A waste oil treatment device for a cold header

Abstract

The utility model relates to waste oil treatment technical field, and disclose a kind of waste oil treatment device for cold header, including waste oil treatment box, multistage filtration processing part, adsorption filtration processing part, the bottom outer wall circumference equidistance fixed mounting of waste oil treatment box has support fixed leg. The utility model passes through filter plate one and filter plate two, and forms multistage filtration system. When waste oil is sequentially through different filter plate, different particle size impurity particles in it can be gradually removed, from larger particle to smaller particle, realize more fine filtration, effectively improve the purity of waste oil, provide quality better raw material for subsequent processing procedure, driving motor drives rotating rod and stirring vane rotation, waste oil is stirred in filtration process. This can prevent impurities from accumulating and clogging on the filter plate, allowing the waste oil to pass through the filter plate more evenly, ensuring the continuous and stable progress of the filtration process, and further improving the filtration efficiency and quality.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of waste oil treatment technology, specifically a waste oil treatment device for cold heading machines. Background Technology

[0002] In the metal processing industry, cold heading machines, as highly efficient plastic forming equipment, are widely used in the production of bolts, nuts, and other parts. During operation, cold heading machines generate a large amount of waste oil. This waste oil contains not only solid impurities such as metal shavings and abrasive particles, but also pollutants such as emulsions, oil stains, and additive decomposition products. Direct discharge not only wastes lubricating oil resources but also causes serious pollution to soil and water bodies. Conversely, if reused without effective treatment, the impurities will accelerate equipment wear, reducing the lifespan and processing accuracy of the cold heading machine.

[0003] Currently, traditional methods for treating waste oil from cold heading machines have the following technical drawbacks: First, most methods use a single filter or a simple filtration device, which has low filtration accuracy and is difficult to remove fine particles and dissolved contaminants, resulting in the purified waste oil failing to meet reuse standards; Second, the filters are prone to clogging and lack anti-clogging and self-cleaning functions. When treating waste oil containing a lot of impurities, they are easily clogged, leading to long downtime and affecting production efficiency. Utility Model Content

[0004] The purpose of this utility model is to provide a waste oil treatment device for cold heading machines, which solves the technical problems of easy clogging of filters, cumbersome maintenance, and insufficient waste oil recycling rate in traditional cold heading machine waste oil treatment. It achieves the purpose of effectively removing metal debris, oil stains and fine impurities from waste oil and extending the service life of filter elements.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, this utility model provides the following technical solution: a waste oil treatment device for a cold heading machine, comprising a waste oil treatment tank, a multi-stage filtration treatment section, and an adsorption filtration treatment section. Supporting legs are fixedly installed at equal intervals around the bottom outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank, and supporting pads are fixedly installed on the bottom outer wall of each supporting leg. The multi-stage filtration treatment section is respectively located inside and outside the waste oil treatment tank. The adsorption filtration treatment section is located on one outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank.

[0006] Preferably, the multi-stage filtration unit specifically includes: a drive motor, fixedly installed on the bottom outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank; a control panel, disposed on the outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank; a connecting valve pipe, connected to one side outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank; a feed pipe, connected to the top outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank; threaded connection grooves, symmetrically formed on the outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank; cleaning ports, symmetrically formed on the outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank; filter plate one, fixedly installed on the inner wall of the waste oil treatment tank; filter plate two, fixedly installed on the inner wall of the waste oil treatment tank; and guide buckets, symmetrically fixedly installed on the inner wall of the waste oil treatment tank.

[0007] A guide hopper is installed, and the inclined structure of the guide hopper can change the flow direction of waste oil, so that the oil is evenly distributed on the surface of the filter plate, avoiding uneven filtration caused by local overload. Through pre-treatment by the pre-filter plate, the risk of clogging of subsequent precision filter elements (such as ceramic membrane filter elements) is reduced, and the maintenance frequency and cost are reduced.

[0008] Preferably, a sealing block is provided inside the cleaning port, and a fixing ear plate is symmetrically fixedly installed on the top outer wall of the sealing block. The fixing ear plate has an opening inside, and a connecting threaded bolt is provided inside the opening. The connecting threaded bolt is threadedly connected to the threaded connecting groove through the opening. A feeding hopper is provided at the top of the feeding pipe.

[0009] The system is equipped with a feed hopper and an oleophilic-hydrophobic filter screen. This allows for the rapid interception of larger particles, such as metal shavings and fibers, in the initial stages of waste oil entering the treatment unit. This prevents these impurities from clogging subsequent filter plates and cartridges, reducing wear and tear on processing components and extending their service life. Simultaneously, the feed hopper receives the waste oil, and in conjunction with the feed pipe and internal agitator blades, ensures more even dispersion of the waste oil after it enters the treatment chamber. The agitator blades further facilitate the separation of impurities from oil and water, improving the efficiency of the multi-stage filtration unit. Furthermore, the large opening at the top of the feed hopper allows for the centralized collection of waste oil discharged from various parts of the cold heading machine. Its connection design with the mounting bracket and threaded rods facilitates the disassembly and cleaning of the filter screen, maintaining the initial filtration effect and ensuring the stable and effective operation of the entire waste oil treatment unit.

[0010] Preferably, the output end of the drive motor is fixedly connected to a rotating rod, the other end of which movably penetrates the bottom outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank and extends into the interior of the waste oil treatment tank. The outer wall of the rotating rod is symmetrically fitted with stirring blades, which are respectively disposed on the top outer walls of filter plate one and filter plate two.

[0011] The system is equipped with stirring blades. The mechanical force generated by the rotation of the stirring blades causes impurities in the waste oil (such as metal shavings and oil particles) to be evenly dispersed in the liquid, preventing local accumulation that could clog the filter screen. In conjunction with the guide bucket structure, the waste oil is directed to different filtration zones, ensuring the continuity and stability of multi-stage filtration.

[0012] Preferably, a fixing frame is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the feed pipe, and a threaded rod is fixedly installed on the top outer wall of the fixing frame. A filter screen cylinder is provided inside the feed hopper. The filter screen cylinder is provided with a threaded mounting groove and a filter port. An oleophilic and hydrophobic filter screen is provided inside the filter port.

[0013] Preferably, the adsorption filtration treatment unit specifically includes: an adsorption filter tank, disposed on one outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank; a precision filter tank, disposed on one outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank; and support rods, respectively fixedly installed circumferentially on the bottom outer walls of the adsorption filter tank and the precision filter tank.

[0014] Preferably, the top outer walls of the adsorption filter tank and the precision filter tank are respectively connected to an oil pump one and an oil pump two. One end of the oil pump one is connected to a connecting pipe, and the other end of the connecting pipe is connected to a connecting valve pipe.

[0015] Preferably, the other end of the second oil pump is connected to a connecting pipe, the other end of which is connected to the bottom outer wall of the adsorption filter tank. The bottom outer wall of the precision filter tank is connected to a valve pipe. The adsorption filter tank is equipped with an activated carbon adsorption filter element, and the precision filter tank is equipped with a ceramic membrane filter element.

[0016] The system incorporates an activated carbon adsorption filter and a ceramic membrane filter. The ceramic membrane filter achieves high-precision physical interception of solid particles (such as metal shavings and oxides) through its micron-sized pores, while the activated carbon filter achieves chemical adsorption of oil-soluble organic matter (such as decomposition products of cutting fluid additives and oily colloids) through its rich microporous structure, forming a gradient purification mechanism of "filtration followed by adsorption".

[0017] This utility model provides a waste oil treatment device for cold heading machines. It has the following beneficial effects:

[0018] (1) This utility model forms a multi-stage filtration system through filter plate one and filter plate two. As waste oil passes through different filter plates in sequence, it can gradually remove impurity particles of different sizes, from larger particles to smaller particles, achieving finer filtration, effectively improving the purity of waste oil, and providing better quality raw materials for subsequent processing. The drive motor drives the rotating rod and stirring blades to rotate, stirring the waste oil during the filtration process. This can prevent impurities from accumulating and clogging on the filter plates, allowing the waste oil to pass through the filter plates more evenly, ensuring the continuous and stable operation of the filtration process, and further improving filtration efficiency and quality.

[0019] (2) This utility model utilizes an adsorption filter tank and a precision filter tank. The activated carbon adsorption filter element in the adsorption filter tank has a rich microporous structure and a large specific surface area, which can strongly adsorb tiny particles, colloids, pigments, and some organic pollutants in waste oil, effectively removing impurities that are difficult to treat by conventional filtration, and further purifying the waste oil. The ceramic membrane filter element in the precision filter tank has uniform and fine pore size, which can perform precision filtration on waste oil, intercepting finer impurities, so that the treated waste oil reaches a higher purity standard. Attached Figure Description

[0020] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of this utility model;

[0021] Figure 2 This is a partial view of the multi-stage filtration unit of this utility model;

[0022] Figure 3 This is a partial cross-sectional view of the stirring blade of this utility model;

[0023] Figure 4 This is a partial sectional view of the feed hopper of this utility model;

[0024] Figure 5 This is a partial cross-sectional view of the adsorption filtration treatment section of this utility model.

[0025] In the diagram: 1 Waste oil treatment tank, 2 Supporting and fixing leg, 3 Multi-stage filtration treatment unit, 311 Drive motor, 312 Control panel, 313 Connecting valve pipe, 314 Threaded connection groove, 315 Connecting threaded bolt, 316 Cleaning port, 317 Sealing block, 318 Feed pipe, 319 Feed hopper, 3111 Guide hopper, 3112 Filter plate one, 3113 Filter plate two, 3114 Rotating rod, 3115 Stirring blade, 3116 Fixing frame, 3117 Filter screen cylinder, 3118 Mounting threaded rod, 3119 Oleophilic and hydrophobic filter screen, 4 Adsorption filtration treatment unit, 411 Connecting pipe, 412 Adsorption filter tank, 413 Oil pump one, 414 Activated carbon adsorption filter element, 415 Connecting pipe, 416 Oil pump two, 417 Precision filter tank, 418 Ceramic membrane filter element, 419 Valve pipe, 4111 Supporting and fixing rod. Detailed Implementation

[0026] The technical solutions of the present utility model will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present utility model, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present utility model, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the protection scope of the present utility model.

[0027] Examples of the embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and intended to explain the present invention, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

[0028] Example 1:

[0029] Addressing the problems of easy clogging of filters, cumbersome maintenance, and insufficient waste oil recycling rate in traditional cold heading machine waste oil treatment methods, this utility model provides a preferred embodiment of a waste oil treatment device for cold heading machines, for example... Figure 1-5 As shown: A waste oil treatment device for a cold heading machine includes a waste oil treatment box 1, a multi-stage filtration treatment section 3, and an adsorption filtration treatment section 4. Supporting legs 2 are fixedly installed at equal intervals around the bottom outer wall of the waste oil treatment box 1, and supporting pads are fixedly installed on the bottom outer wall of the supporting legs 2. The multi-stage filtration treatment section 3 is respectively arranged inside and outside the waste oil treatment box 1. The adsorption filtration treatment section 4 is arranged on one side outer wall of the waste oil treatment box 1.

[0030] The multi-stage filtration unit 3 specifically includes: a drive motor 311, fixedly installed on the bottom outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank 1; a control panel 312, located on the outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank 1; a connecting valve pipe 313, connected to one side outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank 1; a feed pipe 318, connected to the top outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank 1; threaded connection grooves 314, symmetrically opened on the outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank 1; cleaning ports 316, symmetrically opened on the outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank 1; filter plate one 3112, fixedly installed on the inner wall of the waste oil treatment tank 1; filter plate two 3113, fixedly installed on the inner wall of the waste oil treatment tank 1; and guide buckets 3111, symmetrically fixedly installed on the inner wall of the waste oil treatment tank 1.

[0031] A sealing block 317 is provided inside the cleaning port 316. A fixing ear plate is symmetrically fixedly installed on the top outer wall of the sealing block 317. A through-hole is opened inside the fixing ear plate. A connecting threaded bolt 315 is provided inside the through-hole. The connecting threaded bolt 315 is threadedly connected to the threaded connecting groove 314 through the through-hole. A feeding hopper 319 is provided at the top of the feeding pipe 318.

[0032] The output end of the drive motor 311 is fixedly connected to a rotating rod 3114. The other end of the rotating rod 3114 moves through the bottom outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank 1 and extends into the interior of the waste oil treatment tank 1. The outer wall of the rotating rod 3114 is symmetrically fitted with stirring blades 3115. The stirring blades 3115 are respectively set on the top outer wall of the filter plate 1 3112 and the filter plate 2 3113.

[0033] A fixing bracket 3116 is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the feed pipe 318, and a threaded rod 3118 is fixedly installed on the top outer wall of the fixing bracket 3116. A filter screen cylinder 3117 is provided inside the feed hopper 319. The filter screen cylinder 3117 is provided with a threaded mounting groove and a filter port. An oleophilic and hydrophobic filter screen 3119 is provided inside the filter port.

[0034] In this example, before starting the device, the operating parameters are set via the control panel 312. The waste oil generated by the cold heading machine enters the device through the feed hopper 319. The oleophilic and hydrophobic filter screen 3119 in the feed hopper 319 first intercepts large metal fragments and fibrous impurities, and initially separates the oil-water mixture. The waste oil flows into the waste oil treatment tank 1 through the feed pipe 318. After the waste oil enters the tank, the drive motor 311 drives the rotating rod 3114 and the stirring blade 3115 to rotate, forming turbulence above the first filter plate 3112 and the second filter plate 3113 to prevent the filter cake from accumulating. The waste oil first undergoes coarse filtration through filter plate 3112 to intercept larger impurities. Then, it passes through filter plate 3113 for medium-precision filtration. A guide bucket 3111 guides the waste oil to prevent localized clogging. The filtered waste oil is discharged from the tank through a connecting valve pipe 313. This process gradually removes impurities of different sizes, from larger to smaller particles, achieving finer filtration and effectively improving the purity of the waste oil. This provides higher-quality raw materials for subsequent processing steps. A drive motor rotates the rotating rod and stirring blades, agitating the waste oil during filtration. This prevents impurities from accumulating and clogging the filter plates, ensuring the waste oil passes through them more evenly, guaranteeing a continuous and stable filtration process, and further improving filtration efficiency and quality.

[0035] Example 2:

[0036] Based on Embodiment 1, a preferred embodiment of the waste oil treatment device for a cold heading machine provided by this utility model is as follows: Figure 1-5 As shown: The adsorption filtration treatment unit 4 specifically includes: an adsorption filter tank 412, which is installed on one side of the outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank 1; a precision filter tank 417, which is installed on one side of the outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank 1; and a support fixing rod 4111, which is circumferentially and equidistantly fixed on the bottom outer wall of the adsorption filter tank 412 and the precision filter tank 417 respectively.

[0037] The top outer walls of the adsorption filter tank 412 and the precision filter tank 417 are respectively connected to an oil pump 413 and an oil pump 416. One end of the oil pump 413 is connected to a connecting pipe 411, and the other end of the connecting pipe 411 is connected to a connecting valve pipe 313.

[0038] The other end of the second oil pump 416 is connected to a connecting pipe 415, and the other end of the connecting pipe 415 is connected to the bottom outer wall of the adsorption filter tank 412. The bottom outer wall of the precision filter tank 417 is connected to a valve pipe 419. The adsorption filter tank 412 is equipped with an activated carbon adsorption filter element 414, and the precision filter tank 417 is equipped with a ceramic membrane filter element 418.

[0039] In this example, the waste oil, after multi-stage filtration, is pumped by oil pump 413 through connecting pipe 411 to adsorption filter tank 412. The activated carbon adsorption filter element 414 inside the tank utilizes its rich microporous structure to adsorb oil, pigments, odor molecules, and some dissolved pollutants. The purified waste oil is then pumped by oil pump 416 through connecting pipe 415 into precision filter tank 417. The ceramic membrane filter element 418, with its micron-sized pores, further intercepts fine particles and residual impurities, achieving high-precision purification of the waste oil. The activated carbon adsorption filter element in the adsorption filter tank has a rich microporous structure and a large specific surface area, enabling it to strongly adsorb tiny particles, colloids, pigments, and some organic pollutants in the waste oil, effectively removing impurities that are difficult to handle with conventional filtration, further purifying the waste oil. The ceramic membrane filter element in the precision filter tank has uniform and fine pores, allowing for precise filtration of the waste oil, intercepting even finer impurities, and achieving a higher purity standard for the treated waste oil.

[0040] Working principle: All content not described in detail in this specification is existing technology known to those skilled in the art.

[0041] Step 1: Before starting the device, set the operating parameters through the control panel 312. The waste oil generated by the cold heading machine enters the device through the feed hopper 319. The oleophilic and hydrophobic filter screen 3119 in the feed hopper 319 first intercepts large metal fragments and fibrous impurities, and initially separates the oil-water mixture. The waste oil flows into the waste oil treatment tank 1 through the feed pipe 318.

[0042] Step 2: After the waste oil enters the tank, the drive motor 311 drives the rotating rod 3114 and the stirring blade 3115 to rotate, forming turbulence above the first filter plate 3112 and the second filter plate 3113 to prevent filter cake accumulation. The waste oil first undergoes coarse filtration through the first filter plate 3112 to intercept larger impurities; then it undergoes medium-precision filtration through the second filter plate 3113. The guide bucket 3111 guides the waste oil to avoid local blockage. The filtered waste oil is discharged from the tank through the connecting valve pipe 313.

[0043] Step 3: The waste oil that has undergone multi-stage filtration is pumped by oil pump 413 through connecting pipe 411 to adsorption filter tank 412. The activated carbon adsorption filter element 414 in the tank uses its rich microporous structure to adsorb oil stains, pigments, odor molecules and some dissolved pollutants. The waste oil that has completed adsorption and purification is then sent by oil pump 416 through connecting pipe 415 to precision filter tank 417. The ceramic membrane filter element 418, with its micron-sized pores, further intercepts fine particles and residual impurities, achieving high-precision purification of waste oil.

[0044] Step 4: The purified oil after being processed by the precision filter tank 417 is discharged through the bottom valve pipe 419 and can be directly reused in the cold heading machine or stored for later use.

[0045] Step 5: When the device has been running for a period of time and a decrease in filtration efficiency is detected or an abnormal value is observed in the differential pressure sensor, the device needs to be cleaned and maintained. First, turn off the device power and stop the waste oil input through the control panel 312 to ensure that the equipment is in a safe shutdown state. Use a tool to unscrew the connecting threaded bolt 315. This bolt passes through the opening of the top fixing ear plate of the sealing block 317 and is threadedly connected to the threaded connection groove 314 on the outer wall of the waste oil treatment box 1. Remove the sealing block 317 to expose the cleaning port 316. Through the cleaning port 316, use a high-pressure water gun or a special cleaning brush to clean the impurities and filter cake attached to the surface of the first filter plate 3112 and the second filter plate 3113. After cleaning, reinstall the sealing block 317 back into the cleaning port 316 and tighten the connecting threaded bolt 315 to ensure sealing performance and prevent waste oil leakage. Restart the device, set the operating parameters through the control panel 312, check the device's operating status and filtration effect, and confirm that the cleaning and maintenance are completed.

[0046] Finally, it should be noted that the above description is merely a preferred embodiment of this utility model and is not intended to limit the utility model. Although the utility model has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or make equivalent substitutions for some of the technical features. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of this utility model should be included within the protection scope of this utility model.

Claims

1. A waste oil treatment device for a cold heading machine, comprising a waste oil treatment tank (1), a multi-stage filtration treatment unit (3), and an adsorption filtration treatment unit (4), characterized in that: The bottom outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank (1) is fixedly equipped with support legs (2) at equal intervals around the circumference, and the bottom outer wall of the support legs (2) is fixedly equipped with support pads; the multi-stage filtration treatment unit (3) is respectively set inside and outside the waste oil treatment tank (1); the adsorption filtration treatment unit (4) is set on one side outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank (1).

2. The waste oil treatment device for a cold heading machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The multi-stage filtration unit (3) specifically includes: The drive motor (311) is fixedly installed on the bottom outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank (1); The control panel (312) is located on the outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank (1); A connecting valve pipe (313) is connected to the outer wall of one side of the waste oil treatment tank (1); The feed pipe (318) is connected to the top outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank (1); Threaded connection grooves (314) are symmetrically opened on the outer wall of the waste oil treatment box (1); Cleaning openings (316) are symmetrically opened on the outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank (1); Filter plate 1 (3112) is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the waste oil treatment tank (1); Filter plate 2 (3113) is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the waste oil treatment tank (1); The guide bucket (3111) is symmetrically fixedly installed on the inner wall of the waste oil treatment tank (1).

3. The waste oil treatment device for a cold heading machine according to claim 2, characterized in that: The cleaning port (316) is provided with a sealing block (317) inside. The top outer wall of the sealing block (317) is symmetrically fixed with a fixing ear plate. The fixing ear plate has an opening inside. The opening is provided with a connecting threaded bolt (315). The connecting threaded bolt (315) is threadedly connected to the threaded connecting groove (314) through the opening. The top of the feed pipe (318) is connected to a feed hopper (319).

4. The waste oil treatment device for a cold heading machine according to claim 3, characterized in that: The output end of the drive motor (311) is fixedly connected to a rotating rod (3114). The other end of the rotating rod (3114) movably penetrates the bottom outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank (1) and extends into the interior of the waste oil treatment tank (1). The outer wall of the rotating rod (3114) is symmetrically fitted with stirring blades (3115). The stirring blades (3115) are respectively set on the top outer wall of filter plate one (3112) and filter plate two (3113).

5. The waste oil treatment device for a cold heading machine according to claim 4, characterized in that: A fixing bracket (3116) is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the feed pipe (318), and a threaded rod (3118) is fixedly installed on the top outer wall of the fixing bracket (3116). A filter screen cylinder (3117) is provided inside the feed hopper (319). A threaded mounting groove and a filter port are respectively opened on the filter screen cylinder (3117), and an oleophilic and hydrophobic filter screen (3119) is provided inside the filter port.

6. The waste oil treatment device for a cold heading machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The adsorption filtration treatment unit (4) specifically includes: An adsorption filter tank (412) is installed on one side of the outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank (1); A precision filter tank (417) is installed on one side of the outer wall of the waste oil treatment tank (1); Support rods (4111) are fixedly installed on the bottom outer walls of the adsorption filter tank (412) and the precision filter tank (417) at equal intervals around their circumferences.

7. The waste oil treatment device for a cold heading machine according to claim 6, characterized in that: The top outer walls of the adsorption filter tank (412) and the precision filter tank (417) are respectively connected to an oil pump one (413) and an oil pump two (416). One end of the oil pump one (413) is connected to a connecting pipe (411), and the other end of the connecting pipe (411) is connected to a connecting valve pipe (313).

8. The waste oil treatment device for a cold heading machine according to claim 7, characterized in that: The other end of the second oil pump (416) is connected to a connecting pipe (415), and the other end of the connecting pipe (415) is connected to the bottom outer wall of the adsorption filter tank (412). The bottom outer wall of the precision filter tank (417) is connected to a valve pipe (419). The adsorption filter tank (412) is equipped with an activated carbon adsorption filter element (414), and the precision filter tank (417) is equipped with a ceramic membrane filter element (418).

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