Communication resource prediction and reporting in lower-layer triggered mobility (LTM) procedures
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- QUALCOMM INC
- Filing Date
- 2023-07-21
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-27
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in efficiently predicting and switching communication resources during lower-layer triggered mobility (LTM) procedures, leading to potential throughput interruptions and increased latency.
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques for beam prediction in LTM procedures, where the cell switch command triggers the prediction of communication resources based on measuring signals in a first set of resources, allowing for the identification of suitable channel characteristics for a second set of resources.
This approach enables the determination of optimal beams for communication without the need for additional beam refinement procedures, improving overall throughput, reliability, and efficiency of wireless communications after the cell switch is complete.
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Figure CN2023108530_30012025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
COMMUNICATION RESOURCE PREDICTION AND REPORTING IN LOWER-LAYER TRIGGERED MOBILITY (LTM) PROCEDURESBACKGROUND
[0001] Field of the Disclosure
[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques for lower-layer triggered mobility (LTM) .
[0003] Description of Related Art
[0004] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, or other similar types of services. These wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communications with multiple users by sharing available wireless communications system resources with those users
[0005] Although wireless communications systems have made great technological advancements over many years, challenges still exist. For example, complex and dynamic environments can still attenuate or block signals between wireless transmitters and wireless receivers. Accordingly, there is a continuous desire to improve the technical performance of wireless communications systems, including, for example: improving speed and data carrying capacity of communications, improving efficiency of the use of shared communications mediums, reducing power used by transmitters and receivers while performing communications, improving reliability of wireless communications, avoiding redundant transmissions and / or receptions and related processing, improving the coverage area of wireless communications, increasing the number and types of devices that can access wireless communications systems, increasing the ability for different types of devices to intercommunicate, increasing the number and type of wireless communications mediums available for use, and the like. Consequently, there exists a need for further improvements in wireless communications systems to overcome the aforementioned technical challenges and others.SUMMARY
[0006] One aspect provides a method for wireless communications by an apparatus. The method includes receiving one or more first signals communicated in a first set of resources; and receiving a medium access control control element (MAC-CE) comprising a cell switch command, the cell switch command comprising: an indication of a first target cell; and an indication to predict a second set of communication resources based on measuring the one or more first signals communicated in the first set of communication resources, wherein the first set of communication resources are associated with a first set of transmit beams of a network entity, and wherein the second set of communication resources are associated with a second set of transmit beams of the network entity.
[0007] Another aspect provides a method for wireless communications by one or more apparatuses. The method includes transmitting a MAC-CE comprising a cell switch command, the cell switch command comprising: an indication of a first target cell; and an indication to predict a second set of communication resources based on measuring one or more first signals communicated in a first set of communication resources, wherein the first set of communication resources are associated with a first set of transmit beams of the first target cell, and wherein the second set of communication resources are associated with a second set of transmit beams of the first target cell; and receiving one or more predicted channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.
[0008] Other aspects provide: one or more apparatuses operable, configured, or otherwise adapted to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that instructions may be included in only one computer-readable medium or in a distributed fashion across multiple computer-readable media, such that instructions may be executed by only one processor or by multiple processors in a distributed fashion, such that each apparatus of the one or more apparatuses may include one processor or multiple processors, and / or such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that code may be stored in only one computer-readable medium or across computer-readable media in a distributed fashion) ; and / or one or more apparatuses comprising one or more means for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance would be by only one apparatus or by multiple apparatuses in a distributed fashion) . By way of example, an apparatus may comprise a processing system, a device with a processing system, or processing systems cooperating over one or more networks.
[0009] The following description and the appended figures set forth certain features for purposes of illustration.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0010] The appended figures depict certain features of the various aspects described herein and are not to be considered limiting of the scope of this disclosure.
[0011] FIG. 1 depicts an example wireless communications network.
[0012] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station architecture.
[0013] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of an example base station and an example user equipment (UE) .
[0014] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict various example aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network.
[0015] FIG. 5 is a diagram depicting an example of beam management.
[0016] FIG. 6 is a diagram depicting examples of beam management procedures.
[0017] FIG. 7 is a diagram depicting example architecture of a functional framework for radio access network (RAN) intelligence enabled by data collection.
[0018] FIGS. 8A and 8B are diagrams depicting example communication resource prediction for beam selection by a UE.
[0019] FIG. 9 depicts an example lower-layer triggered mobility (LTM) procedure.
[0020] FIG. 10 depicts a process flow, for communications in a network between a network entity and a UE, to carry out communication resource prediction in an LTM procedure.
[0021] FIGS. 11A-11C depict example signaling used to report predicted channel characteristic (s) for a set of communication resources to a network entity.
[0022] FIGS. 12A-12C illustrate examples for identifying a first set of communication resources and a second set of communication resources that are to be used for communication resource prediction in LTM procedures.
[0023] FIG. 13 depicts a method for wireless communications.
[0024] FIG. 14 depicts another method for wireless communications.
[0025] FIG. 15 depicts aspects of an example communications device.
[0026] FIG. 16 depicts aspects of an example communications device.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to signaling mechanisms used to support communication resource prediction and reporting in lower-layer triggered mobility (LTM) procedures. LTM procedures are handover procedures used to transfer a user equipment (UE) from a source cell to a target cell while in a connected state, specifically via lower layer signaling (e.g., layer 1 (L1) / layer 2 (L2) signaling) . In particular, a UE being connected to, communicating with, or communicating in, a cell may refer to the UE being connected to a network entity and communicating with the network entity in a particular frequency range. A network entity may provide coverage in more than one cell, such as where the network entity communicates with UEs in different frequency ranges. Accordingly, a UE transferring from a source cell to a target cell may refer to the UE transferring from communicating with a first network entity in a first frequency range, to communicating with the first network entity in a second frequency range. As another example, a UE transferring from a source cell to a target cell may refer to the UE transferring from communicating with a first network entity in a first frequency range, to communicating with a second network entity in the first frequency range or a second frequency range.
[0028] In some cases, a UE may be configured to measure channel characteristics of a source cell (e.g., serving cell of the UE) and / or channel characteristics of a target cell and report these measurements to one or more network entities. Based on these measured channel characteristics, a network entity (e.g., of a serving cell of the UE) may decide to switch (also referred to as handover) the UE’s connection from the source cell to the target cell (e.g., due to a predicted beam failure at the source cell, greater reference signal received power (RSRP) at the target cell, etc. ) . Accordingly, the network entity may trigger the initiation of the LTM procedure by transmitting an LTM message (e.g., a cell switch command) instructing the switch of the UE from communicating on the source cell to communicating on the target cell.
[0029] In some cases, the measured channel characteristics of the target cell are determined based on measuring signals, such as synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , channel state information (CSI) reference signals (RSs) , and / or the like, transmitted using downlink transmit beams of a network entity of the target cell. For example, different signals may be transmitted in different communication resources (e.g., time-frequency resources) using different downlink transmit beams of the network entity of the target cell. Accordingly, the UE measures the different communication resources to determine a measurement (e.g., RSRP) of each of the signals.
[0030] In certain aspects, the network entity of the target cell may utilize relatively wider beams for transmitting some signals, such as SSBs, as compared to utilizing relatively narrower beams for transmitting some signals, such as CSI-RSs. Accordingly, the network entity of the target cell may transmit relatively more SSBs to cover a given geographic area as compared to a number of CSI-RSs the network entity of the target cell may transmit to cover the same given geographic area. Accordingly, reference to two types of beams may be made herein for communication of signals between the network entity and the UE: wide beams and narrow beams. Wide beams have a wider beam width to cover larger geographical areas, while narrow beams focus the beam width to a smaller area.
[0031] In some cases, measurements of communication resources, such as measurements of signals (e.g., SSBs, CSI-RSs, etc. ) by the UE on the communication resources, are used by the UE and / or one or more network entities to determine one or more beams for communication between the UE and the network entity of the target cell. For example, after receiving a cell switch command, the UE may measure one or more signals transmitted by a network entity of the target cell on one or more communication resources. The UE measuring a signal on a communication resource may be referred to as the UE measuring the communication resource. The UE may measure each communication resource using a corresponding downlink receive beam of the UE. For example, the UE may measure some communication resources using the same downlink receive beam, and may measure some communication resources using different downlink receive beams.
[0032] In certain aspects, the UE may determine one or more measured communication resources meet a criteria (e.g., threshold RSRP, highest RSRP among measured communication resources, etc. ) and may communicate such information to a network entity (e.g., of the source cell, of the target cell, etc. ) . For example, the UE may determine a first communication resource meets a criteria. A first signal may have been transmitted in the first communication resource by a network entity of the target cell using a first downlink transmit beam, and the first signal may have been measured by the UE using a first downlink receive beam. In certain aspects, the one or more beams determined for communication between the UE and the network entity of the target cell are determined based on the first communication resource meeting the criteria and may include the first downlink transmit beam of the network entity of the target cell and the first downlink receive beam of the UE.
[0033] Further, the one or more beams may include a first uplink receive beam of the network entity that is quasi-co-located and / or similar in spatial characteristics to the first downlink transmit beam of the network entity. The one or more beams may also include a first uplink transmit beam that is quasi-co-located and / or similar in spatial characteristics to the first downlink receive beam of the UE.
[0034] In certain aspects, where the UE measures communication resources on which signals (e.g., CSI-RSs) are transmitted using narrow beams, the one or more beams determined for communication between the UE and the network entity of the target cell may be narrow beams. Use of narrow beams can help increase throughput, such as by concentrating the energy in a narrow beam, thereby improving reliability of communication, and allowing more data to be transmitted, such as using coding schemes with less redundancy.
[0035] In certain aspects, where the UE measures communication resources on which signals (e.g., SSBs) are transmitted using wide beams, the one or more beams determined for communication between the UE and the network entity of the target cell may be wide beams. Use of wide beams may decrease throughput, such as by using coding schemes with more redundancy.
[0036] Thus, there may be a throughput benefit to the UE measuring communication resources on which signals are transmitted using narrow beams as compared to wide beams. However, as discussed, to cover a given geographical area, there are relatively more narrow beams as compared to wide beams. Therefore, if measuring communication resources on which signals are transmitted using narrow beams as compared to wide beams, the UE may have to measure a greater number of communication resources, which may consume more power for the UE to measure the greater number of communication resources.
[0037] Thus, in some cases, the UE may first measure communication resources on which signals are transmitted using wide beams, such that the one or more beams are initially wide beams, and then may perform additional beam refinement procedures (e.g., wide-to-narrow beam refinement) after the UE is connected to the target cell to determine narrow beams for communication, such as by measuring communication resources on which signals are transmitted using narrow beams, such as a limited number of narrow beams covering geographically the corresponding initial wide beams. Needing to perform additional beam refinement procedures, after the UE has switched cells and is connected to the target cell may result in additional throughput interruption at the UE, at least until a beam pair capable of providing sufficient throughput performance for communications between the network entity of the target cell and the UE is determined. For example, for uplink communications, a beam pair may include a UE transmit beam and a network entity of a cell receive beam (corresponding to a receive beam of a network entity providing coverage in the cell) . For downlink communications, a beam pair may include a UE receive beam and a network entity of a cell transmit beam (corresponding to a transmit beam of a network entity providing coverage in the cell) .
[0038] A technical solution to the aforementioned technical problems is to introduce the use of artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) techniques for beam prediction in LTM procedures. For example, the cell switch command, transmitted from the network entity to the UE in LTM procedures, may trigger the prediction of communication resources (e.g., referred to as “a second set of communication resources associated with a set of beams (Set A beams) ” which may correspond to transmit beams) based on measuring one or more signals communicated in another set of communication resources (e.g., referred to as “a first set of communication resources associated with another set of beams (Set B beams) ” which may correspond to transmit or receive beams) . Identifiers of the predicted second set of communication resources and / or channel characteristic (s) predicted for the second set of communication resources may be sent to the network entity. The network entity may use such identifiers and / or predicted channel characteristic (s) to determine a set of uplink receive beams or downlink transmit beams associated with the network entity that are to be used for subsequent communication with the UE via the target cell. In some cases, the measured signals communicated in the first set of communication associated with the “Set B beams” are SSBs transmitted via wide beams, while the predicted second set of communication resources associated with the “Set A beams” are communication resources associated with narrow beams. As such, the performance of additional beam refinement procedures (e.g., for determining narrow beams for communication) , may not be necessary, even where the measured signals are transmitted via wide beams.
[0039] Certain aspects described herein provide signaling designs that enable a UE to perform communication resource prediction, during an LTM procedure used to transfer a UE from a source cell to a target cell, to identify a second set of communication resources with suitable (e.g., maximum, meets a threshold, etc. ) one or more channel conditions (e.g., predicted one or more channel conditions) and indicate the identified set of communication resources to a network entity of the target cell. Such signaling designs may help a UE to identify the first set of resources to measure (e.g., channel measurement resources (CMRs) ) and a second set of resources (e.g., channel prediction resources (CPRs) ) to predict channel characteristics for. Further, the signaling designs described herein provide various options for providing feedback of predicted communication resources to a network entity of a target cell such that the network entity of the target cell can determine beam (s) to use for communication with the UE after the LTM procedure. Because the signaling designs described herein help support the use of AI / ML techniques for beam selection (e.g., such as narrow beam selection) in LTM procedures, narrow beam (s) to use for communication may be determined without performing additional beam refinement procedures, thereby improving overall throughput, reliability, and efficiency of wireless communications between a target cell and a UE after the cell switch is complete.
[0040] Introduction to Wireless Communications Networks
[0041] The techniques and methods described herein may be used for various wireless communications networks. While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with 3G, 4G, and / or 5G wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure may likewise be applicable to other communications systems and standards not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0042] FIG. 1 depicts an example of a wireless communications network 100, in which aspects described herein may be implemented.
[0043] Generally, wireless communications network 100 includes various network entities (alternatively, network elements or network nodes) . A network entity is generally a communications device and / or a communications function performed by a communications device (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a base station (BS) , a component of a BS, a server, etc. ) . As such communications devices are part of wireless communications network 100, and facilitate wireless communications, such communications devices may be referred to as wireless communications devices. For example, various functions of a network as well as various devices associated with and interacting with a network may be considered network entities. Further, wireless communications network 100 includes terrestrial aspects, such as ground-based network entities (e.g., BSs 102) , and non-terrestrial aspects, such as satellite 140 and aircraft 145, which may include network entities on-board (e.g., one or more BSs) capable of communicating with other network elements (e.g., terrestrial BSs) and UEs.
[0044] In the depicted example, wireless communications network 100 includes BSs 102, UEs 104, and one or more core networks, such as an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160 and 5G Core (5GC) network 190, which interoperate to provide communications services over various communications links, including wired and wireless links.
[0045] FIG. 1 depicts various example UEs 104, which may more generally include: a cellular phone, smart phone, session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, laptop, personal digital assistant (PDA) , satellite radio, global positioning system, multimedia device, video device, digital audio player, camera, game console, tablet, smart device, wearable device, vehicle, electric meter, gas pump, large or small kitchen appliance, healthcare device, implant, sensor / actuator, display, internet of things (IoT) devices, always on (AON) devices, edge processing devices, or other similar devices. UEs 104 may also be referred to more generally as a mobile device, a wireless device, a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a remote device, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, and others.
[0046] BSs 102 wirelessly communicate with (e.g., transmit signals to or receive signals from) UEs 104 via communications links 120. The communications links 120 between BSs 102 and UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a BS 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a BS 102 to a UE 104. The communications links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity in various aspects.
[0047] BSs 102 may generally include: a NodeB, enhanced NodeB (eNB) , next generation enhanced NodeB (ng-eNB) , next generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB) , access point, base transceiver station, radio base station, radio transceiver, transceiver function, transmission reception point, and / or others. Each of BSs 102 may provide communications coverage for a respective coverage area 110, which may sometimes be referred to as a cell, and which may overlap in some cases (e.g., small cell 102’ may have a coverage area 110’ that overlaps the coverage area 110 of a macro cell) . A BS may, for example, provide communications coverage for a macro cell (covering relatively large geographic area) , a pico cell (covering relatively smaller geographic area, such as a sports stadium) , a femto cell (relatively smaller geographic area (e.g., a home) ) , and / or other types of cells.
[0048] Generally, a cell may refer to a portion, partition, or segment of wireless communication coverage served by a network entity within a wireless communication network. A cell may have geographic characteristics, such as a geographic coverage area, as well as radio frequency characteristics, such as time and / or frequency resources dedicated to the cell. For example, a specific geographic coverage area may be covered by multiple cells employing different frequency resources (e.g., bandwidth parts) and / or different time resources. As another example, a specific geographic coverage area may be covered by a single cell.
[0049] While BSs 102 are depicted in various aspects as unitary communications devices, BSs 102 may be implemented in various configurations. For example, one or more components of a base station may be disaggregated, including a central unit (CU) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , one or more radio units (RUs) , a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC, to name a few examples. In another example, various aspects of a base station may be virtualized. More generally, a base station (e.g., BS 102) may include components that are located at a single physical location or components located at various physical locations. In examples in which a base station includes components that are located at various physical locations, the various components may each perform functions such that, collectively, the various components achieve functionality that is similar to a base station that is located at a single physical location. In some aspects, a base station including components that are located at various physical locations may be referred to as a disaggregated radio access network architecture, such as an Open RAN (O-RAN) or Virtualized RAN (VRAN) architecture. FIG. 2 depicts and describes an example disaggregated base station architecture.
[0050] Different BSs 102 within wireless communications network 100 may also be configured to support different radio access technologies, such as 3G, 4G, and / or 5G. For example, BSs 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., an S1 interface) . BSs 102 configured for 5G (e.g., 5G NR or Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with 5GC 190 through second backhaul links 184. BSs 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or 5GC 190) with each other over third backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface) , which may be wired or wireless.
[0051] Wireless communications network 100 may subdivide the electromagnetic spectrum into various classes, bands, channels, or other features. In some aspects, the subdivision is provided based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, or a subband. For example, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 1 (FR1) as including 410 MHz –7125 MHz, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as “Sub-6 GHz” . Similarly, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 2 (FR2) as including 24, 250 MHz –52, 600 MHz, which is sometimes referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” ( “mmW” or “mmWave” ) . A base station configured to communicate using mmWave / near mmWave radio frequency bands (e.g., a mmWave base station such as BS 180) may utilize beamforming (e.g., 182) with a UE (e.g., 104) to improve path loss and range.
[0052] The communications links 120 between BSs 102 and, for example, UEs 104, may be through one or more carriers, which may have different bandwidths (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, and / or other MHz) , and which may be aggregated in various aspects. Carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) .
[0053] Communications using higher frequency bands may have higher path loss and a shorter range compared to lower frequency communications. Accordingly, certain base stations (e.g., 180 in FIG. 1) may utilize beamforming 182 with a UE 104 to improve path loss and range. For example, BS 180 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate the beamforming. In some cases, BS 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 182’. UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the BS 180 in one or more receive directions 182”. UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the BS 180 in one or more transmit directions 182”. BS 180 may also receive the beamformed signal from UE 104 in one or more receive directions 182’ . BS 180 and UE 104 may then perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of BS 180 and UE 104. Notably, the transmit and receive directions for BS 180 may or may not be the same. Similarly, the transmit and receive directions for UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0054] Wireless communications network 100 further includes a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communications links 154 in, for example, a 2.4 GHz and / or 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum.
[0055] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communications link 158. D2D communications link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) .
[0056] EPC 160 may include various functional components, including: a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and / or a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172, such as in the depicted example. MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, MME 162 provides bearer and connection management.
[0057] Generally, user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to PDN Gateway 172. PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to IP Services 176, which may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a Packet Switched (PS) streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0058] BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and / or may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the BSs 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and / or may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0059] 5GC 190 may include various functional components, including: an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. AMF 192 may be in communication with Unified Data Management (UDM) 196.
[0060] AMF 192 is a control node that processes signaling between UEs 104 and 5GC 190. AMF 192 provides, for example, quality of service (QoS) flow and session management.
[0061] Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through UPF 195, which is connected to the IP Services 197, and which provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions for 5GC 190. IP Services 197 may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IMS, a PS streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0062] In various aspects, a network entity or network node can be implemented as an aggregated base station, as a disaggregated base station, a component of a base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, to name a few examples.
[0063] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station 200 architecture. The disaggregated base station 200 architecture may include one or more central units (CUs) 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 220 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 225 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 215 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 205, or both) . A CU 210 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 230 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 230 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 240 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 240 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0064] Each of the units, e.g., the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, as well as the Near-RT RICs 225, the Non-RT RICs 215 and the SMO Framework 205, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communications interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally or alternatively, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a radio frequency (RF) transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0065] In some aspects, the CU 210 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 210. The CU 210 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 210 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 230, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0066] The DU 230 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. In some aspects, the DU 230 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . In some aspects, the DU 230 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 210.
[0067] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 240. In some deployments, an RU 240, controlled by a DU 230, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 240 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communications with the RU (s) 240 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 230. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0068] The SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 210, DUs 230, RUs 240 and Near-RT RICs 225. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 211, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 240 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 205 also may include a Non-RT RIC 215 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 205.
[0069] The Non-RT RIC 215 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 225. The Non-RT RIC 215 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 225. The Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 225.
[0070] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 225, the Non-RT RIC 215 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 225 and may be received at the SMO Framework 205 or the Non-RT RIC 215 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 215 or the Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 215 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 205 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0071] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of an example BS 102 and a UE 104.
[0072] Generally, BS 102 includes various processors (e.g., 320, 330, 338, and 340) , antennas 334a-t (collectively 334) , transceivers 332a-t (collectively 332) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., data source 312) and wireless reception of data (e.g., data sink 339) . For example, BS 102 may send and receive data between BS 102 and UE 104. BS 102 includes controller / processor 340, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0073] Generally, UE 104 includes various processors (e.g., 358, 364, 366, and 380) , antennas 352a-r (collectively 352) , transceivers 354a-r (collectively 354) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., retrieved from data source 362) and wireless reception of data (e.g., provided to data sink 360) . UE 104 includes controller / processor 380, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0074] In regards to an example downlink transmission, BS 102 includes a transmit processor 320 that may receive data from a data source 312 and control information from a controller / processor 340. The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) , physical hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) indicator channel (PHICH) , physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH) , and / or others. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in some examples.
[0075] Transmit processor 320 may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. Transmit processor 320 may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS) , secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , and channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) .
[0076] Transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 330 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to the modulators (MODs) in transceivers 332a-332t. Each modulator in transceivers 332a-332t may process a respective output symbol stream to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Downlink signals from the modulators in transceivers 332a-332t may be transmitted via the antennas 334a-334t, respectively.
[0077] In order to receive the downlink transmission, UE 104 includes antennas 352a-352r that may receive the downlink signals from the BS 102 and may provide received signals to the demodulators (DEMODs) in transceivers 354a-354r, respectively. Each demodulator in transceivers 354a-354r may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator may further process the input samples to obtain received symbols.
[0078] RX MIMO detector 356 may obtain received symbols from all the demodulators in transceivers 354a-354r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. Receive processor 358 may process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for the UE 104 to a data sink 360, and provide decoded control information to a controller / processor 380.
[0079] In regards to an example uplink transmission, UE 104 further includes a transmit processor 364 that may receive and process data (e.g., for the PUSCH) from a data source 362 and control information (e.g., for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) ) from the controller / processor 380. Transmit processor 364 may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for the sounding reference signal (SRS) ) . The symbols from the transmit processor 364 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 366 if applicable, further processed by the modulators in transceivers 354a-354r (e.g., for SC-FDM) , and transmitted to BS 102.
[0080] At BS 102, the uplink signals from UE 104 may be received by antennas 334a-t, processed by the demodulators in transceivers 332a-332t, detected by a RX MIMO detector 336 if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor 338 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 104. Receive processor 338 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 339 and the decoded control information to the controller / processor 340.
[0081] Memories 342 and 382 may store data and program codes for BS 102 and UE 104, respectively.
[0082] Scheduler 344 may schedule UEs for data transmission on the downlink and / or uplink.
[0083] In various aspects, BS 102 may be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 312, scheduler 344, memory 342, transmit processor 320, controller / processor 340, TX MIMO processor 330, transceivers 332a-t, antenna 334a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 334a-t, transceivers 332a-t, RX MIMO detector 336, controller / processor 340, receive processor 338, scheduler 344, memory 342, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0084] In various aspects, UE 104 may likewise be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 362, memory 382, transmit processor 364, controller / processor 380, TX MIMO processor 366, transceivers 354a-t, antenna 352a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 352a-t, transceivers 354a-t, RX MIMO detector 356, controller / processor 380, receive processor 358, memory 382, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0085] In some aspects, a processor may be configured to perform various operations, such as those associated with the methods described herein, and transmit (output) to or receive (obtain) data from another interface that is configured to transmit or receive, respectively, the data.
[0086] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network, such as wireless communications network 100 of FIG. 1.
[0087] In particular, FIG. 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G (e.g., 5G NR) frame structure, FIG. 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G subframe, FIG. 4C is a diagram 450 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G frame structure, and FIG. 4D is a diagram 480 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G subframe.
[0088] Wireless communications systems may utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink. Such systems may also support half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . OFDM and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) partition the system bandwidth (e.g., as depicted in FIGS. 4B and 4D) into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. Modulation symbols may be sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and / or in the time domain with SC-FDM.
[0089] A wireless communications frame structure may be frequency division duplex (FDD) , in which, for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for either DL or UL. Wireless communications frame structures may also be time division duplex (TDD) , in which, for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for both DL and UL.
[0090] In FIG. 4A and 4C, the wireless communications frame structure is TDD where D is DL, U is UL, and X is flexible for use between DL / UL. UEs may be configured with a slot format through a received slot format indicator (SFI) (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) . In the depicted examples, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized 1 ms subframes. Each subframe may include one or more time slots. In some examples, each slot may include 7 or 14 symbols, depending on the slot format. Subframes may also include mini-slots, which generally have fewer symbols than an entire slot. Other wireless communications technologies may have a different frame structure and / or different channels.
[0091] In certain aspects, the number of slots within a subframe is based on a slot configuration and a numerology. For example, for slot configuration 0, different numerologies (μ) 0 to 5 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 slots, respectively, per subframe. For slot configuration 1, different numerologies 0 to 2 allow for 2, 4, and 8 slots, respectively, per subframe. Accordingly, for slot configuration 0 and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2μ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing and symbol length / duration are a function of the numerology. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ×15 kHz, where μ is the numerology 0 to 5. As such, the numerology μ=0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and the numerology μ=5 has a subcarrier spacing of 480 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D provide an example of slot configuration 0 with 14 symbols per slot and numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs.
[0092] As depicted in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D, a resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs) ) that extends, for example, 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.
[0093] As illustrated in FIG. 4A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) . The RS may include demodulation RS (DMRS) and / or channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS) , beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and / or phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0094] FIG. 4B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) , each CCE including, for example, nine RE groups (REGs) , each REG including, for example, four consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol.
[0095] A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE (e.g., 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity.
[0096] A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing.
[0097] Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the aforementioned DMRS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block. The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and / or paging messages.
[0098] As illustrated in FIG. 4C, some of the REs carry DMRS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DMRS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DMRS for the PUCCH and DMRS for the PUSCH. The PUSCH DMRS may be transmitted, for example, in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DMRS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. UE 104 may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted, for example, in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0099] FIG. 4D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and HARQ ACK / NACK feedback. The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI.
[0100] Aspects Related to Beam Management
[0101] FIG. 5 is a diagram depicting example radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment and beam management 500. As shown, at 502, a user equipment (UE) may initially be in an RRC idle state (or an RRC inactivate state) . An RRC idle state refers to a state of a UE where the UE is switched on but does not have any established RRC connection. The RRC idle state allows the UE to reduce battery power consumption, for example, relative to an RRC connected state. In an RRC connected state, the UE is connected to the network and radio resources are allocated to the UE.
[0102] In order to perform data transfer and / or make / receive calls, the UE needs to establish connection with a network using an initial access procedure, at 504. The initial access procedure is a sequence of processes performed between the UE and the network to establish the RRC connection. The UE may be in an RRC connected state subsequent to establishing the connection.
[0103] The UE may perform beam management after entering an RRC connected state. Beam management includes a set of operations used to establish and retain a (e.g., optimal) beam pair that can be used for downlink and uplink transmission / reception. A beam pair includes a transmit beam and a corresponding receive beam in one link direction. The beam management may include conventional P1, P2, and / or P3 beam management procedures, illustrated below in FIG. 6.
[0104] Beam management procedures may further include, at 508 and 510, beam failure detection and recovery operations. For example, a UE may detect a beam failure when layer 1 (L1) reference signal received power (RSRP) for a connected beam falls below a certain limit. After beam failure is detected, the UE identifies a candidate beam suitable for communication and performs beam failure recovery (BFR) . If the BFR is not successful, the UE may declare a radio link failure (RLF) , at 512.
[0105] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating examples 600, 610, and 620 of beam management procedures. As shown in FIG. 6, examples 600, 610, and 620 include a UE 104 in communication with a BS 102 in a wireless network (e.g., wireless communications network 100 in FIG. 1) . However, the devices shown in FIG. 6 are provided as examples, and the wireless network may support communication and beam management between other devices (e.g., between a UE 104 and a network entity, a UE 104 and a transmission reception point (TRP) , between a mobile termination node and a control node, between an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) child node and an IAB parent node, between a scheduled node and a scheduling node, and / or the like) . In some aspects, the UE 104 and the BS 102 are in a connected state (e.g., RRC connected state and / or the like) .
[0106] BS 102 and UE 104 may communicate to perform beam management using reference signals (RSs) (e.g., synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , demodulation reference signals (DM-RSs) , channel state information reference signals (CSI-RSs) , etc. ) .
[0107] Example 600 depicts a first beam management procedure (e.g., such as a P1 beam management procedure) . The first beam management procedure may be referred to as a beam selection procedure, an initial beam acquisition procedure, a beam sweeping procedure, a cell search procedure, a beam search procedure, and / or the like. In example 600, reference signals are configured to be transmitted from the BS 102 to UE 104. The reference signals may be configured to be periodic (e.g., using RRC signaling) , semi-persistent (e.g., using media access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE) signaling) , and / or aperiodic (e.g., using downlink control information (DCI) ) .
[0108] As illustrated, the first beam management procedure may include BS 102 performing beam sweeping over multiple transmit (TX) beams 602 (1) -602 (9) (individually referred to as “transmit beam 602” and collectively referred to as “transmit beams 602” ) . A transmit beam, such as transmit beam 602, is a beam, or transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state, that is used by a wireless communication device (e.g., a BS 102 and / or UE 104) for transmitting signals. For example, BS 102 may transmit a reference signal using each transmit beam 602 associated with BS 102 for beam management.
[0109] To enable UE 104 to perform receive (RX) beam sweeping (e.g., a receive beam may be a beam, a TCI state, and / or spatial relation information that is used by a wireless communication device for receiving signals) , BS 102 uses a transmit beam 602 to transmit (e.g., with repetitions) each reference signal at multiple times within a same resource set to enable UE 104 to sweep through receive beams 604 (1) -604 (9) (individually referred to as “receive beam 604” and collectively referred to as “receive beams 604” ) in multiple transmission instances. For example, if BS 102 has a set of N transmit beams 602 (e.g., in this example, N is equal to nine) and UE 104 has a set of M receive beams 604 (e.g., in this example, M is equal to nine) , then the reference signal may be transmitted on each of the N transmit beams 602 M times such that UE 104 receives M instances of the reference signals per transmit beam 602. As a result, the first beam management procedure helps to enable UE 104 to measure a reference signal on different transmit beams 602, using different receive beams 604, to support the selection of BS 102 transmit beams 602 / UE 104 receive beam (s) 604 beam pair (s) . UE 104 may report the measurements to BS 102 to enable BS 102 to select one or more beam pair (s) for communication between B S 102 and UE 104.
[0110] Example 610, illustrated in FIG. 6, depicts a second beam management procedure (e.g., such as a P2 CSI-RS beam management procedure) . The second beam management procedure may be referred to as a beam refinement procedure, a BS beam refinement procedure, a TRP beam refinement procedure, a transmit beam refinement procedure, and / or the like.
[0111] As illustrated, the second beam management procedure includes BS 102 performing beam sweeping over one or more transmit beams 602 (e.g., transmit beams 602 (2) -602 (8) ) . The one or more transmit beams 602 (e.g., transmit beams 602 (2) -602 (8) ) may be a subset of all transmit beams 602 associated with BS 102 (e.g., determined based, at least in part, on measurements reported by UE 104 in connection with the first beam management procedure) . BS 102 transmits a reference signal using each transmit beam 602 (2) -602 (8) for beam management. UE 104 measures each reference signal using a single (e.g., a same) receive beam 604 (e.g., determined based, at least in part, on measurements performed in connection with the first beam management procedure) . For example, UE 104 measures each reference signal using receive beam 604 (5) . As such, the second beam management procedure may enable BS 102 to select a best transmit beam 602 (e.g., from transmit beams 602 (2) -602 (8) ) based on measurements of the reference signals (e.g., measured by UE 104 using the single receive beam 604 (5) ) reported by UE 104. For example, the second beam management procedure may enable BS 102 to select a best transmit beam 602 as transmit beam 602 (5) .
[0112] Example 620, illustrated in FIG. 6, depicts a third beam management procedure (e.g., such as a P3 CSI-RS beam management procedure) . The third beam management procedure may be referred to as a beam refinement procedure, a UE beam refinement procedure, a receive beam refinement procedure, and / or the like.
[0113] As illustrated, the third beam management procedure includes BS 102 transmitting one or more reference signals using a single transmit beam 604 (e.g., determined based, at least in part, on measurements reported by UE 104 in connection with the first beam management procedure and / or the second beam management procedure) . For example, BS 102 transmits one or more reference signals using transmit beam 602 (5) . To enable UE 104 to perform receive beam sweeping, BS 102 may use transmit beam 602 (5) to transmit (e.g., with repetitions) reference signals at multiple times within a same resource set such that UE 104 can sweep through one or more receive beams 604 (e.g., receive beams 604 (2) -604 (8) ) in multiple transmission instances. The one or more receive beams 604 (e.g., receive beams 604 (2) -604 (8) ) may be a subset of all receive beams 604 associated with UE 104 (e.g., determined based on measurements performed in connection with the first beam management procedure and / or the second beam management procedure) . The third beam management procedure helps to enable BS 102 and / or UE 104 to select a best receive beam 604 (e.g., from receive beams 604 (2) -604(8) ) based on reported measurements received from UE 104 (e.g., of the reference signal of the transmit beam 602 (5) using the one or more receive beams 604 (2) -604 (8) ) . For example, the third beam management procedure may enable UE 104 to select a best receive beam 604 as receive beam 604 (5) .
[0114] FIG. 6 is provided as an example of beam management procedures for determining a beam pair with good connectivity for communication. Other examples of beam management procedures that differ from what is described with respect to FIG. 6, however, may be considered when determining beam pairs for wireless communication.
[0115] As illustrated in FIG. 6, conventional methods for beam selection, also referred to as an exhaustive search, searches each beam, one by one, for a combination between a transmitter and a receiver that will result in a (e.g., maximum) value of a given criterion, such as transmitter / receiver channel gain. Although the exhaustive search method helps to select a suitable transmission / reception beam pair, this method may become impractical due to (1) the exponentially increasing search time as a number of beams and / or radiation patterns increases and / or (2) ultra-low latency requirements (e.g., requirements to process a very high volume of data packets with an extraordinarily low tolerance for delay) , for example, which is forecasted to be around 1-10μs for 6G technology.
[0116] Aspects Related to ML-Aided Beam Management Procedures
[0117] Artificial intelligence (AI) , and more specifically, machine learning (ML) techniques have been introduced to help overcome the technical problems associated with conventional beam management procedures, such as those present in 5G, 5G-Advanced, and 6G networks. ML, a subdivision of AI, refers to training computer algorithms to make predictions based on experience. ML is an efficient tool that may be used to help reduce the complexity involved in generating beams and the overhead associated with beam management without sacrificing system performance. For example, with the help of ML techniques, beam selection may be performed in a fraction of the time taken by conventional exhaustive search methods and with performance comparable to that of such methods.
[0118] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example architecture 700 of a functional framework for radio access network (RAN) intelligence enabled by data collection. As illustrated, architecture 700 includes multiple logical entities, such as a model training host 702, a model inference host 704, data sources 706, and an actor 708. RAN intelligence enabled by ML and the associated functional framework may be utilized in various use cases, such as beam management, energy saving, load balancing, mobility management, and / or coverage optimization, among other examples. One or more benefits may be realized through the use of ML enabled RAN in such use cases.
[0119] Model inference host 704, in architecture 700, is configured to run an ML model based on inference data 712 provided by data sources 706. Model inference host 704 may produce an output 714 (e.g., a prediction) based on inference data 712, that is then provided as input into actor 708.
[0120] Actor 708 may be an element or an entity of a core network (CN) or a RAN. For example, actor 708 may be a UE (e.g., UE 104 in FIG. 1) , a BS (e.g., a BS 102 in FIG. 1) or another network node (e.g., a gNB, a centralized unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , and / or a radio unit (RU) ) , among other examples. Additionally, the type of actor 708 may also depend on the type of tasks performed by model inference host 704, the type of inference data 712 provided to model inference host 704, and / or the type of output 714 produced by model inference host 704.
[0121] For example, if output 714 from model inference host 704 is associated with beam management (e.g., produced from ML model (s) described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 7) , actor 708 may be a UE, a DU, or an RU. As another example, if output 714 from model inference host 704 is associated with transmission and / or reception scheduling, actor 708 may be a CU or a DU.
[0122] After actor 708 receives output 714 from model inference host 704, actor 708 may determine whether to act based on the output. For example, if actor 708 is a DU or an RU and the output from model inference host 704 is associated with beam management, actor 708 may determine whether to change / modify a transmission and / or a reception beam based on output 714. If actor 708 determines to act based on output 714, actor 708 may indicate the action to at least one subject of action 710. For example, if actor 708 determines to change / modify a transmission and / or reception beam for a communication between actor 708 and the subject of action 710 (e.g., a UE) , then actor 708 may transmit a beam (re-) configuration or a beam switching indication to subject of action 710. Actor 708 may modify its transmission and / or reception beam based on the beam (re-) configuration, such as switching to a new transmission and / or reception beam and / or applying different parameters for a transmission and / or reception beam, among other examples. As another example, actor 708 may be a UE, and output 714 from model inference host 704 may be associated with beam management. For example, output 714 may be one or more predicted measurement values for one or more beams. Actor 708, the UE, may determine that a measurement report (e.g., an L1 RSRP report) is to be transmitted to a BS in communication with the UE. In some cases, actor 708 and subject of action 710 are the same entity.
[0123] Data sources 706 may be configured for collecting data that is used as training data 716 for training an ML model, or as inference data 712 for feeding an ML model inference operation. In particular, data sources 706 may collect data from one or more CN and / or RAN entities, which may include subject of action 710, and provide the collected data to a model training host 702 for ML model training. For example, after a subject of action 710 (e.g., a UE) receives a beam configuration from actor 708, subject of action 710 may provide performance feedback associated with the beam configuration to data sources 706, where the performance feedback may be used by the model training host 702 for monitoring and / or evaluating the ML model performance, such as whether output 714, provided to actor 708, is accurate. In some examples, if output 714 provided to actor 708 is inaccurate (or the accuracy is below an accuracy threshold) , then model training host 702 may determine to modify or retrain the ML model used by model inference host 704, such as via an ML model deployment / update.
[0124] In some aspects, an ML model is deployed at or on a network entity (e.g., such as BS 102 in FIG. 1) for purposes of spatial domain (SD) , temporal domain (TD) , and / or frequency domain (FD) beam prediction. More specifically, a model interference host, such as model inference host 704 in FIG. 7, may be deployed at or on the network entity for such beam prediction. The TD refers to the analytic space in which signals are conveyed in terms of time, rather than frequency. The FD refers to the analytic space in which signals are conveyed in terms of frequency, rather than time. For example, the network entity may be configured to predict downlink receive (RX) beams that are to be used by a UE for receiving downlink transmission (s) from the network entity. To enable such prediction, the UE may be required to feedback it’s receive beam information (e.g., beam shapes, direction, beamforming, gains, and / or the like) to the network entity.
[0125] In some other aspects, an ML model is deployed at or on a UE (e.g., such as UE 104 in FIG. 1) for purposes of SD, TD, and / or FD beam prediction. More specifically, a model inference host, such as model inference host 704 in FIG. 7, may be deployed at or on the UE for such beam prediction. A scenario where the ML model, at or on the UE, is configured to predict SD beams may be referred to as a beam management case 1, or simply “BM-Case1. ” Additionally, a scenario where the ML model, at or on the UE, is configured to predict TD beams may be referred to as a beam management case 2, or simply “BM-Case2. ” SD communication resource prediction (also referred to as beam prediction) may refer to predicting a measurement for a first communication resource associated with a first beam (e.g., a first transmit beam of a network entity) based on a measurement of a second communication resource associated with a second beam (e.g., a second transmit beam of the network entity) , wherein the first communication resource and the second communication resource correspond to a same time and frequency resource. FD communication resource prediction (also referred to as beam prediction) may refer to predicting a measurement for a first communication resource associated with a first beam (e.g., a first transmit beam of a network entity) based on a measurement of a second communication resource associated with the first beam, wherein the first communication resource and the second communication resource correspond to a same time resource but a different frequency resource. TD communication resource prediction (also referred to as beam prediction) may refer to predicting a measurement for a first communication resource associated with a first beam (e.g., a first transmit beam of a network entity) based on a measurement of a second communication resource associated with the first beam, wherein the first communication resource and the second communication resource correspond to a same frequency resource but a different time resource.
[0126] FIG. 8A is a diagram illustrating example beam prediction 800a by a UE 104. In FIG. 8A, an ML model 810 is deployed at or on UE 104 to enable UE 104 to make one or more beam predictions based on data input to ML model 810.
[0127] For example, a BS (e.g., BS 102 in FIGS. 1 and 3) may transmit one or more signals (e.g., SSBs) , via a first set of beams 804, in a first set of communication resources (e.g., channel measurement resources) . UE 104 may perform measurements (e.g., L1 RSRP measurements and / or other measurements) of the one or more signals transmitted in the first set of communication resources, or a subset thereof, to obtain a first set of measurements 812 (sometimes referred to as parameters or channel characteristics) . For example, each beam (or else a subset thereof) 804, from the first set of beams carrying the one or more signals, may be associated with one or more measurements 812 performed by UE 104. UE 104 may input the first set of measurements 812 (e.g., L1 RSRP measurement values) into ML model 810 along with information associated with the first set of beams and / or first set of communication resources (or a subset thereof) . The information associated with the first set of beams may include a beam direction (e.g., a spatial direction) , beam width, beam shape, and / or other characteristics of the respective beam.
[0128] ML model 810 may be configured to output one or more predictions. More specifically, ML model 810 may be configured to predict one or more measurement values 814 for a second set of communication resources (e.g., channel prediction resources) associated with a second set of beams 808 (e.g., narrower beams than the first set of beams 804) . The one or more measurement values 814 may include predicted channel characteristics (e.g., predicted L1 RSRP measurement values) associated with the second set of communication resources, where the second set of communication resources are associated with the second set of beams 808.
[0129] In some examples, the first set of beams 804 (e.g., that are measured) may be referred to as “Set B beams” and the second set of beams 808 (e.g., that are associated with predicted measurements for the second set of communication resources) may be referred to as “Set A beams. ” Put another way, the “Set B beams” are a set of beams for which measurements are taken and used as inputs in ML model 810, while the “Set A beams” are a set of beams for which ML model 810 performs predictions.
[0130] In some examples, first set of beams 804 are a subset of second set of beams 808. In some other examples, first set of beams 804 and second set of beams 808 are different beams and / or may be mutually exclusive sets. For example, first set of beams 804 may include wide beams (e.g., unrefined beams or beams having a beam width that satisfies a first threshold) , and second set of beams 808 may include narrow beams (e.g., refined beams or beams having a beam width that satisfies a second threshold) .
[0131] Use of ML model 810 for beam prediction may reduce a quantity of beam measurements that are performed by UE 104 (e.g., compared to exhaustive search methods described above with respect to FIG. 6) , thereby conserving power at UE 104 and / or network resources that would have otherwise been used to measure all beams included in at least the first set of beams.
[0132] In some aspects, this type of prediction may be referred to as a codebook-based SD selection or prediction. The codebook-based SD prediction / selection may be associated with an initial access, a secondary cell group (SCG) setup, a serving beam refinement, and / or a link quality (e.g., channel quality indicator (CQI) or precoding matrix indicator (PMI) ) and interference adaptation.
[0133] As another example, an output of ML model 810 may include a point-direction, an angle of departure (AoD) , and / or an angle of arrival (AoA) of a beam included in the second set of beams (e.g., the “Set A beams” ) . This type of prediction may be referred to as a non-codebook-based SD selection or prediction. The non-codebook-based prediction / selection may be associated with a serving beam refinement, and / or a link quality (e.g., CQI or PMI) and interference adaptation. As another example, multiple measurement reports and / or values, collected at different points in time, may be input to ML model 810. This may enable ML model 810 to output codebook-based and / or non-codebook-based predictions for a measurement value, an AoD, and / or an AoA, among other examples, of a beam at a future time. The output (s) of ML model 810, may facilitate initial access procedures, secondary cell group (SCG) setup procedures, beam refinement procedures (e.g., a P2 beam management procedure and / or a P3 beam management procedure as described above with respect to FIG. 6) , link quality or interference adaptation procedures, beam failure and / or beam blockage predictions, and / or radio link failure predictions, among other examples.
[0134] In some aspects, an output of ML model 810 may include a temporal beam prediction. The TD beam prediction may be associated with a serving beam refinement, a link quality (e.g., CQI or PMI) and interference adaptation, a beam failure / blockage prediction, and / or a radio link failure (RLF) prediction. For example, the ML model 810 may predict channel characteristics for a given beam and a given frequency for a future time based on a measurement of a signal communicated on the given beam and the given frequency.
[0135] In some aspects, ML model 810 performs SD downlink beam predictions for beams included in the “Set A beams” based on measurement results of beams included in the “Set B beams. ” In some aspects, ML model 810 performs TD downlink beam prediction for beams included in the “Set A beams” based on historic measurement results of beams included in the “Set B beams. ”
[0136] Aspects Related to the Prediction of Communication Resources
[0137] In some aspects, an ML model may be used to predict communication resources, such to assist in determining a set of beams (e.g., uplink receive beams, uplink transmit beams, downlink receive beams, and / or downlink transmit beams) to be used for communication. Receive beams correspond to spatial beams configured at an apparatus, such as a network entity (e.g., such as BS 102 in FIGs. 1 and 3) or UE, for receiving signals. For example, each receive beam of a set of receive beams corresponds to one or more of a corresponding amplitude weighting pattern to apply to signals received over each of a plurality of antennas of the apparatus or a corresponding phase shift pattern to apply to signals received over each of the plurality of antennas of the apparatus. Transmit beams correspond to spatial beams configured at an apparatus, such as a network entity (e.g., such as BS 102 in FIGs. 1 and 3) or UE, for transmitting signals. For example, each transmit beam of a set of transmit beams corresponds to one or more of a corresponding amplitude weighting pattern to apply to signals transmitted over each of a plurality of antennas of the apparatus or a corresponding phase shift pattern to apply to signals transmitted over each of the plurality of antennas of the apparatus. A “set” as discussed herein may include one or more elements. Accordingly, a set of beams includes one or more beams.
[0138] An ML model may be configured to predict communication resources associated with a set of beams (e.g., referred to as “Set A beams, ” which may correspond to transmit beams, such as downlink transmit beams) based on measuring one or more signals (e.g., associated with another set of beams, referred to as “Set B beams, ” which may correspond to transmit beams, such as downlink transmit beams) communicated in another set of communication resources. Identifiers of the predicted communication resources may be sent to the network entity. The network entity may use such identifiers to determine a set of uplink receive beams associated with the network entity that are to be used for subsequent uplink communication and / or a set of downlink transmit beams to be used for subsequent downlink communication.
[0139] For example, FIG. 8B is a diagram illustrating example communication resource prediction 800b by a UE 104 based on measurement of a signal from a network entity 802 (e.g., such as BS 102 in FIGs. 1 and 3) . In FIG. 8B, an ML model 810 is deployed at or on UE 104 to enable UE 104 to make one or more communication resource predictions based on data input to ML model 810. Though embodiments herein describe the use of an ML model to predict communication resources associated with a set of beams, in certain other embodiments, other prediction techniques (e.g., defined in a specification, such as 3GPP) may be used to predict the communication resources. Further, the prediction may occur somewhere else than UE 104, such as where UE 104 sends measurement information to another device to perform prediction, where the ML model is deployed at the other device.
[0140] In certain aspects, predicting communication resources to assist in determining a set of beams to be used for communication may be referred to as predicting beams.
[0141] To perform communication resource prediction, network entity 802 may first transmit one or more signals (e.g., SSBs) , via a first set of beams 824, in a first set of communication resources 822. Network entity 802 may be any network entity, such as BS 102 in FIGS. 1 and 3. The first set of beams 824 may be a first set of downlink transmit beams of the network entity 802. UE 104 may measure the one or more signals transmitted in the first set of communication resources 822, to obtain a first set of measurements (sometimes referred to as parameters or channel characteristics) .
[0142] For example, each signal carried via each beam in the first set of beams 824 may be associated with one or more measurements performed by UE 104. UE 104 may input the first set of measurements into ML model 810. In some aspects, information associated with the first set of beams 824 (e.g., beam direction, beam width, beam shape, and / or other characteristics) is also input into ML model 810 for communication resource prediction.
[0143] ML model 810 is configured to output one or more predictions, and more specifically, is configured to predict communication resources. As used herein, predicting communication resources comprises predicting one or more parameters associated with the communication resources. For example, based on the one or more measurements provided as input into ML model 810, ML model 810 predicts one or more parameters (e.g., measurement values and / or channel characteristics) for a second set of communication resources 826 associated with a second set of beams 828. In certain aspects, the second set of beams 828 corresponds to a second set of downlink transmit beams of the network entity 802. For example, the ML model 810 predicts what measurement (s) of one or more signals would be if they were transmitted by network entity 802 on the second set of communication resources 826 using the second set of beams 828. In certain aspects, the second set of beams 828 corresponds to a set of uplink receive beams of network entity 802. For example, the ML model 810 predicts measurement (s) of one or more signals if they had been transmitted by network entity 802 on transmit beams that have the same spatial configuration as the set of uplink receive beams.
[0144] In some aspects, UE 104 sends one or more identifiers of the second set of communication resources 826 to network entity 802. Network entity 802 may determine a set of uplink receive beams to use for receiving subsequent uplink transmission (s) from UE 104 based on the second set of communication resources 826. For example, network entity 802 may store or have access to information, such as a mapping, that associates / maps the second set of communication resources 826 with the set of uplink receive beams. In certain aspects, UE 104 may not have information regarding the association of the set of uplink receive beams with the second set of communication resources 826.
[0145] Using ML models for predicting communication resources, to assist in determining a set of beams that may be used for subsequent communication, helps to overcome technical problems associated with conventional beam selection procedures, such as those described above with respect to FIG. 6.
[0146] Aspects Related to Lower-Layer Triggered Mobility (LTM)
[0147] Handover is a process of transferring an ongoing communication session of a UE (e.g., such as UE 104 in FIGS. 1-3) from a source cell to a target cell while in a connected state. The target cell may belong to either a same network entity as the source cell (e.g., intra-network entity (e.g., intra-gNB) handover) or a different network entity than the network entity associated with the source cell (e.g., inter-network entity (e.g., inter-gNB) handover) . One of the motivations behind handover procedures is to assist in the seamless connectivity and continuity of service for the UE, especially while the UE is mobile.
[0148] New Radio (NR) supports different types of handover, including handover procedures where the network controls UE mobility based on UE measurement reporting. In this procedure, a source network entity (e.g., gNB) associated with a source cell of a UE, triggers a handover for the UE by transmitting a handover request to a target network entity associated with a target cell (e.g., inter-gNB handover) . After receiving an acknowledgement (ACK) from the target network entity, the source network entity initiates the handover of the UE from the source cell to the target cell (e.g., from the source network entity to the target network entity) by transmitting a handover command with target cell configuration. The UE then accesses the target cell after the target cell configuration is applied.
[0149] Handover procedures supported in 3GPP, through Release 17, involve cell changes / switching triggered by layer 3 (L3) measurements and carried out via radio resource control (RRC) signaling. Each procedure requires the reconfiguration of upper layers of the protocol stack (e.g., the RRC layer and / or the packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer) and / or the resetting of lower layers of the protocol stack (e.g., the medium access control (MAC) layer and / or the physical (PHY) layer) , which may result in increased latency, large overhead, and / or long interruption times.
[0150] Accordingly to overcome such problems with existing handover procedures, in 3GPP Release 18, a new layer 1 (L1) / layer 2 (L2) -based handover procedure, also referred to as “Lower Layer Triggered Mobility (LTM) , ” was introduced. LTM enables a handover via L1 / L2 signaling. As such, any re-configuration of the upper layers may be avoided, while also minimizing changes to the configuration of the lower years of the protocol stack. The LTM supports both intra-distributed unit (DU) mobility and intra-central unit (CU) -inter-DU mobility (e.g., where the source DU and target DU are connected to a common CU) .
[0151] FIG. 9 depicts the procedure 900 for LTM. As illustrated, procedure 900 includes steps 906-930, which is broken into three categories: (1) LTM preparation and initiation, (2) synchronization, and (3) beam management / refinement. Procedure 900 begins, at step 906, by a UE 904 (e.g., such as UE 104 in FIGS. 1-3) transmitting a measurement report message to a network entity 902 (e.g., such as BS 102 in FIGS. 1 and 3) . In response to receiving the measurement report message at 906, network entity 902 determines to use LTM and accordingly initiate LTM candidate preparation, at step 908, by compiling a list of one or more LTM candidate target cells for UE 904.
[0152] Procedure 900 then proceeds, at step 910, with network entity 902 transmitting an RRCReconfiguration message to UE 904, including configuration information for each of the LTM candidate target cell (s) . UE 904 stores the configuration information received from network entity 902, and at step 912, transmits an RRCReconfigurationComplete message to network entity 902.
[0153] Procedure 900 proceeds, at step 914, with UE 904 performing measurements (e.g., L1 measurements) on one or more of the configured LTM candidate cell (s) . UE 904 may transmit, at step 916, lower-layer report (s) , including information about these measurements, to network entity 902.
[0154] At step 918, network entity 902 determines to execute an LTM cell switch to one of the LTM candidate cell (s) based on the measurement report (s) received from UE 904. For example, the measurement report (s) received from UE 904 may include RSRP measurement information for one or more LTM candidate cell (s) . Where the RSRP measurement information for one LTM candidate cell satisfies a threshold RSRP value, then network entity 902 may determine to initiate an LTM cell switch to this LTM candidate cell. Accordingly, at step 920, network entity 902 transmits, to UE 904, a MAC-CE triggering an LTM cell switch for UE 904 (also referred to herein as “a cell switch command” ) to the target LTM candidate cell.
[0155] In response to receiving the cell switch command, UE 904 begins the process to synchronize with the target LTM candidate cell. In particular, at step 922 and step 924, respectively, UE 904 performs downlink synchronization and uplink synchronization with the target LTM candidate cell. In some cases, performing uplink synchronization includes UE 904 performing a random access channel procedure (RACH) with the target LTM candidate cell. After successful synchronization with the target LTM candidate cell, UE 904 may be switched to the configuration of the target LTM candidate cell.
[0156] Procedure 900 then proceeds, at step 926, with UE 904 transmitting an LTM completion message to network entity 902. The LTM completion message helps to inform network entity 902 of the successful completion of the LTM cell switch to the target LTM candidate cell.
[0157] In addition to using the measurements performed and reported by UE 904, at steps 914 and 916 in procedure 900, to decide that a switch from the source cell to the target cell is warranted, such measurements may also be used for beam selection. Specifically, based on measured channel characteristics at the target cell, a suitable beam pair for communication between the network entity of the target cell (e.g., network entity 902, where the target cell and the source cell both belong to network entity 902) and UE 904, after completion of procedure 900, may be determined.
[0158] For example, during procedure 900, network entity 902 may transmit a plurality of SSBs (e.g. using different downlink transmit beams) in the target cell. UE 904 may measure each of the received SSBs to obtain a set of measurements, including RSRP for each of the received SSBs, and report these measurements to network entity 902, for example, at step 916 in procedure 900. Using these measurements, network entity 902 may not only determine to initiate a cell switch to the target cell, but also determine a beam to use for communication between the network entity of the target cell and UE 904 after the cell switch is complete. In particular, network entity 902 may determine a particular beam as a beam used to transmit an SSB having a highest reported RSRP. Similarly, UE 904 may use these measurements to determine a beam to use for communication with network entity 902, via the target cell, after procedure 900 is complete.
[0159] In some implementations, measurement of SSBs transmitted using wide beams is used for such beam selection procedures (e.g., including in LTM procedures, as described above) , such as to reduce a number of signals to be measured, as discussed. Further, to improve throughput, network entity 902 and UE 904 may perform additional beam refinement procedures after UE 904 is connected to the target cell. For example, as shown at step 928 in FIG. 9, the target cell (e.g., belonging to network entity 902) and UE 904 perform beam refinement procedures (such as beam refinement procedures described above in FIG. 6) to determine a narrow beam pair, with good connectivity, to use for communication between network entity 902 and UE 904, via the target cell. After step 928, procedure 900 is complete and UE 904 communicates (e.g., at step 930) on the target cell using beams of the beam pair determined at step 928.
[0160] Needing to perform additional beam refinement techniques, after UE 904 has switched cells and is connected to the target cell (e.g., belonging to network entity 902) , may result in additional throughput interruption at UE 904, at least until a beam pair capable of providing sufficient throughput performance for communications between network entity 902 of the target cell and UE 904 is determined. As such, overall reliability and efficiency of wireless communications between UE 904 and the network may be adversely affected.
[0161] The aforementioned technical problems, including throughput interruption, result when using SSBs for beam selection in LTM procedures; thus, improved techniques are desired.
[0162] Aspects Related to Communication Resource Prediction and Reporting in LTM Procedures
[0163] In order to overcome technical problems associated with existing beam selection techniques in LTM procedures, such as those described above with respect to FIG. 9, aspects described herein provide techniques for communication resource prediction and reporting in LTM procedures to assist in determining a set of beams to be used for communication between a network entity of a target cell and a UE, after completion of an LTM procedure. As used herein, predicting communication resources comprises predicting one or more parameters associated with the communication resources. For example, based on one or more measurements for a first set of communication resources provided as input into an ML model, the ML model predicts one or more parameters (e.g., measurement values and / or channel characteristics) for a second set of communication resources. The second set of communication resources may correspond to a set of beams of a network entity of a target cell that may be used by the network entity of the target cell to communicate with a UE after a cell switch occurs. In some cases, the second set of communication resources corresponds to a set of narrow beams of a network entity of a target cell that may be used by the network entity of the target cell to communicate with the UE, subsequent to completing an LTM procedure used to transfer the UE from a source cell to the target cell.
[0164] Aspects described herein provide one or more signaling mechanisms used to support such communication resource prediction and reporting. In particular, signaling mechanisms described herein may be used to (1) trigger communication resource prediction by a UE (e.g., undergoing a cell switch) , (2) help a UE identify a set of communication resources to measure and a set of communication resources to predict channel characteristics for, and / or (3) assist a UE in providing its predicted communication resources to a network entity of a target cell to thereby enable the network entity to determine one or more beams to use for communication with the UE via the target cell.
[0165] Certain aspects are described herein where the source cell and the target cell are associated with the same network entity. However, it should be understood the source cell and the target cell instead may be associated with different network entities. Accordingly, where communications are discussed as sent or received by the network entity of the source cell and the target cell, it should be noted that the communications sent or received by the source cell similarly may be sent or received by a first network entity of the source cell, and the communications sent or received by the target cell similarly may be sent or received by a second network entity of the target cell.
[0166] FIG. 10 depicts a process flow 1000, for communications in a network between a network entity 1002 and a UE 1004 to carry out communication resource prediction in an LTM procedure. In some aspects, network entity 1002 may be an example of BS 102 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1 and 3 or a disaggregated BS depicted and described with respect to FIG. 2. Similarly, UE 1004 may be an example of UE 104 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1 and 3. However, in other aspects, UE 1004 may be another type of wireless communications device and network entity 1002 may be another type of network entity or network node, such as those described herein.
[0167] The LTM procedure described in FIG. 10 may be a handover procedure used to transfer connection of UE 1004 from a source cell of network entity 1002 to a target cell of network entity 1002. While process flow 1000 describes signaling for an LTM procedure where the cell switch occurs across cells of a single network entity (e.g., network entity 1002) , similar signaling may be used in LTM procedures where the cell switch is performed to transfer UE 1004 from a source cell of a first network entity to a target cell of a second network entity.
[0168] Process flow 1000 begins, at step 1006, by network entity 1002 transmitting a cell switch command (e.g., similar to the cell switch command transmitted at step 920 in FIG. 9) . The cell switch command may be a MAC-CE triggering an LTM cell switch for UE 1004 to a target cell of network entity 1002. In some cases, network entity 1002 determines to trigger an LTM cell switch and thus transmit the cell switch command, at step 1006, based on measurement report (s) received from UE 1004. For example, the measurement report (s) received from UE 1004 may include information about channel conditions for the source cell and one or more LTM candidate cell (s) . Where the channel conditions for one LTM candidate cell (e.g., the target cell) are determined to be better than channel conditions measured for the source cell, then then network entity 1002 may determine to transmit the cell switch command to initiate an LTM cell switch to this target cell.
[0169] The cell switch command includes an indication of the target cell (e.g., identification information for the target cell) . Additionally (different from FIG. 9) , the cell switch command includes an indication to perform communication resource prediction. For example, the cell switch command, received by UE 1004, may trigger UE 1004 to predict channel characteristics for a second set of resources based on measured channel characteristics for a first set of communication resources. The first set of communication resources are associated with a first set of transmit beams of network entity 1002 (e.g., corresponding to the source cell) and the second set of communication resources are associated with a second set of transmit beams of network entity 1002 (e.g., corresponding to the target cell) .
[0170] Thus, in response to receiving the cell switch command, UE 1004 is triggered to perform communication resource prediction 1008, which includes performing steps 1010-1018 illustrated in FIG. 10. For example, at step 1010, network entity 1002 sends, to a UE 1004, one or more signals in a first set of communication resources 1012. The one or more signals may include SSB (s) and / or CSI-RS (s) . The first set of communication resources 1012 may be associated with a first set of beams 1032 (e.g., “Set-B Beams” ) used to transmit the signal (s) , such as one or more downlink transmit beams of network entity 1002 (e.g., corresponding to the source cell of network entity 1002) . As used herein, a set of communication resources may include one or more communication resources. Further, as used herein, a set of beams may include one or more beams.
[0171] Although step 1010 is illustrated as occurring after the cell switch command is received by UE 1004 at step 1006, in certain other embodiments, step 1010 occurs prior to transmitting the cell switch command at step 1006.
[0172] At step 1014, UE 1004 measures the one or more signals received in the first set of communication resources 1012 to obtain a first set of measurements. The first set of measurements may include RSRP, SINR, and / or the like.
[0173] At step 1016, UE 1004 processes, with a model (e.g., ML model at or on UE 1004) configured to predict communication resources, the first set of measurements (e.g., obtained at 1014) . Processing the first set of measurements with the model thereby predicts channel characteristic (s) for one or more sets of communication resources, including a second set of communication resources 1020. The second set of communication resources 1020 are associated with a second set of beams 1034 (e.g., “Set-A Beams” ) of network entity 1002 (e.g., corresponding to the target cell of network entity 1002) .
[0174] In some aspects, the second set of beams of network entity 1002, associated with the second set of communication resources 1020, is a set of downlink transmit beams of network entity 1002 used to actually transmit one or more second signals (e.g., SSBs, and / or CSI-RSs) , though UE 1004 may not measure the one or more second signals, but instead predict the second set of communication resources. Accordingly, the second set of communication resources 1020 may be an actual set of communication resources used for communicating the second one or more signals. In some aspects, the second set of beams of network entity 1002, associated with the second set of communication resources 1020, is a set of downlink transmit beams of network entity 1002, which network entity 1002 does not use to transmit one or more second signals. Accordingly, the second set of communication resources 1020 may be a virtual set of communication resources (also referred to as “virtual resources” ) not actually used for communicating the second one or more signals. In some aspects, the second set of beams of network entity 1002 is a set of uplink receive beams of network entity 1002.
[0175] In some aspects, UE 1004 selects, at step 1018, the second set of communication resources 1020 from a plurality of sets of communication resources, such as based on the second set of communication resources 1020 having a suitable value (e.g., satisfies a threshold, maximum among the plurality of sets of communication resources, etc. ) of a given criterion, such as measured channel quality (e.g., RSRP, SINR, and / or the like) .
[0176] In some aspects, at 1008, UE 1004 is configured to perform only spatial domain (SD) communication resource prediction, or pure SD prediction (e.g., via use of the ML model (s) ) . In such cases, the first set of beams 1032 (e.g., associated with the first set of communication resources 1012 where one or more signals were transmitted by network entity 1002, at step 1010) and the second set of beams 1034 (e.g., associated with the second set of communication resources, predicted by UE 1004) correspond to different sets of beams. Different sets of beams may refer to: 1) beams that are fully non-overlapping and completely spatially separate, or 2) beams that partially overlap spatially, but do not fully overlap spatially, meaning at least one beam occupies a spatial region not occupied by another beam. In particular, different beams may correspond to use of different antenna panels / elements for communication, different spatial filters applied, and / or the like. Further, the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to same time and frequency resources.
[0177] In some aspects, UE 1004 is configured to perform only time domain (TD) communication resource prediction, or pure TD prediction (e.g., via use of the ML model (s) ) . In such cases, the prediction of the second set of communication resources 1020 is based on historical measurements of communication resources corresponding to the same frequency and spatial resources as the second set of communication resources. For example, in these cases, the first set of beams 1032 and the second set of beams 1034 correspond to the same set of beams. The same set of beams may refer to beams that are fully spatially overlapping, and occupy the same spatial region. In particular, the same beams may correspond to use of the same antenna panels / elements for communication, identical spatial filters applied, and / or the like. The first set of communication resources 1012 and the second set of communication resources 1020 correspond to the same frequency resources but different time resources. For example, the first set of communication resources 1012 may occur earlier in time than the second set of communication resources 1020. The second set of communication resources 1020 may correspond to one or more future TD occasions.
[0178] In some aspects, UE 1004 is configured to perform SD and TD communication resource prediction (e.g., via use of the ML model (s) ) . In such cases, the prediction of the second set of communication resources 1020 is based on historical measurements of communication resources corresponding to the same frequency resources as the second set of communication resources 1020. For example, in these cases, the first set of beams 1032 and the second set of beams 1034 correspond to different sets of beams. The first set of communication resources 1012 and the second set of communication resources 1020 correspond to the same frequency resources but different time resources. For example, the first set of communication resources 1012 may occur earlier in time than the second set of communication resources 1020.
[0179] In some aspects, UE 1004 may not be expected to automatically feedback predicted channel characteristic (s) for the second set of communication resources 1020 to network entity 1002. As such, UE 1004 may wait for a trigger to provide information about the predicted channel characteristic (s) for the second set of communication resources 1020 to network entity 1002.
[0180] For example, as illustrated in FIG. 10, in some cases, UE 1004 receives, at step 1050, an indication of whether to transmit the predicted channel characteristic (s) of the second set of communication resources 1020. In cases where the indication transmitted at step 1050, indicates that UE 1004 is to transmit the predicted channel characteristic (s) , then at operation 1021, UE 1004 transmits the predicted channel characteristic (s) to network entity 1002.
[0181] Network entity 1002 uses the predicted channel characteristic (s) associated with the second set of communication resources 1012 to determine, at step 1022, one or more beams. In some aspects, the one or more beams are downlink transmit beams used to transmit downlink data to UE 1004 via the target cell of network entity 1002. In some aspects, the one or more beams are uplink receive beams used to receive uplink data from UE 1004 via the target cell of network entity 1002.
[0182] In some aspects, the one or more beams are narrow beam (s) that network entity 1002 may use for communication with UE 1004 after completion of the LTM procedure. As such, instead of performing beam refinement procedures after completion of the LTM procedure, network entity 1002 may begin communicating with UE 1004, via the target cell, using the identified beams (e.g. in other words, the predicted channel characteristic (s) associated with the second set of communication resources 1012 help network entity 1002 to prepare for communication with UE 1004 via the target cell) .
[0183] As another example, in some cases where TD communication resource prediction is performed by UE 1004, UE 1004 may receive, at step 1052, an indication of a time associated with the second set of communication resources 1020. The indicated time may be transmitted to UE 1004 in the cell switch command (e.g., a MAC-CE) , another MAC-CE that is not the cell switch command, or via downlink control information (DCI) . The indicated time may be an offset. In particular, UE 1004 may use the indicated offset to determine a TD occasion that occurs an amount of time equal to the indicated offset after a slot where the cell switch command was received by UE 1004. This TD occasion may be associated with a communication resource of the second set of communication resources which UE 1004 is expected to report predicted channel characteristic (s) for. Alternatively, in some cases, instead of receiving a dynamic offset from network entity 1002, the offset may be a static offset indicated in a specification (e.g., 3GPP specification) .
[0184] In some aspects, UE 1004 is not expected to automatically feedback predicted channel characteristic (s) for the second set of communication resources 1020 to network entity 1002, and instead waits for further instructions from network entity 1002. For example, UE 1004 may attempt to identify a subset of communication resources in the second set of communication resources 1020 associated with highest RSRP values, as well as downlink receive beams that may be associated with this subset of communication resources. Accordingly, after the cell switch is complete and UE 1004 is connected to the target cell, UE 1004 may use these identified downlink receive beams to receive signals (e.g., CSI-RSs) transmitted by the network entity 1002 (of the target cell) . UE 1004 may measure the one or more received signals in the one or more communication resources of the second set of communication resources 1020 to obtain measurement (s) (e.g., RSRP (s) , SINR (s) , etc. ) for these signal (s) . Accordingly, in such cases, latency in identifying a proper receive beam to use for measuring signals from network entity 1002 (and thus, providing more accurate channel characteristics) , via the target cell, may be reduced.
[0185] In some other aspects, UE 1004 is expected to automatically feedback predicted channel characteristic (s) for the second set of communication resources 1012 to network entity 1002. For example, FIGS. 11A-11C depict example signaling used to report, to a network entity, predicted channel characteristic (s) for the second set of communication resources.
[0186] Similar to FIG. 10, FIGS. 11A-11C depict process flows 1100a, 1100b, 1100c, respectively, for communications in a network between a network entity 1102 (e.g., similar to network entity 1002 in FIG. 10) and a UE 1104 (e.g., similar to UE 1004 in FIG. 10) to carry out communication resource prediction in an LTM procedure. In particular, similar to step 1006 in process flow 1000 of FIG. 10, at step 1106 in process flows 1100a, 1100b, 1100c network entity 1102 transmits a cell switch command (e.g., a MAC-CE) to UE 1104. The cell switch command includes an indication to switch UE 1104 from a source cell of network entity 1102 to a target cell (e.g., target cell 1132) . In some cases, the cell switch command is transmitted from a serving cell 1134 of network entity 1102 used to serve UE 1104. Serving cell 1134 may be one serving cell of one or more serving cells serving UE 1104. In some cases, serving cell 1134 is the source cell used by UE 1104 to communicate with network entity 1102.
[0187] Further, similar to communication resource prediction 1008 in process flow 1000 of FIG. 10, in process flows 1100a, 1100b, 1100c, in response to receiving the cell switch command, UE 1104 performs communication resource prediction 1108 (e.g., predict channel characteristics for a second set of resources based on measured channel characteristics for a first set of communication resources) . However, unlike FIG. 10, in FIGS. 11A-11C, UE 1104 is expected to automatically provide information about predicted channel characteristic (s) for the second set of communication resources to network entity 1102.
[0188] In some aspects, as illustrated in FIG. 11A, UE 1104 reports, at step 1140, the predicted channel characteristic (s) to network entity 1102 via serving cell 1134. Alternatively, in some aspects, as illustrated in FIG. 11B, UE 1104 reports, at step 1150, the predicted channel characteristic (s) to network entity 1102 via a LTM candidate cell different from target cell 1132 (e.g., where the target cell is the LTM candidate cell that UE 1104 is expected to switch to in the LTM procedure) . Further, in some aspects, as illustrated in FIG. 11C, UE 1104 reports, at step 1160, the predicted channel characteristic (s) to network entity 1102 via the target cell 1132. In some aspects, an ability of UE 1104 to report predicted channel characteristic (s) to network entity 1102, in FIG. 11A, 11B, and / or 11C, depends upon UE 1104 prior receiving an uplink grant (e.g., via downlink control information (DCI) ) scheduling resources that may be used by UE 1104 to report the predicted channel characteristic (s) . Network entity 1102 uses the reported predicted channel characteristic (s) to determine, at step 1122, one or more beams to use for communication with UE 1104.
[0189] In some aspects, the reported predicted channel characteristic (s) include a predicted RSRP (e.g., L1-RSRP predicted SD and / or TD) for downlink and / or uplink communication associated with the second set of communication resources. In some aspects, the reported predicted channel characteristic (s) include a predicted SINR (e.g., L1-SINR predicted in SD and / or TD) for downlink and / or uplink communication associated with the second set of communication resources. In some aspects, the predicted RSRP and / or SINR are predicted using ML model (s) , such as using one or more of SD and / or TD prediction as discussed herein. In particular, the RSRP and / or SINR may be channel characteristic (s) predicted for the second set of communication resources 1020, such as based on measuring the first set of communication resources 1012.
[0190] In some aspects, the predicted channel characteristic (s) include an identifier one or more of the second set of communication resources predicted to satisfy a threshold channel characteristic. For example, identifiers of one or more of the second set of communication resources having a predicted RSRP above a threshold RSRP may be reported in FIGS. 11A, 11B, and / or 11C.
[0191] In some aspects, the predicted channel characteristic (s) for the second set of communication resources are sent to network entity 1102 (e.g., via serving cell 1134, target cell 1132, and / or LTM candidate cell 1136) via a MAC-CE and / or a channel state information (CSI) report.
[0192] For example, in some aspects, UE 1104 receives, from network entity 1102, a radio resource control (RRC) message configuring a CSI report setting (e.g., reportQuantity) that explicitly indicates that predicted channel characteristic (s) for the second set of communication resources are to be reported by UE 1104 via a CSI report.
[0193] In some aspects, as described in detail below with respect to FIGS. 12A-12B, a target cell may be configured with one or more (CMRs + CPRs) pairs, where each (CMRs + CPRs) pair corresponds to a set of communication resources to measure and a set of communication resources to predict configured for an LTM candidate cell.
[0194] In some cases, a single CSI report setting is created for all (CMRs + CPRs) pairs configured for multiple LTM candidate cells of the UE. Accordingly, the UE may determine the appropriate information (e.g., predicted channel characteristic (s) ) to include in a CSI report based on the indication of the target cell included in the cell switch command used to trigger communication resource prediction at the UE.
[0195] Alternatively, in other cases, a different CSI report setting is created for each (CMRs + CPRs) pair configured for each LTM candidate cell. Thus, in such cases, the UE may determine the appropriate information (e.g., predicted channel characteristic (s) ) to include in a CSI report based on the indicated CSI report setting and the indication of the target cell included in the cell switch command used to trigger communication resource prediction at the UE.
[0196] Alternatively, in cases where a MAC-CE is used to report the predicted channel characteristic (s) for the second set of communication resources, the MAC-CE may be sent to network entity 1102 via an active serving cell of network entity 1102 serving UE 1104 (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 11A) (e.g., for 5G non-standalone (NSA) where sub-6 connection is always available) . Alternatively, in other cases where a MAC-CE is used to report the predicted channel characteristic (s) for the second set of communication resources, the MAC-CE may be sent to network entity 1102 via one or more LTM candidate cells of network entity 1102 (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 11B) .
[0197] In some aspects, to assist the UE (e.g., UE 1004 in FIG. 10 and / or UE 1104 in FIGS. 11A-11C) in performing communication resource prediction (e.g., communication resource prediction 1008 in FIG. 10 and / or communication resource prediction 1108 in FIGS. 11A-11C) in LTM procedures, the network entity (e.g., network entity 1002 in FIG. 10 and / or UE 1104 in FIGS. 11A-11C) sends one or more indications of the first set of communication resources to measure (e.g., CMRs) and the second set of communication resources to predict (CPRs) .
[0198] For example, the first set of communication resources to measure and the second set of communication resources to predict may be based on an indication of the target cell included in a cell switch command. In particular, a set of communication resources to measure and a set of communication resources to predict (e.g., referred to herein as a “pair of CMRs + CPRs” ) may be configured (e.g., via RRC signaling) for each LTM candidate cell. The communication resources to measure, configured per LTM candidate cell, may be different than communication resources to measure configured for other LTM candidate cells. Further, the communication resources to predict, configured per LTM candidate cell, may be different than communications resources to predict configured for other LTM candidate cells.
[0199] In some cases, the set of communication resources to measure and the set of communication resource to predict, configured for an LTM candidate cell of the UE, are indicated in an RRC configuration message information element (IE) for the LTM candidate cell.
[0200] In some cases, the RRC signaling used to configure the set of communication resources to measure and the set of communication resources to predict for an LTM candidate cell of the UE includes information about beams associated with these sets of communication resources. For example, the RRC signaling indicates one or more first parameters of a first set of transmit beams associated with the set of communication resources to measure and one or more second parameters of a second set of transmit beams associated with the set of communication resources to predict. The one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams may include beam direction, beam width, beamforming gain, and / or the like associated with the first set of transmit beams. In some other cases, the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources indicates one or more offsets between one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams associated with the set of communication resources to measure and one or more second parameters of the second set of transmit beams associated with the set of communication resources to predict.
[0201] In some cases, the RRC signaling used to configure the set of communication resources to measure and the set of communication resources to predict for an LTM candidate cell of the UE includes a first identifier of a set of communication resources to measure (e.g., a first identifier associated with a set of CMRs) and a second identifier of a set of communication resources to predict (e.g., a second identifier associated with a set of CPRs) that are configured for the LTM candidate cell.
[0202] Accordingly, when a cell switch command is received, by the UE, indicating to switch from a source cell to a target cell, where the target cell is one of the LTM candidate cells configured with a (CMRs + CPRs) pair, the UE may determine the communication resources to measure and the communication resources to predict based on these resources configured for the particular LTM candidate cell identified in the cell switch command. This determination is illustrated in FIG. 12A.
[0203] FIG. 12A illustrates a first example for identifying the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources for communication resource prediction in LTM procedures. As illustrated in FIG. 12A, a UE may be configured with multiple LTM candidate cells (e.g., LTM candidate cells 1204 (1) -1204 (x) ) that may be selected as a target cell in an LTM procedure. A set of communication resources to measure and a set of communication resources to predict (e.g., a (CMRs + CPRs) pair 1210) may be configured for each LTM candidate cell.
[0204] The UE may be communicating with a network entity via a source cell 1202 of the network entity prior to receiving a cell switch command, at 1206. The cell switch command received, at 1206, may indicate that the UE is to handover from source cell 1202 to target cell 1204 (2) (e.g., LTM candidate cell 1204 (2) ) . The cell switch command received, at 1206, may also indicate that the UE is to predict a second set of communication resources based on measuring one or more first signals communicated in a first set of communication resources (e.g., via input of the measurements for the first set of communication resources in an ML model) . In this example, the UE may identify that the first set of communication resources to measure and the second set of communication resources to predict are (CMRs + CPRs) pair 1210 (2) configured for target cell 1204 (2) based on an indication of target cell 1204 (2) included in the cell switch command (e.g., received at 1206) .
[0205] In some other aspects, multiple pairs of (CMRs + CPRs) may be configured (e.g., via RRC signaling) for each LTM candidate cell, where each (CMRs + CPRs) pair includes a set of communication resources to measure and a set of communication resources to predict. Each (CMRs + CPRs) pair configured for an LTM candidate cell may be associated with a unique identifier (ID) . Where multiple (CMRs + CPRs) pairs are configured for an LTM candidate cell, the cell switch command including an indication of a target cell and an indication that the UE is to predict a second set of communication resources based on measuring one or more first signals communicated in a first set of communication resources, may also explicitly include an ID associated with a (CMRs + CPRs) pair configured for the target cell. Accordingly, the UE may determine the communication resources to measure and the communication resources to predict based on the ID included in the cell switch command. This determination is illustrated in FIG. 12B.
[0206] FIG. 12B illustrates a second example for identifying the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources for communication resource prediction in LTM procedures. As illustrated in FIG. 12B, a UE may be configured with multiple LTM candidate cells (e.g., LTM candidate cells 1204 (1) -1204 (x) ) that may be selected as a target cell in an LTM procedure. Multiple (CMRs +CPRs) pairs 1210 may be configured for each LTM candidate cell.
[0207] The UE may be communicating with a network entity via a source cell 1202 of the network entity prior to receiving a cell switch command, at 1206. The cell switch command received, at 1206, may indicate that the UE is to handover from source cell 1202 to target cell 1204 (2) . The cell switch command received, at 1206, may also indicate that the UE is to predict a second set of communication resources based on measuring one or more first signals communicated in a first set of communication resources (e.g., via input of the measurements for the first set of communication resources in an ML model) . To assist the UE in determining the first set of communication and the second set of communication resources, the MAC-CE may include an ID associated with (CMRs +CPRs) pair 1210 (2) 2 configured for target cell 1204 (2) . As such, using this indicated ID, the UE may identify that the first set of communication resources to measure and the second set of communication resources to predict are communication resources included in (CMRs + CPRs) pair 1210 (2) 2 configured for target cell 1204 (2) .
[0208] In some other aspects, the set of communication resources to measure and the set of communication resources to predict are determined based on an explicit indication of a set of communication resources to measure and a set of communication resources to predict included in the cell switch command. This determination is illustrated in FIG. 12C.
[0209] FIG. 12C illustrates a third example for identifying the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources for communication resource prediction in LTM procedures. As illustrated in FIG. 12C, a UE may be communicating with a network entity via a source cell 1202 of the network entity prior to receiving a cell switch command, at 1206. The cell switch command received, at 1206, may indicate that the UE is to handover from source cell 1202 to target cell 1204 (2) . The cell switch command received, at 1206, may also indicate that the UE is to predict a second set of communication resources based on measuring one or more first signals communicated in a first set of communication resources (e.g., via input of the measurements for the first set of communication resources in an ML model) . To assist the UE in determining the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources, the MAC-CE may include an explicit indication of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources. Accordingly, the UE may perform communication resource prediction based on the indicated first and second sets of communication resources.
[0210] Further, in some cases, the indication of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources included in the MAC-CE comprises an indication of a TCI state.
[0211] Example Operations
[0212] FIG. 13 shows a method 1300 for wireless communications by an apparatus, such as UE 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3.
[0213] Method 1300 begins at step 1305 with receiving one or more first signals communicated in a first set of resources.
[0214] Method 1300 then proceeds to step 1310 with receiving a MAC-CE comprising a cell switch command, the cell switch command comprising: an indication of a first target cell; and an indication to predict a second set of communication resources based on measuring the one or more first signals communicated in the first set of communication resources, wherein the first set of communication resources are associated with a first set of transmit beams of a network entity, and wherein the second set of communication resources are associated with a second set of transmit beams of the network entity.
[0215] In certain aspects, the first set of communication resources comprises one or more of: (i) one or more first resources for communicating one or more first SSBs; or (ii) one or more second resources for communicating one or more first CSI-RSs; and the second set of communication resources comprises one or more of: (i) one or more third resources for communicating one or more second SSBs; (ii) one or more fourth resources for communicating one or more second CSI-RSs; or (iii) one or more virtual resources.
[0216] In certain aspects, the first set of transmit beams and the second set of transmit beams are different sets of transmit beams, and the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to same time resources.
[0217] In certain aspects, the first set of transmit beams and the second set of transmit beams correspond to a same set of transmit beams, and the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to different time resources, the first set of communication resources occurring earlier in time than the second set of communication resources.
[0218] In certain aspects, the first set of transmit beams and the second set of transmit beams are different sets of transmit beams, and the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to different time resources, the first set of communication resources occurring earlier in time than the second set of communication resources.
[0219] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes receiving one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources.
[0220] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes receiving the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources in a RRC message.
[0221] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes receiving, for each of a plurality of target cells including the first target cell, an indication of a set of communication resources to measure and an indication of a set of communication resources to predict, wherein for the first target cell, the sets of communication resources to measure comprises the first set of communication resources and the set of communication resources to predict comprises the second set of communication resources.
[0222] In certain aspects, for each of the plurality of target cells, the indication of the set of communication resources to measure and the indication of the set of communication resources to predict are associated with an identifier of the corresponding target cell.
[0223] In certain aspects, the indication for the first target cell implicitly indicates the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources.
[0224] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes receiving, for each of a plurality of target cells including the first target cell, an indication of a plurality of sets of communication resources to measure and an indication of a plurality of sets of communication resources to predict, wherein for the first target cell, the plurality of sets of communication resources to measure comprise the first set of communication resources and the plurality of sets of communication resources to predict comprise the second set of communication resources, and wherein the MAC-CE comprises an identifier of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources.
[0225] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes receiving the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources in the MAC-CE.
[0226] In certain aspects, the indication of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources comprises an indication of a TCI state.
[0227] In certain aspects, the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources indicate one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams and one or more second parameters of the second set of beams.
[0228] In certain aspects, the one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams comprises one or more of beam direction, beam width, or beamforming gain associated with the first set of transmit beams.
[0229] In certain aspects, the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources indicates one or more offsets between one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams and one or more second parameters of the second set of transmit beams.
[0230] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes transmitting one or more predicted channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.
[0231] In certain aspects, the one or more predicted channel characteristics comprise one or more of: a predicted RSRP associated with the second set of communication resources; a predicted SINR associated with the second set of communication resources; or an identifier of one or more of the second set of communication resources predicted to satisfy a threshold channel characteristic.
[0232] In certain aspects, transmitting the one or more predicted channel characteristics further comprises: transmitting the one or more predicted channel characteristics in a second MAC-CE.
[0233] In certain aspects, the MAC-CE is received from a serving cell, and wherein the second MAC-CE is transmitted to the first target cell.
[0234] In certain aspects, the MAC-CE is received from a serving cell, and wherein the second MAC-CE is transmitted to the serving cell.
[0235] In certain aspects, transmitting the one or more predicted channel characteristics further comprises: transmitting the one or more predicted channel characteristics in a channel state information report.
[0236] In certain aspects, the MAC-CE is received from a serving cell, and wherein the channel state information report is transmitted to the first target cell.
[0237] In certain aspects, the MAC-CE is received from a serving cell, and wherein the channel state information report is transmitted to the serving cell.
[0238] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes measuring one or more second signals communicated in the second set of communication resources.
[0239] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes transmitting one or more measured channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.
[0240] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes receiving an indication of whether to transmit one or more predicted channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.
[0241] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes receiving an indication of a time associated with the second set of communication resources.
[0242] In certain aspects, method 1300, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1500 of FIG. 15, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1300. Communications device 1500 is described below in further detail.
[0243] Note that FIG. 13 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative steps are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0244] FIG. 14 shows a method 1400 for wireless communications by one or more apparatuses, such as BS 102 of FIGS. 1 and 3, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0245] Method 1400 begins at step 1405 with transmitting a MAC-CE comprising a cell switch command, the cell switch command comprising: an indication of a first target cell; and an indication to predict a second set of communication resources based on measuring one or more first signals communicated in a first set of communication resources, wherein the first set of communication resources are associated with a first set of transmit beams of the first target cell, and wherein the second set of communication resources are associated with a second set of transmit beams of the first target cell .
[0246] Method 1400 then proceeds to step 1410 with receiving one or more predicted channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.
[0247] In certain aspects, the first set of communication resources comprises one or more of: (i) one or more first resources for communicating one or more first SSBs; or (ii) one or more second resources for communicating one or more first CSI-RSs; and the second set of communication resources comprises one or more of: (i) one or more third resources for communicating one or more second SSBs; (ii) one or more fourth resources for communicating one or more second CSI-RSs; or (iii) one or more virtual resources.
[0248] In certain aspects, the first set of transmit beams and the second set of transmit beams are different sets of transmit beams, and the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to same time resources.
[0249] In certain aspects, the first set of transmit beams and the second set of transmit beams correspond to a same set of transmit beams, and the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to different time resources, the first set of communication resources occurring earlier in time than the second set of communication resources.
[0250] In certain aspects, the first set of transmit beams and the second set of transmit beams are different sets of transmit beams, and the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to different time resources, the first set of communication resources occurring earlier in time than the second set of communication resources.
[0251] In certain aspects, method 1400 further includes transmitting one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources.
[0252] In certain aspects, method 1400 further includes transmitting the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources in an RRC message.
[0253] In certain aspects, method 1400 further includes transmitting, for each of a plurality of target cells including the first target cell, an indication of a set of communication resources to measure and an indication of a set of communication resources to predict, wherein for the first target cell, the set of communication resources to measure comprises the first set of communication resources and the set of communication resources to predict comprises the second set of communication resources.
[0254] In certain aspects, for each of the plurality of target cells, the indication of the set of communication resources to measure and the indication of the set of communication resources to predict are associated with an identifier of the corresponding target cell.
[0255] In certain aspects, the indication for the first target cell implicitly indicates the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources.
[0256] In certain aspects, method 1400 further includes transmitting, for each of a plurality of target cells including the first target cell, an indication of a plurality of sets of communication resources to measure and an indication of a plurality of sets of communication resources to predict, wherein for the first target cell, the plurality of sets of communication resources to measure comprise the first set of communication resources and the plurality of sets of communication resources to predict comprise the second set of communication resources, and wherein the MAC-CE comprises an identifier of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources.
[0257] In certain aspects, method 1400 further includes transmitting the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources in the MAC-CE.
[0258] In certain aspects, the indication of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources comprises an indication of a TCI state.
[0259] In certain aspects, the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources indicate one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams and one or more second parameters of the second set of beams.
[0260] In certain aspects, the one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams comprises one or more of beam direction, beam width, or beamforming gain associated with the first set of transmit beams.
[0261] In certain aspects, the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources indicates one or more offsets between one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams and one or more second parameters of the second set of transmit beams.
[0262] In certain aspects, the one or more predicted channel characteristics comprise one or more of: a predicted RSRP associated with the second set of communication resources; a predicted SINR associated with the second set of communication resources; or an identifier of one or more of the second set of communication resources predicted to satisfy a threshold channel characteristic.
[0263] In certain aspects, receiving the one or more predicted channel characteristics further comprises: receiving the one or more predicted channel characteristics in a second MAC-CE.
[0264] In certain aspects, the MAC-CE is transmitted from a serving cell, and the second MAC-CE is received at the first target cell.
[0265] In certain aspects, the MAC-CE is transmitted from a serving cell, and the second MAC-CE is received at the serving cell.
[0266] In certain aspects, receiving the one or more predicted channel characteristics further comprises: receiving the one or more predicted channel characteristics in a channel state information report.
[0267] In certain aspects, the MAC-CE is transmitted from a serving cell, and the channel state information report is received at the first target cell.
[0268] In certain aspects, the MAC-CE is transmitted from a serving cell, and the channel state information report is received at the serving cell.
[0269] In certain aspects, method 1400 further includes receiving one or more measured channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.
[0270] In certain aspects, method 1400 further includes transmitting an indication of whether to transmit one or more predicted channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.
[0271] In certain aspects, method 1400 further includes transmitting an indication of a time associated with the second set of communication resources.
[0272] In certain aspects, method 1400, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1600 of FIG. 16, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1400. Communications device 1600 is described below in further detail.
[0273] Note that FIG. 14 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative steps are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0274] Example Communications Devices
[0275] FIG. 15 depicts aspects of an example communications device 1500. In some aspects, communications device 1500 is a user equipment, such as UE 104 described above with respect to FIGS. 1 and 3.
[0276] The communications device 1500 includes a processing system 1505 coupled to a transceiver 1555 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) . The transceiver 1555 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1500 via an antenna 1560, such as the various signals as described herein. The processing system 1505 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1500, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1500.
[0277] The processing system 1505 includes one or more processors 1510. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1510 may be representative of one or more of receive processor 358, transmit processor 364, TX MIMO processor 366, and / or controller / processor 380, as described with respect to FIG. 3. The one or more processors 1510 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1530 via a bus 1550. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1530 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) that when executed by the one or more processors 1510, enable and cause the one or more processors 1510 to perform the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, or any aspect related to it, including any additional steps or sub-steps described in relation to FIG. 13. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 1500 may include one or more processors performing that function of communications device 1500, such as in a distributed fashion.
[0278] In the depicted example, computer-readable medium / memory 1530 stores code for receiving 1535, code for transmitting 1540, and code for measuring 1545. Processing of the code 1535-1545 may enable and cause the communications device 1500 to perform the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, or any aspect related to it.
[0279] The one or more processors 1510 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1530, including circuitry for receiving 1515, circuitry for transmitting 1520, and circuitry for measuring 1525. Processing with circuitry 1515-1525 may enable and cause the communications device 1500 to perform the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, or any aspect related to it.
[0280] More generally, means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include the transceivers 354, antenna (s) 352, transmit processor 364, TX MIMO processor 366, and / or controller / processor 380 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1555 and / or antenna 1560 of the communications device 1500 in FIG. 15, and / or one or more processors 1510 of the communications device 1500 in FIG. 15. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include the transceivers 354, antenna (s) 352, receive processor 358, and / or controller / processor 380 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1555 and / or antenna 1560 of the communications device 1500 in FIG. 15, and / or one or more processors 1510 of the communications device 1500 in FIG. 15.
[0281] FIG. 16 depicts aspects of an example communications device 1600. In some aspects, communications device 1600 is a network entity, such as BS 102 of FIGS. 1 and 3, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0282] The communications device 1600 includes a processing system 1605 coupled to a transceiver 1645 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) and / or a network interface 1655. The transceiver 1645 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1600 via an antenna 1650, such as the various signals as described herein. The network interface 1655 is configured to obtain and send signals for the communications device 1600 via communications link (s) , such as a backhaul link, midhaul link, and / or fronthaul link as described herein, such as with respect to FIG. 2. The processing system 1605 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1600, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1600.
[0283] The processing system 1605 includes one or more processors 1610. In various aspects, one or more processors 1610 may be representative of one or more of receive processor 338, transmit processor 320, TX MIMO processor 330, and / or controller / processor 340, as described with respect to FIG. 3. The one or more processors 1610 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1625 via a bus 1640. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1625 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) that when executed by the one or more processors 1610, enable and cause the one or more processors 1610 to perform the method 1400 described with respect to FIG. 14, or any aspect related to it, including any additional steps or sub-steps described in relation to FIG. 14. Note that reference to a processor of communications device 1600 performing a function may include one or more processors of communications device 1600 performing that function, such as in a distributed fashion.
[0284] In the depicted example, the computer-readable medium / memory 1625 stores code for transmitting 1630 and code for receiving 1635. Processing of the code for transmitting 1630 and code for receiving 1635 may enable and cause the communications device 1600 to perform the method 1400 described with respect to FIG. 14, or any aspect related to it.
[0285] The one or more processors 1610 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1625, including circuitry for transmitting 1615 and circuitry for receiving 1620. Processing with circuitry for transmitting 1615 and circuitry for receiving 1620 may enable and cause the communications device 1600 to perform the method 1400 described with respect to FIG. 14, or any aspect related to it.
[0286] More generally, means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include the transceivers 332, antenna (s) 334, transmit processor 320, TX MIMO processor 330, and / or controller / processor 340 of the BS 102 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1645 and / or antenna 1650 of the communications device 1600 in FIG. 16, and / or one or more processors 1610 of the communications device 1600 in FIG. 16. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include the transceivers 332, antenna (s) 334, receive processor 338, and / or controller / processor 340 of the BS 102 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1645 and / or antenna 1650 of the communications device 1600 in FIG. 16, and / or one or more processors 1610 of the communications devie 1600 in FIG. 16.
[0287] Example Clauses
[0288] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:
[0289] Clause 1: A method for wireless communications by an apparatus comprising: receiving one or more first signals communicated in a first set of resources; and receiving a MAC-CE comprising a cell switch command, the cell switch command comprising: an indication of a first target cell; and an indication to predict a second set of communication resources based on measuring the one or more first signals communicated in the first set of communication resources, wherein the first set of communication resources are associated with a first set of transmit beams of a network entity, and wherein the second set of communication resources are associated with a second set of transmit beams of the network entity.
[0290] Clause 2: The method of Clause 1, wherein: the first set of communication resources comprises one or more of: (i) one or more first resources for communicating one or more first SSBs; or (ii) one or more second resources for communicating one or more first CSI-RSs; and the second set of communication resources comprises one or more of: (i) one or more third resources for communicating one or more second SSBs; (ii) one or more fourth resources for communicating one or more second CSI-RSs; or (iii) one or more virtual resources.
[0291] Clause 3: The method of any one of Clauses 1-2, wherein: the first set of transmit beams and the second set of transmit beams are different sets of transmit beams, and the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to same time resources.
[0292] Clause 4: The method of any one of Clauses 1-2, wherein: the first set of transmit beams and the second set of transmit beams correspond to a same set of transmit beams, and the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to different time resources, the first set of communication resources occurring earlier in time than the second set of communication resources.
[0293] Clause 5: The method of any one of Clauses 1-2, wherein: the first set of transmit beams and the second set of transmit beams are different sets of transmit beams, and the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to different time resources, the first set of communication resources occurring earlier in time than the second set of communication resources.
[0294] Clause 6: The method of any one of Clauses 1-5, further comprising: receiving one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources.
[0295] Clause 7: The method of Clause 6, further comprising: receiving the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources in an RRC message.
[0296] Clause 8: The method of Clause 7, further comprising: receiving, for each of a plurality of target cells including the first target cell, an indication of a set of communication resources to measure and an indication of a set of communication resources to predict, wherein for the first target cell, the set of communication resources to measure comprises the first set of communication resources and the set of communication resources to predict comprises the second set of communication resources.
[0297] Clause 9: The method of Clause 8, wherein, for each of the plurality of target cells, the indication of the set of communication resources to measure and the indication of the set of communication resources to predict are associated with an identifier of the corresponding target cell.
[0298] Clause 10: The method of Clause 8, wherein the indication for the first target cell implicitly indicates the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources.
[0299] Clause 11: The method of Clause 7, further comprising: receiving, for each of a plurality of target cells including the first target cell, an indication of a plurality of sets of communication resources to measure and an indication of a plurality of sets of communication resources to predict, wherein for the first target cell, the plurality of sets of communication resources to measure comprise the first set of communication resources and the plurality of sets of communication resources to predict comprise the second set of communication resources, and wherein the MAC-CE comprises an identifier of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources.
[0300] Clause 12: The method of Clause 6, further comprising: receiving the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources in the MAC-CE.
[0301] Clause 13: The method of Clause 12, wherein the indication of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources comprises an indication of a TCI state.
[0302] Clause 14: The method of Clause 6, wherein the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources indicate one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams and one or more second parameters of the second set of transmit beams.
[0303] Clause 15: The method of Clause 14, wherein the one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams comprises one or more of beam direction, beam width, or beamforming gain associated with the first set of transmit beams.
[0304] Clause 16: The method of Clause 6, wherein the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources indicates one or more offsets between one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams and one or more second parameters of the second set of transmit beams.
[0305] Clause 17: The method of any one of Clauses 1-16, further comprising: transmitting one or more predicted channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.
[0306] Clause 18: The method of Clause 17, wherein the one or more predicted channel characteristics comprise one or more of: a predicted RSRP associated with the second set of communication resources; a predicted SINR associated with the second set of communication resources; or an identifier of one or more of the second set of communication resources predicted to satisfy a threshold channel characteristic.
[0307] Clause 19: The method of any one of Clauses 17-18, wherein transmitting the one or more predicted channel characteristics further comprises: transmitting the one or more predicted channel characteristics in a second MAC-CE.
[0308] Clause 20: The method of Clause 19, wherein the MAC-CE is received from a serving cell, and wherein the second MAC-CE is transmitted to the first target cell.
[0309] Clause 21: The method of Clause 19, wherein the MAC-CE is received from a serving cell, and wherein the second MAC-CE is transmitted to the serving cell.
[0310] Clause 22: The method of any one of Clauses 17-18, wherein transmitting the one or more predicted channel characteristics further comprises: transmitting the one or more predicted channel characteristics in a channel state information report.
[0311] Clause 23: The method of Clause 22, wherein the MAC-CE is received from a serving cell, and wherein the channel state information report is transmitted to the first target cell.
[0312] Clause 24: The method of Clause 22, wherein the MAC-CE is received from a serving cell, and wherein the channel state information report is transmitted to the serving cell.
[0313] Clause 25: The method of any one of Clauses 1-24, further comprising: measuring one or more second signals communicated in the second set of communication resources; and transmitting one or more measured channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.
[0314] Clause 26: The method of any one of Clauses 1-25, further comprising: receiving an indication of whether to transmit one or more predicted channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.
[0315] Clause 27: The method of any one of Clauses 1-26, further comprising: receiving an indication of a time associated with the second set of communication resources.
[0316] Clause 28: A method for wireless communications by one or more apparatuses comprising: transmitting a MAC-CE comprising a cell switch command, the cell switch command comprising: an indication of a first target cell; and an indication to predict a second set of communication resources based on measuring one or more first signals communicated in a first set of communication resources, wherein the first set of communication resources are associated with a first set of transmit beams of the first target cell, and wherein the second set of communication resources are associated with a second set of transmit beams of the first target cell; and receiving one or more predicated channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.
[0317] Clause 29: The method of Clause 28, wherein: the first set of communication resources comprises one or more of: (i) one or more first resources for communicating one or more first SSBs; or (ii) one or more second resources for communicating one or more first CSI-RSs; and the second set of communication resources comprises one or more of: (i) one or more third resources for communicating one or more second SSBs; (ii) one or more fourth resources for communicating one or more second CSI-RSs; or (iii) one or more virtual resources.
[0318] Clause 30: The method of any one of Clauses 28-29, wherein: the first set of transmit beams and the second set of transmit beams are different sets of transmit beams, and the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to same time resources.
[0319] Clause 31: The method of any one of Clauses 28-29, wherein: the first set of transmit beams and the second set of transmit beams correspond to a same set of transmit beams, and the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to different time resources, the first set of communication resources occurring earlier in time than the second set of communication resources.
[0320] Clause 32: The method of any one of Clauses 28-29, wherein: the first set of transmit beams and the second set of transmit beams are different sets of transmit beams, and the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to different time resources, the first set of communication resources occurring earlier in time than the second set of communication resources.
[0321] Clause 33: The method of any one of Clauses 28-32, further comprising: transmitting one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources.
[0322] Clause 34: The method of Clause 33, further comprising: transmitting the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources in an RRC message.
[0323] Clause 35: The method of Clause 34, further comprising: transmitting, for each of a plurality of target cells including the first target cell, an indication of a set of communication resources to measure and an indication of a set of communication resources to predict, wherein for the first target cell, the set of communication resources to measure comprises the first set of communication resources and the set of communication resources to predict comprises the second set of communication resources.
[0324] Clause 36: The method of Clause 35, wherein, for each of the plurality of target cells, the indication of the set of communication resources to measure and the indication of the set of communication resources to predict are associated with an identifier of the corresponding target cell.
[0325] Clause 37: The method of Clause 35, wherein the indication for the first target cell implicitly indicates the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources.
[0326] Clause 38: The method of Clause 34, further comprising: transmitting, for each of a plurality of target cells including the first target cell, an indication of a plurality of sets of communication resources to measure and an indication of a plurality of sets of communication resources to predict, wherein for the first target cell, the plurality of sets of communication resources to measure comprise the first set of communication resources and the plurality of sets of communication resources to predict comprise the second set of communication resources, and wherein the MAC-CE comprises an identifier of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources.
[0327] Clause 39: The method of Clause 33, further comprising: transmitting the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources in the MAC-CE.
[0328] Clause 40: The method of Clause 39, wherein the indication of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources comprises an indication of a TCI state.
[0329] Clause 41: The method of Clause 33, wherein the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources indicate one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams and one or more second parameters of the second set of transmit beams.
[0330] Clause 42: The method of Clause 41, wherein the one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams comprises one or more of beam direction, beam width, or beamforming gain associated with the first set of transmit beams.
[0331] Clause 43: The method of Clause 33, wherein the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources indicates one or more offsets between one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams and one or more second parameters of the second set of transmit beams.
[0332] Clause 44: The method of any one of Clauses 28-43, further comprising: receiving one or more predicted channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.
[0333] Clause 45: The method of Clause 44, wherein the one or more predicted channel characteristics comprise one or more of: a predicted RSRP associated with the second set of communication resources; a predicted SINR associated with the second set of communication resources; or an identifier of one or more of the second set of communication resources predicted to satisfy a threshold channel characteristic.
[0334] Clause 46: The method of any one of Clauses 44-45, wherein receiving the one or more predicted channel characteristics further comprises: receiving the one or more predicted channel characteristics in a second MAC-CE.
[0335] Clause 47: The method of Clause 46, wherein the MAC-CE is transmitted from a serving cell, and wherein the second MAC-CE is received at the first target cell.
[0336] Clause 48: The method of Clause 46, wherein the MAC-CE is transmitted from a serving cell, and wherein the second MAC-CE is received at the serving cell.
[0337] Clause 49: The method of any one of Clauses 44-45, wherein receiving the one or more predicted channel characteristics further comprises: receiving the one or more predicted channel characteristics in a channel state information report.
[0338] Clause 50: The method of Clause 49, wherein the MAC-CE is transmitted from a serving cell, and wherein the channel state information report is received at the first target cell.
[0339] Clause 51: The method of Clause 49, wherein the MAC-CE is transmitted from a serving cell, and wherein the channel state information report is received at the serving cell.
[0340] Clause 52: The method of any one of Clauses 28-51, further comprising: receiving one or more measured channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.
[0341] Clause 53: The method of any one of Clauses 28-52, further comprising: transmitting an indication of whether to transmit one or more predicted channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.
[0342] Clause 54: The method of any one of Clauses 28-53, further comprising: transmitting an indication of a time associated with the second set of communication resources.
[0343] Clause 55: One or more apparatuses, comprising: one or more memories comprising executable instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the executable instructions and cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of clauses 1-54.
[0344] Clause 56: One or more apparatuses, comprising means for performing a method in accordance with any one of clauses 1-54.
[0345] Clause 57: One or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of clauses 1-54.
[0346] Clause 58: One or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing a method in accordance with any one of clauses 1-54.
[0347] Additional Considerations
[0348] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. The examples discussed herein are not limiting of the scope, applicability, or aspects set forth in the claims. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. For example, changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various actions may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method that is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0349] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an ASIC, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD) , discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, a system on a chip (SoC) , or any other such configuration.
[0350] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0351] As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like.
[0352] As used herein, “coupled to” and “coupled with” generally encompass direct coupling and indirect coupling (e.g., including intermediary coupled aspects) unless stated otherwise. For example, stating that a processor is coupled to a memory allows for a direct coupling or a coupling via an intermediary aspect, such as a bus.
[0353] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more actions for achieving the methods. The method actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of actions is specified, the order and / or use of specific actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. Further, the various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and / or software component (s) and / or module (s) , including, but not limited to a circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or processor.
[0354] The following claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. Reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean only one unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” For example, reference to an element (e.g., “a processor, ” “a controller, ” “a memory, ” etc. ) , unless otherwise specifically stated, should be understood to refer to one or more elements (e.g., “one or more processors, ” “one or more controllers, ” “one or more memories, ” etc. ) . The terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more elements, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where reference is made to one or more elements performing functions (e.g., steps of a method) , one element may perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively perform the functions. When more than one element collectively performs the functions, each function need not be performed by each of those elements (e.g., different functions may be performed by different elements) and / or each function need not be performed in whole by only one element (e.g., different elements may perform different sub-functions of a function) . Similarly, where reference is made to one or more elements configured to cause another element (e.g., an apparatus) to perform functions, one element may be configured to cause the other element to perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively be configured to cause the other element to perform the functions. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
Claims
1.An apparatus configured for wireless communications, comprising:one or more memories comprising processor-executable instructions; andone or more processors configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the apparatus to:receive one or more first signals communicated in a first set of resources; andreceive a medium access control control element (MAC-CE) comprising a cell switch command, the cell switch command comprising:an indication of a first target cell; andan indication to predict a second set of communication resources based on measuring the one or more first signals communicated in the first set of communication resources,wherein the first set of communication resources are associated with a first set of transmit beams of a network entity, andwherein the second set of communication resources are associated with a second set of transmit beams of the network entity.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the first set of communication resources comprises one or more of:(i) one or more first resources for communicating one or more first synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) ; or(ii) one or more second resources for communicating one or more first channel state information reference signals (CSI-RSs) ; andthe second set of communication resources comprises one or more of:(i) one or more third resources for communicating one or more second SSBs;(ii) one or more fourth resources for communicating one or more second CSI-RSs; or(iii) one or more virtual resources.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the first set of transmit beams and the second set of transmit beams are different sets of transmit beams, andthe first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to same time resources.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the first set of transmit beams and the second set of transmit beams correspond to a same set of transmit beams, andthe first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to different time resources, the first set of communication resources occurring earlier in time than the second set of communication resources.5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the first set of transmit beams and the second set of transmit beams are different sets of transmit beams, andthe first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources correspond to different time resources, the first set of communication resources occurring earlier in time than the second set of communication resources.6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the apparatus to:receive one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources.7.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the apparatus to:receive the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources in a radio resource control (RRC) message.8.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the apparatus to:receive, for each of a plurality of target cells including the first target cell, an indication of a set of communication resources to measure and an indication of a set of communication resources to predict,wherein for the first target cell, the set of communication resources to measure comprises the first set of communication resources and the set of communication resources to predict comprises the second set of communication resources.9.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein, for each of the plurality of target cells, the indication of the set of communication resources to measure and the indication of the set of communication resources to predict are associated with an identifier of.10.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the indication for the first target cell implicitly indicates the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources.11.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the apparatus to:receive, for each of a plurality of target cells including the first target cell, an indication of a plurality of sets of communication resources to measure and an indication of a plurality of sets of communication resources to predict,wherein for the first target cell, the plurality of sets of communication resources to measure comprise the first set of communication resources and the plurality of sets of communication resources to predict comprise the second set of communication resources, andwherein the MAC-CE comprises an identifier of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources.12.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the apparatus to:receive the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources in the MAC-CE.13.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the indication of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources comprises an indication of a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state.14.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources indicate one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams and one or more second parameters of the second set of transmit beams.15.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams comprises one or more of beam direction, beam width, or beamforming gain associated with the first set of transmit beams.16.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the one or more indications of the first set of communication resources and the second set of communication resources indicates one or more offsets between one or more first parameters of the first set of transmit beams and one or more second parameters of the second set of transmit beams.17.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the apparatus to:transmit one or more predicted channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.18.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the one or more predicted channel characteristics comprise one or more of:a predicted reference signal receive power (RSRP) associated with the second set of communication resources;a predicted signal to interference plus noise (SINR) associated with the second set of communication resources; oran identifier of one or more of the second set of communication resources predicted to satisfy a threshold channel characteristic.19.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein, to transmit the one or more predicted channel characteristics, the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the apparatus to:transmit the one or more predicted channel characteristics in a second MAC-CE.20.The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the MAC-CE is received from a serving cell, and wherein the second MAC-CE is transmitted to the first target cell.21.The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the MAC-CE is received from a serving cell, and wherein the second MAC-CE is transmitted to the serving cell.22.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein, to transmit the one or more predicted channel characteristics, the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the apparatus to:transmit the one or more predicted channel characteristics in a channel state information report.23.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the MAC-CE is received from a serving cell, and wherein the channel state information report is transmitted to the first target cell.24.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the MAC-CE is received from a serving cell, and wherein the channel state information report is transmitted to the serving cell.25.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the apparatus to:measure one or more second signals communicated in the second set of communication resources; andtransmit one or more measured channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.26.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the apparatus to:receive an indication of whether to transmit one or more predicted channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.27.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the apparatus to:receive an indication of a time associated with the second set of communication resources.28.One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising:one or more memories comprising processor-executable instructions; andone or more processors configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the one or more apparatuses to:transmit a medium access control control element (MAC-CE) comprising a cell switch command, the cell switch command comprising:an indication of a first target cell; andan indication to predict a second set of communication resources based on measuring one or more first signals communicated in a first set of communication resources,wherein the first set of communication resources are associated with a first set of transmit beams of the first target cell, andwherein the second set of communication resources are associated with a second set of transmit beams of the first target cell; andreceive one or more predicted channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.29.A method for wireless communications by an apparatus, comprising:receiving one or more first signals communicated in a first set of resources; andreceiving a medium access control control element (MAC-CE) comprising a cell switch command, the cell switch command comprising:an indication of a first target cell; andan indication to predict a second set of communication resources based on measuring the one or more first signals communicated in the first set of communication resources,wherein the first set of communication resources are associated with a first set of transmit beams of a network entity, andwherein the second set of communication resources are associated with a second set of transmit beams of the network entity.30.A method for wireless communications by one or more apparatuses, comprising:transmitting a medium access control control element (MAC-CE) comprising a cell switch command, the cell switch command comprising:an indication of a first target cell; andan indication to predict a second set of communication resources based on measuring one or more first signals communicated in a first set of communication resources,wherein the first set of communication resources are associated with a first set of transmit beams of the first target cell, andwherein the second set of communication resources are associated with a second set of transmit beams of the first target cell; andreceiving one or more predicted channel characteristics of the second set of communication resources.