nanoporous ceramic composite plate.

[0037] In practical applications, paulownia wood chips are made from paulownia wood, a natural porous material. When the pores of the paulownia wood chip are filled with the electrolyte solution inside the electrode, they form tiny "salt bridges" or ion channels. Processing paulownia wood into chips of the required shape and thickness is relatively simple. Paulownia wood chips can rapidly absorb electrolyte solutions, facilitate pore filling, and also possess a certain degree of mechanical strength and toughness. In the paulownia wood-nanoporous ceramic composite layer, the paulownia wood layer faces inwards towards the electrode (electrolyte solution side), utilizing its excellent wettability and capillary action to rapidly absorb and store the electrolyte solution. The nanoporous ceramic layer of the paulownia wood-nanoporous ceramic composite layer faces outwards towards the external environment, acting as the first barrier to contact the analyte. The nanoporous ceramic layer and the paulownia wood layer are tightly bonded together through processes such as bonding, sintering, or physical pressing. This composite structure can minimize the ion exchange rate, block external contamination, and ensure long-term structural stability while achieving the necessary ion conduction.

[0038] In one possible implementation, the electrode core is a lead wire or a lead wire coated with silver / silver chloride.

[0039] In practical applications, lead wire is readily available and inexpensive. Setting the electrode as lead wire allows for the formation of a stable Pb / PbSO4 electrode pair in a sulfuric acid environment, thus creating a stable potential. The electrode core is made of lead wire externally plated with a silver / silver chloride coating. The potential is determined by the chloride ion concentration and is independent of lead. The multi-cavity buffer system and isolation base plate within the electrode effectively maintain the stability of the chloride ion concentration in the main cavity, thereby achieving a highly stable, low-polarization, and reproducible potential.

[0040] In one possible implementation, both the electrode housing and the electrode cap are made of polypropylene.

[0041] In practical applications, both the electrode housing and electrode cap are made of polypropylene and manufactured using 3D printing. Polypropylene exhibits excellent resistance to strong acids, strong alkalis, and most electrolyte solutions, enabling it to withstand long-term electrolyte corrosion and preventing swelling, deformation, or degradation of the housing. Using polypropylene for the electrode housing ensures the integrity of the electrode structure. Polypropylene also has low ion permeability; using it for the electrode housing prevents electrolyte leakage or the infiltration of external contaminants, maintaining the purity of the internal multi-cavity buffer system. Furthermore, polypropylene possesses reliable electrical insulation properties; using it for both the electrode housing and electrode cap effectively isolates current leakage between the electrode leads and the housing, ensuring a pure potential signal.

[0042] In one possible implementation, see [reference] Figure 1 As shown, the solid non-polarizable electrode also includes: multiple isolation plates 9 with through holes;

[0043] Multiple isolation plates 9 are fixedly disposed on the inner wall of the electrode housing 1; the multiple isolation plates 9 divide the interior of the electrode housing 1 into a main cavity 4 and at least two buffer cavities 5; the number of through holes is one or more.

[0044] In practical applications, multiple isolation plates 9 are vertically fixed to the inner wall of the electrode housing 1, dividing the interior of the housing axially into a main cavity 4 near the electrode cap 2 and at least two buffer cavities 5 sequentially away from the electrode cap 2. Each isolation plate 9 has at least one through-hole, connecting adjacent cavities. The number of through-holes on the isolation plate 9 can be one or more. A single through-hole on the isolation plate 9 can generate a significant capillary effect and diffusion bottleneck, greatly slowing down the ion exchange rate and enhancing concentration stability. Multiple through-holes on the isolation plate 9 can balance diffusion resistance and conductivity by adjusting the pore size and number, avoiding the risk of local blockage. Changes in the external environment must penetrate multiple through-holes of the isolation plate 9 in stages to affect the main cavity 4, forming a gradient buffer barrier. The multi-through-hole design maintains conductivity in the event of blockage of individual holes. The isolation plates 9 can be made of polypropylene material, and the outer edge of the isolation plate 9 can be sealed to the polypropylene housing through hot-melt or ultrasonic welding to prevent adhesive contamination of the electrolyte solution 6.

[0045] In practical implementation, the through holes on multiple isolation plates can be set using, but are not limited to, the following methods.

[0046] The first approach involves creating a circular through-hole at the geometric center of each separator plate. The diameter of the hole can be the same on all separator plates, or it can be slightly adjusted based on the distance from the electrode cap. This guides the fluid flow axially, reducing radial disturbance. However, the higher flow velocity at the center may generate some turbulence, limiting its effectiveness in preventing sediment from migrating upwards from the bottom; the sediment may then flow with the main current through the central hole.

[0047] The second approach involves evenly distributing multiple circular through-holes around the central axis within a ring-shaped region near the edge, while maintaining sufficient strength. The through-holes have smaller diameters, but the total area of ​​all through-holes should be comparable to or slightly larger than the area of ​​a single hole in the first approach to ensure sufficient flow capacity. The number and size of the holes must balance flow resistance, structural strength, and manufacturing difficulty. This disperses the fluid flow along multiple paths, resulting in less turbulence at each through-hole, which helps maintain the stability of the electrolyte solution in the main cavity. Furthermore, the smaller hole diameter provides better physical protection against larger particles migrating upwards from the bottom buffer cavity, preventing them from rapidly entering the main cavity and contaminating the electrolyte solution near the electrode core.

[0048] The third approach involves using a gradient aperture for the through-holes on the separator plates. The apertures on the separator plates closest to the main cavity are the largest, while those on the plates furthest from the main cavity are the smallest. As the distance from the main cavity increases, the aperture gradient of the through-holes on the other separator plates decreases. This design, with its larger apertures reducing flow resistance near the main cavity where rapid pressure changes and a sufficient electrolyte solution are required, further enhances this effect. The smaller the apertures closer to the bottom of the electrode, the stronger the filtration / blocking effect on precipitates and severe disturbances, providing a purer and more stable electrolyte solution environment for the upper cavity.

[0049] The fourth approach involves using the same aperture for all through-holes on the buffer plates. The buffer plates closest to the main cavity have the most through-holes, while those furthest away have the fewest. The number of through-holes on other buffer plates decreases with increasing distance from the main cavity. This design ensures rapid response to pressure changes near the main cavity, maintains sufficient electrolyte solution, and the increasing resistance of the buffer plates between each buffer cavity allows for the gradual absorption and attenuation of pressure waves and flow velocity disturbances. This effectively prevents violent fluctuations from directly impacting the main cavity and also effectively blocks the migration of precipitates.

[0050] The fifth option involves installing a manually adjustable valve, plug, or baffle on the isolation plate to change the effective flow area of ​​the through-hole. The damping strength can be dynamically adjusted according to the actual application scenario (such as different soil / water quality, different expected interference frequencies / amplitudes) or on-site test results.

[0051] In one possible implementation, see [reference] Figures 1-3 As shown, the electrode cap 2 has a sealed cavity 10 inside, and the electrode lead 7 passes through the sealed cavity 10; the sealed cavity 10 is filled with sealing material.

[0052] In practical applications, the electrode cap 2 itself acts as the first barrier, possessing corrosion resistance and insulation properties. A specially designed sealed cavity is located inside the electrode cap 2, through which the electrode lead 7 passes. Sealing material fills the cavity, tightly wrapping the lead and adhering to the cavity walls, forming a seamless sealing layer. The sealing material must possess elastic deformation capabilities (such as silicone rubber) to absorb micro-displacements of the electrode lead 7 caused by temperature changes or mechanical vibrations, preventing interface peeling and leakage paths. Even if the electrode lead 7 is stretched or contracted, the sealing material inside the sealed cavity 10 will remain tightly adhered to the electrode wire and the fixing cap to maintain a tight seal. The sealed cavity 10 forms a geometrically sealed space, and the filling material completely fills the micro-cracks on the lead surface through capillary action, fundamentally preventing the electrolyte solution 6 from seeping to the outside along the lead. The sealing material prevents external media from intruding into the electrode, ensuring the purity of the electrolyte solution 6 within the main cavity 4 and maintaining a stable concentration of the electrolyte solution 6. It is worth mentioning that, due to the smooth surface of the electrode lead 7, its adhesion to the sealing material is limited, and it is prone to detachment under long-term external force. Therefore, the electrode lead 7 is set in the sealing cavity 10 in the form of a knot. The knot can be a single knot, a figure-eight knot, or wrapped into a ball. After knotting, the lead is completely covered by the filling sealing material. In this way, a physical locking structure is formed by knotting, allowing the sealing material to be embedded in the gap of the knot, improving the firmness and reliability of the lead fixing.

[0053] In one possible implementation, the sealing material is at least one of silicone, epoxy resin, and polyurethane.

[0054] In one possible implementation, see [reference] Figures 1-3 As shown, the electrode cap 2 has a through hole in the vertical direction, and a protective hose 11 is installed inside the through hole. The electrode lead 7 passes through the electrode cap 2 through the protective hose 11, and part of the protective hose 11 extends out of the electrode cap 2.

[0055] In practical applications, a through hole is machined along the axial direction on the electrode cap 2. This through hole provides a basic positioning, and a flexible protective hose 11 is fixed inside the hole. The protective hose 11 can be made of fluororubber, silicone, or polytetrafluoroethylene. The electrode lead 7 is threaded through the protective hose 11, with the upper end of the hose extending a certain length beyond the outer surface of the electrode cap 2, creating a suspended section outside the cap. The inner diameter of the hose needs to precisely match the outer diameter of the electrode lead 7, and the hose itself also provides wear-resistant protection and insulation for the lead.

[0056] Based on the same concept, this utility model embodiment also provides an electric field monitoring device, which includes: a control module and at least one of the above-mentioned solid non-polarizable electrodes;

[0057] The control module is connected to the electrode leads of the solid non-polarizable electrode.

[0058] Although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, those skilled in the art, upon learning the basic inventive concept, can make other changes and modifications to these embodiments. Therefore, the appended claims are intended to be interpreted as including the preferred embodiments as well as all changes and modifications falling within the scope of the present invention.

[0059] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to the embodiments of this utility model without departing from the spirit and scope of the embodiments of this utility model. Therefore, if these modifications and variations to the embodiments of this utility model fall within the scope of the claims of this utility model and their equivalents, then this utility model also intends to include these modifications and variations.

Claims

1. A solid non-polarizing electrode, characterized in that, include: An electrode housing, an electrode cap disposed on the top of the electrode housing, and an isolation base plate disposed at the bottom of the electrode housing; The interior of the electrode housing is divided into a main cavity and at least two buffer cavities; the main cavity and each buffer cavity are arranged sequentially along the axial direction of the electrode housing, and the main cavity is located close to the electrode cap; the main cavity and the buffer cavities are filled with an electrolyte solution. An electrode lead is provided vertically through the inside of the electrode cap, and an electrode core connected to the electrode lead is provided in the main cavity.

2. The solid non-polarizable electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, The volume of the main cavity is larger than that of the buffer cavity.

3. The solid non-polarizable electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, The isolation base plate is made of paulownia wood chips or paulownia wood-nanoporous ceramic composite plate.

4. The solid non-polarizable electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, The electrode core is a lead wire or a lead wire coated with silver / silver chloride.

5. The solid non-polarizable electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, Both the electrode housing and the electrode cap are made of polypropylene.

6. The solid non-polarizable electrode according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, Also includes: Multiple isolation plates with through holes; Multiple isolation plates are fixedly disposed on the inner wall of the electrode housing; The plurality of isolation plates divide the interior of the electrode housing into the main cavity and at least two buffer cavities; the number of through holes is one or more.

7. The solid non-polarizable electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, The electrode cap has a sealed cavity inside, and the electrode lead passes through the sealed cavity; the sealed cavity is filled with sealing material.

8. The solid non-polarizable electrode according to claim 7, characterized in that, The sealing material is at least one of silicone, epoxy resin and polyurethane.

9. The solid non-polarizable electrode according to claim 7, characterized in that, The electrode cap has a through hole in the vertical direction, and a protective hose is installed inside the through hole. The electrode lead passes through the electrode cap through the protective hose, and part of the protective hose extends out of the electrode cap.

10. An electric field monitoring device, characterized in that... include: A control module and at least one solid nonpolar electrode as described in any one of claims 1-9 above; The control module is connected to the electrode leads of the solid non-polarizable electrode.

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