Composition for increasing a cognitive skill

Abstract

The present invention relates to a chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, the composition containing: lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidines; c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides and bacosides; and d) preferably a masticatory substance.

Description

[0001] New PCT patent application based on EP 23184320.2 SFN Holding AG Vossius Ref.: AG2774 PCT BS Composition for enhancing cognitive ability The present invention relates to a chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, wherein the composition contains: a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; c) at least one substance selected from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides; and d) preferably a chewing mass. Numerous documents, including patent applications, patents, and instruction manuals from various manufacturers, are cited in the description. The disclosure of each of these documents, although not considered relevant to the patentability of the present invention, is hereby incorporated into the disclosure of the application.In particular, all documents referenced in these documents are incorporated into the disclosure of the application to the same extent as if each of these documents had been specifically incorporated into the disclosure of the present application by reference. The enhancement of cognitive ability (also called "neuroenhancement") has received considerable attention in recent years. Studies show that the use of substances to (hopefully) enhance mental performance is widespread, particularly in performance-oriented professions and among students. However, study results on the effects of various herbal dietary supplements on mental performance are contradictory.These substances include: Ginkgo biloba, ginseng root (Panax ginseng), Rhodiola rosea, sunflower lecithin, grape seed flour with oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), Brahmi leaves (Bacopa monnieri), and omega-3 fatty acids. In most studies, these substances were administered orally and are therefore subject to digestion and a first-pass effect. In contrast, preparations exist for several other substances (e.g., nicotine, nitroglycerin) that are absorbed through the oral mucosa and thus have a faster effect and are not subject to a first-pass effect. Furthermore, only individual substances were generally tested, whereas, due to the different mechanisms of action of the individual substances, a synergistic effect of certain combinations of individual substances is possible. Thus, there is still a high demand for substances, and especially combinations of several individual substances, that can enhance cognitive abilities.This need is addressed by the present invention. Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention relates to a composition which contains a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; and c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides and bacosides, or at least one substance from the group consisting of glycosides, ginsenosides and bacosides. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition contains a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; and c) at least two substances from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides and bacosides. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; and c) at least one glucoside in each case, and d) at least one ginsenoside in each case.The ingredients of the composition provide an increase in a cognitive ability (also called "neuroenhancement") in an individual to whom the composition is administered. Accordingly, the composition can be referred to as or used for "a composition for increasing a cognitive ability (also called "neuroenhancement") in an individual." The formulation of the composition is not limited, and in principle, any formulation that leads to an increase in a cognitive ability in an individual to whom the composition is administered is suitable. The composition is preferably a composition that can be administered orally or nasally. The composition is preferably provided as a dosage unit.For oral administration, formulations of the composition as a liquid, capsule, tablet (particularly lozenge or chewable tablet), snus, powder, jelly, dragée, wine gum or gummy bears, granules, compressed tablets or pastilles, chewing gum, chewing bags, and candy (particularly lozenges or chewable candy) are suitable, among others. The composition that can be administered orally is preferably not swallowed or swallowed later, but should remain in the oral cavity, where the contents and active ingredients of the composition according to the invention are released and can then reach the bloodstream via the oral mucosa and the brain. This results in rapid absorption of the contents and active ingredients of the composition according to the invention, which reach the bloodstream and subsequently the brain without having to pass through the intestinal wall and liver.For this purpose, the composition can, for example, be placed under the tongue (sublingual) or in the cheek or lip pocket (buccal, between the cheek and gums) or - as will be explained further below - chewed. For buccal administration, for example, a strip can be placed laterally under the upper lip. For oral administration, it is possible for the composition to dissolve in the mouth and thus release the ingredients and active ingredients (e.g. candy or snus) or for the composition to release the ingredients and active ingredients from itself in dissolved form in the mouth and then the reservoir is spat out again (e.g. chewing gum or chewing bag), whereby the chewing gum can alternatively also be swallowed. For nasal administration, a formulation of the ingredients and active ingredients of the composition according to the invention as a spray or drops is particularly suitable.The composition is sprayed or dripped into the nose, and the active ingredients are then absorbed through the nasal mucosa (nasally), thus reaching the bloodstream and subsequently the brain without passing through the intestinal wall and liver. The active ingredients can be contained in a releasable form (e.g., homogeneously distributed throughout) and / or the active ingredients can form a filling or reservoir within the composition so that they can be released after ingestion by the individual. Lecithins (or, more precisely, chemically modified triglycerides) cause the conversion of choline to acetylcholine in the brain and nerves, the most important neurotransmitter in the transmission of stimuli. Lecithin is now an important component of many foods and is also used in medicine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.Many studies have demonstrated the potential positive influence on brain performance and the safe classification of this phosphatidylcholine. (6,7) Lecithin is present in the human colon mucosa and protects it from food components and intestinal bacteria. In ulcerative colitis patients, lecithin is present there in lower quantities than in healthy individuals. It is assumed that external intake of lecithin can counteract this deficiency locally. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins, also called oligomeric procyanidins and abbreviated as OPC or PCO (oligomeric proanthocyanidins), are naturally occurring substances in plants that belong to the group of flavonoids and are classified as polyphenols. OPCs are mostly dimers or trimers of oligomeric catechins and exert an antioxidant protective effect against the effects of free radicals. OPCs are found in most plants and have therefore always been a component of the human diet.OPCs are found primarily in grape seeds (grape seed flour), the skins and leaves of red grapes, the red skins of peanuts, coconuts, apples, and the bark of the maritime pine (Pinus maritima). The skins, seeds, and kernels, as well as the cores, contain particularly high amounts of OPCs. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins are also found in high concentrations in red wine, although significantly less is found in white wine. The main effect of OPCs or their metabolites is their antioxidant activity. The most potent OPC antioxidant described to date is 18.4 times as potent as vitamin C and 50 times as potent as vitamin E. OPCs may be catalysts that can enhance the beneficial effects of vitamins A, C, and E. They also cross the blood-brain barrier and may thus potentially protect brain tissue from oxidative stress. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins have antioxidant and cholesterol-lowering effects.Glucosides (or glucosides) are a group of organic substances in which an alcohol or phenol (R-OH) is bound to glucose via a glycosidic bond. They are therefore a subgroup of glycosides. Glucosides split off glucose upon hydrolysis. Examples of glucosides include amygdalin and sucrose. Some industrially important sugar surfactants – such as alkyl polyglycosides – are glucosides. Ginsenosides are the active ingredients of ginseng and belong to the group of substances known as saponins. Saponins, in turn, are secondary plant substances whose name is derived from the Latin term "sapo" (soap). Ginsenosides are found primarily in the small tributaries and hair roots. Ginsenosides are attributed a variety of effects. For example, ginsenosides stimulate brain cells to absorb more sugar and can thus help with better concentration and more complex thinking.Ginsenosides are said to have a variety of effects: Ginseng alleviates and shortens the duration of respiratory illnesses. Ginseng can help cancer patients cope better with anti-cancer therapy. Ginseng alleviates leaden fatigue (fatigue syndrome), and ginsenosides have antibacterial and antiviral effects. Bacosides are a group of different chemical substances that belong to the saponins or triterpene saponins. They are characterized, among other things, by the fact that they contain more than 30 carbon atoms. They are differentiated into bacoside A and bacoside B, which, however, should not be understood as individual compounds, but rather as a mixture of substances. Bacoside A consists of the individual components bacoside A3, bacoside II, bacopasaponin C, and an isomeric compound of bacopasaponin C. Bacoside A has antioxidant and anxiolytic properties and improves memory performance.Bacosides are primarily found in Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri), which is used in Ayurvedic medicine. Bacosides have antioxidant and anxiolytic properties, improve memory performance, and may have antitumor effects. The at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides is preferably at least two substances or all three substances. The at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides is preferably glucosides and ginsenosides. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises glycosides, which preferably originate from Rhodiola rosea; and / or ginsenosides, which preferably originate from Panax ginseng; and / or bacosides, which preferably originate from Bacopa monnieri; and / or oligomeric procyanidins, which preferably originate from grape seed flour.According to a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises glycosides, preferably derived from Rhodiola rosea; and ginsenosides, preferably derived from Panax ginseng; and oligomeric procyanidins, preferably derived from grape seed flour. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises glycosides, preferably derived from Rhodiola rosea; and ginsenosides, preferably derived from Panax ginseng; and oligomeric procyanidins, preferably derived from grape seed flour, and lecithin. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises Rhodiola rosea powder; Panax ginseng; and grape seed flour. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises Rhodiola rosea powder; Panax ginseng; lecithin; and grape seed flour.The data in the examples below demonstrate that a composition containing the active ingredients of the composition of the first aspect (which, according to the examples, takes the form of a chewing gum-based composition) can significantly enhance cognitive abilities. In particular, the composition was able to achieve the following in the test subjects: increased intelligence = problem-solving capacity; enhanced verbal and visual memory; increased perceptual accuracy; increased simultaneous capacity = multitasking ability; faster reaction time; increased resilience; improved accuracy; lower error rate; enhanced working memory; and greater consistency of reaction time.The composition of the ingredients and active ingredients of the composition is surprisingly selected such that a considerable increase in cognitive abilities was achieved, which far exceeds the known effect of the individual ingredients and active ingredients and which was not to be expected. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition is a chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, wherein the chewing gum-based composition additionally contains a chewing base. Accordingly, the present invention also relates in particular to a chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, wherein the composition contains: a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides; and d) preferably a chewing base. A chewable composition refers to any composition that can be chewed.Preferred examples are a chewable tablet, chewable dragee, chewable strip, wine gum or gummy bear, chewing gum, and chewable candy. The chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, is used according to the invention as an oral delivery system to administer the ingredients contained therein: a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; and c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides. For this purpose, the aforementioned ingredients are preferably present in a chewing base. The chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, allows the release of the ingredient from the chewing base over time while the chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, is chewed or chewed.The effect of saliva on the chewable composition, preferably a gum-based composition, further facilitates the release of the ingredients, as well as their subsequent absorption through the mucous membranes lining the mouth, throat, larynx, and esophagus. Chewable compositions, preferably gum-based compositions, are also used in the prior art to release desired ingredients. A well-known example is nicotine chewing gum. Accordingly, chewing bases are known from the prior art that are suitable for extracting the ingredients a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; and c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides and releasing them after oral administration. Natural or synthetic chewing bases generally consist of a number of different components. Elastomers provide elasticity and can be made from natural latexes or synthetic rubbers.Various plasticizers, fillers, and texturizers, oils, emulsifiers, and antioxidants are added to a synthetic polymer matrix. Rubber provides elasticity and can be made from natural latex or synthetic rubber. Resins can provide strong bonding, e.g., glycerol esters of rubber, terpene resins, or polyvinyl acetate. Waxes serve as plasticizers and include paraffin or microcrystalline wax. Fats act as plasticizers and are mainly derived from hydrogenated vegetable oils. Emulsifiers contribute to hydration; the most common are lecithin or glycerol monostearate. Bulking agents add texture and are most commonly used in the form of calcium carbonate or talc. Natural milk juices approved for use in gum base include those of the sapotes, dogbane, mulberry, and spurge plants. Sapotes include the muscari tree, from which chicle is obtained, and the balata tree.Chewing gum is also produced from its latex, called balata. Furthermore, the latex of dogbane plants, such as the jelutong of Dyera costulata or the leche caspi of Couma macrocarpa, is used. The latex of the mulberry family and the spurge family also serve as raw materials for chewing gum. These include chilte, the latex of Cnidoscolus elasticus, and the natural rubber of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree). Since natural products are not available in sufficient quantities, synthetic chewing gums, such as synthetic thermoplastics, are also used. Specific examples are artificial polymers such as polyvinyl ethers (e.g., polyvinyl acetate) and polyisobutenes (e.g., butyl rubber). The chewing gum-based composition is preferably a chewing gum. The chewing gum-based composition is preferably a chewable dosage unit. The chewable dosage unit is preferably a chewing gum.In the chewing gum-based composition, the ingredients can be contained in the chewing gum itself in a releasable form and / or the chewing gum-based composition can be filled with the ingredients so that they can be released upon chewing. Fillings are particularly suitable for (additional) ingredients that cannot be incorporated into the chewing gum itself, or can only be incorporated with difficulty. As discussed above, the ingredients and active substances of the composition according to the invention surprisingly bring about a considerable improvement in cognitive abilities. This considerable improvement can be achieved according to the invention, in particular, by formulating it as a chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition. This formulation guarantees rapid efficacy and avoids a first-pass effect (i.e., the conversion of a drug during its first passage through the liver).Furthermore, this formulation ensures that the ingredients and active substances of the inventive composition reach the brain quickly and effectively, so that the significant improvement in cognitive abilities can be achieved quickly and highly efficiently. Chewing the composition stimulates the angular vein to pump blood to the brain (see Imfeld (1999), Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 10(3):405-419; Rajesh et al. (2012), Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics, 2(6):90-95; Jayaprakash et al. (2015), Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 8(October Spl Edition):91-97; and Iwanaga et al. (2022), PLoS One, 17(10): e027612). After the contents and active ingredients of the composition according to the invention have been released in the mouth and have reached the angular vein via the oral mucosa, they are pumped directly into the brain via the angular vein.According to a preferred embodiment, the composition additionally contains a substance from the group of flavonoids. Flavonoids are a group of water-soluble plant pigments and play an important role in the metabolism of many plants. Along with phenolic acids, they belong to the polyphenols. According to the German Society for the Digestive Health (DGE), there are over 6,500 different flavonoids. Most flavonoids are bound to glucose or rhamnose—hence they are called glycosides. Only flavanols and proanthocyanidins are not bound to sugar molecules (=aglycones). Flavonoids are found in many plant foods, such as lemons, nopal (prickly pear cactus) (Opuntia), grapes, tea, and cocoa-containing chocolate (in this case: epicatechin). Some flavonoids have a vasoconstricting effect, others act against inflammation and histamine, or have antiviral and antispasmodic effects. Some flavonoids, such as quercetin, are good antioxidants.Numerous studies confirm a correlation between the intake of flavonoids and a reduced risk of various diseases, such as cancer or cardiovascular disease. Flavonoids reduce inflammation, lower blood pressure, and strengthen the immune system. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition contains 500 mg–1500 mg of lecithin. The 500 mg–1500 mg of lecithin is more preferably 600 mg–1400 mg, 700 mg–1300 mg, 800 mg–1200 mg, or 900 mg–1100 mg, and about 1000 mg. The lecithin is preferably sunflower lecithin. The chewing gum-based composition according to Example 2 below contains 1000 mg of sunflower lecithin. The 500 mg–1500 mg of lecithin is more preferably 500 mg to 1000 mg. The 500 mg – 1500 mg lecithin is preferably 500 mg or 1000 mg. The 500 mg – 1500 mg lecithin is preferably based on a dosage unit.According to a preferred embodiment, the composition contains 10%-30% lecithin, preferably 15%-25% lecithin, more preferably approximately 20% lecithin. The term "approximately" always means more preferably ±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, and ±1%. According to another preferred embodiment, the composition contains the glycosides derived from Rhodiola rosea. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition contains the glycosides derived from Rhodiola rosea. The root drug Rhodiola rosea (roseroot) is primarily used to combat mental fatigue and is also a means of enhancing brain performance. In particular, it facilitates the transport of signaling substances in the brain. The possible inhibition of monoamine oxidase leads to increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier for various neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine. To date, there are no records of known interactions or serious side effects.(4,5) According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 30 mg to 100 mg, more preferably 30 mg to 80 mg, even more preferably 30 mg to 70 mg of Rhodiola rosea powder; preferably per dosage unit. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 1% to 2% Rhodiola rosea powder. The 1% to 2% Rhodiola rosea powder preferably relates to one dosage unit. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains the flavonoids derived from Ginkgo biloba. The Ginkgo biloba plant, originally native to China, has been used as a phytopharmaceutical for centuries. The effect and constituents of this highly potent plant have been very precisely researched today.Due to the broad spectrum of effects of its constituents, which primarily contain flavonoglycosides and terpene lactones, and thus lead to the reduction of oxidative stress and the elimination of free radicals, Ginkgo biloba is the most commonly used nootropic. The focus here is particularly on the cellular protective effect due to the supporting function of mitochondria, which are required for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Many pharmaceutical specialties, including the special extract EGb 761®, have been developed using special extraction processes to eliminate cytotoxic and mutagenic ingredients (ginkgolic acids). In summary, Ginkgo biloba is the most researched nootropic and is considered very safe. (1,2) According to a preferred embodiment, the composition contains ginsenosides derived from Panax ginseng.Panax ginseng (ginseng root), which also has Asian origins, is frequently used in phytopharmaceutical formulations due to its broad spectrum of activity. The ginsenosides it contains, in particular, have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Furthermore, it is primarily used to treat the onset of fatigue and weakness, or to treat a decline in brain performance and concentration. Numerous studies have been conducted to examine the potential of ginseng. Ginseng root is also considered safe. (3) According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 50 mg to 200 mg, more preferably 50 mg to 100 mg, of Panax ginseng; preferably based on a dosage unit. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 1% to 3% Panax ginseng. The 1% to 3% Panax ginseng preferably refers to a dosage unit.According to a preferred embodiment, the composition contains bacosides derived from Bacopa monnieri. The tropical plant Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi leaves) has been used as a concentrating agent in Indian natural medicine for over 3,000 years. Due to its potent cerebral effects, this plant is becoming increasingly attractive on the pharmaceutical market. Its mode of action has been researched in numerous studies, but many more clinical trials are needed to make therapeutic and medical statements. In summary, the leaves of the Brahmi plant have enormous potential, and numerous applications are under development. (9) According to a preferred embodiment, the composition contains oligomeric procyanidins derived from grape seed flour.According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 100 to 300 mg, more preferably 100 mg to 250 mg of grape seed flour; preferably based on a dosage unit. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 1% to 10%, preferably 4% to 6%, more preferably 5% grape seed flour. The % grape seed flour preferably relates to a dosage unit. The grape seed flour obtained from grapes is often used as an antioxidant due to the high content of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC). They also act as radical scavengers to prevent the formation of free radicals and subsequently oxidative stress. (8) According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains: a) 30 to 100 mg Rhodiola rosea powder; b) optionally 40 to 160 mg Ginkgo biloba powder; c) 50 to 200 mg Panax ginseng powder; d) 100 to 300 mg grape seed flour; and / or e) 50 to 200 mg Bacopa monnieri powder.The 30 to 100 mg of Rhodiola rosea powder are more preferably 40 to 90 mg, 50 to 80 mg, 60 to 70 mg, and about 66.6 mg. The 40 to 160 mg of Ginkgo biloba powder are more preferably 50 to 150 mg, 60 to 140 mg, 70 to 150 mg, and about 80 mg. The term "optionally" in connection with the Ginkgo biloba powder specifies that the Ginkgo biloba powder is an optional ingredient; see also the table in Examples 2 and 6. The 50 to 200 mg of Panax ginseng powder are more preferably 60 to 190 mg, 70 to 150 mg, 80 to 130 mg, 90 to 110 mg, and about 100 mg. The 100 to 300 mg of grape seed flour are more preferably 150 to 290 mg, 230 to 290 mg, 250 to 270 mg, and about 233.3 mg. The 50 to 200 mg of Bacopa monnieri powder are more preferably 60 to 190 mg, 70 to 150 mg, 80 to 130 mg, 90 to 110 mg, and about 100 mg. According to another preferred embodiment, the composition contains per dosage unit: Ingredients [mg]. [%]Rhodiola rosea (Roseroot) 30-100 1-2 Panax ginseng 50-200 preferably 1-3, preferably 2- 50-100 2.5 Grape seed flour 100-300 1-10, preferably 5 Sunflower lecithin 500-1500 preferably 500- 10-30, preferably 20 1000 Atherolum menthae piperita 0-40 1-2 (peppermint oil) Xylitol 0-600, preferably 3 00 0-15Vitamin B6 0-0.5 0-0.01 Vitamin B12 0-0.0013 0-<0.01 Gum mass 0-3000, preferably 0-80, preferably 30- 500-3000 80, more preferably 50-70 The chewing gum-based composition according to Examples 2 and 6 below contains the most preferred of the above amounts. The above-mentioned plant powders as well as grape seed flour are commercially available, for example as food supplements. The manufacturers from whom the plant powders and grape seed flour were used for Examples 2 and 6 can be found in the table in Examples 2 and 6. Furthermore, powders can also be produced independently from plant material. For this purpose, plant parts (leaves, stems, flowers, roots, etc.) or whole plants are dried, for example in the air, in a drying cabinet or with a supply of warm air. The dried plant parts or plants can then be ground into a powder, for example in a mill or mortar. Optionally, the dried plant material and / orPowder is extracted with a solvent such as water, ethanol, or chloroform and then dried again to a powder. For example, ginseng powder can be produced as follows: (1) Drying the ginseng root, (2) Crushing the dried ginseng root, (2) Extraction of the active ingredients with ethanol concentration by evaporation of the extraction agent, (3) If necessary, sterilization, (4) If necessary, homogenization with excipients, (5) Drying process, (6) Grinding of the resulting powder (if necessary first coarsely, and then finely). Grape seed flour (also grape seed powder) is a dark brown flour obtained from the seeds (kernels) of grapes. To produce grape seed flour, the grape seeds are extracted from the press residue, the pomace, after the pressing process for winemaking. A "de-stemming machine" (rotating sieve) separates the seeds from the berry skin. The loose seeds are then dried using warm air andThe seeds are cleaned with an air sifter or a grain winch to leave only the pure seeds. The seeds are then dried again. The dried seeds are then cold-pressed to extract grape seed oil. After pressing, the press cake remains, which is crushed by a conveyor screw, processed into granules by a roller mill, and finally finely ground into grape seed flour in a grain mill or whirlwind mill. The heat generated is 40 to 50°C, although this temperature is only reached for a few seconds. This gentle production process preserves the nutritionally valuable ingredients of the grape seed flour. Extraction with solvents such as water, ethanol, or chloroform can also produce plant or grape seed extract from the plant material or grape seeds. Such extracts are also available commercially, for example, as dietary supplements.Extracts can be used as an alternative or in addition to the powders / flour. According to another preferred embodiment, the composition additionally contains polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In contrast to saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond in the carbon chain. Those with only one double bond are referred to as monounsaturated. If the fatty acid has two or more double bonds, it is called polyunsaturated fatty acid. The best known and preferred representatives of polyunsaturated fats are omega-3 fatty acids and / or omega-6 fatty acids. They differ in the position in the chemical structure of the last double bonds between carbon atoms. Omega-3 fatty acids have this double bond in the third-to-last position, omega-6 fatty acids in the sixth-to-last position. According to a further preferred embodiment,The composition contains PUFAs derived from camelina oil. Compared to various other native oils, camelina oil has a particularly high proportion of monounsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (28-42%) and polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (60.5%). Due to these ingredients, camelina oil is ideally suited to supplying the brain with sufficient fatty acids necessary for optimal brain performance. Furthermore, results have been obtained regarding positive cardiovascular protective effects. This oil is considered one of the healthiest oils. (10,11) Camelina oil is preferably used in an amount of 50 to 500 mg, preferably 100 to 250 mg, and most preferably approximately 166.6 mg. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition additionally comprises xylitol. Xylitol ((2R,3r,4S)-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol) is a sweetener also known as xylitol orPentanepentol is known. The substance occurs naturally in many fruits, berries, and vegetables. Since xylitol was originally obtained from birch bark, it is also called birch sugar. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition comprises 1000 to 2000 mg of xylitol. The 1000 to 2000 mg of xylitol are more and more preferably 1200 to 1900 mg, 1300 to 1800 mg, 1500 to 1700 mg, and about 1600 mg. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 100 to 2000 mg, preferably 100 to 1000 mg, more preferably 100 to 600 mg, more preferably 200 to 400 mg, even more preferably about 300 mg of xylitol; preferably based on a dosage unit. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 1% to 20%, preferably 5% to 15% xylitol. The % xylitol preferably refers to a dosage unit. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition additionally contains poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), preferably wherein the PUFA originate from camelina oil; and / or wherein the composition additionally comprises xylitol. The chewing gum-based composition according to Examples 2 and 6 below contains the most preferred of the above amounts. As an alternative to xylitol, stevia can also be used, e.g. in the form of stevia powder. Stevia is or preferably comprises one or more rebaudiosides and most preferably rebaudioside-A. According to another preferred embodiment, the composition additionally comprises a flavoring agent, wherein the flavoring agent is preferably peppermint oil. Chewing gum-based compositions such as chewing gum are available in a variety of flavors on the market, such as peppermint, various fruit flavors, cinnamon, or cola. Peppermint has the largest market share and is therefore also the preferred flavor of the composition according to the invention. According to a further preferredIn one preferred embodiment, the composition comprises 50 to 120 mg of peppermint oil. The 50 to 120 mg of peppermint oil are always more preferably 60 to 100 mg, 70 to 90 mg, and about 80 mg. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition comprises 20 to 120 mg of peppermint oil. The 50 to 120 mg of peppermint oil are even more preferably 30 to 100 mg, even more preferably 40 to 80 mg; preferably based on a dosage unit. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition contains 1% to 2% peppermint oil. The % peppermint oil preferably relates to a dosage unit. According to another preferred embodiment, the composition additionally contains at least one vitamin, preferably from the group of B vitamins, more preferably vitamin B6 and / or vitamin B12, even more preferably vitamins B6 and B12. The vitamins are preferably dosed according to the guideline values ​​of the German Nutrition Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung eV) and are at or below the values ​​stated therein.specified maximum doses. Preferably, 0.25 mg to 0.5 mg of vitamin B6 and / or 0.65 µg to 1.3 µg of vitamin B12 are contained in one dosage unit. Preferably, the dosage unit containing 0.25 mg of vitamin B6 and / or 0.65 µg of vitamin B12 is administered up to 6 times daily. Preferably, the dosage unit containing 0.5 mg of vitamin B6 and / or 1.3 µg of vitamin B12 is administered up to 3 times daily. The chewing gum-based composition according to Examples 2 and 6 below contains the most preferred of the above amounts. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition additionally comprises a substance which improves the passage through the blood-brain barrier for at least one of the ingredients. In order for the at least one ingredient to pass from the blood to the brain, it must pass across the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier, also known as blood-brain barrier, or blood-brain barrier, is the selective physiological barrier between the fluid spaces of theBloodstream and the central nervous system. Numerous approaches to overcoming the blood-brain barrier are known (see, for example, Pharmazeutische Zeitung, "Blood-Brain Barrier: How Drugs Cross the Barrier," Issue 28 / 2018). According to a further preferred embodiment, the substance comprises nanoliposomes and lipopeptide micelles. One pharmaceutical approach to overcoming the blood-brain barrier lies in the use of nanotechnological formulations, such as nanoliposomes and lipopeptide micelles. Numerous preclinical studies have shown that nanoliposomes and lipopeptide micelles are suitable for transporting drugs and other substances across the blood-brain barrier. The nanoliposomes and lipopeptide micelles act as carrier systems for the substances. Nanoliposomes are submicron bilayer lipid vesicles for the encapsulation and delivery of at least one bioactive agent (Motafari, Methods Mol Biol. 2010;605:29-50). LipopeptideMicelles are lipopeptides in the form of micelles and are also suitable for the encapsulation and delivery of at least one bioactive agent. According to the invention, the at least one bioactive agent is at least one substance from a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; and c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides, and bacosides. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition that additionally contains at least one pharmaceutically active substance, preferably an analgesic and / or an anti-inflammatory agent. A pharmaceutically active substance (also called active ingredient) is the active component of a pharmaceutical composition that mediates the pharmacological effects of the pharmaceutical composition. A analgesic (or analgesic) refers to a pharmaceutically active substance that can alleviate or prevent pain. The pain can be acutePain, chronic pain, neuropathic pain, nociceptive pain or inflammatory pain. Preferred examples of painkillers are acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), alfentanil, cannabinoids, buprenorphine, capsaicin, codeine, celecoxib, dihydrocodeine, diclofenac, fentanyl, etoricoxib, heroin, flupirtine (no longer approved), hydromorphone, ibuprofen, levomethadone, indomethacin, meptazinol, ketamine, methadone, lumiracoxib (withdrawn from the market), morphine, metamizole, novaminsulfon, nalbuphine, naproxen, naloxone, paracetamol, naltrexone, parecoxib, oxycodone, phenazone, pentazocine (withdrawn from the market), propyphenazone, pethidine, valdecoxib (withdrawn from the market), piritramide, ziconotide, ω-conotoxin, remifentanil, sufentanil, tapentadol, tilidine and Tramadol. An anti-inflammatory drug (or antiphlogistic) is a pharmaceutically active substance that can reduce or prevent inflammation. Inflammation is caused by foreign substances or living pathogens that enter the body.penetrate the body or act on it from outside. Constant stimuli such as excessive strain can also cause inflammation. The development of certain inflammatory diseases can also be favored by hereditary predisposition. Preferred examples of painkillers are aceclofenac, acemetacin, acetylsalicylic acid + lithium + quinine, acetylsalicylic acid + methocarbamol, acetylsalicylic acid + paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid + paracetamol + caffeine, acetylsalicylic acid + paracetamol + vitamin C, acetylsalicylic acid + vitamin C, adalimumab, aescin, aluminum potassium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, amcinonide, ammonium bituminosulfonate, ammonium bituminosulfonate + zinc oxide, angelica root, bacitracin + polymyxin B sulfate + hydrocortisone, baricitinib, beclomethasone, beclomethasone + formoterol, comfrey, benzocaine + witch hazel + basic bismuth gallate, betamethasone, betamethasone + clotrimazole, betamethasone + gentamicin, betamethasone + Salicylic acid, bismuth complex compound,Bittersweet stem, bromelain, bromelain + chymotrypsin + papain + pancreatin + rutoside + trypsin, bromelain + papain + rutoside, bromelain + trypsin + rutoside, bromfenac, budesonide, bufexamac, bufexamac + basic bismuth gallate + lidocaine, celecoxib, certolizumab, chloramphenicol + Prednisolone, ciclosporin, clemastine, clobetasol, clocortolone-21-pivalate + clocortolone-21-hexanoate, cloprednol, clotrimazole + hydrocortisone, cromoglicic acid, desoximetasone, dexamethasone, dexamethasone + neomycin, dexamethasone + neomycin + nystatin, dexamethasone + neomycin + polymyxin B, dexibuprofen, Dexketoprofen, Diclofenac (for cutaneous application), Diclofenac (for oral use and injection), Diclofenac + Misoprostol, Diethylamine salicylate, Diflucortolone, DL-lysine monoacetylsalicylate, Estradiol + Prednisolone, Etanercept, Etofenamate, Etoricoxib, Felbinac, Fludrocortisone, Flufenamic acid, Flumetasone-21-pivalate, Flumetasone-21-pivalate + Clioquinol, Flunisolide, Fluocinolone, Fluocinolone + Neomycin, Fluocinonide,Fluocortolone, Fluocortolone + Lidocaine, Fluorometholone, Fluprednidene, Fluprednidene + Gentamicin, Fluprednidene + Miconazole, Flurbiprofen, Fluticasone (as nasal spray), Fluticasone (for inhalation), Formoterol + Budesonide, Fumaric acid esters, Fusidic acid + Betamethasone, Gentamicin + Dexamethasone, Golimumab, Guaiazulene, Guselkumab, Witch hazel, Hydrocortisone (Cortisol), Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate, Hydrocortisone buteprate, Hydroxychloroquine, Hydroxyethyl salicylate, Hydroxyethyl salicylate + Benzyl nicotinate, Ibuprofen (for oral use), Ibuprofen (for external use), Indomethacin, Infliximab, Chamomile flowers, Chamomile flowers + Lidocaine, Chamomile flowers + Yarrow, Ketoprofen, ketorolac, ketotifen, lornoxicam, meloxicam, mepolizumab, mesalazine, metamizole, methotrexate, methylprednisolone, methylprednisolone aceponate, methyl salicylate, mometasone, evening primrose seed oil, naproxen, naproxen + esomeprazole, sodium bituminosulfonate, light, sodium bituminosulfonate, light + salicylic acid, nedocromil, nystatin +Dexamethasone + Chlorhexidine, Nystatin + Fluprednidene, Oxaceprol, Oxytetracycline + Prednisolone, Paracetamol, Paracetamol + Caffeine + Vitamin C + Chlorphenamine, Paracetamol + Dextromethorphan + Ephedrine + Doxylamine, Phenazone, Phenazone + Procaine, Phenol-methanal-urea polycondensate, Phenylbutazone, Piroxicam, Polymyxin B + Bacitracin + Hydrocortisone, Prednicarbate, Prednisolone, Prednisolone + Quinolin-8-ol, Prednisone, Proglumetacin, Propyphenazone, Reslizumab, Salicylic acid, Salicylic acid + Chondroitin polysulfate, Salicylic acid + Rhubarb root, Sulfacetamide + Prednisolone, Sulfasalazine, Tannin, Tannin albuminate, devil's claw root, tiaprofen acid, triamcinolone, wormwood, and zinc. The above examples demonstrate that there are pharmaceutically active substances that act as analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents; e.g., ASA. It is understood that the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention can have a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation. Pharmaceutically acceptable formulationsare well known in the art. For example, reference is made to the treatise by Rowe et al., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (6th edition), RC Rowe, PJ Sheskey, ME Quinn. Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2009. The pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may further contain additives. These include any compound or composition advantageous for the use according to the invention, including water, salts, binders, solvents, dispersants, buffers (especially physiological buffers such as Ringer's solution or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)), stabilizers, and other substances commonly used in connection with the formulation of pharmaceuticals. The pharmaceutical composition may also comprise preservatives and other additives, such as antimicrobial compounds, antioxidants, complexing agents, and inert gases. Particularly preferred additives are water, sweeteners (e.g.Sugar, preferably sucrose, glucose or dextrose, or sugar substitutes), magnesium chloride, and / or acidity regulators, such as potassium hydroxide and / or sodium hydroxide. Furthermore, trace elements, vitamins, amino acids and / or plant extracts can be used as additives. Other particularly preferred additives include all those substances that are required or beneficial for blood formation, such as vitamins B12 (cobalamin), B9 (folic acid) and / or B6, the trace elements iron and / or selenium, and the amino acid methionine. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated in the same way as described above. For oral administration, formulations of the composition as a liquid, capsule, tablet (especially lozenge or chewable tablet), snus, powder, jelly, dragée, wine gum or gummy bears, granules, compressed tablets or pastilles, chewing gum, chewing bags and sweets (especially lozenges) are possible.or chewable candy). For nasal administration, a formulation of the ingredients and active substances of the composition according to the invention as a spray or drops is suitable, among other things. The present invention relates, in a second aspect, to the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention for use as a medicament. A medicament refers to an agent that serves to improve diseases or prevent them. The treatment as a medicament is thus aimed at improving (e.g., alleviating or curing) any disease or preventing its onset. The present invention relates, in a third aspect, to the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention for use in the treatment or prevention of a disease of the nervous system, preferably of the central nervous system and most preferably of the brain. According to a preferred embodiment, the disease is headache or astress-related illness, wherein the headache is preferably migraine, neuropathic headache, or chronic headache, and / or the stress-related illness is preferably high blood pressure, a cardiovascular disease, back pain, a stomach ulcer, a sleep disorder, asthma, or burnout syndrome. According to a further preferred embodiment, the illness is a symptom of a disease selected from the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, and dementia. The present invention relates, in a fourth aspect, to the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention for use in the treatment or prevention of periodontitis, wherein the periodontitis is preferably gingivitis. According to the second to fourth aspects, the composition is preferably administered orally to an individual and chewed, which is preferably a human. As already mentioned above and as the embodiments below demonstrate,The composition according to the invention is used to enhance cognitive ability (also called "neuroenhancement") in an individual to whom the composition is administered. Among other things, an increase in verbal and visual memory; increased perceptual accuracy; increased simultaneous capacity = multitasking ability; faster reaction time; increased resilience; improved accuracy; lower error rate, and increased working memory were observed in the test subjects. Although these positive effects were achieved in healthy test subjects, they are equally suitable for improving and / or preventing various diseases if at least one pharmaceutically active substance is additionally used, preferably an analgesic and / or an anti-inflammatory agent. This applies in particular to diseases of the nervous system, preferably the central nervous system, and most preferably the brain. These are often accompanied bya reduction in verbal and visual memory; reduced perceptual accuracy; reduced simultaneous capacity = multitasking ability; slow reaction time; reduced resilience; poorer accuracy; increased error rate and reduced working memory. Non-limiting but preferred such illnesses are headaches or a stress-related illness, whereby the headache is preferably migraine, neuropathic headache or chronic headache, and / or the stress-related illness is preferably high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, back pain, a stomach ulcer, a sleep disorder, asthma or burnout syndrome. There are also numerous illnesses whose symptoms are often associated with a reduction in verbal and visual memory; reduced perceptual accuracy; reduced simultaneous capacity = multitasking ability; slow reaction time; reduced resilience; poorer accuracy;increased error rate and reduced working memory. These diseases can probably not be cured with the composition according to the invention, but can be alleviated. Non-limiting but preferred such diseases are Alzheimer's disease, autism, Lewy body disease, and dementia. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition is chewed for at least a period of time that leads to an increase in cerebral blood flow through the angular vein. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is a measure of the blood supply to the brain over a specific period of time. The angular vein is a blood vessel of the head. It is a branch of the facial vein. The angular vein runs in the nasal canthus, lateral to the artery of the same name, and can be seen through the skin in thin-skinned people. The angular vein forms an anastomosis with the superior ophthalmic vein, which, among other things, drains into the sinus.cavernous vein. Thus, the angular vein forms a direct connection between the facial veins and the brain. Scientific studies using memory and concentration tests prove that chewing gum promotes blood flow to the brain and thus brain performance. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition is chewed for at least 3 minutes. The at least 3 minutes is preferably at least 5 minutes, more preferably at least 7 minutes, and most preferably about 10 minutes. These times ensure, on the one hand, an increase in cerebral blood flow through the angular vein and, on the other hand, are sufficient for the ingredients from the composition of the first aspect of the invention to be released and absorbed into the blood through the mucous membrane. According to a preferred embodiment, the use comprises the repeated application of the composition of the first aspect of the invention within 28 days.The 28 days correspond to the application period of the embodiments. Also described herein is an application of the composition of the first aspect of the invention, which comprises 7 days, 14 days or 21 days. According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition is applied daily, preferably several times a day. According to an even more preferred embodiment, the composition is applied at least 3 times a day. According to an even more preferred embodiment, the composition is applied 3 to 6 times a day. The daily and in particular at least 3 times a day application ensures that the ingredients of the composition of the first aspect of the invention can continuously increase cognitive abilities during the treatment period, so that an improvement in the disease to be treated or better protection against the disease occurs by the end of the treatment period at the latest. The present invention relates in aThe fifth aspect relates to a packaging system for a chewing gum-based composition, comprising: a) a package capable of containing one or more compositions of the first aspect of the invention; b) at least one composition of the first aspect of the invention; and c) optionally, instructions for use of the composition of the first aspect of the invention. Packages capable of containing one or more compositions of the first aspect of the invention are already known and include, for example, boxes made of plastic or paper, blisters, or outer packaging made of film and / or paper. For this purpose, the composition of the first aspect of the invention can be in the form of chewing gum strips, chewing gum tabs, or even chewing gum dragees. The instructions for use of the composition of the first aspect preferably state the dosage (e.g., daily or 3 times daily or 3-6 times daily), the application period (e.g., 28 days), and / or the chewing duration.(e.g., 3 or 10 min). Alternatively or additionally, the instructions state the disease(s) to be treated. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person skilled in the art in the field to which this invention belongs. In case of conflict, the specification, including the definitions, shall prevail. It is to be understood that the definitions and embodiments of the invention described above in connection with the first aspect of the present invention also apply, where possible, to the second, third, fourth and any further aspects of the present invention. With regard to the embodiments described in this description, in particular in the claims, it is intended that any embodiment mentioned in a dependent claim is compatible with any embodiment of any (independent or dependent) claim from whichthis dependent claim depends on, can be combined. For example, in the case of an independent claim 1 specifying 3 alternatives A, B and C, a dependent claim 2 specifying 3 alternatives D, E and F, and a claim 3 dependent on claims 1 and 2 specifying 3 alternatives G, H and I, it is to be understood that the description clearly discloses embodiments corresponding to the combinations A, D, G; A, D, H; A, D, I; A, E, G; A, E, H; A, E, I; A, F, G; A, F, H; A, F, I; B, D, G; B, D, H; B, D, I; B, E, G; B, E, H; B, E, I; B, F, G; B, F, H; B, F, I; C, D, G; C, D, H; C, D, I; C, E, G; C, E, H; C, E, I; C, F, G; C, F, H; C, F, I, unless explicitly stated otherwise. This also applies to the combination of different alternatives mentioned in different subclaims. Similarly, and also in cases where no alternatives are mentioned in independent and / or dependent claims, eachCombination of subject-matters covered by these claims is expressly disclosed when dependent claims refer to a plurality of preceding claims. For example, in the case of an independent claim 1, a dependent claim 2 which refers back to claim 1, and a dependent claim 3 which refers back to both claim 2 and claim 1, the combination of the subject-matters of claims 3 and 1 is just as clearly and unambiguously disclosed as the combination of the subject-matters of claims 3, 2, and 1. If there is a further dependent claim 4 which refers to one of claims 1 to 3, it follows that the combination of the subject-matters of claims 4 and 1, claims 4, 2 and 1, claims 4, 3 and 1, and claims 4, 3, 2, and 1 is clearly and unambiguously disclosed. The invention is described herein only by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings and for the purpose of illustrating thepreferred embodiments of the present invention are described. The figures show: Figure 1: Basic perceptual accuracy T1-T2 in Study 1 Figure 2: Simultaneous perceptual accuracy T1-T2 in Study 1 Figure 3: Block span (working memory) T1-T2 in Study 1 Figure 4: Percentile ranks for verbal memory T1-T2 in Study 2 Figure 5: Percentile ranks for simultaneous capacity T1-T2 in Study 2 Figure 6: Percentile ranks for multiple demands T1-T2 in Study 2 Figure 7: Percentile ranks for short-term memory correct retrieval T1-T2 in Study 2 Figure 8: Percentile ranks for simultaneous capacity perceptual accuracy T1-T2 in Study 2 5 The examples explain the invention. Example 1 – Study design Study 1 and 2 In 60 (Study 1) and 120 (Study 2) healthy subjects, the cognitive performance0 was assessed with regard to verbal and non-verbal memory, reaction speed, number span andMultitasking ability was determined on day 1 using validated test procedures of the Vienna Test System. Subsequently, half of the subjects received a piece of chewing gum according to Example 2 (verum) daily for 28 days, which they were to chew for 10 minutes. The other half received a piece of chewing gum without the aforementioned substances (a placebo made of corn starch, xylitol, and spices). The subjects and the investigator were blinded to the distribution. On day 28, the cognitive performance test was repeated, and changes between days 1 and 28 were compared between the two groups (verum vs. placebo). In addition, stress processing was examined by measuring heart rate variability (ECG for 6 minutes each). The subjects (between 18 and 50 years of age) were informed in writing about the nature of the measures. Any subjective side effects were documented. The subjects can discontinue use at any time. For fundamental reasons,For consideration, only subjects5 who were not taking any medication were included, and women of childbearing age underwent a pregnancy test and were not included in the study in case of a positive result. Example 2 – Composition of study chewing gum (verum) Preparation Ingredients Dosage per Freely available on the market Manufacturer Category Presence of chewing gum available Substance / drug Rhodiola rosea Glycosides 66.6 mg Yes, health food stores, BULK POWDERS NEM * Powdered, (Roseroot) (Salidroside, pharmacies 100% Roseroot, Rosavin, and much more) 3% Salidroside content Ginkgo Biloba ** Flavonoids, 80 mg Yes, health food stores, Terra Elements, NEM * Powdered Ginkgolic acids, pharmacies Indigo-Herbs leaf powder, ginkgolides <42°C dried and gently ground, 100% Ginkgo Biloba powder, organic quality Panax ginseng ginsenosides 100 mg Yes, health food stores, ALSIGINSENG NEM * Powdered, pharmacies 100% Ginseng, organic quality Grape seed flour oligomers 233.3 mg Yes,Food - Food Powdered Procyanidins retail, e.g. (Polyphenols) Drugstore Camelina oil ** PUFA's 166.6 mg Yes, Food Oil Mill Raab Food Liquid, retail, e.g. ORGANIC quality HOFER (Sunflower) Lecithins 1000 mg Yes, Food IVOVITAL Food / Pulverized, Lecithin (Phosphatidyl choline, etc.) Drugstore Pet food Sunflower Lecithin Brahmi Bacosides 100 mg Yes, Health food stores, Terra Elements NEM * Powdered, pharmacy dried at low temperatures and ground, 100% Brahmi powder, ORGANIC quality Chicle 60% resin, 2800 mg Yes, as import AB Natural Base SA Food Powder or solid Polyterpenes CV Mass (block), heating the latex juice and cooling with cold air Atherolum - 1-2 drops≙ Yes, health food stores, MANSKE food and cosmetics industry. Extracted from menthae piperita ca. 80 mg by steam distillation, liquid, organic quality. Xylitol - 1600 mgYes, food retailer HOFER own brand food powdered, e.g. “Happy Harvest” HOFER * NEM = food supplement ** optional ingredient Example 3 – Results of study 1 5 Table 1: Improvement of the measured parameters on day 28 (T2) compared to day 1 (T1). Figures 1 to 3 also show an increase in basal perceptual accuracy, simultaneous perceptual accuracy, and block span (working memory) T1-T2 for the study gum (verum). Example 4 – Results of Study 2 Table 2: Improvement in the percentile ranks of the measured parameters on day 28 (T2) compared to day 1 (T1). Figures 5 to 8 also show an improvement in the percentile ranks for verbal memory, simultaneous capacity, and multiple demands T1-T2 for the study gum (verum). Example 5 – Discussion Studies 1 and 2 showed that the study gum (verum) improved the cognitive abilities of the subjects after consumption over 28 days. In particular, the following improvements in cognitive abilities were achieved:

[0002] Example 6 – Further compositions and dosages of chewing gum I nhaltsstoffeDosage per chewing gumExample 6.1 Example 6.1 Example 6.2 Example 6.2 [%] [%] Rhodiola rosea (Roseroot) 33.3 mg 1.4 66.6 mg 1.5 Panax ginseng 50 mg 2.0 100 mg 2.2 Grape seed flour 116.6 mg 4.8 233.3 mg 5.1 Sunflower lecithin 500 mg 20.5 1000 mg 21.8 Atherolum menthae piperita 40 mg (1 1.6 80 mg (1-2 1.7 drops) (Peppermint oil) (optional ingredient) Xylitol (optional ingredient) 300 mg 12.3 300 mg 6.5 Vitamin B6 0.25 mg 0.01 0.5 mg 0.01 Vitamin B12 0.65 µg <0.01 1.3 µg <0.01 Gum mass approx. 1400 mg approx. 57.4 approx. 2800 mg approx. 61.1 Total mass approx. 2.4 g approx. 4.3 g Preferred number of chewing gums to be taken per day: 6 6 3 3 References 1. Søholm B. Clinical improvement of memory and other cognitive functions by Ginkgo biloba: review of relevant literature. Adv Ther. 1998 Jan-Feb; 15 (1): 54-65. 2. Laws KR, Sweetnam H, Kondel TK. Is Ginkgo biloba a cognitive enhancer in healthy individuals? A meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012 Nov; 27 (6): 527-33. 3. Kennedy DO, Scholey AB.Ginseng: potential for the enhancement of cognitive performance and mood. Pharmacol Biochem Behav.2003 Jun;75(3):687-700. 4. Baker LB, Nuccio RP, Jeukendrup AE. Acute effects of dietary constituents on motor skill and cognitive performance in athletes. Nutr Rev.2014 Dec;72(12):790-802. 5. Walker TB, Robergs RA. Does Rhodiola rosea possess ergogenic properties? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.2006 Jun;16(3):305-15. 6. Higgins JP, Flicker L. Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD001015. 7. Tayebati SK, Amenta F. Choline-containing phospholipids: relevance to brain functional pathways. Clin Chem Lab Med.2013 Mar 1;51(3):513-21. 8. Carlson S, Peng N, Prasain JK, Wyss JM..Effects of botanical dietary supplements on cardiovascular, cognitive, and metabolic function in males and females. Gend Med.2008;5 Suppl A:S76-90. 9. Kongkeaw C, Dilokthornsakul P, Thanarangsarit P, Limpeanchob N, Norman Scholfield C.Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014; 151 (1): 528–35. 10. Muldoon MF, Ryan CM, Yao JK, Conklin SM, Manuck SB. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and optimization of cognitive performance. Mil Med. 2014 Nov; 179 (11 Suppl): 95–105. 11. Luchtman DW, Song C. Cognitive enhancement by omega-3 fatty acids from childhood to old age: findings from animal and clinical studies. Neuropharmacology. 2013 Jan; 64: 550–65. 12. Lalouschek, W. 2015. Burnout: basics, somatic and vegetative diagnostics, monitoring. Austrian Journal of Medical Reporting, 1, 3–11.

Claims

New PCT patent application based on EP 23184320.2 SFN Holding AG Vossius Ref.: AG2774 PCT BS Claims 1. Chewable composition, preferably a chewing gum-based composition, wherein the composition contains: a) lecithin; b) oligomeric procyanidins; c) at least one substance from the group consisting of glucosides, ginsenosides and bacosides; and d) preferably a chewing base.

2. Composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition additionally contains a substance from the group of flavonoids.

3. Composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the composition contains 500 mg - 1500 mg lecithin.

4. Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the glucosides originate from Rhodiola rosea.

5. Composition according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the flavonoids originate from Ginkgo biloba.

6. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the ginsenosides are derived from Panax ginseng. 7.A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the bacosides are derived from Bacopa monnieri.

8. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the oligomeric procyanidins are derived from grape seed flour.

9. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the composition contains: a) 30 to 100 mg Rhodiola rosea powder; b) optionally 40 to 160 mg Ginkgo biloba powder; c) 50 to 200 mg Panax ginseng powder; d) 100 to 300 mg grape seed flour; and / or e) optionally 50 to 200 mg Bacopa monnieri powder.

10. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the composition additionally comprises polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).

11. The composition according to claim 10, wherein the PUFA originate from camelina oil.

12. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the composition additionally comprises xylitol.

13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the composition comprises 100 to 2000 mg of xylitol, preferably 100 to 1000 mg of xylitol, more preferably 100 to 500 mg of xylitol. 14.A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the composition additionally comprises a flavoring agent, wherein the flavoring agent is preferably peppermint oil.

15. A composition according to claim 14, wherein the composition comprises 40 mg to 120 mg peppermint oil, preferably 40 mg to 100 mg peppermint oil, more preferably 40 mg to 80 mg peppermint oil.

16. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the composition additionally comprises a substance that improves passage through the blood-brain barrier for at least one of the ingredients.

17. A composition according to claim 16, wherein the substance comprises nanoliposomes and lipopeptide micelles.

18. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the composition is a pharmaceutical composition additionally comprising at least one pharmaceutically... active substance, preferably an analgesic and / or an anti-inflammatory agent.

19. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the composition is formulated as a dosage unit.

20. A composition according to claim 19 for use as a medicament.

21. A composition according to claim 19 for use in the treatment or prevention of a disease of the nervous system, preferably the central nervous system, and most preferably the brain.

22. A composition for use according to claim 19, wherein the disease is headache or a stress-related disease, wherein the headache is preferably migraine, neuropathic headache, or chronic headache, and / or the stress-related disease is preferably high blood pressure, a cardiovascular disease, back pain, a stomach ulcer, a sleep disorder, asthma, or burnout syndrome. 23.A composition for use according to claim 21, wherein the disease is a symptom of a disease selected from the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, and dementia.

24. A composition for use according to claim 19 for use in the treatment or prevention of periodontitis, preferably wherein the periodontitis is gingivitis.

25. A composition for use according to any one of claims 20 to 24, wherein the composition is chewed for at least a period of time resulting in an increase in cerebral blood flow through the angular vein.

26. A composition for use according to any one of claims 20 to 24, wherein the composition is chewed for at least 3 minutes.

27. A composition for use according to any one of claims 20 to 24, wherein the use comprises repeated application within 28 days.

28. A composition for use according to claim 27, wherein the composition is applied daily.

29. A composition for use according to claim 28, wherein the composition is applied at least 3 times daily, more preferably the composition is applied 3-6 times daily.

30. A packaging system for a chewing gum-based composition, comprising: a) a package capable of containing one or more chewing gum-based compositions; b) at least one chewing gum-based composition according to any one of claims 1 to 19; and c) optionally, instructions for use of the chewing gum-based composition according to any one of claims 20 to 29.

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