Retinal pigment epithelium cell therapy
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-05-03
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-11
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Figure US2024027790_14112024_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM CELL THERAPY CROSS‐REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This applicaƟon claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. SecƟon 119(e) of co‐ pending U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicaƟon Serial No. 63 / 500,482, filed on May 5, 2023, which is incorporated in their enƟrety by reference herein. BACKGROUND
[0002] Several degeneraƟve diseases of the eye cause permanent vision loss due to reƟnal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell dysfuncƟon. Treatments for these diseases represent a major unmet medical need. SUMMARY
[0003] The present disclosure provides, among other things, a preparaƟon comprising reƟnal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells differenƟated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), wherein at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are PMEL17(+) / CD140b(+) / GD2(‐) / CD184(‐). In some embodiments, about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are PMEL17(+) / CD140b(+) / GD2(‐) / CD184(‐).
[0004] In some embodiments, at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells express RPE65, BEST1, RLBP1, and MerTK. In some embodiments, about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells express RPE65, BEST1, RLBP1, and MerTK.
[0005] In some embodiments, fewer than about 0.002% of the RPE cells are posiƟve for Lin28, Oct4, or Klf4, e.g., as detected by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). In some embodiments, fewer than about 0.002% of the RPE cells are posiƟve for Lin28, and the RPE cells do not have measurable expression of Oct4, or Klf4, as detected by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). 1
[0006] In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises at least 95% (e.g., at least 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and / or polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining). In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises at least 95% (e.g., at least 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, and well‐ defined membrane borders. In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises at least 95% (e.g., at least 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining). In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises about 95% (e.g., about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and / or polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining). In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises about 95% (e.g., about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, and well‐defined membrane borders. In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises about 95% (e.g., about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining).
[0007] In some embodiments, (a) the RPE cells exhibit trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of at least 100 ohms / cm2 aŌer culturing for about 1 week to about 8 weeks; (b) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of VEGF at a basal to apical secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; (c) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of PEDF at an apical to basal secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; and / or (d) at least 50% of the RPE cells exhibit ability to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments, e.g., as measured by flow cytometry. In some embodiments, (a) the RPE cells exhibit trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of at least 100 ohms / cm2 aŌer culturing for about 1 week to about 8 weeks; (b) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of VEGF at a basal to apical secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; (c) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of PEDF at an apical to basal secreƟon raƟo greater 2 than 0.5; and (d) at least 50% of the RPE cells exhibit ability to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments, e.g., as measured by flow cytometry.
[0008] In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining. In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining.
[0009] In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells exhibit TEER of at least about 50 ohms / cm2, at least about 75 ohms / cm2, at least about 100 ohms / cm2, at least about 125 ohms / cm2, at least about 150 ohms / cm2, at least about 175 ohms / cm2, or at least about 200 ohms / cm2, e.g., at between 1 and 8 weeks in culture. In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells exhibit TEER of at least about 50 ohms / cm2, at least about 75 ohms / cm2, at least about 100 ohms / cm2, at least about 125 ohms / cm2, at least about 150 ohms / cm2, at least about 175 ohms / cm2, or at least about 200 ohms / cm2, e.g., at between 1 and 8 weeks in culture.
[0010] In some embodiments, upon storage at room temperature for about 6 hours, at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining. In some embodiments, upon storage at room temperature for about 6 hours, about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining.
[0011] In some embodiments, the iPSCs are derived from fibroblasts or from peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
[0012] In some embodiments, the preparaƟon comprises a suspension of the RPE cells. In some embodiments, the preparaƟon comprises a scaffold, matrix, or bio ink, 3 wherein the RPE cells are seeded onto, cultured onto, printed onto, or embedded in, the scaffold, matrix, or bio ink.
[0013] In some embodiments, the preparaƟon comprises about 10,000 to about 1,500,000 RPE cells.
[0014] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a preparaƟon comprising reƟnal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells differenƟated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), wherein the preparaƟon has undergone at least one freeze / thaw cycle and has at least 80%, 90%, or 95% viability (e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining), relaƟve to a reference preparaƟon comprising RPE cells differenƟated from iPSCs and not having undergone at least one freeze / thaw cycle. In some embodiments, the preparaƟon has undergone at least one freeze / thaw cycle and has about 80%, 90%, or 95% viability (e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining), relaƟve to a reference preparaƟon comprising RPE cells differenƟated from iPSCs and not having undergone at least one freeze / thaw cycle. In some embodiments, following at least one freeze / thaw cycle of the preparaƟon, at least 80%, 90%, or 95% of the RPE cells of the preparaƟon are viable (e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining). In some embodiments, following at least one freeze / thaw cycle of the preparaƟon, about 80%, 90%, or 95% of the RPE cells of the preparaƟon are viable (e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining). In some embodiments, following at least one freeze / thaw cycle, the preparaƟon has undergone culture in culture media for about 2 weeks to about 6 weeks, e.g., for about 4 weeks.
[0015] In some embodiments, at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are PMEL17(+) / CD140b(+) / GD2(‐) / CD184(‐). In some embodiments, about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are PMEL17(+) / CD140b(+) / GD2(‐) / CD184(‐).
[0016] In some embodiments, at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells express RPE65, BEST1, RLBP1, and MerTK. In some embodiments, about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells express RPE65, BEST1, RLBP1, and MerTK. 4
[0017] In some embodiments, fewer than about 0.002% of the RPE cells are posiƟve for Lin28, Oct4, or Klf4, e.g., as detected by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). In some embodiments, fewer than about 0.002% of the RPE cells are posiƟve for Lin28, and the RPE cells do not have measurable expression of Oct4, or Klf4, as detected by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR).
[0018] In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises at least 95% (e.g., at least 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and / or polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining). In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises at least 95% (e.g., at least 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, and well‐ defined membrane borders. In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises at least 95% (e.g., at least 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining). In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises about 95% (e.g., about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and / or polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining). In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises about 95% (e.g., about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, and well‐defined membrane borders. In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises about 95% (e.g., about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining).
[0019] In some embodiments, (a) the RPE cells exhibit trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of at least 100 ohms / cm2 aŌer culturing for about 1 week to about 8 weeks; (b) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of VEGF at a basal to apical secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; (c) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of PEDF at an apical to basal secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; and / or (d) at least 50% of the RPE cells exhibit ability 5 to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments, e.g., as measured by flow cytometry. In some embodiments, (a) the RPE cells exhibit trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of at least 100 ohms / cm2 aŌer culturing for about 1 week to about 8 weeks; (b) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of VEGF at a basal to apical secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; (c) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of PEDF at an apical to basal secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; and (d) at least 50% of the RPE cells exhibit ability to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments, e.g., as measured by flow cytometry.
[0020] In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining. In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining.
[0021] In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells exhibit TEER of at least about 50 ohms / cm2, at least about 75 ohms / cm2, at least about 100 ohms / cm2, at least about 125 ohms / cm2, at least about 150 ohms / cm2, at least about 175 ohms / cm2, or at least about 200 ohms / cm2, e.g., at between 1 and 8 weeks in culture. In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells exhibit TEER of at least about 50 ohms / cm2, at least about 75 ohms / cm2, at least about 100 ohms / cm2, at least about 125 ohms / cm2, at least about 150 ohms / cm2, at least about 175 ohms / cm2, or at least about 200 ohms / cm2, e.g., at between 1 and 8 weeks in culture.
[0022] In some embodiments, upon storage at room temperature for about 6 hours, at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining. In some embodiments, upon storage at room temperature for about 6 hours, about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining. 6
[0023] In some embodiments, the iPSCs are derived from fibroblasts or from peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
[0024] In some embodiments, the preparaƟon comprises a suspension of the RPE cells. In some embodiments, the preparaƟon comprises a scaffold, matrix, or bio ink, wherein the RPE cells are seeded onto, cultured onto, printed onto, or embedded in, the scaffold, matrix, or bio ink.
[0025] In some embodiments, the preparaƟon comprises about 10,000 to about 1,500,000 RPE cells.
[0026] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of manufacturing a preparaƟon of RPE cells, the method comprising: propagaƟng fibroblasts from a skin sample or propagaƟng peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a whole blood sample; producing iPSCs from the fibroblasts or from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells; differenƟaƟng the iPSCs into a culture of RPE cells; and passaging the culture of RPE cells for at least 10 minutes using a dissociaƟon reagent unƟl at least 95% (e.g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99% or more) of the cultured RPE cells exhibit confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, and well defined membrane borders, thereby producing a preparaƟon of RPE cells. In some embodiments, the method further comprising subjecƟng the preparaƟon to at least one freeze / thaw cycle.
[0027] In some embodiments, at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells of the preparaƟon are PMEL17(+) / CD140b(+) / GD2(‐ ) / CD184(‐). In some embodiments, about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells of the preparaƟon are PMEL17(+) / CD140b(+) / GD2(‐) / CD184(‐).
[0028] In some embodiments, at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells of the preparaƟon express RPE65, BEST1, RLBP1, and MerTK. In some embodiments, about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells of the preparaƟon express RPE65, BEST1, RLBP1, and MerTK. 7
[0029] In some embodiments, fewer than about 0.002% of the RPE cells of the preparaƟon are posiƟve for Lin28, Oct4, or Klf4, e.g., as detected by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). In some embodiments, fewer than about 0.002% of the RPE cells of the preparaƟon are posiƟve for Lin28, and the RPE cells do not have measurable expression of Oct4, or Klf4, as detected by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR).
[0030] In some embodiments, (a) the RPE cells exhibit trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of at least 100 ohms / cm2 aŌer culturing for about 1 week to about 8 weeks; (b) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of VEGF at a basal to apical secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; (c) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of PEDF at an apical to basal secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; and / or (d) at least 50% of the RPE cells exhibit ability to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments, e.g., as measured by flow cytometry. In some embodiments, (a) the RPE cells exhibit trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of at least 100 ohms / cm2 aŌer culturing for about 1 week to about 8 weeks; (b) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of VEGF at a basal to apical secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; (c) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of PEDF at an apical to basal secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; and (d) at least 50% of the RPE cells exhibit ability to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments, e.g., as measured by flow cytometry.
[0031] In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining. In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining.
[0032] In some embodiments, upon storage at room temperature for about 6 hours, at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining. In some embodiments, upon storage at room temperature for about 6 hours, about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining. 8
[0033] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a preparaƟon of RPE cells produced by any of the methods described herein.
[0034] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of treaƟng a subject suffering from or at risk of an eye disorder, the method comprising administering to an eye of the subject a preparaƟon of RPE cells. In some embodiments, the RPE cells are autologous to the subject. In some embodiments, the preparaƟon is introduced into any region of the eye of the subject.
[0035] In some embodiments, the preparaƟon comprises RPE cells differenƟated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), wherein at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are PMEL17(+) / CD140b(+) / GD2(‐ ) / CD184(‐). In some embodiments, about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are PMEL17(+) / CD140b(+) / GD2(‐) / CD184(‐).
[0036] In some embodiments, at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells express RPE65, BEST1, RLBP1, and MerTK. In some embodiments, about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells express RPE65, BEST1, RLBP1, and MerTK.
[0037] In some embodiments, fewer than about 0.002% of the RPE cells are posiƟve for Lin28, Oct4, or Klf4, e.g., as detected by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). In some embodiments, fewer than about 0.002% of the RPE cells are posiƟve for Lin28, and the RPE cells do not have measurable expression of Oct4, or Klf4, as detected by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR).
[0038] In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises at least 95% (e.g., at least 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and / or polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining). In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises at least 95% (e.g., at least 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, and well‐ defined membrane borders. In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises 9 at least 95% (e.g., at least 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining). In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises about 95% (e.g., about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and / or polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining). In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises about 95% (e.g., about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, and well‐defined membrane borders. In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises about 95% (e.g., about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining).
[0039] In some embodiments, (a) the RPE cells exhibit trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of at least 100 ohms / cm2 aŌer culturing for about 1 week to about 8 weeks; (b) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of VEGF at a basal to apical secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; (c) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of PEDF at an apical to basal secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; and / or (d) at least 50% of the RPE cells exhibit ability to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments, e.g., as measured by flow cytometry. In some embodiments, (a) the RPE cells exhibit trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of at least 100 ohms / cm2 aŌer culturing for about 1 week to about 8 weeks; (b) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of VEGF at a basal to apical secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; (c) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of PEDF at an apical to basal secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; and (d) at least 50% of the RPE cells exhibit ability to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments, e.g., as measured by flow cytometry.
[0040] In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining. In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), about 80% (e.g., about 10 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining.
[0041] In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells exhibit TEER of at least about 50 ohms / cm2, at least about 75 ohms / cm2, at least about 100 ohms / cm2, at least about 125 ohms / cm2, at least about 150 ohms / cm2, at least about 175 ohms / cm2, or at least about 200 ohms / cm2, e.g., at between 1 and 8 weeks in culture. In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells exhibit TEER of at least about 50 ohms / cm2, at least about 75 ohms / cm2, at least about 100 ohms / cm2, at least about 125 ohms / cm2, at least about 150 ohms / cm2, at least about 175 ohms / cm2, or at least about 200 ohms / cm2, e.g., at between 1 and 8 weeks in culture.
[0042] In some embodiments, upon storage at room temperature for about 6 hours, at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining. In some embodiments, upon storage at room temperature for about 6 hours, about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining.
[0043] In some embodiments, the iPSCs are derived from fibroblasts or from peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
[0044] In some embodiments, the preparaƟon comprises a suspension of the RPE cells. In some embodiments, the preparaƟon comprises a scaffold, matrix, or bio ink, wherein the RPE cells are seeded onto, cultured onto, printed onto, or embedded in, the scaffold, matrix, or bio ink.
[0045] In some embodiments, the preparaƟon comprises about 10,000 to about 1,500,000 RPE cells.
[0046] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of treaƟng a subject suffering from or at risk of an eye disorder, the method comprising administering to an eye of 11 the subject a preparaƟon of RPE cells. In some embodiments, the RPE cells are autologous to the subject. In some embodiments, the preparaƟon is introduced into any region of the eye of the subject.
[0047] In some embodiments, the preparaƟon comprises RPE cells differenƟated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), wherein the preparaƟon has undergone at least one freeze / thaw cycle and has at least 80%, 90%, or 95% viability (e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining), relaƟve to a reference preparaƟon comprising RPE cells differenƟated from iPSCs and not having undergone at least one freeze / thaw cycle. In some embodiments, the preparaƟon has undergone at least one freeze / thaw cycle and has about 80%, 90%, or 95% viability (e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining), relaƟve to a reference preparaƟon comprising RPE cells differenƟated from iPSCs and not having undergone at least one freeze / thaw cycle. In some embodiments, following at least one freeze / thaw cycle of the preparaƟon, at least 80%, 90%, or 95% of the RPE cells of the preparaƟon are viable (e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining). In some embodiments, following at least one freeze / thaw cycle of the preparaƟon, about 80%, 90%, or 95% of the RPE cells of the preparaƟon are viable (e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining). In some embodiments, following at least one freeze / thaw cycle, the preparaƟon has undergone culture in culture media for about 2 weeks to about 6 weeks, e.g., for about 4 weeks.
[0048] In some embodiments, at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are PMEL17(+) / CD140b(+) / GD2(‐) / CD184(‐). In some embodiments, about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are PMEL17(+) / CD140b(+) / GD2(‐) / CD184(‐).
[0049] In some embodiments, at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells express RPE65, BEST1, RLBP1, and MerTK. In some embodiments, about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells express RPE65, BEST1, RLBP1, and MerTK.
[0050] In some embodiments, fewer than about 0.002% of the RPE cells are posiƟve for Lin28, Oct4, or Klf4, e.g., as detected by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). In some 12 embodiments, fewer than about 0.002% of the RPE cells are posiƟve for Lin28, and the RPE cells do not have measurable expression of Oct4, or Klf4, as detected by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR).
[0051] In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises at least 95% (e.g., at least 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and / or polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining). In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises at least 95% (e.g., at least 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, and well‐ defined membrane borders. In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises at least 95% (e.g., at least 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining). In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises about 95% (e.g., about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and / or polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining). In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises about 95% (e.g., about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, and well‐defined membrane borders. In some embodiments, a culture of the preparaƟon comprises about 95% (e.g., about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining).
[0052] In some embodiments, (a) the RPE cells exhibit trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of at least 100 ohms / cm2 aŌer culturing for about 1 week to about 8 weeks; (b) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of VEGF at a basal to apical secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; (c) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of PEDF at an apical to basal secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; and / or (d) at least 50% of the RPE cells exhibit ability to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments, e.g., as measured by flow cytometry. In some embodiments, (a) the RPE cells exhibit trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of at 13 least 100 ohms / cm2 aŌer culturing for about 1 week to about 8 weeks; (b) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of VEGF at a basal to apical secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; (c) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of PEDF at an apical to basal secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; and (d) at least 50% of the RPE cells exhibit ability to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments, e.g., as measured by flow cytometry.
[0053] In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining. In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining.
[0054] In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells exhibit TEER of at least about 50 ohms / cm2, at least about 75 ohms / cm2, at least about 100 ohms / cm2, at least about 125 ohms / cm2, at least about 150 ohms / cm2, at least about 175 ohms / cm2, or at least about 200 ohms / cm2, e.g., at between 1 and 8 weeks in culture. In some embodiments, upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells exhibit TEER of at least about 50 ohms / cm2, at least about 75 ohms / cm2, at least about 100 ohms / cm2, at least about 125 ohms / cm2, at least about 150 ohms / cm2, at least about 175 ohms / cm2, or at least about 200 ohms / cm2, e.g., at between 1 and 8 weeks in culture.
[0055] In some embodiments, upon storage at room temperature for about 6 hours, at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining. In some embodiments, upon storage at room temperature for about 6 hours, about 80% (e.g., about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more) of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining.
[0056] In some embodiments, the iPSCs are derived from fibroblasts or from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 14
[0057] In some embodiments, the preparaƟon comprises a suspension of the RPE cells. In some embodiments, the preparaƟon comprises a scaffold, matrix, or bio ink, wherein the RPE cells are seeded onto, cultured onto, printed onto, or embedded in, the scaffold, matrix, or bio ink.
[0058] In some embodiments, the preparaƟon comprises about 10,000 to about 1,500,000 RPE cells.
[0059] Other features, objects, and advantages of the present disclosure are apparent in the detailed descripƟon that follows. It should be understood, however, that the detailed descripƟon, while indicaƟng embodiments of the present invenƟon, is given by way of illustraƟon only, not limitaƟon. Various changes and modificaƟons within the scope of the invenƟon will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the detailed descripƟon. DEFINITIONS
[0060] A or An: The arƟcles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammaƟcal object of the arƟcle. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more than one element.
[0061] AdministraƟon: As used herein, the term “administraƟon” typically refers to the administraƟon (e.g., of a composiƟon or treatment) to a subject or system (e.g., that is or comprises one or more cells, Ɵssues, organisms, etc.), for example to achieve delivery of an agent that is, is included in, or is otherwise delivered or generated by, such composiƟon or treatment.
[0062] Approximately or about: As used herein, the term “approximately” or “about,” as applied to one or more values of interest, refers to a value that is similar to a stated reference value. In certain embodiments, the term “approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that fall within 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direcƟon (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would exceed 100% of a possible value). 15
[0063] Biodegradable: As used herein, the term “biodegradable” refers to materials that, when introduced into cells, are broken down (e.g., by cellular machinery, such as by enzymaƟc degradaƟon, by hydrolysis, and / or by combinaƟons thereof) into components that cells can either reuse or dispose of without significant toxic effects on the cells. In certain embodiments, components generated by breakdown of a biodegradable material are biocompaƟble and therefore do not induce significant inflammaƟon and / or other adverse effects in vivo. In some embodiments, biodegradable polymer materials break down into their component monomers. In some embodiments, breakdown of biodegradable materials (including, for example, biodegradable polymer materials) involves hydrolysis of ester bonds. AlternaƟvely or addiƟonally, in some embodiments, breakdown of biodegradable materials (including, for example, biodegradable polymer materials) involves cleavage of urethane linkages. Exemplary biodegradable polymers include, for example, polymers of hydroxy acids such as lacƟc acid and glycolic acid, including but not limited to poly(hydroxyl acids), poly(lacƟc acid)(PLA), poly(glycolic acid)(PGA), poly(lacƟc‐co‐glycolic acid)(PLGA), and copolymers with PEG, polyanhydrides, poly(ortho)esters, polyesters, polyurethanes, poly(butyric acid), poly(valeric acid), poly(caprolactone), poly(hydroxyalkanoates, poly(lacƟde‐co‐caprolactone), blends and copolymers thereof. Many naturally occurring polymers are also biodegradable, including, for example, extra cellular matrix (ECM) derived scaffolds, proteins such as albumin, collagen, gelaƟn and prolamines, for example, zein, and polysaccharides such as alginate, cellulose derivaƟves and polyhydroxyalkanoates, for example, polyhydroxybutyrate blends and copolymers thereof. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate or be able to determine when such polymers are biocompaƟble and / or biodegradable derivaƟves thereof (e.g., related to a parent polymer by substanƟally idenƟcal structure that differs only in subsƟtuƟon or addiƟon of parƟcular chemical groups as is known in the art).
[0064] Determine: Many methodologies described herein include a step of “determining”. Those of ordinary skill in the art, reading the present specificaƟon, will appreciate that such “determining” can uƟlize or be accomplished through use of any of a variety of techniques available to those skilled in the art, including for example specific 16 techniques explicitly referred to herein. In some embodiments, determining involves manipulaƟon of a physical sample. In some embodiments, determining involves consideraƟon and / or manipulaƟon of data or informaƟon, for example uƟlizing a computer or other processing unit adapted to perform a relevant analysis. In some embodiments, determining involves receiving relevant informaƟon and / or materials from a source. In some embodiments, determining involves comparing one or more features of a sample or enƟty to a comparable reference.
[0065] DifferenƟaƟon: The term “differenƟaƟon” as used herein is the process by which an unspecialized (“uncommiƩed”) or less specialized cell acquires the features of a specialized cell such as, for example, an RPE cell. In some embodiments, a differenƟated or differenƟaƟon‐induced cell is one that has taken on a more specialized (“commiƩed”) posiƟon within the lineage of a cell. For example, an iPSC can be differenƟated into various more differenƟated cell types, for example, a neural or a hematopoieƟc stem cell, a lymphocyte, a cardiomyocyte, and other cell types, upon treatment with suitable differenƟaƟon factors in the cell culture medium. In some embodiments, suitable methods, differenƟaƟon factors, and cell culture media for the differenƟaƟon of pluri‐ and mulƟpotent cell types into more differenƟated cell types are well known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, the term “commiƩed”, is applied to the process of differenƟaƟon to refer to a cell that has proceeded through a differenƟaƟon pathway to a point where, under normal circumstances, it would or will conƟnue to differenƟate into a specific cell type or subset of cell types, and cannot, under normal circumstances, differenƟate into a different cell type (other than a specific cell type or subset of cell types) nor revert to a less differenƟated cell type.
[0066] DifferenƟaƟon marker: The terms “differenƟaƟon marker”, “differenƟaƟon marker gene”, or “differenƟaƟon gene”, as used herein refers to genes or proteins whose expression are indicaƟve of cell differenƟaƟon occurring within a cell, such as a pluripotent cell. In some embodiments, differenƟaƟon marker genes include, but are not limited to, the following genes: RPE65, CRALBP, PEDF, Bestrophin‐1 (BEST1), RLBP1, merTK, MITF, OTX2, 17 PAX2, PAX6, premelanosome protein (gp‐100 or PMEL, e.g., PMEL‐17), CD140b, tyrosinase, and / or ZO1.
[0067] Expression: As used herein, the term “expression” of a nucleic acid sequence refers to the generaƟon of any gene product from the nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, a gene product can be a transcript. In some embodiments, a gene product can be a polypepƟde. In some embodiments, expression of a nucleic acid sequence involves one or more of the following: (1) producƟon of an RNA template from a DNA sequence (e.g., by transcripƟon); (2) processing of an RNA transcript (e.g., by splicing, ediƟng, etc.); (3) translaƟon of an RNA into a polypepƟde or protein; and / or (4) post‐translaƟonal modificaƟon of a polypepƟde or protein.
[0068] Gene product or expression product: As used herein, the term “gene product” or “expression product” generally refers to an RNA transcribed from the gene (pre‐ and / or post‐processing) or a polypepƟde (pre‐ and / or post‐modificaƟon) encoded by an RNA transcribed from the gene.
[0069] Induced pluripotent stem cell: The terms “induced pluripotent stem cell” or “iPSC” as used herein to refer to a stem cell obtained from a differenƟated somaƟc (e.g., adult, neonatal, or fetal) cell by a process referred to as reprogramming (e.g., dedifferenƟaƟon). In some embodiments, reprogrammed cells are capable of differenƟaƟng into Ɵssues of all three germ or dermal layers: mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm. iPSCs are not found in nature.
[0070] Marker: A marker, as used herein, refers to an enƟty or moiety whose presence or level is a characterisƟc of a parƟcular state or event. In some embodiments, presence or level of a parƟcular marker may be characterisƟc of a parƟcular type of cell or cell stage.
[0071] PharmaceuƟcal composiƟon: As used herein, the term “pharmaceuƟcal composiƟon” refers to an acƟve agent, formulated together with one or more pharmaceuƟcally acceptable carriers. In some embodiments, acƟve agent is present in unit dose amount appropriate for administraƟon in a therapeuƟc regimen that shows a 18 staƟsƟcally significant probability of achieving a predetermined therapeuƟc effect when administered to a relevant populaƟon.
[0072] Prevent: The terms “prevent”, “prevenƟng”, and “prevenƟon” as used herein in the context of a disease refer to the prevenƟon of the disease in a mammal, e.g., in a human, including (a) avoiding or precluding the disease; (b) affecƟng the predisposiƟon toward the disease; or (c) prevenƟng or delaying the onset of at least one symptom of the disease.
[0073] Reference: As used herein, the term “reference” describes a standard or control relaƟve to which a comparison is performed. For example, in some embodiments, an agent, animal, individual, populaƟon, sample, sequence or value of interest is compared with a reference or control agent, animal, individual, populaƟon, sample, sequence or value. In some embodiments, a reference or control is tested and / or determined substanƟally simultaneously with the tesƟng or determinaƟon of interest. In some embodiments, a reference or control is a historical reference or control, opƟonally embodied in a tangible medium. Typically, as would be understood by those skilled in the art, a reference or control is determined or characterized under comparable condiƟons or circumstances to those under assessment. Those skilled in the art will appreciate when sufficient similariƟes are present to jusƟfy reliance on and / or comparison to a parƟcular possible reference or control.
[0074] Reprogramming: The terms “reprogramming” or “dedifferenƟaƟon” as used herein refer to a method of increasing potency of a cell or dedifferenƟaƟng a cell to a less differenƟated state. For example, in some embodiments, a cell that has an increased cell potency has more developmental plasƟcity (i.e., can differenƟate into more cell types) compared to the same cell in the non‐reprogrammed state. That is, in some embodiments, a reprogrammed cell is one that is in a less differenƟated state than the same cell in a non‐ reprogrammed state. In some embodiments, “reprogramming” refers to de‐differenƟaƟng a somaƟc cell, or a mulƟpotent stem cell, into a pluripotent stem cell, also referred to as an induced pluripotent stem cell, or iPSC. Suitable methods for the generaƟon of iPSCs from somaƟc or mulƟpotent stem cells are well known to those of skill in the art. 19
[0075] Subject: As used herein, the term “subject” refers an organism, typically a mammal (e.g., a human, in some embodiments including prenatal human forms). In some embodiments, a subject is suffering from a relevant disease, disorder or condiƟon. In some embodiments, a subject is suscepƟble to a disease, disorder, or condiƟon. In some embodiments, a subject displays one or more symptoms or characterisƟcs of a disease, disorder or condiƟon. In some embodiments, a subject does not display any symptom or characterisƟc of a disease, disorder, or condiƟon. In some embodiments, a subject is someone with one or more features characterisƟc of suscepƟbility to or risk of a disease, disorder, or condiƟon. In some embodiments, a subject is a paƟent. In some embodiments, a subject is an individual to whom diagnosis and / or therapy is and / or has been administered.
[0076] Suffering from: An individual who is “suffering from” a disease, disorder, and / or condiƟon displays one or more symptoms of a disease, disorder, and / or condiƟon and / or has been diagnosed with the disease, disorder, or condiƟon.
[0077] TherapeuƟcally effecƟve amount: As used herein, the term “therapeuƟcally effecƟve amount” refers to an amount of a preparaƟon of RPE cells or composiƟon described herein that confers a therapeuƟc effect on a treated subject, at a reasonable benefit / risk raƟo applicable to any medical treatment. The therapeuƟc effect may be objecƟve (i.e., measurable by some test or marker) or subjecƟve (i.e., subject gives an indicaƟon of or feels an effect). In parƟcular, the “therapeuƟcally effecƟve amount” refers to an amount of a preparaƟon of RPE cells or composiƟon effecƟve to treat, ameliorate, or prevent a parƟcular disease or condiƟon, or to exhibit a detectable therapeuƟc or preventaƟve effect, such as by amelioraƟng symptoms associated with the disease, prevenƟng or delaying the onset of the disease, and / or also lessening the severity or frequency of symptoms of the disease. A therapeuƟcally effecƟve amount can be administered in a dosing regimen that may comprise mulƟple unit doses. For any parƟcular a preparaƟon of RPE cells or composiƟon, a therapeuƟcally effecƟve amount (and / or an appropriate unit dose within an effecƟve dosing regimen) may vary, for example, depending on route of administraƟon, on combinaƟon with other pharmaceuƟcal agents. Also, the specific therapeuƟcally effecƟve amount (and / or unit dose) for any parƟcular subject may depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder 20 being treated and the severity of the disorder; the acƟvity of the specific pharmaceuƟcal agent employed; the specific composiƟon employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the subject; the Ɵme of administraƟon, route of administraƟon, and / or rate of excreƟon or metabolism; the duraƟon of the treatment; and like factors as is well known in the medical arts.
[0078] Treatment: As used herein, the term “treatment” (also “treat” or “treaƟng”) refers to any administraƟon of a preparaƟon of RPE cells or composiƟon described herein that parƟally or completely alleviates, ameliorates, relieves, inhibits, delays onset of, reduces severity of and / or reduces incidence of one or more symptoms or features of a parƟcular disease, disorder, and / or condiƟon. Such treatment may be of a subject who does not exhibit signs of the relevant disease, disorder and / or condiƟon and / or of a subject who exhibits only early signs of the disease, disorder, and / or condiƟon. AlternaƟvely or addiƟonally, such treatment may be of a subject who exhibits one or more established signs of the relevant disease, disorder and / or condiƟon. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0079] Figure 1 shows a flow diagram of an exemplary AiPSC‐RPE manufacturing process.
[0080] Figure 2A shows steps 1 and 2 of an exemplary morphology scoring system. Figure 2B shows steps 3 and 4 of an exemplary morphology scoring system.
[0081] Figure 3A shows viability of AiPSC‐RPE cell product held in final formulaƟon for 0, 2, 4, and 6 hours versus freshly thawed AiPSC‐RPE cell products. AiPSC‐RPE cell products that were cultured before preparing the final formulaƟon had higher viability. Figure 3B shows potency measured by TEER for AiPSC‐RPE cell products that were freshly thawed, 1 week cultured or 4 weeks in culture. AiPSC‐RPE cell products that were cultured before preparing the final formulaƟon had greater Ohm*cm2.
[0082] Figure 4 shows viability in final formulaƟon up to 6 hours of AiPSC‐RPE final products (AiPSC‐RPE that were cultured before prepared in final formulaƟon) that were 21 passed through the delivery device. Viability was greater than 90%. Lonza RPE is posiƟve control.
[0083] Figure 5A shows differenƟal secreƟon of cytokine VEGF of AiPSC‐RPE final products that were passed through the delivery device. Figure 5B shows differenƟal secreƟon of cytokine PEDF of AiPSC‐RPE products that were passed through the delivery device. A raƟo of over one is indicaƟve of healthy RPE cells. Lonza RPE is posiƟve control.
[0084] Figure 6A shows % of AiPSC‐RPE products expressing PMEL17, as measured by flow cytometry. Figure 6B shows % of AiPSC‐RPE products expressing CD140b, as measured by flow cytometry. Figure 6C shows % of AiPSC‐RPE products expressing GD2, as measured by flow cytometry. Figure 6D shows % of AiPSC‐RPE products expressing CD184, as measured by flow cytometry.
[0085] Figure 7 is a schemaƟc of an exemplary method of assessing parallel cultures from a representaƟve RPE bank.
[0086] Figure 8 shows thickness of outer nuclear layer (ONL) as assessed from OCT images in RCS rats for 4, 8, and 12 weeks post‐injecƟon. Vehicle control animals were treated with BSS+ soluƟon only, untreated animals were not injected, AiPSC‐RPE cell line 1: 01F1i1R1, AiPSC‐RPE cell line 2: 02F1i1R1, AiPSC‐RPE cell line 3: 13F1i1R1 and cell line 4: 13F1i2R1. N=6 RCS rats, mean ± stdev.
[0087] Figure 9 shows a panel of images of stained reƟna cryo secƟons from 4 weeks post transplantaƟon with AiPSC‐RPE cell line 01F1i1R1, imaged at 20x. Top panel from leŌ to right, STEM101 (human nuclear), RPE65 (RPE cell mature marker) and DAPI (control nuclear), and merge image. BoƩom panel shows secondary anƟbody only controls for STEM101, RPE65, RLBP1 and DAPI. Images show persistence of AiPSC‐RPE at 4 weeks post implantaƟon.
[0088] Figure 10 shows a panel of images of stained reƟna cryo secƟons from 12 weeks post transplantaƟon with AiPSC‐RPE cell line 02F1i1R1, imaged at 63x. Top panel from leŌ to right, RPE65, TRA‐1‐85 (Human cell surface anƟgen), DAPI (nuclear stain) and merge. 22 BoƩom panel shows secondary anƟbody only controls for DAPI, RPE65, TRA‐1‐85. Images show persistence of AiPSC‐RPE at 12 weeks post transplantaƟon.
[0089] Figure 11 shows an image of stained reƟna cryo secƟons from 12 weeks post transplantaƟon with AiPSC‐RPE cell line 02F1i1R1 and imaged at 5x. Merge image, DAPI, RPE65, TRA‐1‐85 (Human cell surface anƟgen). The image shows migraƟon and integraƟon of AiPSC‐RPE from the injecƟon site throughout the reƟna.
[0090] Figure 12 shows optokineƟc gain measured in RCS rats at days 24, 54 and 88. Vehicle control animals were injected with BSS+ soluƟon only, untreated animals were not injected, AiPSC‐RPE cell lines: 01F1i1R1 and 02F1i1R1.
[0091] Figure 13 shows ERG Scotopic Vision 39.8 cd•sec / m² Full Field ERG measured in RCS rats at weeks 4, 8 and 12. Vehicle control animals were injected with BSS+ soluƟon only, untreated animals were not injected, AiPSC‐RPE cell lines: 01F1i1R1, 02F1i1R1, 13F1i1R1 and 13F1i2R1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS
[0092] The present disclosure is based, in part, on the discovery of certain characterisƟcs exhibited by RPE cells, e.g., RPE cells differenƟated from iPSCs, that are correlated with increased viability, purity, funcƟonality, stability, and phenotype. Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to use of such characterisƟcs as criteria, e.g., quality control criteria, for preparaƟons of RPE cells to be used as cellular therapeuƟcs to treat subjects having or suffering from eye disorders. The present disclosure is also based, in part, on the discovery of methods of producing preparaƟons of RPE cells that result in RPE cells exhibiƟng such characterisƟcs, e.g., quality control criteria.
[0093] Several degeneraƟve diseases of the eye cause permanent vision loss due to reƟnal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell dysfuncƟon. Treatments for these diseases represent a major unmet medical need. Clinical trials with human embryonic stem cell (hESC) have been described (Schwartz et al., Lancet 379 (9817): 713‐20 (2012); Schwartz et al., Lancet 385 (9967): 509‐16 (2015)), as well as published trials using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) 23 derived RPE cells (Mandai et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 376 (11): 1038‐1046 (2017)) to treat paƟents with macular dystrophies. The present disclosure is based, in part, on discovery of new methods for generaƟng paƟent‐specific autologous iPSC‐derived RPE cells for transplantaƟon.
[0094] In most mammals, including humans, the photoreceptor (PR) layer is responsible for translaƟng light into signals received by the brain. Although the PR layer is crucial for vision, so too are the other layers of the eye, including the RPE which is located between the choroid and the PRs. The healthy RPE is organized in a polarized monolayer with Ɵght juncƟons, helps maintain PR funcƟon by recycling photo pigments, phagocytosing PR outer segments, transporƟng ions and small molecules between reƟna and choroid, maintaining Bruch’s membrane and absorbing stray light to allow beƩer image resoluƟon. Therefore, the RPE layer is criƟcal to the funcƟon and health of PRs. (Strauss, Physiol. Rev. 85 (3): 845‐81 (2005)).
[0095] Unfortunately, many diseases include the loss of the RPE and PR cells in the eye, resulƟng in blindness. Diseases such as age‐related macular degeneraƟon (AMD), Stargardt macular dystrophy (SMD), and reƟniƟs pigmentosa (RP) feature an iniƟal period of cellular dysfuncƟon followed by cell loss, including RPEs, that ulƟmately causes permanent blindness. In addiƟon, other disorders such as Best disease and macular telangiectasia can result in RPE and PR loss. (Bitner et al., Am. J. Ophthalmol. 154 (2): 403‐412.e4 (2012)). Although these diseases feature disparate underlying disease processes, the endpoint is the same: loss of the RPE and eventual blindness.
[0096] There is an unmet medical need for therapeuƟcs to reconsƟtute the RPE and PRs. TransplantaƟon of replacement RPE cells represents an aƩracƟve therapeuƟc paradigm because it addresses a common endpoint for all these condiƟons. Using paƟent‐specific iPSC‐derived RPEs offers further advantages because transplanted cells match the paƟent precisely. In some embodiments, methods can include harvesƟng paƟent skin cells, followed by reprogramming of the cells to a pluripotent state using a combinaƟon of transcripƟon factors, (Yang et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 359 (14):1456‐63 (2008)) and then differenƟaƟng the 24 iPSC into paƟent‐specific RPE cells for transplantaƟon. GeneraƟon of RPE cells and their in vitro and in vivo characterizaƟon is well established. (Schwartz et al, Lancet 379 (9817): 713‐ 20 (2012); Abe et al., Curr. Eye Res. 20 (4): 268‐75 (2000); Carr et al., PLoS One 4 (12): e8152 (2009); Kamao et al., Stem Cell Reports 2 (2):205‐18 (2014); Lu et al., Stem Cells 27 (9):2126‐ 35 (2009); Lund et al., Cloning Stem Cells 8 (3):189‐99 (2006)). RPE cells derived from hESC and iPSCs have been shown to share similar morphological and funcƟonal characterisƟcs. (Riera et al., Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev. 3: 16010 (2016)). MulƟple reports on funcƟonal outcomes of sub reƟnal transplantaƟon of RPE cells in animal models of reƟnal degeneraƟon (Carr et al., PLoS One 4 (12): e8152 (2009); Kamao et al., Stem Cell Reports 2 (2): 205‐18 (2014); Li et al., Mol. Med. 18 (1): 1312‐9 (2012)) and approved clinical trials for RPE cell replacement therapy have been described. However, there remains a need for effecƟve RPE cellular therapy. Methods and composiƟons of the present disclosure can be used to address such unmet medical need. Methods of Manufacturing Cell PreparaƟons
[0097] In some embodiments, methods of the disclosure include providing or producing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and subsequently differenƟaƟng such iPSCs into RPE cells. ProducƟon of iPSCs
[0098] In some embodiments, methods of the disclosure include obtaining and / or producing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs are a type of pluripotent stem cell arƟficially derived from a non‐pluripotent cell, such as an adult somaƟc cell (e.g., a fibroblast cell or other suitable somaƟc cell), by inducing expression of certain genes. Various suitable methods for producing iPSCs are known in the art (see, e.g., Takahashi et al., Cell 126:663‐ 676 (2006); Seki et al., World J. Stem Cells 7(1): 116‐125 (2015); and Lakshmipathy and Vermuri, editors, Methods in Molecular Biology: Pluripotent Stem Cells, Methods and Protocols, Springer 2013). In some embodiments, iPSCs can be derived by transfecƟon of certain stem cell‐associated genes (such as Oct‐3 / 4 (Pouf51) and Sox‐2) into non‐pluripotent cells, such as adult fibroblasts. In some instances, transfecƟon can be achieved through viral 25 vectors, such as retroviruses, lenƟviruses, or adenoviruses. AddiƟonal suitable reprogramming methods include the use of vectors that do not integrate into the genome of the host cell, e.g., episomal vectors, or the delivery of reprogramming factors directly via encoding RNA or as proteins has also been described. For example, cells can be transfected with Oct‐3 / 4, Sox‐2, Klf4, and / or c‐Myc using a retroviral system or with Oct‐4, Sox‐2, NANOG, and / or LIN28 using a lenƟviral system. In some embodiments, reprogramming can be induced by the non‐viral introducƟon of reprogramming factors, e.g., by introducing the proteins themselves, or by introducing nucleic acids that encode the reprogramming factors, for example by introducing messenger RNAs that upon translaƟon produce the reprogramming factors (see e.g., Warren et al., Cell Stem Cell, 2010 Nov. 5; 7(5):618‐30). Numerous suitable methods for reprogramming are known to those of skill in the art, and the present disclosure is not limited in this respect. AddiƟonal methods and systems are commercially available (e.g., Simplicon® RNA Reprogramming Kit, EMD Millipore).
[0099] In some embodiments, iPSCs can be derived from somaƟc cells. SomaƟc cells, as that term is used herein, refer to cells forming the body of an organism, excluding germline cells. Every cell type in the mammalian body (apart from the sperm and ova, the cells from which they are made (gametocytes) and undifferenƟated stem cells) is a differenƟated somaƟc cell. For example, internal organs, skin, bones, blood, and connecƟve Ɵssue are all made up of differenƟated somaƟc cells. In some embodiments, mature cells from which iPSCs are made include somaƟc cells; in some embodiments, such somaƟc cells may be or comprise blood cells, e.g., blood mononuclear cells such as whole blood mononuclear cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In some embodiments, mature cells from which iPSCs are made may be or comprise B lymphocytes (B‐cells), T lymphocytes, (T‐cells), fibroblasts, keraƟnocytes, etc.
[0100] In some embodiments, appropriate somaƟc cell types for use in accordance with the present disclosure include: fibroblasts (e.g., primary fibroblasts), muscle cells (e.g., myocytes), cumulus cells, neural cells, mammary cells, hepatocytes and pancreaƟc islet cells. In some embodiments, a somaƟc cell is a primary cell line or is the progeny of a primary or secondary cell line. In some embodiments, a somaƟc cell is obtained from a human sample, 26 e.g., a hair follicle, a blood sample, a biopsy (e.g., a skin biopsy or an adipose biopsy), a swab sample (e.g., an oral swab sample), etc., and is thus a human somaƟc cell.
[0101] Some non‐limiƟng examples of differenƟated somaƟc cells include, for instance, epithelial, endothelial, neuronal, adipose, cardiac, skeletal muscle, skin, immune cells, hepaƟc, splenic, lung, peripheral circulaƟng blood cells, gastrointesƟnal, renal, bone marrow, and pancreaƟc cells. In some embodiments, a somaƟc cell can be a primary cell isolated from any somaƟc Ɵssue including, but not limited to brain, liver, gut, stomach, intesƟne, fat, muscle, uterus, skin, spleen, endocrine organ, bone, blood, etc. In various embodiments, a somaƟc cell can be from a mammalian species, with non‐limiƟng examples including a murine, bovine, simian, porcine, equine, ovine, or human. In some embodiments, the somaƟc cell is a human somaƟc cell. In preferred embodiments, the somaƟc cell is an autologous human somaƟc cell.
[0102] Reprogrammed somaƟc cells can express any number of pluripotent cell markers, such as, for example: alkaline phosphatase (AP); ABCG2; stage specific embryonic anƟgen‐1 (SSEA‐1); SSEA‐3; SSEA‐4; TRA‐1‐60; TRA‐1‐81; Tra‐2‐49 / 6E; ERas / ECAT5, E‐ cadherin; beta‐III‐tubulin; alpha‐smooth muscle acƟn (α‐SMA); fibroblast growth factor 4 (Fgf4), Cripto, Dax1; zinc finger protein 296 (Zfp296); N‐acetyltransferase‐1 (Nat1); (ES cell associated transcript 1 (ECAT1); ESG1 / DPPA5 / ECAT2; ECAT3; ECAT6; ECAT7; ECAT8; ECAT9; ECAT10; ECAT15‐1; ECAT15‐2; Fth117; Sal14; undifferenƟated embryonic cell transcripƟon factor (Uƞ1); Rex1; p53; G3PDH; telomerase, including TERT; silent X chromosome genes; Dnmt3a; Dnmt3b; TRIM28; F‐box containing protein 15 (Fbx15); Nanog / ECAT4; Oct3 / 4; Sox2; Klf4; c‐Myc; Esrrb; TDGF1; GABRB3; Zfp42, FoxD3; GDF3; CYP25A1; developmental pluripotency‐associated 2 (DPPA2); T‐cell lymphoma breakpoint 1 (Tcl1); DPPA3 / Stella; DPPA4. Other markers can include Dnmt3L; Sox15; Stat3; Grb2; β‐catenin, and Bmi1.
[0103] In some embodiments, iPSCs are derived from human fibroblasts, e.g., from a human skin biopsy. Methods of producing iPSCs from human fibroblasts are known in the art (e.g., Hazim et al., Stem Cell Res. Ther. 8(1):217 (2017); Hazim et al., Stem Cell Res. Ther. 10(1):52 (2019)). In some embodiments, human fibroblasts are isolated from a human skin 27 biopsy, expanded in cell culture, and characterized for expression of one or more fibroblast cell markers (e.g., Fibroblast Specific Protein‐1 (FSP‐1) and / or VimenƟn (VIM)), e.g., by immunostaining. In some embodiments, cultured fibroblasts are selected for one or more further processing steps (e.g., cryopreserving and / or reprogramming into iPSCs) if they are double posiƟve for FSP‐1 and VIM. In some embodiments, fibroblasts are selected for cryopreservaƟon if they are double posiƟve for FSP‐1 and VIM. In some embodiments, cryopreserved fibroblasts are thawed before reprogramming into iPSCs, e.g., using a method described herein. In some embodiments, iPSCs are characterized for expression of one or more pluripotent cell markers, e.g., one or more pluripotent cell markers described herein, e.g., SSEA‐4 and / or Oct‐4. In some embodiments, iPSCs are selected for one or more further processing steps (e.g., cryopreserving and / or differenƟaƟon into RPE cells as described herein) if they express one or more pluripotent cell markers, e.g., one or more pluripotent cell markers described herein, e.g., if they are double posiƟve for SSEA‐4 and Oct‐4. ProducƟon of RPE Cell PreparaƟon
[0104] In some embodiments, methods of the disclosure include producing RPE cells, e.g., differenƟaƟng iPSCs into RPE cells. Certain methods of differenƟaƟng iPSCs into RPE cells are known in the art (e.g., Hazim et al., Stem Cell Res. Ther. 8(1):217 (2017); Hazim et al., Stem Cell Res. Ther. 10(1):52 (2019)). In some embodiments, differenƟaƟon to RPE cells is iniƟated by replacement of culture medium that supports pluripotency with a differenƟaƟon medium, e.g., a medium that includes one or more differenƟaƟon‐inducing factors such as acƟvin, a nodal signal inhibitor, a Wnt signal inhibitor, and / or a sonic hedgehog signal inhibitor.
[0105] In some embodiments, a differenƟaƟon medium comprises Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F‐12 (DMEM / F12) with xeno‐free knockout serum (Invitrogen), NEAA, glutamine, and / or nicoƟnamide. In some embodiments, a differenƟaƟon medium may include one or more addiƟonal differenƟaƟon agents, such as a member of the transforming factor‐β (TGFβ) superfamily (e.g., acƟvin A, acƟvin B, and acƟvin AB), nodal, anƟ‐mullerian hormone (AMH), bone morphogeneƟc proteins (BMP) (e.g., BMP2, BMP3, 28 BMP4, BMP5, BMP6, and BMP7, growth and differenƟaƟon factors (GDF)), WNT pathway inhibitor (e.g., CKI‐7, DKK1), a TGF pathway inhibitor (e.g., LDN193189, Noggin), a BMP pathway inhibitor (e.g., SB431542), a sonic hedgehog signal inhibitor, a bFGF inhibitor, and / or a MEK inhibitor (e.g., PD0325901).
[0106] In some embodiments, iPSCs are differenƟated to an RPE cell lineage in a first differenƟaƟon medium comprising a first differenƟaƟon agent and then further differenƟated to RPE cells in a second differenƟaƟon medium comprising a second differenƟaƟon agent. In some embodiments, a first differenƟaƟon medium comprises nicoƟnamide (e.g., about 5 mM nicoƟnamide to about 20 mM nicoƟnamide, e.g., about 10 mM nicoƟnamide) and a second differenƟaƟon medium comprises acƟvin (e.g., acƟvin A) (e.g., about 100 ng / ml AcƟvin A to about 300 ng / ml AcƟvin A, e.g., about 140 ng / ml AcƟvin A). In some embodiments, a first differenƟaƟon medium comprises DMEM / F12 supplemented with about 10% to about 20% (e.g., about 14%) xeno‐free knockout serum, about 0.05 mM to about 5 mM (e.g., about 0.1 mM) NEAA, about 0.5 mM to about 5 mM (e.g., about 2 mM) L‐glutamine, and about 5 mM to about 20 mM (e.g., about 10 mM) nicoƟnamide; and a second differenƟaƟon medium comprises DMEM / F12 with AcƟvin A (e.g., about 100 ng / ml AcƟvin A to about 300 ng / ml AcƟvin A, e.g., about 140 ng / ml AcƟvin A) and about 5 ng / ml to about 50 ng / ml (e.g., about 20 ng / ml) basic fibroblast growth factor (e.g., FGF2). In some embodiments, differenƟaƟon media is changed every day or every 2‐3 days during differenƟaƟon (e.g., in a first differenƟaƟon medium and / or a second differenƟaƟon medium). In some embodiments, cells are cultured in a first differenƟaƟon medium and / or a second differenƟaƟon medium for about 3‐12 weeks, e.g., 6‐10 weeks, 2‐8 weeks, or 3‐6 weeks. In some embodiments, cells are cultured in a first differenƟaƟon medium for about 2 weeks and then cultured in a second differenƟaƟon medium for about 2 weeks.
[0107] In some embodiments, aŌer cells are cultured in a first and / or a second differenƟaƟon medium, cells are subsequently cultured in DMEM / F12 basal medium, e.g., unƟl pigmentaƟon is detected (e.g., unƟl a majority of cells, e.g., about 50%, 60% 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97% or more cells, are determined to be pigmented, e.g., using visual 29 analysis such as using a phase contrast microscope). In some embodiments, pigmented cells are differenƟally passaged, e.g., with a dissociaƟon reagent (e.g., trypsin, e.g., TrypLE) and RPE medium containing DMEM / F12 supplemented with Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (e.g., about 2% to about 8%, e.g., about 5% FBS), human AB serum (e.g., about 2% to about 6%, e.g., about 4% human AB serum), taurine (e.g., about 0.05 to about 0.5 mg / ml, e.g., about 0.25 mg / ml taurine), nicoƟnamide (e.g., about 5 mM to about 20 mM, e.g., 10 mM nicoƟnamide), NEAA, N2, B27, beta mercaptoethanol (e.g., about 0.05 mM to about 0.5 mM, e.g., about 0.1 mM beta mercaptoethanol) and 1x Glutamax™. In some embodiments, pigmented cells are passaged mechanically by collecƟng cells with medium aŌer about 5, 8, 10, 12, or about 15 minutes of TrypLE treatment. In some embodiments, cells are differenƟally passaged at least once, at least twice, at least 3 Ɵmes, at least 4 Ɵmes, at least 5 Ɵmes, at least 6 Ɵmes, or at least 8 Ɵmes.
[0108] In some embodiments, one or more morphology quality control criteria, e.g., presence of one or more of the following morphology parameters, are assessed to determine the Ɵming for one or more passaging steps (e.g., the duraƟon of treatment with dissociaƟon reagent, e.g., trypsin treatment) and / or the number of passaging steps: confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, and / or well‐defined membrane borders (see, e.g., Figure 2). In some embodiments, aŌer one passaging step, cells are assessed for one or more morphology parameters. In some embodiments, if aŌer one passaging step, cells do not meet morphology quality control criteria (e.g., at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of cells do not exhibit one or more morphology parameters), the cells are subjected to at least one addiƟonal passaging step. In some embodiments, if aŌer one passaging step, cells do not meet morphology quality control criteria (e.g., at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of cells do not exhibit all morphology parameters), the cells are subjected to at least one addiƟonal passaging step. In some embodiments, passaging steps are repeated unƟl morphology quality control criteria are met (e.g., at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of cells exhibit one or more morphology parameters). In some embodiments, passaging steps are repeated unƟl morphology quality control criteria are met (e.g., at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of cells exhibit all morphology parameters). 30
[0109] In some embodiments, cells that have been passaged as described herein and meet such morphology quality control criteria, also meet one or more of the following funcƟonal quality control criteria: (i) the RPE cells exhibit TEER of at least about 50 ohms / cm2, at least about 75 ohms / cm2, at least about 100 ohms / cm2, at least about 125 ohms / cm2, at least about 150 ohms / cm2, at least about 175 ohms / cm2, or at least about 200 ohms / cm2, e.g., at between 1 and 8 weeks in culture; (ii) the cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of VEGF at a basal to apical secreƟon raƟo of at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, at least about 0.75, at least about 1, at least about 1.25, or at least about 1.5; (iii) the cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of PEDF at an apical to basal secreƟon raƟo of at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, at least about 0.75, at least about 1, at least about 1.25, or at least about 1.5; and / or (iv) at least about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 95% of the RPE cells exhibit ability to phagocytose POR (e.g., as assessed using flow cytometry).
[0110] In some embodiments, RPE cells that meet one or more such quality control criteria (e.g., one or more morphology quality control criteria described herein and / or one or more funcƟonal quality control criteria described herein) are selected for one or more further processing steps (e.g., expansion, formulaƟon into a preparaƟon of RPE cells, e.g., RPE cell drug substance, and / or cryopreserving). In some embodiments, RPE cells that meet all of the morphology quality control criteria described herein and all of the funcƟonal quality control criteria described herein are selected for one or more further processing steps (e.g., expanding to achieve a predetermined number of cells, formulaƟng into a preparaƟon of RPE cells, e.g., formulaƟng as RPE cell drug substance, and / or cryopreserving). In some embodiments, RPE cells that meet all of the morphology quality control criteria described herein and all of the funcƟonal quality control criteria described herein are expanded to achieve a predetermined number of cells, are formulated into a preparaƟon of RPE cells (e.g., RPE cell drug substance) and are cryopreserved. 31 ProducƟon of RPE Cell Product
[0111] In some embodiments, methods of the disclosure include producing an RPE cell product (e.g., RPE cell drug product) from an RPE cell preparaƟon (e.g., RPE cell drug substance) produced, e.g., as described herein. In some embodiments, an RPE cell preparaƟon (e.g., RPE cell drug substance) has been subjected to / has undergone at least one freeze / thaw cycle. Certain aspects of the disclosure are based on the discovery that culturing such previously cryopreserved and frozen RPE cell preparaƟons, e.g., prior to therapeuƟc formulaƟon and / or administraƟon to a subject, is beneficial. For example, culturing such previously cryopreserved and frozen RPE cell preparaƟons can improve viability and / or potency of such cells. In some embodiments, a frozen RPE cell preparaƟon (e.g., frozen RPE cell drug substance) is thawed, and the cells are cultured in appropriate cell culture medium for about 1 week, about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 5 weeks, or about 6 weeks. In some embodiments, following such culturing step, RPE cells have at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, viability, e.g., relaƟve to a reference preparaƟon of RPE cells, e.g., RPE cell drug substance described herein, that has not undergone at least one freeze / thaw cycle. In some embodiments, following such culturing step, at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or more of the RPE cells are viable. In some embodiments, such cultured RPE cells are formulated as a therapeuƟc composiƟon, e.g., an RPE cell drug product.
[0112] In some embodiments, methods of producing an RPE cell drug product can include four stages, e.g., as depicted schemaƟcally in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, stage 1 can include steps of isolaƟng fibroblasts from a subject’s skin biopsy; expanding isolated fibroblasts; banking fibroblasts; and opƟonally tesƟng banked fibroblasts as described herein. As shown in Figure 1, stage 2 can include steps of thawing banked fibroblasts; reprogramming fibroblasts to iPSCs; expanding iPSCs; banking iPSCs; and opƟonally tesƟng banked iPSCs using one or more criteria as described herein. As shown in Figure 1, stage 3 can include steps of thawing banked iPSCs; differenƟaƟng iPSCs into RPE cells; expanding RPE cells; banking RPE cells (e.g., as RPE cell drug substance (DS)); and opƟonally tesƟng banked RPE cells using one or more criteria described herein. As shown in Figure 1, stage 4 can include steps of thawing banked RPE cells (DS); culturing thawed RPE cells for about 4 weeks; 32 tesƟng RPE cells using one or more criteria described herein; preparing dose of preparaƟon of RPE cells; release tesƟng of dose using one or more criteria described herein; and producing RPE cell drug product (DP). The duraƟons of various stages depicted in Figure 1 are exemplary, and in some embodiments, the duraƟon of one or more stages depicted in Figure 1 can be shorter or longer relaƟve to the Ɵmes depicted in Figure 1. For example, while the exemplary method of Figure 1 notes a duraƟon of stage 1 of about 1 month, in some embodiments, stage 1 can be shorter (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, or 3 ½ weeks), or can be longer (e.g., about 4 ½ , 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks). AddiƟonally or alternaƟvely, while the exemplary method of Figure 1 notes a duraƟon of stage 2 of about 4 months, in some embodiments, stage 2 can be shorter (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, or 3 ½ months), or can be longer (e.g., about 4 ½ , 5, 6, 7, or 8 months). AddiƟonally or alternaƟvely, while the exemplary method of Figure 1 notes a duraƟon of stage 3 of about 5 months, in some embodiments, stage 3 can be shorter (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 4 ½ months), or can be longer (e.g., about 5 ½ , 6, 7, or 8 months). AddiƟonally or alternaƟvely, while the exemplary method of Figure 1 notes a duraƟon of stage 4 of about 1 month, in some embodiments, stage 4 can be shorter (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, or 3 ½ weeks), or can be longer (e.g., about 4 ½ , 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks). In some embodiments, the duraƟon of one or more stages depicted in Figure 1 is determined using quality control criteria (e.g., morphology parameters and / or funcƟonal parameters) described herein. Methods of Assessing Cells
[0113] In some embodiments, methods of the disclosure include assessing cells, e.g., iPSCs and / or RPE cells described herein. In some embodiments, cells can be assessed for expression of one or more pluripotent cell markers, including, e.g., alkaline phosphatase (AP); ABCG2; stage specific embryonic anƟgen‐1 (SSEA‐1); SSEA‐3; SSEA‐4; TRA‐1‐60; TRA‐1‐ 81; Tra‐2‐49 / 6E; ERas / ECAT5, E‐cadherin; beta‐III‐tubulin; alpha‐smooth muscle acƟn (α‐ SMA); fibroblast growth factor 4 (Fgf4), Cripto, Dax1; zinc finger protein 296 (Zfp296); N‐ acetyltransferase‐1 (Nat1); (ES cell associated transcript 1 (ECAT1); ESG1 / DPPA5 / ECAT2; ECAT3; ECAT6; ECAT7; ECAT8; ECAT9; ECAT10; ECAT15‐1; ECAT15‐2; Fth117; Sal14; undifferenƟated embryonic cell transcripƟon factor (Uƞ1); Rex1; p53; G3PDH; telomerase, 33 including TERT; silent X chromosome genes; Dnmt3a; Dnmt3b; TRIM28; F‐box containing protein 15 (Fbx15); Nanog / ECAT4; Oct3 / 4; Sox2; Klf4; Lin28, c‐Myc; Esrrb; TDGF1; GABRB3; Zfp42, FoxD3; GDF3; CYP25A1; developmental pluripotency‐associated 2 (DPPA2); T‐cell lymphoma breakpoint 1 (Tcl1); DPPA3 / Stella; and / or DPPA4. Other markers can include Dnmt3L; Sox15; Stat3; Grb2; β‐catenin, and / or Bmi1. In some embodiments, cells can be assessed for expression of one or more RPE cell markers, such as RPE65, CRALBP, PEDF, Bestrophin‐1 (BEST1), RLBP1, merTK, MITF, OTX2, PAX2, PAX6, premelanosome protein (gp‐ 100 or PMEL, e.g., PMEL‐17), CD140b, tyrosinase, and / or ZO1. In some embodiments, cells can be assessed for expression of non‐RPE linage markers, such as GD2 and / or CD184. Methods of assessing expression of such markers are known in the art, such as flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, PCR, ddPCR, and next generaƟon sequencing.
[0114] In some embodiments, cells are assessed for presence of one or more morphological characterisƟcs, such as morphology parameters described herein. Methods of assessing such morphological characterisƟcs are known in the art, such as visual assessment using microscopy. In some embodiments, cells are assessed for viability using methods known in the art, e.g., using trypan blue staining.
[0115] In some embodiments, cells are assessed for one or more funcƟonal parameters, such as funcƟonal parameters described herein. For example, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) can be measured, e.g., to assess barrier funcƟon, using methods known in the art (see, e.g., Markert et al., Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 10:910040 (2022); Hazim et al., Stem Cell Res. Ther. 8(1):217 (2017)). Devices for measuring TEER are known in the art and include, for example, EVOM2 Epithelial Voltohmmeter (World Precision Instruments). In some embodiments, potency of cells is assessed by analyzing polarized PEDF and VEGF secreƟon, e.g., using methods known in the art. For example, RPE cells can be cultured onto matrigel‐coated transwell membranes, apical‐ and basal‐side media can be collected, and PEDF and VEGF measured by ELISA (see, e.g., Zhang et al., Stem Cell Res. Ther. 13(1):454 (2022)). Ability of RPE cells to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments can be measured using methods known in the art (see, e.g., Hazim et al., Stem Cell Res. Ther. 8(1):217 (2017)). 34 RPE Cell PreparaƟons
[0116] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides preparaƟons of RPE cells, e.g., RPE cell drug substance and / or RPE cell drug product, that meet certain criteria and / or are defined by certain characterisƟcs. In some embodiments, a preparaƟon of RPE cells, e.g., RPE cell drug substance and / or RPE cell drug product, meets one or more of the following criteria: (1) at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 98% of RPE cells exhibit confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, and well‐defined membrane borders; (2) gene expression of RPE65 ≥ 0.5, as assessed using ddPCR; (3) gene expression of BEST1 ≥ 6, as assessed using ddPCR; (4) gene expression of RLBP ≥ 1, as assessed using ddPCR; (5) gene expression of MerTK ≥ 0.15, as assessed using ddPCR; (6) expression of MiTF, BEST1, and / or ZO‐1 at same level as, or differs by no more than about 1%, 5%, or 10% from, expression of MiTF, BEST1, and / or ZO‐1 in a primary RPE cell line; (7) at least about 70%, 80%, 85%, or 90% of cells are viable for up to about 6 hours, e.g., aŌer passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device); (8) at least about 70%, 80%, 85%, or 90% of cells express PMEL17; (9) less than about 0.005%, less than 0.004%, less than 0.003%, or less than 0.002% of cells are posiƟve for Lin28, Oct‐4, and / or Klf4 expression, e.g., as assessed by ddPCR; (10) at least about 80%, 85%, or 90% of cells express PMEL17 and CD140b but do not express CD184 or GD2 (PMEL17+CD140b+CD184‐GD2‐); (11) the RPE cells exhibit TEER of at least about 50 ohms / cm2, at least about 75 ohms / cm2, at least about 100 ohms / cm2, at least about 125 ohms / cm2, at least about 150 ohms / cm2, at least about 175 ohms / cm2, or at least about 200 ohms / cm2, e.g., at between 1 and 8 weeks in culture; (12) the cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of VEGF at a basal to apical secreƟon raƟo of at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, at least about 0.75, at least about 1, at least about 1.25, or at least about 1.5; (13) the cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of PEDF at an apical to basal secreƟon raƟo of at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, at least about 0.75, at least about 1, at least about 1.25, or at least about 1.5; and / or (14) at least about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 95% of the RPE cells exhibit ability to phagocytose POR (e.g., as assessed using flow cytometry). In some embodiments, a preparaƟon of RPE cells, e.g., RPE cell drug substance and / or RPE cell drug product, meets at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at 35 least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, or all 14 of these criteria. In some embodiments, a preparaƟon of RPE cells, e.g., RPE cell drug substance and / or RPE cell drug product, has undergone at least 1 freeze / thaw cycle and meets at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, or all 14 of these criteria. In some embodiments, a preparaƟon of RPE cells, e.g., RPE cell drug substance and / or RPE cell drug product, has undergone at least 1 freeze / thaw cycle, has been subsequently cultured for about 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks or longer, and meets at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, or all 14 of these criteria.
[0117] In some embodiments, methods of the disclosure have a variety of applicaƟons and include, e.g., quality control at different stages of manufacture, analysis of RPE cell preparaƟons prior to or aŌer compleƟon of manufacture (e.g., prior to or aŌer distribuƟon to a fill / finish environment or facility), prior to or aŌer release into commerce (e.g., before distribuƟon to a pharmacy, a caregiver, a paƟent, or other end‐user). Thus, a preparaƟon can be any preparaƟon that potenƟally comprises an RPE cell drug substance or RPE cell drug product. In some embodiments, a preparaƟon is from a stage of manufacture or use that is prior to release to care givers or other end‐users; prior to packaging into individual dosage forms, such as syringes, pens, vials, or mulƟ‐dose vials; prior to determinaƟon that the batch can be commercially released, prior to producƟon of a CerƟficate of TesƟng, Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or CerƟficate of Analysis (CofA) of the preparaƟon. In some embodiments, an RPE cell preparaƟon is from an intermediate step in producƟon, e.g., during a stage of differenƟaƟon from iPSCs, during a stage of RPE cell expansion, or during a stage of RPE cell drug product producƟon. In some embodiments, an RPE cell preparaƟon is from stage 3 or stage 4, as depicted in Figure 1.
[0118] EvaluaƟons from methods of the disclosure are useful, e.g., for guiding, controlling or implemenƟng a number of acƟviƟes or steps in the process of making, distribuƟng, and monitoring and providing for the safe and efficacious use of an RPE cell drug substance and / or RPE cell drug product. Thus, in some embodiments, e.g., responsive to the evaluaƟon, e.g., depending on whether a criterion is met, a decision or step is taken. The 36 method can further comprise one or both of the decision to take the step and / or carrying out the step itself. E.g., the step can comprise one in which the preparaƟon (or another preparaƟon for which the preparaƟon is representaƟve) is: classified; selected; accepted or discarded; released or processed into a drug product; rendered unusable for commercial release, e.g., by labeling it, sequestering it, or destroying it; passed on to a subsequent step in manufacture; reprocessed (e.g., the preparaƟon may undergo a repeƟƟon of a previous process step or subjected to a correcƟve process); formulated, e.g., into drug substance or drug product; combined with another component, e.g., an excipient, buffer or diluent; disposed into a container; divided into smaller aliquots, e.g., unit doses, or mulƟ‐dose containers; packaged; shipped; moved to a different locaƟon; combined with another element to form a kit; combined, e.g., placed into a package with a delivery device, diluent, or package insert; released into commerce; sold or offered for sale; delivered to a care giver or other end‐user; or administered to a subject. E.g., based on the result of the determinaƟon or whether one or more criteria are met, or upon comparison to a reference standard, a batch from which a preparaƟon is taken can be processed, e.g., as just described.
[0119] Methods described herein may include making a decision: (a) as to whether a preparaƟon may be formulated into drug substance or drug product; (b) as to whether a preparaƟon may be reprocessed (e.g., the preparaƟon may undergo a repeƟƟon of a previous process step); or (c) that the preparaƟon is not suitable for formulaƟon into drug substance or drug product. In some instances, the method comprises: formulaƟng as referred to in step (a), reprocessing as referred to in step (b), or rendering the preparaƟon unusable for commercial release, e.g., by labeling it or destroying it, as referred to in step (c). Disorders / Diseases
[0120] A preparaƟon of RPE cells described herein can be used in cell‐based treatments in which RPE cells are needed or would improve treatment. In some embodiments, provided preparaƟons may be used to treat an ocular pathology. In some embodiments, methods of using RPE cells described herein can be used for treaƟng various condiƟons described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 10,077,424. 37
[0121] The parƟcular treatment regimen, route of administraƟon, and any adjuvant therapy can be tailored in accordance with appropriate medical pracƟce, for example based on parƟcular condiƟon, severity, and a subject’s overall health. In some embodiments, administraƟon of RPE cells may be effecƟve to fully restore any vision loss or other symptoms. In some embodiments, administraƟon of RPE cells may be effecƟve to reduce severity of symptoms and / or to prevent further degeneraƟon in a subject’s condiƟon. AlternaƟvely or addiƟonally, in some embodiments, RPE cell administraƟon can be used to help treat symptoms of any injury to endogenous RPE layer or to any other ocular epithelial layer. In some embodiments, a preparaƟon of RPE cells described herein can be used to treat age related macular degeneraƟon, myopic degeneraƟon, Stargardt disease, choroidal neovascularizaƟon, any condiƟon, or disease that leads to scarring or atrophy or dysfuncƟon of the RPE layer. In some embodiments, a provided preparaƟon is used to treat a condiƟon or disease that leads to reƟnal atrophy or edema or degeneraƟon or detachment. In some embodiments, a provided preparaƟon is used to treat a condiƟon or disease that leads to loss or dysfuncƟon of photoreceptors. In some embodiments, a provided preparaƟon is used to treat a condiƟon or disease that affects the cornea endothelium or epithelium. In some embodiments, a provided preparaƟon is used to treat an ocular pathology.
[0122] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides methods of treaƟng a reƟnal disease or disorder by administering a preparaƟon of RPE described herein to an eye of a subject. In some embodiments, a reƟnal disease or disorder includes, for example, reƟnal degeneraƟon, such as age‐related macular degeneraƟon (dry or wet), reƟnal detachment, reƟniƟs pigmentosa, Stargardt Disease, myopic degeneraƟon, Best’s disease and macular telangiectasia.
[0123] Age‐related macular degeneraƟon (AMD) is a progressive degeneraƟve disease that is the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly populaƟon. DegeneraƟon / dysregulaƟon of the reƟnal pigment epithelium (RPE), a supporƟve monolayer of cells underlying the photoreceptors, is commonly seen in paƟents with AMD. While treatment exists for the neovascular / wet form of AMD, there is currently no cure for the non‐exudaƟve / dry form of AMD . (Somasundaran S, Constable IJ, Mellough CB, Carvalho LS. 38 ReƟnal pigment epithelium and age‐related macular degeneraƟon: A review of major disease mechanisms. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020 Nov;48(8):1043‐1056. doi: 10.1111 / ceo.13834. Epub 2020 Aug 17. PMID: 32710488; PMCID: PMC7754492.)
[0124] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treaƟng disorders associated with reƟnal degeneraƟon, including macular degeneraƟon, by administering to an eye of a subject a preparaƟon of RPE cells described herein. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treatment of eye diseases, including hereditary and acquired eye diseases, by administering to an eye of a subject a preparaƟon of RPE cells described herein. Examples of acquired or hereditary eye diseases include age related macular degeneraƟon, myopic degeneraƟon, Stargardt disease, choroidal neovascularizaƟon, any condiƟon or disease that leads to scarring or atrophy or dysfuncƟon of the RPE layer, any condiƟon or disease that leads to reƟnal atrophy or edema or degeneraƟon or detachment, any condiƟon or disease that leads to loss or dysfuncƟon of photoreceptors, any condiƟon or disease that affects the cornea endothelium or epithelium, or any other ocular pathology.
[0125] Pathologic myopia represents a subgroup of myopia and affects up to 3% of the world populaƟon. Vision loss related to pathologic myopia is of great clinical significance as it can be progressive and / or irreversible, and affects individuals during their most producƟve years. Progressive reƟnal pigment epithelial (RPE) thinning and aƩenuaƟon develops in various clinical stages throughout the fundus. DistribuƟon of RPE atrophy and variable light reflecƟon may be appreciated even in young paƟents with high myopia. PaƟents with pathologic myopia present with the presence of myopic maculopathy equal to or more severe than diffuse chorioreƟnal atrophy. Myopic maculopathy includes diffuse chorioreƟnal atrophy, patchy chorioreƟnal atrophy, lacquer cracks, myopic choroidal neovascularizaƟon (myopic CNV), and CNV‐related macular atrophy. To date, there is no topical, local or systemic pharmacotherapy or surgery that is known to alter effecƟvely the chorioreƟnal and RPE atrophy. PaƟents who develop myopic CNV can be treated with anƟ VEGF agents. (Ryan et al. ReƟna. 2013, Ohno‐Matsui K. Pathologic myopia. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol 2016;5: 415–423). 39
[0126] Stargardt disease is the most common form of juvenile macular degeneraƟon and is characterized by a progressive loss of central vision, with onset of symptoms usually occurring during the teenage years. In affected individuals, mutaƟons are present in the ABCA4 gene, which encodes the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐binding casseƩe transporter in photoreceptors. When funcƟonal, ABCA4 helps clearing all‐trans‐ reƟnaldehyde and thus aƩenuates excess accumulaƟon of the toxic bisreƟnoid fluorophores that consƟtute the lipofuscin in the reƟna. Reduced or absent transporter acƟvity as in STGD1 results in more rapid accumulaƟon of lipofuscin in the reƟnal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, the end result of which is RPE and photoreceptor cell degeneraƟon. Currently there is no available treatment to Stragardts disease. FormulaƟons and AdministraƟon
[0127] In some embodiments, RPE cells described herein are delivered or administered to an eye of a subject in a pharmaceuƟcally acceptable ophthalmic formulaƟon, e.g., by intraocular injecƟon or applicaƟon to the ocular surface. In some embodiments, provided cell preparaƟons are administered subreƟnally. ConcentraƟons for injecƟons may be at any amount that is effecƟve and non‐toxic. In some embodiments, about 10,000 to about 1,000,000 (e.g., about 10,000 to about 5,000) RPE cells are administered to a subject. In some embodiments, about 10,000, 30,000, 50,000, 100,000, 150,000, 200,000, 250,000, 300,000, 350,000, 400,000, 450,000 or 500,000 up to 1,000,000 or more RPE cells are administered to a subject. In some embodiments, cells are administered as a single dose. In some embodiments, cells are administered in mulƟple doses.
[0128] In some embodiments, RPE cells are formulated for delivery in a pharmaceuƟcally acceptable ophthalmic vehicle. In some embodiments, such vehicle maintains a preparaƟon of RPE cells in contact with an ocular surface for a sufficient Ɵme period to allow the cells to penetrate the affected regions of the eye, as for example, the anterior chamber, posterior chamber, vitreous body, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, cornea, iris / ciliary, lens, choroid, reƟna, sclera, suprachoroidal space, conjuncƟva, 40 subconjuncƟval space, episcleral space, intracorneal space, epicorneal space, sub corneal space / corneal endothelial layer , pars plana, surgically‐induced avascular regions, the macula, any reƟnal region. The present disclosure addiƟonally includes products and systems, such as delivery vehicles, comprising RPE cells described herein, as well as kits comprising such delivery vehicles and / or systems.
[0129] In some embodiments, preparaƟons of RPE cells described herein are administered to an eye of a subject using an implant or device. In certain embodiments, the device is a biodegradable implant for treaƟng a condiƟon of the eye, for example comprising RPE cells dispersed within a biodegradable polymer matrix. In some embodiments, a device is or comprises parƟcles (e.g., parƟcles that are or comprise a polymer matrix, such as a biodegradable polymer matrix, with which RPE cells as described herein are associated, for example being dispersed therewithin); in some such embodiments, at least about 75% of the parƟcles have a diameter of less than about 10 um.
[0130] In some embodiments, an implant, e.g., biodegradable implant, can be sized for implantaƟon to an ocular region, such as the anterior chamber, the posterior chamber, the vitreous cavity, the choroid, the suprachoroidal space, the conjuncƟva, the subconjuncƟval space, the episcleral space, the intracorneal space, the epicorneal space, subcorneal space / corneal endothelium layer, the sclera, the pars plana, surgically‐induced avascular regions, the macula, and the reƟna / sub reƟnal space.
[0131] In some embodiments, a biodegradable polymer can be or comprise, for example, a poly(lacƟc‐co‐glycolic)acid (PLGA) copolymer. In certain embodiments, a raƟo of lacƟc to glycolic acid monomers in the polymer is about 25 / 75, about 40 / 60, about 50 / 50, about 60 / 40, about 75 / 25 weight percentage, more preferably about 50 / 50. AddiƟonally, the PLGA copolymer can be about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80 to about 90 percent by weight of the biodegradable implant. In certain embodiments, a PLGA copolymer can be from about 30 to about 50 percent by weight, preferably about 40 percent by weight of a biodegradable implant. 41
[0132] In some embodiments, preparaƟons of RPE cells described herein are administered to an eye of a subject on a scaffold, matrix, or bio ink.
[0133] The volume of a preparaƟon of RPE cells administered according to methods described herein can be dependent on factors such as the mode of administraƟon, number of RPE cells, age of the subject, and type and severity of the disease being treated. In some embodiments, a preparaƟon of RPE cells is administered by injecƟon, e.g., in a liquid volume from about 5.0 microliters to about 50 microliters, from about 50 microliters to about 250 microliters, from about 250 microliters to about 1 milliliter. In some embodiments, RPE cells are administered by injecƟon in a liquid volume of about 150 microliters.
[0134] In some embodiments, a preparaƟon of RPE cells is administered to an eye of a subject by intraocular injecƟon. Dosage regimens can be adjusted to provide the opƟmum desired response (e.g., a therapeuƟc response).
[0135] In some embodiments, a preparaƟon of RPE cells is administered to an eye of a subject one or more Ɵmes periodically throughout the life of a subject, e.g., once per year, once every 6‐12 months, once every 3‐6 months, once every 1‐3 months, or once every 1‐4 weeks. AlternaƟvely, more frequent administraƟon may be desirable for certain condiƟons or disorders.
[0136] In some embodiments, a subject treated with a preparaƟon of RPE cells is also administered immunosuppressive therapy, either before, concurrently with, or aŌer administraƟon of the RPE cells. In some embodiments, e.g., specifically in embodiments in which allogeneic cells are uƟlized (rather than autologous cells), immunosuppressive therapy may be necessary throughout the life of the subject, or for a shorter period of Ɵme. Examples of immunosuppressive therapy include, but are not limited to, one or more of: anƟ‐lymphocyte globulin (ALG) polyclonal anƟbody, anƟ‐thymocyte globulin (ATG) polyclonal anƟbody, azathioprine, BASILIXIMAB® (anƟ‐IL‐2Ra receptor anƟbody), cyclosporin (cyclosporin A), DACLIZUMAB® (anƟ‐IL‐2Ra receptor anƟbody), everolimus, mycophenolic acid, RITUX1MAB® (anƟ‐CD20 anƟbody), sirolimus, tacrolimus (Prograf™), and mycophemolate mofeƟl (MMF). 42
[0137] The present disclosure includes composiƟons, e.g., pharmaceuƟcal composiƟons, containing preparaƟons of RPE cells described herein, formulated together with a pharmaceuƟcally acceptable carrier. Methods well known in the art for making formulaƟons are found, for example, in “Remington: The Science and PracƟce of Pharmacy” (20th ed., ed. A. R. Gennaro A R., 2000, LippincoƩ Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa.). In some embodiments, RPE cells described herein are formulated with a pharmaceuƟcally acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, pharmaceuƟcal composiƟons suitable for parental administraƟon can comprise RPE cells in combinaƟon with one or more pharmaceuƟcally acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous soluƟons, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconsƟtuted into sterile injectable soluƟons or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain anƟoxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulaƟon isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers which may be employed in the pharmaceuƟcal composiƟons of the invenƟon include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coaƟng materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required parƟcle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
[0138] PrevenƟon of presence of microorganisms can be ensured by inclusion of one or more anƟbacterial and anƟfungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like.
[0139] Actual dosage levels of RPE cells in pharmaceuƟcal composiƟons provided by the present disclosure may be varied so as to obtain an amount of RPE cells that is effecƟve to achieve the desired therapeuƟc response for a parƟcular paƟent, composiƟon, and mode of administraƟon, without being toxic to the paƟent. In some embodiments, a selected dosage level will depend upon one or more of a variety of pharmacokineƟc factors including the acƟvity of the parƟcular composiƟons of RPE cells, the route of administraƟon, the Ɵme of administraƟon, the duraƟon of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and / or materials used in combinaƟon with the parƟcular composiƟons employed, the age, sex, weight, 43 condiƟon, general health and prior medical history of the paƟent being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
[0140] In some embodiments, therapeuƟc composiƟons can be administered with medical devices known in the art. For example, in some embodiments, RPE cells are delivered as a cell suspension using a delivery device (e.g., needle or injecƟon cannula), e.g., having an outer diameter between 90‐100 μm. In some embodiments, RPE cells are delivered as a cell suspension using a delivery device (e.g., needle or injecƟon cannula), e.g., having an inner aperture diameter between 65‐75 μl. In some embodiments, RPE cells are loaded into a delivery device (e.g., 1 mL syringe) using a 18 G needle. In some embodiments, an 18 G needle may then be replaced with an extension tube (e.g., between 5‐10 cm) and air is removed through the extension tube. An injecƟon cannula, e.g., having a Ɵp having an outer diameter between 90‐100 μm (e.g., 41 G) may then be aƩached to the end of the extension tube. In some embodiments, the inner diameter of the aperture of the Ɵp is about 65‐75 μm (e.g., about 70 μm). In some embodiments, the cannula comprises a 41 G Ɵp (for example, as manufactured by Peregrine). In some embodiments, the cannula is a 25 G cannula. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an arƟcle of manufacture comprising an 18 G needle and a 25 G / 41 G cannula. Such a device may be used for the uptake of RPE cells and the subsequent intraocular administraƟon of RPE cells. In some embodiments, the device may further comprise an extension tube (e.g., between about 5 and 15 cm) and a syringe (e.g., 1‐2 ml syringe). Many other such implants, delivery systems, and modules are known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, RPE cells are delivered on / in a scaffold by a designated carrier.
[0141] All publicaƟons, patent applicaƟons, patents, and other references menƟoned herein are incorporated by reference in their enƟrety. In addiƟon, the materials, methods, and examples are illustraƟve only and not intended to be limiƟng. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scienƟfic terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invenƟon belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used 44 in the pracƟce or tesƟng of the present invenƟon, suitable methods and materials are described herein.
[0142] The disclosure is further illustrated by the following examples. The examples are provided for illustraƟve purposes only. They are not to be construed as limiƟng the scope or content of the disclosure in any way. EXAMPLES Example 1 – AiPSC‐RPE Manufacturing Process
[0143] PaƟent‐specific autologous iPSC derived RPE (“AiPSC‐RPE”) product was manufactured from paƟent‐derived skin biopsies and produced as one batch per paƟent. The manufacturing process for AiPSC‐RPE drug substance (DS) and drug product (DP) comprised the 4 stages presented in Figure 1, and are discussed below. Stage 1 (Skin Biopsy to Fibroblast Bank)
[0144] Fibroblasts were produced and banked as described in Hazim et al., Stem Cell Res. Ther. 10(1):52 (2019). Briefly, punch biopsies from subjects were obtained and immediately immersed in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) / F12. The pellets, which contained dissociated cells and Ɵssue clumps, were collected. The medium was changed once every 72 hours unƟl the cell monolayer was 70% confluent, and then the cells were passaged using TrypLE. Once the cells were confluent, they were passaged and characterized by immunostaining for fibroblast cell markers (Fibroblast Specific Protein‐1 (FSP‐1) and VimenƟn) to confirm their idenƟty. Single‐cell suspensions of >70% viability were then cryopreserved in ProFreeze chemically defined freeze medium (CDM) per the manufacturer’s protocol. A summary of results from characterizing fibroblast cell lines is shown in Table 1. 45 Table 1. Summary Results of Fibroblast characterizaƟon Result Summary TesƟng Threshold (n=Donor cell line r ss Stage 2 (Fibroblast Bank Thaw to iPSC Bank)
[0145] iPSCs were produced and banked as described in Hazim et al., Stem Cell Res. Ther. 10(1):52 (2019). Briefly, paƟent‐specific fibroblasts were thawed and cells were then centrifuged. Cells were resuspended in mTESR1 (serum‐free and feeder free) media. AŌer an overnight incubaƟon, cells were reprogrammed using the Simplicon reprogramming kit per the manufacturing SOP for a duraƟon of 4–6 weeks.
[0146] The non‐integraƟng vector used for reprogramming of fibroblast to iPSCs was the modified, non‐infecƟous self‐replicaƟng polycistronic, Venezuelan Equine EncephaliƟs (VEE) virus RNA replicon RNA system that consistently expresses the 46 reprogramming factors over mulƟple cell divisions. iPSC colonies formed within 4–6 weeks and cultures were replated using RelesR (Stem Cell technologies, enzyme‐free reagent) for propagaƟon. iPSCs were then passaged weekly unƟl passage 7–10, at which point iPSCs were stabilized (approximately 5–7 weeks). MTesR1 media with 1X anƟbioƟc and anƟmycoƟc was used for iPSCs, which was filter sterilized using a 0.22 μm filter, stored for 5– 7 days at 4°C, and changed daily. Single‐cell suspensions were then cryopreserved in ProFreeze CDM per the manufacturer’s protocol. A summary of the results and quality assurance tesƟngs is shown in Table 2. 47 Table 2. Summary Results of AiPSC characterizaƟon Result Summary TesƟng Threshold (n=Donor cell line r Stage 3 (iPSC Bank Thaw to RPE Bank)
[0147] RPEs were produced and banked as described in Hazim et al., Stem Cell Res. Ther. 10(1):52 (2019). Briefly, paƟent specific iPSCs were thawed in a temperature monitored water bath at 37°C for 1 minute. Cells were then centrifuged and cultured in 48 MTesR1 media, which was changed daily for 5–7 days unƟl AiPS cells were 80%–95% confluent.
[0148] For differenƟaƟon to RPE cells, media was switched to basal medium containing DMEM / F12 supplemented with 14% xeno‐free knock out serum replacement (KSR), 1% non‐essenƟal amino acids (NEAA), 2 mM L‐glutamine and 10 mM nicoƟnamide, and then cultured for 2 weeks. Medium was changed every other day. On the 3rd and 4th weeks of differenƟaƟon, 140 ng / ml AcƟvin A and 20 ng / ml basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) were added to the medium and the cells were allowed to grow for an addiƟonal 2 weeks. Cell cultures were then returned to basal medium unƟl visual analysis using phase contrast microscope showed the majority were deeply pigmented. Pigmented regions started to appear during the 5th and 6th weeks of differenƟaƟon.
[0149] The pigmented regions were differenƟally passaged with TrypLE and RPE medium containing DMEM / F12 supplemented with 5% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 4% human AB serum, 0.25 mg / ml taurine, 10 mM nicoƟnamide, 1x NEAA, 1x N2, 1x B27, 0.1 mM beta mercaptoethanol and 1x Glutamax™. Pigmented cells were passaged mechanically by gently collecƟng the cells with the medium aŌer 10 minutes of TrypLE™ treatment. As shown in Table 3, AiPSC‐RPE cells that were passaged using TrypLE for 10 minutes yielded cells that passed idenƟty, safety, stability, purity and potency tests when compared to AiPSC‐RPE cells that were passaged using TrypLE for 1 or 3 mins. 49 Table 3. Com passaging vs dglonhƟsseerThTeylpbobcoscorc ei%5M9 n≥ots)KTreM;PBLR;1TSEB;56EPR(noisserpxerekram cfici)ep)sRRCLILILIECPPPRddrdd A(FL( 5 9IAFAFo.4 0A3 9. F74 9. 533 9. 18 6 9 28 5. 45 2. 14. 38. 33. 4f6R≥01≥ .9.:00:1:93 8 ..1:07 .:1:04 .:1:00 3. 4 6. 8 6. 8 8.:1 0:1 0:2 1:1 0:C1 561 561 0:1 561 561 5:1 5:1 5:1 5:1 5PTdS ETS ETS ETS ETS ET 6ET 6ET 6ET 6ET 6EdEBPREBPREBPRANANEBPREBPSREBPSREBPSREBPSREBPSREBPREP EgR PR n‐ƟC irS bioPhxfiAesn eoisescencencence e e e e encncnc c c c: nie e e e e e enenen nCSHSlllrpses s s s s s sesesIAPecxere e e e e e e e ePrPrPrPrPrPrPrPrPrP50 dlnaab m‐rGoNrelpaiboy rticilir metSoNamsalpocyMoNdnaneavƟmaugHeNtro oh NS(:RSTSSAP%100.r 0ot≤cSeSVAPeulebvi ln%a0py 7rT ≥fo slln eo cisse%rp0x8E ≥fo ≤82ec NInL:%esSbS 20 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSAA0P.0APAPDNAPAPAPAPAPAAP / NEPR%08:% % % % % % %s0%sa 8.3%2%081. 065. 07. 08.%03. 00.* P 8 9 9 829697949898905 o1t21 mcnLILILR / seAeFA2FLI I2AEFAF352EmwT ≥htoe7b8 0. 09. 0 6.7 8.311353151141712271olƟFaaRfGoE 5V5.LI 9L 04AF 7. I 7L3 L03AF 4. I08AF 9.I6A1r.h2 60r.h2 90r.h2 80r.h2 10.A / Ɵ0 F 1 7 1 7 1 7 s 1 7 s 1 NnereffoiƟFDaRfDoEP 2. 148. 126.5 8. 538.2 2. 931. 420. 332.A4 / N‐sislsleeotcsoyf tco yocgo%a%0%0%0% % % % % % %h07 gah 3.45.906.60 0 0 0 0 00.23.34.19.4 3 59.4.7.P ≥ p 9 7 8 7 8 8 9 9 999
[0150] Cells were then re‐plated at a density of 10,000 cells / cm2 for culture expansion and incubated overnight at 37°C in a 5% CO2. The propagaƟon and purificaƟon of RPEs conƟnued for approximately 12 weeks with cell morphology being checked at each passage, using a novel morphology scoring system developed to determine the opƟmal phenotype of AiPSC‐RPE products. The scoring system helped guide key decisions in the manufacture process to produce quality RPE cells. AiPSC‐RPE cells were grown in 6 well plates and five random images were taken to score the cells based on the morphology scoring system shown in Figure 2. The scoring system was used to determine the number of passages to culture AiPSC‐RPE to yield a final product that passed idenƟty, safety, purity, potency and stability criteria. This system eliminated donor to donor variability and the results yielded an effecƟve, potent and consistent product. Table 4 below, shows two AiPSC‐RPE products at passage 3 that did not pass the morphology scoring system. However, when passaged to passage four, the cells not only passed the morphology scoring system but also passed all addiƟonal quality criteria. Table 4. The Morphology Scaling System guides manufacturing to superior AiPSC‐RPE products passing all quality tesƟng AiPSC-RPE products do not pass AiPSC-RPE products do pass morphology scoring system morphology scoring system 9 453 Protein IHC for RPE markers PASS: AiPSC- Presence Presence Presence Presence Expressio (MiTF, BEST1, ZO1) RPE cell lines n exhibitingDifferential Secretion Ratio of 98.70% 99.10% 93.40% 91.90% of PEDF / VEGF - VEGF(Basal / Ap exhibit polarization of ical) ≥ 1 2
[0151] Single‐cell suspensions of RPE cells were cryopreserved in ProFreeze CDM per the manufacturer’s protocol. A sample of the cells prior to freezing was collected for in‐process DS release tesƟng as shown in Table 5. Table 5. Summary Results from methods of AiPSC‐RPE characterizaƟon Purpose TesƟng parameter Threshold Result Summary ne ell 55 MerTK ≥ 0.15 (ddPCR) 14 / 14: Pass (PMEL17+CD140b+CD184‐ GD2‐) ry ne ell Stage 4 ‐ Culturing cells for 4‐6 weeks before final formulaƟon yielded improved AiPSC‐RPE products
[0152] To understand opƟmal condiƟons for clinical formulaƟon, freshly thawed AiPSC‐RPE versus AiPSC‐RPE cultured for four weeks were tested for viability and potency. All cells were re‐ suspended in balanced salt soluƟon prior to tesƟng, as intended for surgical delivery. AiPSC‐RPE cultured for four weeks revealed a dramaƟc increase in both cell viability (Figure 3A) and cell potency as measured by TEER (Figure 3B) compared to freshly thawed AiPSC‐RPE, leading to a significantly more favorable profile for transplantaƟon, and were selected as the final formulaƟon. 57
[0153] AiPSC‐RPE drug products were tested in balanced salt soluƟon formulaƟon buffer, passing the cells through the delivery device and counƟng the cells for viability and potency at successive Ɵme periods. Cells had remarkable survivability post 6 hours aŌer final formulaƟon preparaƟon, and although cell aggregaƟon while in the salt soluƟon was expected and observed, there was no impact to the number of cells recovered or the potency of the final product (Abe et al., Curr. Eye Res. 20 (4): 268‐ 75 (2000); Lund et al., Cloning Stem Cells 8 (3):189‐99 (2006)). AddiƟonally, viability by trypan blue dye exclusion and potency by differenƟal secreƟon of cytokines VEGF and PEDF was constant, robust, and persisted up to 6 hours post passage through the delivery device. (See Figures 4 and 5; Lonza RPE was used as a primary cell line control). Together these data show a unique stability and potency of cell suspension products. Example 2 – IdenƟficaƟon of Unique RPE‐specific Protein Markers
[0154] A unique panel of RPE specific markers was developed to show purity of AiPSC‐RPE products. The protein expression profile included posiƟvity to RPE markers: PMEL17, CD140b and negaƟvity to non‐RPE lineage markers, GD2 and CD184. As shown in Figures 6A‐6D, purity of RPE cells, defined by increasing numbers of the PMEL17(+) / CD140b(+) / GD2(‐) / CD184(‐) populaƟon, increased from passage 0 to passage 4 using TrypLE in Stage 3 differenƟaƟon process described in Example 1. Example 3 – EvaluaƟon of IdenƟty, Safety and Potency of Stage 4 AiPSC‐RPE Products
[0155] In order to determine variability and consistency between donor cultures, three paƟent specific AiPSC‐RPE cell products produced from three parallel cultures of the same RPE bank, as shown in the schemaƟc in Figure 7 were tested for idenƟty, safety and potency. To compare idenƟty, gene expression was assessed using ddPCR. AddiƟonally, a mycoplasma test was performed for safety evaluaƟon, and a phagocytosis test on each parallel culture was used to assess potency.
[0156] The results presented in Table 6 show that parallel cultures were comparable in idenƟty, safety, purity, and potency, and demonstrate that the parallel culture model is suitable for surrogate release tesƟng of drug product (DP) to be administered to paƟents. 58 Table 6. Results of Comparability of Cultures from a RepresentaƟve RPE Bank doh dlo esle 1ele 2le 3)etat tlseehs olplarlulerller% ta u a u (M er rlr tlr tl%40.3%70.1on. A coefficient of variaƟon 10 to 20% is considered medium, implying the experiment has good precision. 59 Example 4 – EvaluaƟon of the Efficacy of ReƟnal Pigmented Epithelial Cells when Administered Sub‐ reƟnally into the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) Rat Model
[0157] To determine efficacy for AiPSC‐RPE products in the RCS rat model, AiPSC‐RPE products (manufactured as described in Example 1) from 3 independent paƟent donors were tested, as well one AiPSC‐RPE product from a single paƟent donor (derived from separate iPSC lines from the single paƟent donor) in the RCS rat model of reƟnal degeneraƟon. RCS rats are known for having geneƟc photoreceptor degeneraƟon (Lund et al., Cloning Stem Cells 8 (3):189‐99 (2006)). Methods
[0158] Eighty‐four RCS rats (48 males and 36 females) were assigned to the study. On postnatal day (P) 19–23, rats were assigned into 1 of 15 groups, per the study design in Table 7: Group 1, 6 and 12 – AiPSC‐RPE cells (01F1i1R1) at a dose of 60,000 cells / eye (treatment), Group 2, 7, and 13 – AiPSC‐RPE cells (02F1i1R1) at a dose of 60,000 cells / eye (treatment), Group 3, 8 and 14 – AiPSC‐RPE cells (13F1i1R1) at a dose of 60,000 cells / eye (treatment), Group 4, 9 and 15 – AiPSC‐RPE cells (13F1i2R1) at a dose of 60,000 cells / eye (treatment), Group 5 – vehicle only (control), and Group 10 – no treatment (control). Immunosuppressant treatment using dexamethasone (daily intraperitoneal injecƟons for 14 days aŌer dosing or assignment to study) and cyclosporine A (conƟnuous administraƟon via drinking water for remainder of study aŌer dosing) was administered to all animals. Clinical ophthalmic examinaƟons were performed at baseline and at Weeks 4, 8, and 12 aŌer test arƟcle and vehicle control administraƟon. OCT and color fundus photography were performed on Day 0 immediately post dose for animals in Groups 1 and 2 and at Weeks 4, 8, and 12 for all groups. The animals’ visual acuity was tested with optokineƟc response (OKR) and electroreƟnography (ERG) was performed in Weeks 4, 8, and 12. General health observaƟons were performed and recorded daily. Body weights were measured at baseline, in Week 1, and prior to terminaƟon. Animals were terminated in Week 4, 8, or 12. Blood was collected for clinical pathology analysis, gross necropsies were performed on all animals, and eyes (whole globes), ocular adnexa, systemic Ɵssues, and gross lesions were collected and analyzed. 60 Table 7. Efficacy Study Design to Test Persistence and FuncƟon of AiPSC‐RPE Cell Products TreatmentClinica Termination Group NDosel OCT & Color Oph Time Point Tissues (cells / eye)OKR ERGthalmic Fundus Examinatio and Gross Collected OD OS ns Photography odResults
[0159] OCT was used to assess the thickness of the ONL at several Ɵme points. At four weeks post transplantaƟon, there was a greater than 15% increase in ONL compared to control animals injected with vehicle alone across all AiPSC‐RPE products tested. Also, at 8 weeks post transplantaƟon, a greater than 5% increase in ONL was seen, compared to vehicle only controls across all AiPSC‐RPE products (Figure 8, adjusted p‐values < 0.01 for tesƟng all paƟent‐derived cell lines against vehicle alone, using DunneƩ’s method for mulƟple comparison). As the degradaƟon of photoreceptors in the ONL of the RCS rat became increasingly advanced, no increase in ONL was seen, and results became inconclusive.
[0160] AddiƟonally, human markers were used to examine the presence of transplanted cells in the sub reƟnal region. The persistence of AiPSC‐RPE cells at all‐Ɵme points measured, from week 4 through Week 12 post transplantaƟon (Table 8), demonstrated robustness of the AiPSC‐RPE cell products. 61 Table 8. Summary of Efficacy: IntegraƟon and persistence of transplanted cells at 4, 8 and 12 weeks post transplantaƟon across four different AiPSC‐RPE drug products Sample 4 Weeks Post Injectiona8 Weeks Post Injectiona12 Weeks Post InjectionaAiPSC‐RPE product 1 6 / 6 6 / 6 3 / 6b
[0161] Immunocytochemistry showed protein expression of human nuclei at Week 4 and Week 12 post transplantaƟon (Figure 9 and Figure 10, respecƟvely). Week 8 results were consistent (data not shown). Importantly, at Week 12, evidence that AiPSC‐RPE cells migrated from the area of injecƟon (Figure 11, white boxed area) and integrated in a mono layer with the endogenous RPE layer was seen. Cells also demonstrated polarizaƟon as evident by ezrin staining at the apical side (data not shown).
[0162] As a test for funcƟon in vivo, OKR was performed on the animal cohorts at Ɵme points up to 12 weeks post transplantaƟon. OKR response in 01F1i1R1 had a greater than 7% increase at Week 8 and a 4% increase at Week 12. OKR response in 02F1i1R1 had a 3% increase for both Week 8 and 12 post transplantaƟon. The highest increase in OKR response were seen in AiPSC‐RPE cell products, 13F1i1R1 and 13F1i2R1, with a greater than 7% increase compared to the vehicle control only group throughout the study from Weeks 4–12 (Figure 12, adjusted p‐values < 0.01 for tesƟng all paƟent‐ derived cell lines against vehicle alone, using DunneƩ’s method for mulƟple comparison).
[0163] AddiƟonally, ERG was used to test the funcƟon of the reƟna. In Week 4, scotopic b wave amplitude increased with increasing flash intensity for all treatment groups. At the highest intensity of 39.8 cd•sec / m², scotopic b wave amplitude in eyes treated with 01F1i1R1 or 02F1i1R1 was higher compared to vehicle‐treated and untreated eyes. Scotopic b wave amplitude at 39.8 cd•sec / m² in eyes 62 treated with 13F1i1R1 or 13F1i2R1 was comparable to vehicle‐treated and uninjected eyes at this Ɵme point. By Week 8, scotopic b wave amplitude sƟll increased with increasing flash intensity, but to a much smaller degree than in Week 4. At the highest intensity of 39.8 cd•sec / m², scotopic b wave amplitude in eyes treated with 01F1i1R1 or 02F1i1R1 had decreased compared to Week 4. However, in eyes treated with 02F1i1R1, scotopic b wave amplitude was sƟll slightly higher than in vehicle‐treated and untreated eyes. The mean scotopic b wave amplitudes measured for eyes treated with 13F1i1R1 or 13F1i2R1 were lower than in other cell‐injected eyes, but also slightly lower than in vehicle‐treated and untreated eyes. By Week 12, scotopic b wave amplitude no longer increased consistently with increasing flash intensity. At the highest intensity of 39.8 cd•sec / m², scotopic b wave amplitude in vehicle‐treated and untreated eyes had decreased sharply compared to Week 8 and mean scotopic b wave amplitude in eyes treated with 01F1i1R1 and 13F1i2R1 was higher than in vehicle‐treated and untreated eyes (Figure 13). Conclusions
[0164] Sub‐reƟnal injecƟon of post‐mitoƟc AiPSC‐RPE cells from one of four different cell lines into the eyes of immunosuppressed RCS rats at a dose of 60,000 cells / eye was associated with formaƟon of an AiPSC‐RPE cell graŌ in the sub‐reƟnal space and increased reƟnal ONL thickness at four and eight weeks aŌer AiPSC‐RPE cell implantaƟon (at age ~P49 and ~P77, respecƟvely) compared to vehicle‐ injected and untreated eyes. Pathological signs indicaƟve of reƟnal degeneraƟon, including reƟnal auto fluorescence, reƟnal vessel aƩenuaƟon, RPE clumping, and pallor of the opƟc disc were also delayed and / or reduced in severity at these Ɵme points in eyes injected with AiPSC‐RPE cells compared to vehicle‐injected and untreated eyes. These findings suggest that treatment with AiPSC‐RPE cells ameliorated photoreceptor degeneraƟon and reƟnal deterioraƟon characterisƟc of the RCS rat. Despite the RCS rats rapidly degrading reƟna we found posiƟve funcƟonal results at mulƟple Ɵme points which indicate a potenƟal therapeuƟc effect. Thus, the ERG analysis and assessment of OKR suggested possible reƟnal funcƟonal improvement in dystrophic RCS rats aŌer RPE cell implantaƟon, evidenced by enhanced ERG b waves and higher OKR gains.
[0165] Persistence and funcƟon of AiPSC‐RPE cells were tested in the RCS rat model of reƟnal degeneraƟon, a reasonably characterized animal model for dysfuncƟon of RPEs in vivo. Both robust persistence and suitable funcƟon of the AiPSC‐RPE DP was observed.
[0166] MulƟple safety, toxicity and tumorigenicity studies were performed in SCID‐beige mice and RNU rats (immune compromised animals) and found no adverse effects of the AiPSC‐RPE products 63 up to 3 months post transplantaƟon in both the route of administraƟon and in the testes, (a highly permissive Ɵssue to measure tumors). Other Embodiments
[0167] While a number of embodiments of this invenƟon are described herein, the present disclosure and examples may be altered to provide other methods and composiƟons of this invenƟon. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invenƟon is to be defined by the appended claims in addiƟon to the specific embodiments that have been represented by way of example. All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference. 64
Claims
CLAIMS 1. A preparaƟon comprising reƟnal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells differenƟated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), wherein at least 80% of the RPE cells are PMEL17(+) / CD140b(+) / GD2(‐) / CD184(‐).
2. The preparaƟon of claim 1, wherein at least 80% of the RPE cells express RPE65, BEST1, RLBP1, and MerTK.
3. The preparaƟon of claim 1 or 2, wherein < 0.002% of the RPE cells are posiƟve for Lin28, with no expression of Oct4 or Klf4, as detected by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR).
4. The preparaƟon of any one of claims 1‐3, wherein a culture of the preparaƟon comprises at least 95% of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well‐defined membrane borders, and polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining).
5. The preparaƟon of any one of claims 1‐4, wherein: (a) the RPE cells exhibit trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of at least 100 ohms / cm2 aŌer culturing for about 1 week to about 8 weeks; (b) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of VEGF at a basal to apical secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; (c) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of PEDF at an apical to basal secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; and (d) at least 50% of the RPE cells exhibit ability to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments, e.g., as measured by flow cytometry.
6. The preparaƟon of any one of claims 1‐5, wherein upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), at least 80% of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining.
7. The preparaƟon of any one of claims 1‐6, wherein upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), at least 80% of the RPE cells exhibit TEER of at least about 50 65 ohms / cm2, at least about 75 ohms / cm2, at least about 100 ohms / cm2, at least about 125 ohms / cm2, at least about 150 ohms / cm2, at least about 175 ohms / cm2, or at least about 200 ohms / cm2, e.g., at between 1 and 8 weeks in culture.
8. The preparaƟon of claim 7, wherein upon storage at room temperature for 6 hours, at least 80% of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining.
9. A preparaƟon comprising reƟnal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells differenƟated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), wherein the preparaƟon has undergone at least one freeze / thaw cycle and has at least 80%, 90%, or 95% viability (e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining), relaƟve to a reference preparaƟon comprising RPE cells differenƟated from iPSCs and not having undergone at least one freeze / thaw cycle.
10. The preparaƟon of claim 9, wherein following at least one freeze / thaw cycle of the preparaƟon, at least 80%, 90%, or 95% of the RPE cells of the preparaƟon are viable (e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining).
11. The preparaƟon of claim 9 or 10, wherein following at least one freeze / thaw cycle, the preparaƟon has undergone culture in culture media for about 2 weeks to about 6 weeks, e.g., for about 4 weeks.
12. The preparaƟon of any one of claims 9‐11, wherein at least 80% of the RPE cells are PMEL17(+) / CD140b(+) / GD2(‐) / CD184(‐).
13. The preparaƟon of any one of claims 9‐12, wherein at least 80% of the RPE cells express RPE65, BEST1, RLBP1, and MerTK.
14. The preparaƟon of any one of claims 9‐13, wherein < 0.002% of the RPE cells are posiƟve for Lin28, with no expression of Oct4 or Klf4, as detected by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). 66 15. The preparaƟon of any one of claims 9‐14, wherein a culture of the preparaƟon comprises at least 95% of RPE cells exhibiƟng confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, well defined membrane borders, and polarizaƟon (e.g., as assessed using Ezrin staining).
16. The preparaƟon of any one of claims 9‐15, wherein: (a) the RPE cells exhibit trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of at least 100 ohms / cm2 aŌer culturing for about 1 week to about 8 weeks; (b) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of VEGF at a basal to apical secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; (c) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of PEDF at an apical to basal secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; and (d) at least 50% of the RPE cells exhibit ability to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments, e.g., as measured by flow cytometry.
17. The preparaƟon of any one of claims 9‐16, wherein upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), at least 80% of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining.
18. The preparaƟon of claim 17, wherein upon storage at room temperature for 6 hours, at least 80% of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining.
19. The preparaƟon of any one of claims 1‐18, wherein the iPSCs are derived from fibroblasts or from peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
20. The preparaƟon of any one of claims 1‐19, comprising a suspension of the RPE cells.
21. The preparaƟon of any one of claims 1‐19, comprising a scaffold, matrix, or bio ink, wherein the RPE cells are seeded onto, cultured onto, printed onto, or embedded in, the scaffold, matrix, or bio ink.
22. The preparaƟon of any one of claims 1‐21, comprising about 10,000 to about 1,500,000 RPE cells. 67 23. A method of manufacturing a preparaƟon of RPE cells, the method comprising: propagaƟng fibroblasts from a skin sample or propagaƟng peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a whole blood sample; producing iPSCs from the fibroblasts or from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells; differenƟaƟng the iPSCs into a culture of RPE cells; and passaging the culture of RPE cells for at least 10 minutes using a dissociaƟon reagent unƟl at least 95% of the cultured RPE cells exhibit confluent hexagonal cells, pigmentaƟon, cobblestone configuraƟon, and well defined membrane borders, thereby producing a preparaƟon of RPE cells.
24. The method of claim 23, further comprising subjecƟng the preparaƟon to at least one freeze / thaw cycle.
25. The method of claim 23 or 24, wherein at least 80% of the RPE cells of the preparaƟon are PMEL17(+) / CD140b(+) / GD2(‐) / CD184(‐).
26. The method of any one of claims 23‐25, wherein at least 80% of the RPE cells of the preparaƟon express RPE65, BEST1, RLBP1, and MerTK.
27. The method of any one of claims 23‐26, wherein < 0.002% of the RPE cells of the preparaƟon are posiƟve for Lin28, with no expression of Oct4 or Klf4, e.g., as detected by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR).
28. The method of any one of claims 23‐27, wherein: (a) the RPE cells exhibit trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of at least 100 ohms / cm2 aŌer culturing for about 1 week to about 8 weeks; (b) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of VEGF at a basal to apical secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; (c) the RPE cells exhibit differenƟal secreƟon of PEDF at an apical to basal secreƟon raƟo greater than 0.5; and (d) at least 50% of the RPE cells exhibit ability to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments, e.g., as measured by flow cytometry. 68 29. The method of any one of claims 23‐28, wherein upon passage through a transplantaƟon device (e.g., a 41g device), at least 80% of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein upon storage at room temperature for 6 hours, at least 80% of the RPE cells are viable, e.g., as determined by trypan blue staining.
31. A preparaƟon of RPE cells produced by the method of any one of claims 23‐30.
32. A method of treaƟng a subject suffering from or at risk of an eye disorder, the method comprising administering to an eye of the subject the preparaƟon of RPE cells of any one of claims 1‐22 or 31.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein the RPE cells are autologous to the subject.
34. The method of claim 32 or 33, wherein the preparaƟon comprises about 10,000 to about 1,500,000 RPE cells.
35. The method of any one of claims 32‐34, wherein the preparaƟon is introduced into any region of the eye of the subject.
36. The method of any one of claims 32‐35, wherein the preparaƟon comprises a suspension of the RPE cells.
37. The method of any one of claims 32‐35, wherein the preparaƟon comprises a scaffold, matrix, or bio ink, and wherein the RPE cells are seeded onto, cultured onto, printed onto, or embedded in, the scaffold, matrix, or bio ink. 69