Optimization to pre-schedule locations to further reduce latency

Abstract

Techniques for wireless positioning are disclosed. In one aspect, a network node receives from a network entity a configuration message for a first positioning session during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session for positioning a user equipment (UE), determines based on the configuration message a time indication indicating an amount of time between the configuration message and a measurement request for the first positioning session or between the configuration message and a time at which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements for the first positioning session, receives a measurement request, the measurement request including a measurement time at which the network node is expected to perform the one or more positioning measurements, and performs the one or more positioning measurements during a first location execution phase based on the measurement time.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communications. [Background technology]

[0002] Wireless communication systems have evolved through various generations, including first generation analog wireless telephone service (1G), second generation (2G) digital wireless telephone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), third generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-enabled wireless service, and fourth generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). Currently, there are many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular systems and personal communication service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include Cellular Analog Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), and the like.

[0003] The fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, called New Radio (NR), calls for higher data rates, a larger number of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard is designed to provide data rates of tens of megabits per second to each of tens of thousands of users, providing 1 gigabit per second to dozens of workers on an office floor, according to the Next Generation Mobile Network Alliance. To support large-scale sensor deployments, hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections should be supported. Thus, the spectral efficiency of 5G mobile communications should be significantly enhanced compared to the current 4G standard. Furthermore, signaling efficiency should be enhanced and latency should be significantly reduced compared to the current standard. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] The following presents a simplified summary relevant to one or more aspects disclosed herein. As such, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relevant to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to identify key or critical elements relevant to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope relevant to any particular aspect. As such, the following summary has the sole purpose of presenting some concepts relevant to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form prior to the detailed description presented below.

[0005] In one aspect, a method of wireless positioning performed by a network node includes receiving, from a network entity, a configuration message for a first positioning session during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session for positioning a user equipment (UE); determining, based on the configuration message, a time indication indicating an amount of time between the configuration message and a measurement request for the first positioning session or between the configuration message and a time at which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements for the first positioning session; receiving, based on the time indication, a measurement request, the measurement request including a measurement time at which the network node is expected to perform the one or more positioning measurements during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session; and performing, based on the measurement time, the one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase.

[0006] In one aspect, a method of wireless positioning performed by a network node includes receiving, from a network entity, a measurement request for a first positioning session during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session for positioning a user equipment (UE), wherein the measurement request includes a measurement time at which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session, the measurement time being indicated as a combination of a hyperframe number (HFN), a system frame number (SFN), and a slot number, or an absolute time, or a time window; and performing the one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase based on the measurement time.

[0007] In one aspect, a network node includes a memory, at least one transceiver, and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, from a network entity, a configuration message for a first positioning session during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session for positioning a user equipment (UE); determine, based on the configuration message, a time indication indicating an amount of time between the configuration message and a measurement request for the first positioning session or between the configuration message and a time at which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements for the first positioning session; receive, via the at least one transceiver, a measurement request based on the time indication, wherein the measurement request includes a measurement time at which the network node is expected to perform the one or more positioning measurements during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session; and perform, based on the measurement time, the one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase.

[0008] In one aspect, a network node includes a memory, at least one transceiver, and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, from a network entity, a measurement request for a first positioning session during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session for positioning a user equipment (UE), wherein the measurement request includes a measurement time at which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session, the measurement time being indicated as a combination of a hyperframe number (HFN), a system frame number (SFN), and a slot number, or an absolute time, or a time window; and perform the one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase based on the measurement time.

[0009] In one aspect, a network node includes means for receiving from a network entity a configuration message for a first positioning session during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session for positioning a user equipment (UE); means for determining, based on the configuration message, a time indication indicating an amount of time between the configuration message and a measurement request for the first positioning session or between the configuration message and a time at which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements for the first positioning session; means for receiving, based on the time indication, a measurement request, where the measurement request includes a measurement time at which the network node is expected to perform the one or more positioning measurements during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session; and means for performing the one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase based on the measurement time.

[0010] In one aspect, a network node includes means for receiving, from a network entity, a measurement request for a first positioning session during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session for positioning a user equipment (UE), wherein the measurement request includes a measurement time at which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session, the measurement time indicated as a combination of a hyperframe number (HFN), a system frame number (SFN), and a slot number, or an absolute time, or a time window, and means for performing the one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase based on the measurement time.

[0011] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a network node, cause the network node to receive, from a network entity, a configuration message for a first positioning session during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session for positioning a user equipment (UE), determine based on the configuration message a time indication indicating an amount of time between the configuration message and a measurement request for the first positioning session or between the configuration message and a time at which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements for the first positioning session, receive a measurement request based on the time indication, the measurement request including a measurement time at which the network node is expected to perform the one or more positioning measurements during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session, and perform the one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase based on the measurement time.

[0012] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a network node, cause the network node to receive, from a network entity, a measurement request for a first positioning session during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session for positioning a user equipment (UE), wherein the measurement request includes a measurement time at which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session, the measurement time indicated as a combination of a hyperframe number (HFN), a system frame number (SFN), and a slot number, or an absolute time, or a time window, and to perform the one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase based on the measurement time.

[0013] Other objects and advantages associated with the embodiments disclosed herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description.

[0014] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the explanation of various aspects of the present disclosure and are provided solely for the purpose of illustrating the aspects and not for the purpose of limiting the aspects. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0015] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communication system according to an aspect of the present disclosure. [Figure 2A] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless network structure according to an aspect of the present disclosure. [Figure 2B] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless network structure according to an aspect of the present disclosure. [Figure 3A] 1 is a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE) and configured to support communications as taught herein; [Figure 3B]1 is a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a base station and configured to support communication as taught herein. [Figure 3C] 1 is a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a network entity and configured to support communications as taught herein. [Figure 4] FIG. 2 illustrates an example frame structure according to an aspect of the present disclosure. [Diagram 5] FIG. 2 illustrates an example Long Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) call flow between a UE and a location server for performing a positioning operation. [Figure 6] FIG. 2 illustrates an example Long Term Evolution (LTE) Positioning Protocol (LPP) call flow between a UE and a location server for performing a positioning operation. [Figure 7A] 1 illustrates an example uplink-only positioning procedure using LPP for timing error group (TEG) reporting, according to an aspect of the disclosure. [Figure 7B] FIG. 1 illustrates an example uplink-only positioning procedure using LPP for Timing Error Group (TEG) reporting, according to an aspect of the disclosure. [Figure 8] FIG. 7C is a timeline diagram summarizing the timing described with reference to FIGS. 7A and 7B, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. [Figure 9] FIG. 1 illustrates an example method for wireless positioning according to an aspect of the disclosure. [Figure 10] FIG. 1 illustrates an example method for wireless positioning according to an aspect of the disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0016] Aspects of the present disclosure are provided in the following description and associated drawings, directed to various examples provided for illustrative purposes. Alternative aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the present disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the present disclosure.

[0017] The words "exemplary" and / or "example" are used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any aspect described herein as "exemplary" and / or "example" should not necessarily be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Similarly, the term "aspects of the present disclosure" does not require that all aspects of the present disclosure include the described feature, advantage or mode of operation.

[0018] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the information and signals described below may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, the data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the following description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0019] Further, many aspects are described in terms of a sequence of actions to be performed, for example, by elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that the various actions described herein may be performed by specific circuitry (e.g., an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequences of actions described herein may be considered to be fully embodied in any form of non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a corresponding set of computer instructions that, when executed, will cause or instruct the associated processors of the device to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, various aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which are contemplated to fall within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspect may be described herein, for example, as "logic configured to" perform the described actions.

[0020] The terms "user equipment" (UE) and "base station" as used herein are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT) unless otherwise stated. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, a router, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a consumer asset locating device, a wearable (e.g., a smart watch, a smart glass, an augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), a vehicle (e.g., an automobile, a motorcycle, a bicycle, etc.), an Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communication network. A UE may be mobile or may be stationary (e.g., at some times) and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). The term "UE" as used herein may be referred to interchangeably as an "access terminal" or "AT", "client device", "wireless device", "subscriber device", "subscriber terminal", "subscriber station", "user terminal" or "UT", "mobile device", "mobile terminal", "mobile station", or variations thereof. In general, a UE may communicate with a core network via the RAN, through which the UE may be connected to external networks, such as the Internet, and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for a UE, such as via a wired access network, a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) network (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 specifications, etc.).

[0021] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with a UE depending on the network in which the UE is deployed, and may alternatively be referred to as an access point (AP), network node, Node B, evolved Node B (eNB), next generation eNB (ng-eNB), New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as gNB or gNode B), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for supported UEs. In some systems, a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functionality, while in other systems, a base station may provide additional control and / or network management functionality. A communication link through which a UE may send signals to a base station is referred to as an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which a base station may send signals to a UE is referred to as a downlink (DL) channel or a forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term Traffic Channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink / reverse traffic channel or a downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0022] The term "base station" may refer to a single physical transmit-receive point (TRP) or multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be collocated. For example, when the term "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station that corresponds to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. When the term "base station" refers to multiple physical TRPs that are collocated, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas of the base station (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or when the base station employs beamforming). When the term "base station" refers to multiple physical TRPs that are not collocated, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, a non-colocated physical TRP may be a serving base station that receives measurement reports from the UE and neighboring base stations whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. As a TRP is a point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station should be understood as references to a particular TRP of the base station.

[0023] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base station may not support wireless access by the UE (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the UE), but instead may transmit reference signals to the UE to be measured by the UE and / or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when it transmits signals to the UE) and / or a location measurement unit (e.g., when it receives and measures signals from the UE).

[0024] An "RF signal" comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single "RF signal" or multiple "RF signals" to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple "RF signals" corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through a multipath channel. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between a transmitter and a receiver may be referred to as a "multipath" RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a "wireless signal" or simply a "signal" when it is clear from the context that the term "signal" refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0025] 1 illustrates an example wireless communication system 100 according to an aspect of the disclosure. The wireless communication system 100 (sometimes referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled "BS") and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macrocell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macrocell base stations may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs, where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs, where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0026] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and may interface with a core network 170 (e.g., Evolved Packet Core (EPC) or 5G Core (5GC)) through the backhaul links 122 and to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a Location Management Function (LMF) or a Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) Location Platform (SLP)) through the core network 170. The location servers 172 may be part of the core network 170 or may be external to the core network 170. In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions related to one or more of forwarding user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracing, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and distribution of alert messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through EPC / 5GC) via backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0027] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage to a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by the base stations 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A "cell" is a logical communication entity used for communication with the base stations (e.g., over some frequency resources, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, etc.) and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., physical cell identifier (PCI), enhanced cell identifier (ECI), virtual cell identifier (VCI), cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) to distinguish cells operating over the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access to different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a particular base station, the term "cell" may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, the terms "cell" and "TRP" may be used interchangeably, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell. In some cases, the term "cell" may also refer to the geographic coverage area (e.g., sector) of a base station, as long as the carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of the geographic coverage area 110.

[0028] While adjacent to macrocell base stations 102, the geographic coverage areas 110 may overlap partially (e.g., in handover regions) and some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be significantly overlapped by larger geographic coverage areas 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled "SC" instead of "small cell") may have a geographic coverage area 110' that significantly overlaps with the geographic coverage area 110 of one or more macrocell base stations 102. A network including both small cell base stations and macrocell base stations may be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include a Home eNB (HeNB) that may serve a restricted group called a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0029] The communication link 120 between the base station 102 and the UE 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from the UE 104 to the base station 102, and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from the base station 102 to the UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna techniques, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may be over one or more carrier frequencies. The allocation of carriers may be asymmetric for the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for the downlink than for the uplink).

[0030] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with a WLAN station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in the unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure before communicating to determine if a channel is available.

[0031] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and / or unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and may use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum used by the WLAN AP 150. A small cell base station 102' employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum may extend coverage to and / or increase capacity of an access network. NR in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MulteFire.

[0032] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a mmW base station 180 in communication with the UE 182 and may operate in millimeter wave (mmW) and / or sub-mmW frequencies. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is the RF portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF ranges from 30 GHz to 300 GHz and has wavelengths between 1 and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as millimeter waves. Sub-mmW may extend down to frequencies of 3 GHz with wavelengths of 100 millimeters. The very high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter waves. Communications using the mmW / sub-mmW radio frequency bands have high path losses and relatively short distances. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) over the mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path losses and short distances. It will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or sub-mmW and beamforming. Therefore, it should be appreciated that the above illustrations are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0033] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a particular direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that particular direction, thereby resulting in a faster and more powerful RF signal (in terms of data rate) to the receiving device. To change the directionality of an RF signal when transmitting, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of one or more transmitters broadcasting the RF signal. For example, the network node may use an array of antennas (called a "phased array" or "antenna array") that creates beams of RF waves that can be "steered" to points in different directions without actually moving the antennas. In particular, RF currents from the transmitters are fed to individual antennas with the proper phase relationship so that the waves from the separate antennas add together to increase radiation in the desired direction while suppressing and eliminating radiation in undesired directions.

[0034] A transmit beam may be quasi-co-located, meaning that the transmit beam appears to a receiver (e.g., a UE) to have the same parameters, regardless of whether the network node's own transmit antennas are physically co-located or not. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relationships. In particular, a QCL relationship of a given type means that some parameters for a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate spatial reception parameters of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0035] In receive beamforming, a receiver uses receive beams to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and / or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., increase the gain level of) RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in some direction, it means that the beam gain in that direction is larger than the beam gains along other directions, or that the beam gain in that direction is the largest compared to the beam gains in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR), etc.) of RF signals received from that direction.

[0036] The transmit beam and the receive beam may be spatially related. The spatial relationship means that the parameters for the second beam (e.g., transmit beam or receive beam) for the second reference signal may be derived from information about the first beam (e.g., receive beam or transmit beam) for the first reference signal. For example, the UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., a synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE may then form a transmit beam for sending an uplink reference signal (e.g., a sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0037] It should be noted that a "downlink" beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam depending on the entity forming it. For example, if the base station forms a downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to the UE, then the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if the UE forms a downlink beam, then the downlink beam is a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an "uplink" beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam depending on the entity forming it. For example, if the base station forms an uplink beam, then the uplink beam is an uplink receive beam, and if the UE forms an uplink beam, then the uplink beam is an uplink transmit beam.

[0038] In 5G, the frequency spectrum in which wireless nodes (e.g., base stations 102 / 180, UEs 104 / 182) operate is divided into multiple frequency ranges: FR1 (450 MHz to 6000 MHz), FR2 (24250 MHz to 52600 MHz), FR3 (above 52600 MHz), and FR4 (between FR1 and FR2). The mmW frequency band generally includes the FR2, FR3, and FR4 frequency ranges. Thus, the terms "mmW" and "FR2" or "FR3" or "FR4" may generally be used interchangeably.

[0039] In a multi-carrier system such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is called the "primary carrier" or "anchor carrier" or "primary serving cell" or "PCell" and the remaining carrier frequencies are called the "secondary carrier" or "secondary serving cell" or "SCell". In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is a carrier operating on a primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by the UE 104 / 182 and the cell on which the UE 104 / 182 either performs an initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates an RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels and may be a carrier among licensed frequencies (although this is not always the case). The secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once an RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier among unlicensed frequencies. Since both the primary uplink carrier and the primary downlink carrier are usually UE-specific, the secondary carrier may only include the necessary signaling information and signals, e.g., UE-specific signaling information and signals may not be present in the secondary carrier. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same applies for the uplink primary carrier. The network may change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a "serving cell" (whether PCell or SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency / component carrier over which several base stations are communicating, terms such as "cell", "serving cell", "component carrier", "carrier frequency", etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0040] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macrocell base station 102 may be an anchor carrier (i.e., a "PCell"), and the other frequencies utilized by the macrocell base station 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers ("SCells"). Simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers allows the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, two aggregated 20 MHz carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz) compared to that achieved by a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0041] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a UE 164, which may communicate with the macrocell base station 102 via communications link 120 and / or with the mmW base station 180 via an mmW communications link 184. For example, the macrocell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164, and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0042] In the example of FIG. 1, any of the illustrated UEs (shown in FIG. 1 as a single UE 104 for simplicity) may receive signals 124 from one or more Earth-orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In one aspect, the SVs 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that the UEs 104 may use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above the Earth based at least in part on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such transmitters typically transmit signals marked with a repeating pseudorandom noise (PN) code of a set number of chips. Although typically located within the SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104. The UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive the signals 124 from the SV 112 to derive geolocation information.

[0043] In a satellite positioning system, the use of the signals 124 may be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example, the SBAS may include augmentation systems that provide integrity information, differential corrections, and the like, such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi-Function Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Geo-Augmented Navigation, or the GPS and Geo-Augmented Navigation System (GAGAN). Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0044] In one aspect, the SV 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, the SV 112 is connected to an earth station (also called a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a terrestrial antenna), or a network node in a 5G network. This element will then provide access to other elements in the 5G network, and ultimately to entities outside the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In that way, the UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g., signals 124) from the SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from the terrestrial base station 102.

[0045] The wireless communication system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that indirectly connect to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as "sidelinks"). In the example of FIG. 1, the UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which the UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity), and a D2D P2P link 194 with a WLAN STA 152 connected to a WLAN AP 150 (through which the UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In one example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported using any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, etc.

[0046] 2A illustrates an exemplary wireless network structure 200. For example, the 5GC 210 (also referred to as Next Generation Core (NGC)) may be viewed functionally as a control plane (C-plane) function 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and a user plane (U-plane) function 212 (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data network, IP routing, etc.) that work cooperatively to form a core network. A user plane interface (NG-U) 213 and a control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210, specifically to the user plane function 212 and the control plane function 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, the ng-eNB 224 may also be connected to the 5GC 210 via the NG-C 215 to the control plane function 214 and the NG-U 213 to the user plane function 212. Additionally, the ng-eNB 224 may communicate directly with the gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, the next generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both an ng-eNB 224 and a gNB 222. Either the gNB 222 or the ng-eNB 224 (or both) may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0047] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance to the UE 204. The location servers 230 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. The location servers 230 may be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204 that may connect to the location server 230 via the core network 5GC 210 and / or via the Internet (not shown). Furthermore, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively, may be external to the core network (e.g., a third-party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or a service server).

[0048] 2B illustrates another exemplary wireless network structure 250. The 5GC 260 (which may correspond to the 5GC 210 in FIG. 2A) may be viewed functionally as a control plane function provided by an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 264 and a user plane function provided by a User Plane Function (UPF) 262, which work cooperatively to form a core network (i.e., the 5GC 260). The functions of the AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and a Session Management Function (SMF) 266, a transparent proxy service for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and a Short Message Service Function (SMSF) (not shown), and a security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF 264 also interacts with an Authentication Server Function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204 to receive intermediate keys established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In case of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) based authentication, the AMF 264 retrieves security material from the AUSF. The AMF 264 functions also include Security Context Management (SCM). The SCM receives keys from the SEAF that the SCM uses to derive access network specific keys. The AMF 264 functionality also includes location service management for regulated services, transport for location service messages between the UE 204 and the Location Management Function (LMF) 270 (acting as the location server 230), transport for location service messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, EPS bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the Evolved Packet System (EPS), and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, AMF264 also supports functionality for non-3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) access networks.

[0049] The functions of the UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point for interconnection to a data network (not shown), routing and forwarding of packets, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, Quality of Service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic validation (Service Data Flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport-level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding one or more "end markers" to the source RAN node. The UPF 262 may also support forwarding of location service messages over the user plane between the UE 204 and a location server such as the SLP 272.

[0050] The functions of the SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering in the UPF 262 to route traffic to the appropriate destination, control of policy enforcement and part of QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface through which the SMF 266 communicates with the AMF 264 is called the N11 interface.

[0051] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be in communication with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance to the UE 204. The LMF 270 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 may be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204 that may connect to the LMF 270 via the core network 5GC 260 and / or via the Internet (not shown). The SLP 272 may support similar functions as the LMF 270, while the LMF 270 may communicate with the AMF 264, the NG-RAN 220, and the UE 204 via the control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to convey signaling messages rather than voice or data) and the SLP 272 may communicate with the UE 204 and external clients (not shown in FIG. 2B) via the user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and / or data, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0052] The user plane interface 263 and the control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, specifically the UPF 262 and the AMF 264, to one or more gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224, respectively, in the NG-RAN 220. The interface between the gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the "N2" interface, and the interface between the gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the "N3" interface. The gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via a backhaul connection 223 referred to as the "Xn-C" interface. One or more of the gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 via a wireless interface referred to as the "Uu" interface.

[0053] The functionality of the gNB 222 is divided between a gNB Central Unit (gNB-CU) 226 and one or more gNB Distributed Units (gNB-DU) 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and one or more gNB-DUs 228 is called the "F1" interface. The gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes base station functions such as forwarding user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, etc., except for those functions exclusively allocated to the gNB-DU 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 hosts the Radio Resource Control (RRC), Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), and Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. The gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that hosts the Radio Link Control (RLC), Medium Access Control (MAC), and Physical (PHY) layers of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or multiple cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. Thus, the UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, and with the gNB-DU 228 via the RLC, MAC, and PHY layers.

[0054] 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate several example components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated in a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station 304 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), and a network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any of the network functions described herein, including a location server 230 and an LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent of the NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructure shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, such as a private network) to support file transmission operations as taught herein. It will be appreciated that these components may be implemented in different types of devices in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system on chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated in other devices in a communication system. For example, other devices in the system may include components similar to the described components to provide similar functionality. Also, a given device may include one or more of the components. For example, a device may contain multiple transceiver components that enable the device to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0055] The UE 302 and base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, that provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) over one or more wireless communications networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an LTE network, a GSM network, etc. The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communicating with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., over at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communications medium of interest (e.g., some set of time / frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.), respectively, and conversely for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.), respectively, in accordance with a designated RAT. In particular, the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or more transmitters 314 and 354, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0056] The UE 302 and base station 304 each also, at least in some cases, include one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and may provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., WiFi, LTE-D, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave, PC5, Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), Wireless Access for Vehicular Environments (WAVE), Near Field Communications (NFC), etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.), respectively, and conversely for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.), respectively, in accordance with a specified RAT. In particular, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be WiFi transceivers, Bluetooth® transceivers, Zigbee® and / or Z-Wave® transceivers, NFC transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0057] The UE 302 and the base station 304 also, at least in some cases, include satellite signal receivers 330 and 370. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. If the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are satellite positioning system receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be Global Positioning System (GPS) signals, Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), etc. If the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communications signals 338 and 378, respectively. Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may request information and action from other systems as appropriate and, at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine the location of UE 302 and base station 304, respectively, using the obtained measurements according to any suitable satellite positioning system algorithms.

[0058] The base station 304 and the network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, that provide a means for communicating (e.g., a means for transmitting, a means for receiving, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, the base station 304 may employ one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, the network entity 306 may employ one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base stations 304 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links or with other network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0059] The transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired link or a wireless link. The transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). The transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., embodying transmitter and receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise separate transmitter and receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. The wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array that enables the respective device (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmit "beamforming," as described herein. Similarly, the wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array that enables the respective device (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In one aspect, the transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry may share multiple identical antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the respective device can only receive or transmit at a given time, but not both at the same time. The wireless transceivers (eg, WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include network listen modules (NLMs) and the like for performing various measurements.

[0060] As used herein, various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390, in some implementations) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390, in some implementations) may be generally characterized as a "transceiver," "at least one transceiver," or "one or more transceivers." Thus, whether a particular transceiver pertains to a wired or wireless transceiver may be inferred from the type of communication being performed. For example, backhaul communications between network devices or servers generally involve signaling via wired transceivers, while wireless communications between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) generally involve signaling via wireless transceivers.

[0061] The UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 also include other components that may be used in conjunction with operations as disclosed herein. The UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 include one or more processors 332, 384, and 394, for example, for providing functionality related to wireless communications and for providing other processing functionality, respectively. Thus, the processors 332, 384, and 394 may provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc. In an aspect, the processors 332, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general-purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof.

[0062] The UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively (e.g., each including a memory device) for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, etc.). Thus, the memories 340, 386, and 396 may provide a means for storing, a means for retrieving, a means for retaining, etc. In some cases, the UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 may include positioning components 342, 388, and 398, respectively. The positioning components 342, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part of or coupled to the processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, that, when executed, cause the UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, the positioning components 342, 388, and 398 may be external to the processors 332, 384, and 394 (e.g., may be part of a modem processing system, may be integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the positioning components 342, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in the memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, that when executed by the processors 332, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.) cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. FIG. 3A illustrates possible locations of the positioning component 342, which may be part of, for example, one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the memory 340, one or more processors 332, or any combination thereof, or may be a stand-alone component. FIG. 3B shows possible locations of a positioning component 388, which may be, for example, part of one or more WWAN transceivers 350, memory 386, one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a stand-alone component.FIG. 3C shows possible locations of a positioning component 398, which may be, for example, part of one or more network transceivers 390, memory 396, one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a stand-alone component.

[0063] The UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to the one or more processors 332 to provide a means for sensing or detecting motion and / or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or the satellite signal receiver 330. By way of example, the sensors 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric altimeter), and / or any other type of motion detection sensor. Moreover, the sensors 344 may include multiple different types of devices and combine their outputs to provide motion information. For example, the sensors 344 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and an orientation sensor to provide the ability to calculate a position in a two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate system.

[0064] Additionally, the UE 302 includes a user interface 346 that provides a means for providing indications to a user (e.g., audio and / or visual indications) and / or receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device, such as a keypad, touch screen, microphone, etc.). Although not shown, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0065] Referring to the one or more processors 384 in more detail, on the downlink, IP packets from the network entity 306 may be provided to the processor 384. The one or more processors 384 may perform functionality for an RRC layer, a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, and a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. The one or more processors 384 may provide RRC layer functionality related to broadcasting of system information (e.g., Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality related to header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality related to transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality related to mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0066] The transmitter 354 and receiver 352 may implement Layer 1 (L1) functionality related to various signal processing functions. Layer 1, including the physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channel, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channel, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto the physical channel, modulation / demodulation of the physical channel, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), M-phase shift keying (M-PSK), M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to generate a physical channel carrying a time-domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to generate multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimates may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 302. Each spatial stream may then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 may modulate an RF carrier with the respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0067] At the UE 302, the receiver 312 receives the signal through its respective antenna 316. The receiver 312 recovers the information modulated onto the RF carriers and provides the information to one or more processors 332. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 perform Layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver 312 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 302. Multiple spatial streams may be combined into a single OFDM symbol stream by the receiver 312 if destined for the UE 302. The receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, as well as the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the signal constellation points that were most likely transmitted by the base station 304. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates calculated by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals originally transmitted by the base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to one or more processors 332 that perform Layer 3 (L3) and Layer 2 (L2) functionality.

[0068] In the uplink, the one or more processors 332 perform demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The one or more processors 332 are also responsible for error detection.

[0069] Similar to the functionality described with respect to downlink transmission by the base station 304, the one or more processors 332 provide RRC layer functionality related to system information (e.g., MIBs, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connection, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality related to header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality related to transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality related to mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction via hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0070] Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 may be used by the transmitter 314 to select an appropriate coding and modulation scheme and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter 314 may be provided to different antennas 316. The transmitter 314 may modulate an RF carrier with each spatial stream for transmission.

[0071] Uplink transmissions are processed at the base station 304 in a manner similar to that described with respect to the receiver function at the UE 302. The receiver 352 receives signals through its respective antenna 356. The receiver 352 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to one or more processors 384.

[0072] In the uplink, the one or more processors 384 perform demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 302. The IP packets from the one or more processors 384 may be provided to the core network. The one or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.

[0073] For convenience, the UE 302, base station 304, and / or network entity 306 are illustrated in FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C as including various components that may be configured according to various examples described herein. However, it will be appreciated that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. In particular, various components in FIGS. 3A-3C are optional in alternative configurations, and various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, cost, device use, or other considerations. For example, in the case of FIG. 3A, a particular implementation of the UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet computer or PC or laptop may have Wi-Fi and / or Bluetooth capabilities without cellular capabilities), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver 320 (e.g., cellular only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 330, or may omit the sensor 344, and so on. 3B, a particular implementation of base station 304 may omit WWAN transceiver 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi "hotspot" access point without cellular capabilities), or may omit short-range wireless transceiver 360 (e.g., cellular only), or may omit satellite signal receiver 370, etc. For brevity, examples of various alternative configurations are not provided herein, but should be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0074] The various components of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may be communicatively coupled to one another via data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392, respectively. In an aspect, the data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392 may form or be part of a communication interface of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306, respectively. For example, when various logical entities are embodied within the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality integrated within the same base station 304), the data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392 may provide communication therebetween.

[0075] The components of Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in a variety of ways. In some implementations, the components of Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in one or more circuits, such as, for example, one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors), where each circuit may use and / or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide its functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310-346 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of the UE 302 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 350-388 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of the base station 304 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor components). Also, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 390-398 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of the network entity 306 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor components). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and / or functions are described herein as being performed "by the UE," "by the base station," "by the network entity," etc. However, as will be appreciated, such operations, acts, and / or functions may actually be performed by particular components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc., such as the processors 332, 384, 394, transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, memories 340, 386, and 396, positioning components 342, 388, and 398, etc.

[0076] In some designs, the network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, the network entity 306 may be separate from the network operator or operation of the cellular network infrastructure (e.g., the NG RAN 220 and / or the 5GC 210 / 260). For example, the network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with the UE 302 via the base station 304 or independently of the base station 304 (e.g., via a non-cellular communication link such as WiFi).

[0077] Various frame structures may be used to support downlink and uplink transmissions between network nodes (e.g., base stations and UEs). Figure 4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a downlink frame structure according to an aspect of the disclosure. Other wireless communication technologies may have different frame structures and / or different channels.

[0078] LTE, and possibly NR, utilizes OFDM on the downlink and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. However, unlike LTE, NR has the option to use OFDM on the uplink as well. OFDM and SC-FDM partition the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, also commonly referred to as tones, bins, etc. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. In general, modulation symbols are sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers may be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) may be dependent on the system bandwidth. For example, the subcarrier spacing may be 15 kilohertz (kHz), and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) may be 12 subcarriers (i.e., 180 kHz). Thus, the nominal FFT size may be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048 for a system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 megahertz (MHz), respectively. The system bandwidth may also be partitioned into subbands. For example, a subband may cover 1.08 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and there may be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands for a system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 MHz, respectively.

[0079] LTE supports a single numerology (subcarrier spacing (SCS), symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR may support multiple numerologies (μ), e.g., subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz (μ=0), 30 kHz (μ=1), 60 kHz (μ=2), 120 kHz (μ=3), and 240 kHz (μ=4) or more may be available. At each subcarrier spacing, there are 14 symbols per slot. For a 15 kHz SCS (μ=0), there is one slot per subframe, i.e., 10 slots per frame, the slot duration is 1 millisecond (ms), the symbol duration is 66.7 microseconds (μs), and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with an FFT size of 4K is 50. For a 30 kHz SCS (μ=1), there are two slots per subframe, i.e., 20 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.5 ms, the symbol duration is 33.3 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) for a 4K FFT size is 100. For a 60 kHz SCS (μ=2), there are four slots per subframe, i.e., 40 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.25 ms, the symbol duration is 16.7 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) for a 4K FFT size is 200. For a 120 kHz SCS (μ=3), there are eight slots per subframe, i.e., 80 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.125 ms, the symbol duration is 8.33 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) for a 4K FFT size is 400. For a 240 kHz SCS (μ=4), there are 16 slots per subframe, i.e., 160 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.0625 ms, the symbol duration is 4.17 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with an FFT size of 4K is 800.

[0080] In the example of Figure 4, a numerology of 15 kHz is used. Thus, in the time domain, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equal-sized subframes of 1 ms each, with each subframe containing one time slot. In Figure 4, time is represented horizontally (on the X-axis) with time increasing from left to right, and frequency is represented vertically (on the Y-axis) with frequency increasing (or decreasing) from bottom to top.

[0081] A resource grid may be used to represent a time slot, with each time slot including one or more time-parallel resource blocks (RBs) (also called physical RBs (PRBs)) in the frequency domain. The resource grid is further divided into multiple resource elements (REs). An RE may correspond to one symbol length in the time domain and one subcarrier in the frequency domain. In the numerology of FIG. 4, for a normal cyclic prefix, an RB may include 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and 7 consecutive symbols in the time domain to obtain a total of 84 REs. For an extended cyclic prefix, an RB may include 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and 6 consecutive symbols in the time domain to obtain a total of 72 REs. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0082] Some of the REs carry downlink reference (pilot) signals (DL-RS). DL-RS may include positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS), cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), synchronization signal blocks (SSB), etc. Figure 4 shows example locations (labeled "R") of REs carrying PRS.

[0083] A set of resource elements (REs) used for transmission of a PRS is called a "PRS resource." A set of resource elements can span multiple PRBs in the frequency domain and "N" (e.g., 1 or more) consecutive symbols within a slot in the time domain. Within a given OFDM symbol in the time domain, a PRS resource occupies consecutive PRBs in the frequency domain.

[0084] The transmission of PRS resources within a given PRB has a particular comb size (also called "comb density"). The comb size "N" represents the subcarrier spacing (or frequency / tone spacing) within each symbol of the PRS resource configuration. In particular, for comb size "N", the PRS is transmitted in every Nth subcarrier of the symbol of the PRB. For example, for Com 4, for each symbol of the PRS resource configuration, the RE corresponding to every fourth subcarrier (subcarriers 0, 4, 8, etc.) is used to transmit the PRS of the PRS resource. Currently, the following comb sizes are supported for DL-PRS: Com 2, Com 4, Com 6, and Com 12. Figure 4 shows an example PRS resource configuration for Com 6 (spanning 6 symbols). That is, the location of the shaded REs (labeled "R") indicates the Com 6 PRS resource configuration.

[0085] Currently, DL-PRS resources may span 2, 4, 6, or 12 consecutive symbols in a slot with a staggered pattern across the frequency domain. DL-PRS resources may be configured in any higher layer configured downlink or flexible (FL) symbol of a slot. There may be a constant energy per resource element (EPRE) for all REs of a given DL-PRS resource. Below are the symbol-to-symbol frequency offsets for comb sizes 2, 4, 6, and 12 across 2, 4, 6, and 12 symbols. 2symbolscom2: {0, 1}, 4symbolscom2: {0, 1, 0, 1}, 6symbolscom2: {0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1}, 12symbolscom2: {0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1}, 4symbolscom4: {0, 2, 1, 3}, 12symbolscom4: {0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}, 6symbolscom6: {0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5}, 12symbolscom6: {0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5}, and 12symbolscom12: {0, 6, 3, 9, 1, 7, 4, 10, 2, 8, 5, 11}.

[0086] A "PRS resource set" is a set of PRS resources used for transmission of a PRS signal, where each PRS resource has a PRS resource ID. In addition, the PRS resources in a PRS resource set are associated with the same TRP. A PRS resource set is identified by a PRS resource set ID and is associated with a particular TRP (identified by a TRP ID). In addition, the PRS resources in a PRS resource set have the same periodicity across slots, a common muting pattern configuration, and the same repetition factor (e.g., "PRS-ResourceRepetitionFactor"). The periodicity is the time from the first repetition of the first PRS resource of the first PRS instance to the same first repetition of the same first PRS resource of the next PRS instance. The periodicity may have a length selected from 2^μ*{4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 160, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5120, 10240} slots with μ=0, 1, 2, 3. The repetition factor may have a length selected from {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32} slots.

[0087] A PRS resource ID in a PRS resource set is associated with a single beam (or beam ID) transmitted from a single TRP (where a TRP may transmit one or multiple beams). That is, each PRS resource in a PRS resource set may be transmitted on a different beam, and thus a "PRS resource" or simply a "resource" may also be referred to as a "beam." Note that this does not have any implications as to whether the TRP and the beam on which the PRS is transmitted are known to the UE.

[0088] A "PRS instance" or "PRS occasion" is one instance of a periodically repeating time window (e.g., a group of one or more contiguous slots) during which a PRS is expected to be transmitted. A PRS occasion may also be referred to as a "PRS positioning occasion", "PRS positioning instance", "positioning occasion", "positioning instance", "positioning repetition", or simply an "occasion", "instance", or "repetition".

[0089] A "positioning frequency layer" (also simply called "frequency layer") is a collection of one or more PRS resource sets across one or more TRPs with the same values ​​for some parameters. In particular, the collection of PRS resource sets has the same subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix (CP) type (meaning that all numerologies supported for PDSCH are also supported for PRS), the same Point A, the same value of downlink PRS bandwidth, the same starting PRB (and center frequency), and the same comb size. The Point A parameter takes the value of the parameter "ARFCN-ValueNR" (where "ARFCN" stands for "Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number"), which is an identifier / code that specifies a pair of physical radio channels used for transmission and reception. The downlink PRS bandwidth may have a granularity of four PRBs, with a minimum of 24 PRBs and a maximum of 272 PRBs. Currently, up to four frequency layers are specified, and up to two PRS resource sets per TRP per frequency layer may be configured.

[0090] The concept of frequency layers is somewhat like that of component carriers and bandwidth portions (BWPs), but differs in that component carriers and BWPs are used by one base station (or macrocell base station and small cell base station) to transmit data channels, while frequency layers are used by several (usually three or more) base stations to transmit PRSs. A UE may indicate the number of frequency layers it can support when it sends its positioning capabilities to the network, such as during an LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) session. For example, a UE may indicate whether it can support one positioning frequency layer or four positioning frequency layers.

[0091] Further referring to DL-PRS, DL-PRS is specified to enable NR positioning to allow the UE to detect and measure more neighboring TRPs. Several configurations are supported to allow for different deployments (e.g., indoor, outdoor, sub-6GHz, mmW). In addition, both UE-assisted (where a positioning entity other than the UE calculates an estimate of the UE's location) and UE-based (where the UE is the positioning entity that calculates its own location estimate) location calculation is supported in NR. The following table shows different types of reference signals that may be used for different positioning methods supported in NR.

[0092] [Table 1]

[0093] It should be noted that the terms "positioning reference signal" and "PRS" generally refer to specific reference signals used for positioning in NR and LTE systems. However, as used herein, the terms "positioning reference signal" and "PRS" may also refer to any type of reference signal that may be used for positioning, such as, but not limited to, PRS, TRS, PTRS, CRS, CSI-RS, DMRS, PSS, SSS, SSB, SRS, UL-PRS as defined in LTE and NR. In addition, the terms "positioning reference signal" and "PRS" may refer to downlink positioning reference signals or uplink positioning reference signals, unless otherwise specified by the context. If necessary to further distinguish between types of PRS, downlink positioning reference signals may be referred to as "DL-PRS" and uplink positioning reference signals (e.g., SRS for positioning, PTRS) may be referred to as "UL-PRS". Additionally, for signals that may be transmitted in both the uplink and downlink (e.g., DMRS, PTRS), "UL" or "DL" may be prepended to the signal to distinguish the direction. For example, "UL-DMRS" may be distinguished from "DL-DMRS."

[0094] 5 illustrates an example UE positioning operation 500 according to an aspect of the disclosure. The UE positioning operation 500 may be performed by the UE 204, an NG-RAN node 502 in the NG-RAN 220 (e.g., the gNB 222, the gNB-CU 226, the ng-eNB 224, or other nodes in the NG-RAN 220), the AMF 264, the LMF 270, and a 5GC location services (LCS) entity 580 (e.g., any third party application requesting the location of the UE 204, a public service access point (PSAP), an E-911 server, etc.).

[0095] A location service request to obtain the location of the target (i.e., the UE 204) may be initiated by the 5GC LCS entity 580, the AMF 264 serving the UE 204, or the UE 204 itself. FIG. 5 illustrates these options as steps 510a, 510b, and 510c, respectively. In particular, in step 510a, the 5GC LCS entity 580 sends a location service request to the AMF 264. Alternatively, in step 510b, the AMF 264 generates a location service request by itself. Alternatively, in step 510c, the UE 204 sends a location service request to the AMF 264.

[0096] After the AMF 264 receives (or generates) the location service request, the AMF 264 forwards the location service request to the LMF 270 in stage 520. The LMF 270 then performs an NG-RAN positioning procedure with the NG-RAN node 502 in stage 530a and a UE positioning procedure with the UE 204 in stage 530b. The specific NG-RAN and UE positioning procedures may depend on the type of positioning method used to locate the UE 204, which may depend on the capabilities of the UE 204. The positioning method may be downlink-based (e.g., LTE-OTDOA, DL-TDOA, and DL-AoD), uplink-based (e.g., UL-TDOA and UL-AoA), and / or downlink- and uplink-based (e.g., LTE / NR E-CID and RTT), as described above. Corresponding positioning procedures are described in detail in 3GPP® Technical Specification (TS) 38.305, which is publicly available and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0097] The NG-RAN and UE positioning procedures may utilize LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) signaling between the UE 204 and the LMF 270, and LPP Type A (LPPa) or NR Positioning Protocol Type A (NRPPa) signaling between the NG-RAN node 502 and the LMF 270. LPP is used point-to-point between a location server (e.g., the LMF 270) and a UE (e.g., the UE 204) to obtain location-related measurements or location estimates or to transfer assistance data. A single LPP session is used to support a single location request (e.g., for a single MT-LR, MO-LR, or network-guided location request (NI-LR)). Multiple LPP sessions may be used between the same endpoints to support multiple different location requests. Each LPP session comprises one or more LPP transactions, with each LPP transaction performing a single operation (e.g., capability exchange, assistance data transfer, location information transfer). The LPP transactions are referred to as LPP procedures.

[0098] A prerequisite for step 530 is that an LCS correlation identifier (ID) and an AMF ID have been passed by the serving AMF 264 to the LMF 270. Both the LCS correlation ID and the AMF ID may be represented as strings selected by the AMF 264. The LCS correlation ID and the AMF ID are provided by the AMF 264 to the LMF 270 in the location service request in step 520. When the LMF 270 then triggers step 530, the LMF 270 also includes the LCS correlation ID for this location session, along with the AMF ID indicating the AMF instance serving the UE 204. The LCS correlation identifier is used during a positioning session between the LMF 270 and the UE 204 to ensure that the positioning response message from the UE 204 is returned by the AMF 264 to the correct LMF 270 and carries an indication (LCS correlation identifier) ​​that can be recognized by the LMF 270.

[0099] It should be noted that the LCS Correlation ID serves as a location session identifier that may be used to identify messages exchanged between the AMF 264 and the LMF 270 for a particular location session for a UE, as described in more detail in 3GPP TS 23.273, which is publicly available and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As described above and as shown in stage 520, a location session between the AMF 264 and the LMF 270 for a particular UE is initiated by the AMF 264, and the LCS Correlation ID may be used to identify this location session (e.g., may be used by the AMF 264 to identify state information for this location session, etc.).

[0100] The LPP positioning method and associated signaling content are specified in the 3GPP® LPP standard (3GPP® TS37.355, which is publicly available and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). LPP signaling can be used to request and report measurements for the following positioning methods: LTE-OTDOA, DL-TDOA, A-GNSS, E-CID, Sensor, TBS, WLAN, Bluetooth, DL-AoD, UL-AoA, and Multi-RTT. Currently, an LPP measurement report may include the following measurements: (1) one or more ToA, TDOA, RSTD, or Rx-Tx measurements; (2) one or more AoA and / or AoD measurements (currently only for base stations to report UL-AoA and DL-AoD to the LMF 270); (3) one or more multipath measurements (ToA, RSRP, AoA / AoD per path); (4) one or more movement states (e.g., walking, driving, etc.) and trajectory (currently only for UE 204); and (5) one or more reporting quality indications.

[0101] As part of the NG-RAN node positioning procedure (stage 530a) and the UE positioning procedure (stage 530b), the LMF 270 may provide LPP assistance data in the form of DL-PRS configuration information to the NG-RAN node 502 and the UE 204 for the selected positioning method. Alternatively or additionally, the NG-RAN node 502 may provide DL-PRS and / or UL-PRS configuration information to the UE 204 for the selected positioning method. It should be noted that although FIG. 5 shows a single NG-RAN node 502, there may be multiple NG-RAN nodes 502 involved in a positioning session.

[0102] When configured in a DL-PRS and UL-PRS configuration, the NG-RAN node 502 and the UE 204 transmit and receive / measure their respective PRS at scheduled times. The NG-RAN node 502 and the UE 204 then send their respective measurements to the LMF 270.

[0103] Once the LMF 270 has obtained measurements from the UE 204 and / or the NG-RAN node 502 (depending on the type of positioning method), the LMF 270 uses those measurements to calculate an estimate of the location of the UE 204. Then, in stage 540, the LMF 270 sends a location service response to the AMF 264 including the location estimate for the UE 204. The AMF 264 then forwards the location service response to the entity that generated the location service request in stage 510. In particular, if the location service request is received from the 5GC LCS entity 580 in stage 510a, then in stage 550a, the AMF 264 sends the location service response to the 5GC LCS entity 580. However, if the location service request is received from the UE 204 in stage 510c, then in stage 550c, the AMF 264 sends the location service response to the UE 204. Alternatively, if the AMF 264 generated a location service request in step 510b, in step 550b, the AMF 264 stores / uses the location service response itself.

[0104] It should be noted that although the UE positioning operation 500 is described above as a UE-assisted positioning operation, it could instead be a UE-based positioning operation, in which the LMF 270 estimates the location of the UE 204, whereas a UE-based positioning operation is one in which the UE 204 estimates its own location.

[0105] FIG. 6 illustrates an example Long Term Evolution (LTE) Positioning Protocol (LPP) procedure 600 between a UE 604 and a location server (shown as a Location Management Function (LMF) 670) for performing a positioning operation. As shown in FIG. 6, positioning of the UE 604 is supported via an exchange of LPP messages between the UE 604 and the LMF 670. The LPP messages may be exchanged between the UE 604 and the LMF 670 via a serving base station (shown as a serving gNB 602) of the UE 604 and a core network (not shown). The LPP procedure 600 may be used to position the UE 604 to support various location-related services, such as navigation for the UE 604 (or for a user of the UE 604), or for routing or providing a precise location to a public safety answering point (PSAP) in connection with an emergency call from the UE 604 to the PSAP, or for any other reason. The LPP procedure 600 may also be referred to as a positioning session, and there may be multiple positioning sessions for different types of positioning methods (e.g., downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), round trip time (RTT), enhanced cell identity (E-CID), etc.).

[0106] Initially, the UE 604 may receive a request for its positioning capabilities from the LMF 670 at stage 610 (e.g., an LPP Request Capabilities message). At stage 620, the UE 604 provides its positioning capabilities to the LMF 670 in terms of the LPP protocol by sending an LPP Provide Capabilities message to the LMF 670 indicating the positioning methods and characteristics of these positioning methods supported by the UE 604 using LPP. The capabilities indicated in the LPP Provide Capabilities message may, in some aspects, indicate the types of positioning that the UE 604 supports (e.g., DL-TDOA, RTT, E-CID, etc.) and may indicate the capabilities of the UE 604 to support those types of positioning.

[0107] Upon receipt of the LPP capability provision message in stage 620, the LMF 670 determines to use a particular type of positioning method (e.g., DL-TDOA, RTT, E-CID, etc.) based on the indicated type of positioning supported by the UE 604 and determines a set of one or more Transmit Reception Points (TRPs) from which the UE 604 will measure downlink positioning reference signals or to which the UE 604 will transmit uplink positioning reference signals. In stage 630, the LMF 670 sends an LPP Provide Assistance Data message to the UE 604 identifying the set of TRPs.

[0108] In some implementations, the Provide LPP Assistance Data message in stage 630 may be sent by the LMF 670 to the UE 604 in response to an LPP Request Assistance Data message (not shown in FIG. 6) sent by the UE 604 to the LMF 670. The Request LPP Assistance Data message may include an identifier of the serving TRP of the UE 604 and a request for Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) configuration of the neighboring TRP.

[0109] At stage 640, the LMF 670 sends a request for location information to the UE 604. The request may be an LPP Request Location Information message. This message typically includes information elements that specify the location information type, the desired accuracy of the location estimate, and the response time (i.e., the desired latency). Note that a low latency requirement allows for a longer response time, while a high latency requirement requires a shorter response time. However, a long response time is referred to as a high latency, and a short response time is referred to as a low latency.

[0110] It should be noted that in some implementations, for example, if the UE 604 sends a request for assistance data to the LMF 670 (e.g., in an LPP Assistance Data Request message not shown in FIG. 6) after receiving a request for location information in stage 640, the LPP Provide Assistance Data message sent in stage 630 may be sent after the LPP Request Location Information message in 640.

[0111] In step 650, the UE 604 performs a positioning operation (e.g., measuring DL-PRS, transmitting UL-PRS, etc.) for the selected positioning method using the assistance information received in step 630 and any additional data received in step 640 (e.g., desired location accuracy, or maximum response time).

[0112] In stage 660, the UE 604 may send an LPP Provide Location Information message to the LMF 670 conveying the results of any measurements taken in stage 650 and before or when any maximum response time expires (e.g., the maximum response time provided by the LMF 670 in stage 640) (e.g., the maximum response time provided by the LMF 670 in stage 640). The LPP Provide Location Information message in stage 660 may also include the time (or times) at which the positioning measurements were taken and the identity of the TRP from which the positioning measurements were taken. Note that the time between the request for location information in 640 and the response in 660 is the "response time" and indicates the latency of the positioning session.

[0113] The LMF 670 calculates an estimated location of the UE 604 using an appropriate positioning technique (e.g., DL-TDOA, RTT, E-CID, etc.) based at least in part on the measurements received in the LPP location information provision message at stage 660.

[0114] In some scenarios, the target UE (e.g., UE 204), the LCS client (e.g., 5GC LCS entity 580), or the application function (AF) that is requesting the location of the target UE may know the time when the location should be obtained. For example, in the case of periodic positioning with periodic delayed 5GC Mobile Terminated Location Request (5GC-MT-LR), the location of the UE is obtained at fixed periodic intervals. In this case, the location time is known in advance. As another example, in the case of Industrial IoT (IIoT) positioning, in a factory or warehouse with moving tools, components, packages, etc., there may be an accurate prediction of when the moving tools, components, packages, etc. will arrive at a particular location or will have completed a particular movement or operation. It may then be useful, even important, to locate the tools, components, packages, etc. to confirm the prediction and make further adjustments, if necessary. As yet another example, in the case of scheduled location, the location of the UE may be scheduled to occur at a particular time in the future from time to time. For example, vehicles on a road may all be positioned at the same time to provide traffic congestion indications as well as to assist V2X communications. In addition, people, containers, transportation systems, etc. may also be located at some common time.

[0115] In the above scenario, a known time, called scheduled location time, may be provided in advance to reduce the actual latency in providing the location result. The overall UE positioning operation has been described above with reference to FIG. 5. Referring to FIG. 5, the main impact of advance scheduling on 5GC is in stages 510 and 520. In stage 510, the scheduled location time T is included in a location service request from the 5GC LCS entity 580, from the AMF 264, or from the UE 204. The location service request including the scheduled location time T is then forwarded to the LMF 270 in stage 520. The scheduled location time T specifies a time in the future at which the location of the UE 204 will be obtained. In other words, the scheduled location time T is the time at which the estimated location of the UE 204 is expected to be valid. The impact on the RAN is in stage 530, where as part of positioning the UE 204, the LMF 270 schedules positioning measurements to be performed by the UE 204 and / or the NG-RAN node 502 to occur at or near a scheduled location time, T. The time at which the UE 204 and / or the NG-RAN node 502 is expected to perform the positioning measurements is referred to as the scheduled measurement time, T'.

[0116] 7A and 7B illustrate an example multi-RTT positioning procedure 700 using advance scheduling according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Since the multi-RTT positioning procedure is a downlink- and uplink-based positioning procedure, a downlink- or uplink-based positioning procedure is a subset of the multi-RTT positioning procedure 700. When a scheduled location time is used, the positioning procedure may be divided into a location preparation phase (stages 705-750) and a location execution phase (stages 755-765).

[0117] The location preparation phase starts at time T-t1, when the LMF 270 receives a location request from the AMF 264 (not shown) and determines the positioning method to be used. The location preparation phase ends after the LMF 270 requests downlink measurements from the target UE 204, uplink measurements from the involved gNBs 222, and / or a location estimate from the UE 204. The location preparation phase includes optional provision of assistance data to the UE (for downlink measurements or location estimates) and requesting or providing configuration information to the gNB 222.

[0118] The location execution phase starts at a scheduled location time T, when the target UE 204 acquires downlink measurements (and possibly determines a location estimate from these) and / or the gNB 222 acquires uplink measurements, and ends at time T+t2, when UE location information has been provided to the LMF 270 (UE 204 and / or gNB 222 location measurements or UE location estimates). The actual positioning procedure latency in Figures 7A and 7B is then determined by the steps that constitute the location execution phase only (i.e., between time T and time T+t2).

[0119] 7A and 7B in detail, in step 705a, the LCS client 790 (e.g., an application running on the target UE 204, a remote application, etc.) sends an LCS request to the LCS entity 580. The LCS request includes a future time T at which the location of the UE 204 is desired. In step 705b, the LCS entity 580 forwards the LCS request to the LMF 270. In step 710, the LMF 270 schedules a location session such that the location of the UE 204 can be acquired and valid at the requested location time T. As shown in FIG. 7A, a subsequent location preparation phase starts at time T-t1, where t1 depends on the expected duration of the location preparation phase. The expected duration of the location preparation phase depends on the selected positioning method, here a multi-RTT positioning procedure.

[0120] In step 715 (the first step of the location preparation phase), the LMF 270 performs DL-PRS configuration information exchange with the serving gNB 222 of the target UE 204 and neighboring gNBs 222 via NRPPa signaling. In step 720, the LMF 270 performs capability transfer with the UE 204 via LPP signaling. In particular, the LMF 270 sends an LPP capability request message to the target UE 204 as in step 610 of Figure 6, and in response, the UE 204 sends an LPP capability provision message to the LMF 270 as in step 620 of Figure 6.

[0121] In step 725, the LMF 270 sends an NRPPa Positioning Information Request to the serving gNB 222 (or TRP) of the target UE 204 to request UL-SRS configuration information for the UE 204. The LMF 270 may provide any assistance data required by the serving gNB 222 (e.g., path loss reference, spatial relationship, SSB configuration, etc.). In step 730a, the serving gNB 222 determines available resources for UL-SRS and configures the target UE 204 with a UL-SRS resource set. In step 730b, the serving gNB 222 provides the UL-SRS configuration information to the UE 204. In step 735, the serving gNB 222 sends an NRPPa Positioning Information Response message to the LMF 270. The NRPPa Positioning Information Response message includes the UL-SRS configuration information sent to the UE 204.

[0122] In stage 735a, the LMF 270 sends an NRPPa positioning activation request message to the serving gNB 222 and instructs the serving gNB 222 to configure the UE 204 to activate UL-SRS transmission on the configured / allocated resources. The UL-SRS may be a non-periodic (e.g., on-demand) UL-SRS, and thus in stage 735b, the serving gNB 222 configures / instructs the UE 204 to activate (i.e., start) UL-SRS transmission. In stage 735c, the serving gNB 222 sends an NRPPa positioning activation response message to the LMF 270 to indicate that the UL-SRS transmission has been activated.

[0123] At stage 740, the LMF 270 sends an NRPPa Measurement Request message to the gNB 222. The NRPPa Measurement Request message contains all information needed to enable the gNB 222 to perform uplink measurements of UL-SRS transmissions from the target UE 204. The NRPPa Measurement Request message also contains a physical measurement time T' indicating when the location measurements are to be obtained. The time T' defines the time T at which the location of the target UE 204 becomes valid and may be specified as a system frame number (SFN), subframe, slot, absolute time, etc. The time T' is provided in the same units as the time T.

[0124] In step 745, the LMF 270 sends assistance data to the UE 204 for the multi-RTT positioning procedure 700 in one or more LPP Provide Assistance Data messages, as in step 630 of FIG. 6. The LPP Provide Assistance Data messages contain all information required to enable the UE 204 to perform positioning measurements (here, Rx-Tx time difference measurements) of DL-PRS transmissions from the gNB 222. In step 750, the LMF 270 sends an LPP Request Location Information message to the target UE 204, as in step 640 of FIG. 6. The LPP Request Location Information message may also include a time T′ (but may be a different time T′ than that provided to the gNB 222 in step 740). At this point, the location preparation phase ends.

[0125] In stage 755a, the target UE 204 performs measurements (here, Rx-Tx time difference measurements) of the DL-PRS transmitted by the involved gNB at time T' (or as the measurements are valid at time T') based on the assistance data received in stage 745. In stage 755b, the involved gNB 222 performs measurements (here, Tx-Rx time difference measurements) of the UL-SRS transmitted by the target UE 204 at time T' (or as the measurements are valid at time T') based on the assistance data received in stage 740 in the NRPPa measurement request message.

[0126] In step 760, the target UE 204 sends an LPP Provide Location Information message as in step 660 of FIG. 6. The LPP Provide Location Information message includes the positioning measurements performed by the UE 204 in step 755a. In step 765, the involved gNB 222 sends an NRPPa Measurement Response message to the LMF 270. The NRPPa Measurement Response message includes the UL-SRS measurements measured in step 755b. The responses in steps 760 and 765 include the time T″ at which the measurements were taken. Time T″ should be equal to time T′, but may not be exactly equal to time T′ due to processing delays, timing issues, and / or other factors. The difference between times T′ and T″ is the location time error (δ).

[0127] At stage 770a, the LMF 270 sends an LCS response message to the LCS entity 580. The LCS response message includes the location of the target UE 204 at time T+δ. The LCS entity 580 forwards the LCS response message to the LCS client 790. The LCS client 790 receives the location of the target UE 204 at time T+t2 with timestamp T+δ, where time t2 is the latency between time T and the response time. The latency t2 as observed by the LCS client 790 excludes the location preparation phase from time T-t1 to time T. Any movement by the UE 204 during the latency time t2 should have negligible impact on the validity and accuracy of the location estimate. That is, the location of the UE 204 at time T+t2 should be approximately the same as the location of the UE 204 at time T.

[0128] FIG. 8 is a timeline 800 summarizing the timing described above with reference to FIGS. 7A and 7B, according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

[0129] As shown in Figure 7B, time T' is provided to the UE 204 and the gNB 222 at step 750 (in an LPP Location Information Request message to the UE 204) and step 740 (in an NRPPa Measurement Request message to the gNB), respectively. Steps 740 and 750 are at or close to the time that the UE 204 and the gNB 222 receive a request to perform measurements. This may be well after steps 725 and 730b, when the configurations are set up.

[0130] Thus, this disclosure provides techniques for the LMF 270 to provide, at stages 725 and / or 730b (or earlier), an indication of when the UE 204, the gNB 222, or both will be requested to perform positioning measurements (e.g., at stages 740 and 750) or are expected to perform positioning measurements (e.g., at stages 755a and 755b) (depending on whether the positioning procedure is a downlink-based positioning procedure, an uplink-based positioning procedure, or a downlink and uplink-based positioning procedure). This time indication may be an absolute time (e.g., T'), a window during which the UE 204 and gNB 222 are expected to perform measurements (e.g., a window around stages 755a and 755b), an expiration time before which the UE 204 and / or gNB 222 are expected to perform measurements (e.g., "within 2 seconds from now"), or some other indication of the expected length of time between the start of the location preparation phase and the end of the location preparation phase / start of the location execution phase.

[0131] For the UE 204, the time indication may be included in the LPP capability exchange at stage 720, or the UL-SRS configuration information at stage 730b. For the gNB 222, the time indication may be included in the DL-PRS configuration information exchange at stage 715, or the NRPPa positioning information request message at stage 725. Depending on the difference between the time indicated by the time indication (e.g., time T′, a time window around stages 755a and 755b, etc.) and the current time (e.g., the time of stages 715, 720, 725, and / or 730b), the UE 204 and the gNB 222 may use their resources accordingly (i.e., use uplink and downlink resources for other purposes until the time of the positioning measurement).

[0132] Currently, the time T' is specified in terms of SFN and slot number (i.e., as a specific slot in a specific SFN). The SFN rolls around after 1024 frames, which means that the maximum time span covered by the SFN is about 10.24 seconds. Therefore, using the SFN time requires the UE 204 to complete both its location preparation and location execution phases within 10.24 seconds. However, this is a very strict requirement and may not work in practical implementations.

[0133] Therefore, the present disclosure provides different options for defining T'. As a first option, T' may be defined using the SFN, slot number, and hyperframe number (HFN). By including the HFN along with the SFN and slot number, the maximum time span becomes about 2.84 hours. Thus, all of the positioning sessions within the 2.84 hour time period will require only one location preparation phase (provided that the UE 204 stays within range of the same gNB 222 and the gNB 222 can use the same DL-PRS configuration).

[0134] As a second option, the time T' may be provided as a Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) time. More specifically, there may be cases where the UE 204 and the gNB 222 have UTC time available. In such a case, both the UE 204 and the gNB 222 may inform the LMF 270 that they have UTC time available. Using UTC time, the location preparation phase may span multiple days. However, as can be appreciated, this may be limited by, for example, the mobility of the UE 204.

[0135] In one aspect, rather than providing times T and / or T', a relative time window in milliseconds (ms) may be provided. This may be the case when the LCS client 790 can tolerate some deviation from the exact time T. In these cases, the LMF 270 may specify T' and T'' in terms of milliseconds for a certain SFN (e.g., "X" ms for "SFN0").

[0136] In one aspect, there should be a concept of capability expiration at the level of the LMF 270 and / or the AMF 264. As explained above with reference to Figures 7A and 7B, the LMF 270 provides the UE 204 with a time indication generally indicating the time difference between stage 720 or 730b and stage 745 or stage 755a. As a first option, the LMF 270 should indicate to the UE 204 the maximum gap between the capability transfer procedure (e.g., stage 720) and the location request (e.g., stage 750). As a second option, the LMF 270 may include in the capability request (e.g., during stage 720) a time measurement window (e.g., T') indicating the time, time period, or time window during which the UE 204 should expect the location request to arrive (e.g., in stage 750). If the location preparation phase is performed once over a longer period of time (e.g., once a day), there may need to be updates to the capabilities of the UE 204 depending on the timer (or threshold) value given by the LMF 270. For example, if the UE 204 changes serving gNB 222, gets involved in higher priority communications, etc., the capabilities of the UE 204 at the time of the location execution phase may not be the same as the capabilities of the UE 204 at the time of the location preparation phase. In these cases, the LMF 270 and the UE 204 may need to perform a new LPP capability transfer procedure.

[0137] Currently, there is only one location execution phase per location preparation phase. This may be beneficial for low latency use cases, but not for signaling and power aspects. As briefly mentioned above, in this disclosure, there may be multiple location execution phases per location preparation phase. For example, there may be a location preparation phase starting at time T-t1, a first location execution phase for a first location time T, a second location execution phase for a second location time T1, a third location execution phase for a third location time T2, etc. Both the UE 204 and the LMF 270 will need to be able to support multiple location execution phases. As will be appreciated, different location execution phases will need to be for different location times.

[0138] 9 illustrates an example method 900 of wireless positioning according to an aspect of the disclosure. In one aspect, the method 900 may be performed by a network node (e.g., any of the UEs or base stations described herein).

[0139] At 910, the network node receives a configuration message for at least a first positioning session (e.g., a multi-RTT, DL-TDOA, UL-TDOA, E-CID, etc. positioning session) from a network entity (e.g., a location server or base station if the network node is a UE, or a location server if the network node is a base station) during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session for positioning a UE (e.g., any of the UEs described herein). In one aspect where the network node is a UE, operation 910 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered a means for performing this operation. In one aspect where the network node is a base station, operation 910 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, one or more processors 384, memory 386, and / or positioning component 388, any or all of which may be considered a means for performing this operation.

[0140] At 920, the network node determines, based on the configuration message, a time indication indicating an amount of time between the configuration message and a measurement request for the first positioning session or between the configuration message and a time when the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements for the first positioning session. In an aspect where the network node is a UE, the operation 920 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered as a means for performing this operation. In an aspect where the network node is a base station, the operation 920 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, one or more processors 384, memory 386, and / or positioning component 388, any or all of which may be considered as a means for performing this operation.

[0141] At 930, the network node receives a measurement request based on the time indication (i.e., at or during the time indicated by the time indication), the measurement request including a measurement time at which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements (e.g., measurements of RSRP, RSTD, Rx-Tx time difference, Tx-Rx time difference, etc.) during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session. In an aspect where the network node is a UE, the operation 930 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing this operation. In an aspect where the network node is a base station, the operation 930 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, one or more processors 384, memory 386, and / or positioning component 388, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing this operation.

[0142] At 940, the network node performs one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase based on the measurement times. In an aspect where the network node is a UE, operation 940 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing this operation. In an aspect where the network node is a base station, operation 940 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, one or more processors 384, memory 386, and / or positioning component 388, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing this operation.

[0143] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method 900 is improved resource utilization because the network node knows when it is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements and can perform other operations / activities until that time.

[0144] 10 illustrates an example method 1000 of wireless positioning according to an aspect of the disclosure. In one aspect, the method 1000 may be performed by a network node (e.g., any of the UEs or base stations described herein).

[0145] At 1010, the network node receives a measurement request for a first positioning session during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session (e.g., a Multi-RTT, DL-TDOA, UL-TDOA, E-CID, etc. positioning session) for positioning a UE (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) from a network entity (e.g., a location server or a base station if the network node is a UE, or a location server if the network node is a base station), the measurement request including measurement times at which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements (e.g., measurements such as RSRP, RSTD, Rx-Tx time difference, Tx-Rx time difference, etc.) during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session, the measurement time being indicated as a combination of HFN, SFN, and slot number, or an absolute time, or a time window. In an aspect where the network node is a UE, the operation 1010 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered as a means for performing this operation. In an aspect where the network node is a base station, the operation 1010 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, one or more processors 384, memory 386, and / or positioning component 388, any or all of which may be considered as a means for performing this operation.

[0146] At 1020, the network node performs one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase based on the measurement times. In an aspect where the network node is a UE, the operation 1020 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered as a means for performing this operation. In an aspect where the network node is a base station, the operation 1020 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, one or more processors 384, memory 386, and / or positioning component 388, any or all of which may be considered as a means for performing this operation.

[0147] As can be appreciated, a technical advantage of method 1000 is that there may be more time between a location preparation phase and a location execution phase than is allowed by the combination of SFN and slot number.

[0148] In the above detailed description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in the examples. This manner of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the exemplary clauses have more features than are expressly stated in each clause. Rather, various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features of each exemplary clause disclosed. Thus, the following clauses should be considered hereby as being incorporated into this description, and each clause may stand alone as a separate example. Although each dependent clause may refer to a specific combination with one of the other clauses in the clause, the aspects of that dependent clause are not limited to that specific combination. It will be appreciated that other exemplary clauses may also include combinations of the dependent clause aspects with the subject matter of any other dependent clause or independent clause, or any combination of features with other dependent clauses and independent clauses. Various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations unless it is expressly expressed or can be easily inferred that a particular combination is not intended (e.g., contradictory aspects such as defining an element as both an insulator and a conductor). It is further contemplated that aspects of a clause may be included within any other independent clause, even if that clause is not directly dependent on an independent clause.

[0149] Example implementations are described in the following numbered clauses.

[0150] Clause 1. A method of wireless positioning performed by a network node, the method comprising: receiving from a network entity a configuration message for a first positioning session during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session for positioning a user equipment (UE); determining based on the configuration message a time indication indicating an amount of time between the configuration message and a measurement request for the first positioning session, or between the configuration message and a time at which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements for the first positioning session; receiving a measurement request based on the time indication, the measurement request including a measurement time at which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session; and performing one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase based on the measurement time.

[0151] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the network entity is a location server, the network node is a UE, and the measurement request is a Long Term Evolution (LTE) Positioning Protocol (LPP) Location Information Request message.

[0152] Clause 3. The method of clause 2, wherein the configuration message is an LPP Provide Assistance Data message for the first positioning session.

[0153] Clause 4. The method of clause 2, wherein the configuration message is an LPP capability request message for the first positioning session.

[0154] Clause 5. The method of clause 4, further comprising the steps of: sending a first LPP capability provision message to the location server in response to the LPP capability request message; and sending a second LPP capability provision message to the location server in response to a time difference between the LPP capability request message and the LPP location information request message being greater than a threshold.

[0155] Clause 6. The method of clause 4, further comprising the steps of: sending a first LPP capability provision message to the location server in response to the LPP capability request message; and sending a second LPP capability provision message to the location server in response to a time difference between the first LPP capability provision message and the LPP location information request message being greater than a threshold.

[0156] Clause 7. The method of clause 6, further comprising receiving a threshold value from a location server.

[0157] Clause 8. The method of clause 1, wherein the network entity is a location server, the network node is a base station, and the measurement request is a New Radio Positioning Protocol type A (NRPPa) measurement request message.

[0158] Clause 9. The method of clause 8, wherein the configuration message is an NRPPa positioning information request message for the first positioning session.

[0159] Clause 10. The method of clause 1, wherein the network entity is a base station serving the UE, the network node is the UE, and the configuration message is a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) configuration message for the first positioning session.

[0160] Clause 11. Any of the methods of clauses 1 to 10, wherein the time indication is an absolute time.

[0161] Clause 12. The method of clause 11, wherein the absolute time is a measurement time at which the network node is expected to perform the one or more positioning measurements.

[0162] Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 1 to 10, wherein the time indication is a time window during which the measurement request is expected to be received.

[0163] Clause 14. The method of any of clauses 1 to 10, wherein the time indication is a time window during which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements.

[0164] Clause 15. Any of the methods of clauses 1 to 10, wherein the time indication is an expiry time before which the measurement request is expected to be received.

[0165] Clause 16. The method of any of clauses 1 to 10, wherein the time indication is an expiry time before which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements.

[0166] Clause 17. The method of any of clauses 1 to 16, wherein the step of determining a time indication includes the step of receiving the time indication in a configuration message.

[0167] Clause 18. The method of any of clauses 1-17, wherein at least the second location execution phase is associated with a location preparation phase, and the second positioning session is associated with the location preparation phase and the second location execution phase.

[0168] Clause 19. The method of any of clauses 1 to 17, wherein at least a second location execution phase for the first positioning session is associated with a location preparation phase.

[0169] Clause 20. Any of the methods of clauses 1 to 19, wherein the measurement time is indicated as a combination of a hyperframe number (HFN), a system frame number (SFN), and a slot number, or as an absolute time, or as a time window.

[0170] Clause 21. A method of wireless positioning performed by a network node, comprising the steps of receiving, from a network entity, a measurement request for a first positioning session during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session for positioning a user equipment (UE), wherein the measurement request includes measurement times at which the network node is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session, the measurement times being indicated as a combination of a hyperframe number (HFN), a system frame number (SFN) and a slot number, or an absolute time, or a time window; and performing the one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase based on the measurement times.

[0171] Clause 22. The method of clause 21, wherein the absolute time is Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) time.

[0172] Clause 23. A method according to any of clauses 21 to 22, wherein any location execution phase occurring within a threshold time period of a measurement request is associated with a location preparation phase.

[0173] Clause 24. The method of clause 23, wherein the threshold time period is based on a combination of the HFN, SFN, and slot number.

[0174] Clause 25. The method of any of clauses 21-24, wherein the time window is specified in milliseconds.

[0175] Clause 26. The method of any of clauses 21 to 25, wherein the network node is a UE and the measurement request is a Long Term Evolution (LTE) Positioning Protocol (LPP) Location Information Request message.

[0176] Clause 27. The method of any of clauses 21 to 25, wherein the network node is a base station and the measurement request is a New Radio Positioning Protocol type A (NRPPa) measurement request message.

[0177] Clause 28. An apparatus comprising a memory, at least one transceiver, and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, wherein the memory, the at least one transceiver, and the at least one processor are configured to perform a method according to any of clauses 1 to 27.

[0178] Clause 29. Apparatus comprising means for carrying out the method according to any of clauses 1 to 27.

[0179] Clause 30. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, the computer-executable instructions comprising at least one instruction for causing a computer or processor to perform a method according to any of clauses 1 to 27.

[0180] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, the data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0181] Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various exemplary logic blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, the various exemplary components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art may implement the described functionality in various ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0182] The various example logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed using a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but alternatively, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0183] The methods, sequences, and / or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. The software modules may reside in a random access memory (RAM), a flash memory, a read only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), a register, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. Alternatively, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). Alternatively, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

[0184] In one or more exemplary aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted via a computer-readable medium as one or more instructions or code. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. Storage media may be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media may comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included within the definition of media. Disk and disc, as used herein, include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc, where disks typically reproduce data magnetically and discs reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0185] Although the above disclosure illustrates exemplary aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications may be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. The functions, steps, and / or actions of the method claims according to the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Furthermore, although elements of the disclosure may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. [Explanation of symbols]

[0186] 100 Wireless communication system 102 Base station, macrocell base station, modified base station, terrestrial base station 102' Small Cell Base Station 104 User Equipment (UE) 110 Geographic Coverage Areas 112 Earth Orbiting Space Vehicle (SV) 120 Communication Links 122 backhaul links 124 signal 134 backhaul links 150 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Access Points (AP) 152 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Station (STA) 154 Communication Links 164 User Equipment (UE) 170 Core Network 172 Location Server 180 mmW base station 182 User Equipment (UE) 184 Millimeter Wave (mmW) Communication Links 190 User Equipment (UE) 192, 194 Device-to-Device (D2D) Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Links 200 Wireless Network Structure 204 User Equipment (UE), Target UE 210 5G Core (5GC) 212 User Plane (U-Plane) Functions 213 User Plane Interface (NG-U) 214 Control Plane (C-Plane) Functions 215 Control Plane Interface (NG-C) 220 Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 222 gNB, serving gNB, neighboring gNB 223 Backhaul Connection 224ng-eNB 226 gNB Central Unit (gNB-CU) 228 gNB Distributed Unit (gNB-DU) 230 Location Server 232 Interface 250 Wireless Network Structure 260 5G Core (5GC) 262 User Plane Function (UPF) 263 User Plane Interface 264 Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Serving AMF 265 Control Plane Interface 266 Session Management Facility (SMF) 270 Location Management Function (LMF) 272 Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) Location Platform (SLP) 302 User Equipment (UE) 304 base station 306 Network Entities 310 Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) Transceiver 312 Receiver 314 Transmitter 316 Antenna 318 Signal 320 Short Range Wireless Transceiver 322 Receiver 324 Transmitter 326 Antenna 328 signal 330 Satellite signal receiver 332 processor 334 Data Bus 336 Antenna 338 Satellite positioning / communication signals 340 Memory 342 Positioning components 344 Sensors 346 User Interface 350 WWAN Transceiver 352 Receiver 354 Transmitter 356 Antenna 358 Signal 360 Short Range Wireless Transceiver 362 Receiver 364 Transmitter 366 Antenna 368 signals 370 Satellite signal receiver 376 Antenna 378 Satellite positioning / communication signals 380 Network Transceiver 382 Data Bus 384 processor 386 memory 388 Positioning Components 390 Network Transceiver 392 Data Bus 394 processor 396 Memory 398 Positioning Components 502 NG-RAN nodes 580 5GC Location Services (LCS) Entity, 5GC LCS Entity, LCS Entity 602 servings of gNB 604UE 670 Location Management Facility (LMF), LMF 790 LCS Client 800 Timeline

Claims

1. A method of wireless positioning performed by a user equipment (UE) using a Long Term Evolution (LTE) Positioning Protocol (LPP) between the UE and a location server, comprising: receiving, from a network entity, during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session for positioning the UE, a configuration message for the first positioning session, the configuration message including measurement times at which the UE is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session; determining, based on the configuration message, a time indication indicating an amount of time between the configuration message and a measurement request for the first positioning session before receiving an LPP location information request message; receiving the LPP location information request message based on the time indication; performing the one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase based on the measurement times; The method includes:

2. the network entity is a location server; The method of claim 1 , wherein the configuration message is a Provide LPP Assistance Data message for the first positioning session.

3. The network entity according to claim 2, wherein the network entity is a location server. The method of claim 1 , wherein the configuration message is an LPP capability request message for the first positioning session.

4. sending a first LPP capability provision message to the location server in response to the LPP capability request message; sending a second LPP capability provision message to the location server in response to a time difference between the LPP capability request message and the LPP location information request message being greater than a threshold; 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:

5. sending a first LPP capability provision message to the location server in response to the LPP capability request message; sending a second LPP capability provision message to the location server in response to a time difference between the first LPP capability provision message and the LPP location information request message being greater than a threshold; 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:

6. receiving the threshold value from the location server.

6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:

7. the network entity is a base station serving the UE; 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuration message is a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) configuration message for the first positioning session.

8. A method of wireless positioning performed by a base station using New Radio (NR) Positioning Protocol Type A (NRPPa) signaling between the base station and a location server, comprising: receiving, from the location server, during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session for positioning a user equipment (UE), a configuration message for the first positioning session, the configuration message including measurement times at which the base station is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session; determining, based on the configuration message, a time indication indicating an amount of time between the configuration message and a time at which the base station is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements for the first positioning session before receiving an NRPPa measurement request message; receiving the NRPPa measurement request message based on the time indication; performing the one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase based on the measurement times; The method includes:

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the configuration message is an NRPPa positioning information request message for the first positioning session.

10. The time indication is an absolute time, which is the measurement time at which the UE or base station, respectively, is expected to perform the one or more positioning measurements; a time window during which said measurement request is expected to be received; a time window during which the UE or base station, respectively, is expected to perform the one or more positioning measurements; an expiration time before which said measurement request is expected to be received; The expiry time before which the UE or base station, respectively, is expected to perform the one or more positioning measurements. The method of claim 1, wherein the

11. at least a second location execution phase is associated with the location preparation phase; a second positioning session is associated with the location preparation phase and the second location execution phase; or The method of claim 1 or 8, wherein at least a second location execution phase for the first positioning session is associated with the location preparation phase.

12. The method of claim 1 or 8, wherein the measurement time is indicated as a combination of a hyperframe number (HFN), a system frame number (SFN) and a slot number, or an absolute time, or a time window.

13. A user equipment (UE), comprising: Memory, At least one transceiver; at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and to the at least one transceiver; and wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receiving, via the at least one transceiver, from a network entity, during a location preparation phase of at least a first positioning session for positioning the UE, the configuration message including measurement times at which the UE is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session; determining, based on the configuration message, a time indication indicating an amount of time between the configuration message and a measurement request for the first positioning session before receiving an LPP location information request message; receiving, via the at least one transceiver, the LPP location information request message based on the time indication; performing the one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase based on the measurement times. The UE is configured to:

14. the network entity is a location server; the configuration message is a Provide LPP Assistance Data message for the first positioning session or an LPP Capability Request message for the first positioning session; or 14. The UE of claim 13, wherein the configuration message is a sounding reference signal (SRS) configuration message for the first positioning session.

15. A base station, Memory, At least one transceiver; at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and to the at least one transceiver; and wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receiving, from the location server via the at least one transceiver, a configuration message for at least a first positioning session for positioning a user equipment (UE) during a location preparation phase of the first positioning session, the configuration message including measurement times at which the base station is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements during a first location execution phase of the first positioning session; determining, based on the configuration message, a time indication indicating an amount of time between the configuration message and a time at which the base station is expected to perform one or more positioning measurements for the first positioning session before receiving an NRPPa measurement request message; receiving, via the at least one transceiver, the NRPPa measurement request message based on the time indication; performing the one or more positioning measurements during the first location execution phase based on the measurement times. A base station configured to:

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