Particle shape engineering to create narrow spectral filters for specific parts of the light spectrum

Abstract

Disclosed herein are compositions for light filtering and methods including the compositions therefor. An exemplary composition includes a plurality of metal nanoparticles, at least a portion of the plurality of metal nanoparticles having an anisotropic shape, and a stabilization mechanism arranged to selectively bind to at least a portion of the plurality of metal nanoparticles, the composition exhibiting a peak light filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] (CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 661,105, filed April 28, 2022, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0002] FIELD OF THEINVENTION This application relates generally to optical filters and, more particularly, to nanoparticles configured for filtering light. [Background technology]

[0003] The integration of nanoparticles into hydrogels can be used in a wide variety of biomedical devices, such as contact lenses for antibacterial, sensing, and therapeutic applications (Clasky et al, Acta Biomaterialia 2021).

[0004] Current commercially available contact lenses can adjust the curvature and / or refractive index of the eye to improve focusing. Preliminary studies suggest that blocking certain ranges of light may facilitate the progression of myopia (Liu et al., Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci., 2014; Lingham, et al., Br J Ophthalmol, 2020; Long, et al., Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol., 2009; Wang, et al., Biomed Res. Int., 2013).

[0005] A method describing the dispersion of metal nanoparticles for optical filtering in sunglasses is described in US 2007 / 0298242 A1. Gold nanoparticles or dyes are dispersed in a polymer matrix, and the composite either acts as the lens itself or is used as a coating on one or both sides of the lens. US 2007 / 0298242 A1 does not disclose information regarding the immobilization of light blocking materials within a polymer matrix, which is necessary for the integration of light blocking materials into soft materials.

[0006] Another example of incorporating nanoparticles into a polymer matrix is ​​described in US Patent Application Publication No. 20080203592(A1), in which dry hydrogel contact lenses are hydrated in a hydration solution, the hydration solution containing silver ions, silver nanoparticles, or a combination thereof, a lubricant or wetting agent, or a combination thereof. The silver nanoparticles and / or the lubricant or wetting agent are adsorbed onto and / or encapsulated within the hydrogel contact lens during the extraction and / or hydration steps. The method described may be convertible to gold nanoparticles and / or dyes, but the patent does not disclose information regarding light blocking materials or chemical embedding of these materials into the final product. The nanoparticles are added after the contact lens is cured, which has an effect on the nanoparticle distribution within the contact lens.

[0007] A recent publication (Salih et al, ACS Nano 2021) demonstrates the addition of nanoparticles to contact lens materials prior to lens curing, but only uses commercially available citrate-coated gold nanoparticles purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as is. Although gold nanoparticles may achieve chemical and physical stability due to their inherent properties, neither versatility nor tunability was demonstrated. The publication also does not demonstrate that their light-blocking materials can withstand critical sterilization procedures such as autoclaving. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0008] However, improvements are needed. [Means for solving the problem]

[0009] Disclosed herein are systems, compositions, and methods for light filtering.

[0010] One general embodiment includes a composition for light filtering, the composition also including a base material, a plurality of gold nanoparticles dispersed in the base material, at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles having an anisotropic shape, and a stabilization mechanism configured to selectively bind to at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles to enhance stability of at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles in the base material, the composition exhibiting a peak light filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm.

[0011] One general embodiment includes a composition for light filtering, the composition also including a plurality of metallic nanoparticles, at least a portion of the plurality of metallic nanoparticles having an anisotropic shape, and a stabilization mechanism configured to selectively bind to at least a portion of the plurality of metallic nanoparticles, the composition exhibiting a peak optical filtering value in a range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm.

[0012] One general embodiment includes a composition for light filtering, the composition also including a base material and a plurality of nanoparticles dispersed in the base material, the composition exhibiting a peak light filtering value in a range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm, the composition exhibiting a filtering spectrum having a full width at half maximum of about 54 nm to 58 nm.

[0013] One general embodiment includes a contact lens comprising the composition for light filtering described herein, which is a free radical reaction product of a reactive mixture including one or more silicone-containing components and one or more hydrophilic components, and the contact lens has a water content of at least about 20 weight percent, preferably at least about 30 weight percent, and an oxygen permeability of at least about 80 Barrers, preferably at least about 100 Barrers. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0014] The following drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various examples contemplated in the present disclosure. [Figure 1A] The absorbance spectra of nanosized spheres (FIG. 1A), cubes (FIG. 1B), rods (FIG. 1C), and bipyramids (FIG. 1D) that block the target range via Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy are shown. [Figure 1B] The absorbance spectra of nanosized spheres (FIG. 1A), cubes (FIG. 1B), rods (FIG. 1C), and bipyramids (FIG. 1D) that block the target range via Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy are shown. [Figure 1C] The absorbance spectra of nanosized spheres (FIG. 1A), cubes (FIG. 1B), rods (FIG. 1C), and bipyramids (FIG. 1D) that block the target range via Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy are shown. [Figure 1D] The absorbance spectra of nanosized spheres (FIG. 1A), cubes (FIG. 1B), rods (FIG. 1C), and bipyramids (FIG. 1D) that block the target range via Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy are shown. [Figure 1E]High-Angle Annular Dark-Field-Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (HAADF-STEM) micrographs of a sphere (FIG. 1E), a cube (FIG. 1F), a rod (FIG. 1G), and a bipyramid (FIG. 1H) are shown. Scale bar: 200 nm. [Figure 1F] High-Angle Annular Dark-Field-Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (HAADF-STEM) micrographs of a sphere (FIG. 1E), a cube (FIG. 1F), a rod (FIG. 1G), and a bipyramid (FIG. 1H) are shown. Scale bar: 200 nm. [Figure 1G] High-Angle Annular Dark-Field-Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (HAADF-STEM) micrographs of a sphere (FIG. 1E), a cube (FIG. 1F), a rod (FIG. 1G), and a bipyramid (FIG. 1H) are shown. Scale bar: 200 nm. [Figure 1H] High-Angle Annular Dark-Field-Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (HAADF-STEM) micrographs of a sphere (FIG. 1E), a cube (FIG. 1F), a rod (FIG. 1G), and a bipyramid (FIG. 1H) are shown. Scale bar: 200 nm. [Figure 2A] 1 shows an embodiment of a nano-sized bipyramid. 2 shows the absorbance spectra of bipyramids of various sharpness. [Figure 2B] Figure 1 shows the behavior of nano-sized bipyramids. The average aspect ratio (blue circles) and volume (orange squares) for each bipyramid sample (n=100, error bars represent ±s.d.). [Figure 2C] 1 shows the nano-sized bipyramidal aspect and the corresponding Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) micrograph. [Figure 3A] The change in spectral light filtering and intensity as a function of AgNO3 (Figure 3A) and seed (Figure 3B) are shown. [Figure 3B] The change in spectral light filtering and intensity as a function of AgNO3 (Figure 3A) and seed (Figure 3B) are shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0015] There is a significant need to develop light filtering materials that have specificity for certain wavelengths, versatility to adapt light filtering to different regions of the visible spectrum, resistance to thermal and mechanical stress, resistance to corrosion and oxidation, and long-term stability to UV exposure. Although approaches to selective light filtering exist, no solutions exist that can be tuned to different wavelengths of interest in the red light range without changing the basic mechanism or composition, can withstand long-term storage, autoclaving, and UV exposure, and can be readily adopted commercially.

[0016] The present disclosure relates to a method for producing gold nanoparticles (GNPs). The present disclosure further relates to a method for engineering the shape of such nanoparticles. Such shapes may include anisotropic shapes. Anisotropic gold nanoparticles may require additional engineering to impart thermal stability. This may result from higher surface energy associated with sharper features of anisotropic gold nanoparticles. Such features may result in thermal reshaping at high temperatures, which may be due to diffusion of surface atoms to lower energy configurations. The present disclosure relates to a method for providing additional engineering to impart thermal stability. Thus, the present disclosure relates to a method for overcoming significant barriers to commercialization.

[0017] The present disclosure relates to a method of adding light filtering materials prior to contact lens curing to ensure complete integration and more uniform distribution within the final product.

[0018] The present disclosure relates to gold nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles may include a specific shape. The gold nanoparticles may include a stabilization mechanism. The synthesis process of gold nanoparticles allows for precise control over the size and shape of the nanoparticles. Such control may allow for fine tuning of the optical properties of the nanoparticles. The inherent properties of gold nanoparticles, namely resistance to corrosion, oxidation, Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and UV exposure, may facilitate long-term storage. The use of a stabilization mechanism may allow the nanoparticles to withstand thermal stress. Such resistance may result from a stabilization mechanism that passivates atoms on the surface of the nanoparticles. This passivation may lead to limited tendency of the atoms on the surface of the nanoparticles to revert to spheres when exposed to heat during processes such as autoclaving. In such reversion, spheres may be noted as a thermodynamically more stable form.

[0019] The present disclosure relates to nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, and more specifically, for example, gold nanoparticles. Reference to gold nanoparticles may apply to other nanoparticles, including metal nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles may be configured (e.g., grown) to block light in the range of about 600 nm up to about 850 nm or 600 nm to 850 nm, including endpoints and intermediate endpoints. Other ranges may be used by configuring at least the shape and / or size of the nanoparticles. The present disclosure relates to the use of seed-mediated gold nanoparticle synthesis (e.g., Sanchez-Iglesias et al, JACS 2017). Gold nanoparticles may be grown from penta-twinned gold seeds in a synthesis that includes the use of gold(III) chloride, hydrochloric acid, silver nitrate, and L-ascorbic acid in varying amounts, although other synthesis methods may be used. The absorbance of GNPs may depend on size and shape. As a result, the parameters used to grow nanoparticles of various sizes and shapes may be altered to tailor the light filtering spectrum of the final product. The seed-mediated method of the present disclosure allows for increased control over the final light blocking characteristics of the nanoparticles compared to other methods. Other such methods may include one-pot synthesis.

[0020] Nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles of the present disclosure, may include a bipyramidal shape with a truncated peak at either end. Such a bipyramidal shape may allow for more specific light filtering within the target range. This effect may result from the presence of the truncated peaks located at opposite ends of the bipyramid. Anisotropic nanoparticles, such as rods and bipyramids, may include an absorbance spectrum with two peaks. One such peak, the longitudinal peak, may be of particular interest within the target range. The location and size of the longitudinal peak may be controlled by the sharpness of the bipyramid. There is also a transverse peak around 530 nm. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, such a transverse peak is unique to gold nanoparticles. The relative contribution of the longitudinal peak compared to the transverse peak may be adjusted by the sharpness of the bipyramid. A higher contribution of the longitudinal peak compared to the transverse peak may indicate more specific light filtering.

[0021] The present disclosure relates to a stabilization mechanism. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the stabilization mechanism may include a 55 kDa poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) polymer chain, although other such mechanisms are known. The monomer unit of PVP includes a nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons. Such lone pair of electrons may bind to the surface of gold nanoparticles. This binding may facilitate improved colloidal and thermal stability. PVP may be attached to the nanoparticle surface by incubating the nanoparticles overnight at 40° C. in a solution containing a high concentration of PVP. Such a solution may further include ethanol (>10% w / v) with a small amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.6% w / v in water). PVP may enable long-term colloidal stability, thermal stability, and biocompatibility. Conjugation of PVP to the surface of gold nanoparticles has a negligible effect on the engineered light filtering spectrum of such nanoparticles.

[0022] The present disclosure relates to a method of controlling nanoparticle morphology (e.g., size and shape geometry) through modular synthesis. In such a way, controlling nanoparticle morphology can facilitate tuning the light filtering profile of such nanoparticles. In one aspect of the present disclosure, multiple morphologies have been investigated. Specific morphologies that can target certain wavelengths of light were not previously known.

[0023] The present disclosure relates to base materials. Such base materials may include biomaterials, biomaterial matrices, hydrogels, and other such materials known in the art. The present disclosure further relates to nanoparticles. Such nanoparticles may include gold. Gold nanoparticles may be grown from penta-twinned gold seeds, although other synthesis methods are known in the art. Such nanoparticles may include shapes. Such shapes may be anisotropic. Such shapes may be bipyramidal. Alternative shapes are known in the art and may include, but are not limited to, cube shapes, nanorod shapes, octahedron shapes, decahedron shapes, cuboctahedron shapes, tetrahedron shapes, rhombic dodecahedron shapes, truncated complex square prism shapes, or truncated double tetrahedron shapes. The present disclosure further relates to stabilization mechanisms. Such stabilization mechanisms may include polymers. Such polymers may include various molecular weights. Such polymers may include PVP. Alternative polymers are known in the art and may include, but are not limited to, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), polycarbonate, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polystyrene (PS), polycaprolactone (PCL), ethylene oligomers or polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), as well as copolymers or blends thereof. Such polymers may include PVP having a molecular weight of about 55 kDa up to about 1300 kDa. The present disclosure relates to methods of attaching gold nanoparticles to stabilizing mechanisms. Attachment may occur via chemical conjugation. Such attachment may be selective. Such attachment may improve the colloidal and / or thermal stability of the nanoparticles, as well as biocompatibility. The present disclosure relates to compositions in which a base material comprising nanoparticles and a stabilizing material exhibits peak light filtering in the range of about 600 nm up to about 850 nm.Such peak light filtering may be tuned through adjusting the nanoparticle morphology. The morphology may be tuned by configuring the aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the major and minor axis lengths, the volume, the sharpness, and / or other related characteristics. The aspect ratio may be tuned from about 1.9 up to about 2.9, although other such aspect ratios may be possible. As non-limiting examples, the aspect ratio can be in the range of about 1.9 up to about 2.8, about 1.9 up to about 2.7, about 1.9 up to about 2.6, about 1.9 up to about 2.5, about 1.9 up to about 2.4, about 1.9 up to about 2.3, about 1.9 up to about 2.2, about 1.9 up to about 2.1, about 1.9 up to about 2.0, about 2.0 up to about 2.8, about 2.0 up to about 2.7, about 2.0 up to about 2.6, about 2.0 up to about 2.5, about 2.0 up to about 2.4, about 2.0 up to about 2.3, about 2.0 up to about 2.2, or about 2.0 up to about 2.1. The volume is about 250 nm. 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 Although other such volumes may be possible, as a non-limiting example, the volume may be adjusted to about 1,250 nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 , about 2,250nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 , about 3,250nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 , about 4,250nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 , about 5,250nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 , about 6,250nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 , about 7,250nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 , about 8,250nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 , about 9,250nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 , about 10,250nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 , about 11,250nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3, about 12,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 13,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 14,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 15,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 16,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 17,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 18,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 19,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 20,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 21,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 22,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 23,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 24,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 25,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 26,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 27,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , about 28,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3 , 又は About 29,250nm 3 ~Maximum about 30,000nm 3Such adjustments may result in a Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) value of about 54 nm up to about 58 nm. As non-limiting examples, the FWHM value may range from about 54 nm up to about 57 nm, from about 54 nm up to about 56 nm, from about 54 nm up to about 55 nm, from about 55 nm up to about 58 nm, from about 56 nm up to about 58 nm, or from about 57 nm up to about 58 nm.

[0024] As an example, calculating the volume of a nano-bipyramidal structure can be achieved as a pair of pentagonal pyramids. We assume that the minor axis (L2) that we measure from the image is the diagonal of the pentagon, shown below as d. And we assume that the major axis (L1) is twice the height (height, h) of a single pyramid.

[0025]

number

[0026] The volume of a single pentagonal pyramid is shown below, where a is the edge length, which we can calculate from d(L2).

[0027]

number

[0028] Therefore, a simplified expression of the volume of a pair of pentagonal pyramids with respect to their major (L1) and minor (L2) axes is:

[0029]

number

[0030] Other calculations may also be used.

[0031] There are further capabilities associated with the present disclosure. The present disclosure further relates to various polymers that can be grafted onto the surface of the nanoparticles. The use of various polymers can allow the integration of the nanoparticles into various biomaterials. Such nanoparticles can include various shapes. Thus, the present disclosure is independent of a particular biomaterial. Furthermore, the present disclosure relates to the incorporation of nanoparticles of various shapes, further including various stabilization mechanisms, into virtually any biomaterial of interest. Non-limiting examples of biomaterials can include hydrogel or silicone hydrogel materials suitable for use in forming soft contact lenses. Such materials are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, Group 1 - low moisture (<50% H2O) non-ionic hydrogel polymers (e.g., tefilcon, tetrafilcon A, clofilcon, herfilcon A, herfilcon B, mafilcon, polymacon, hyoxifilcon B); Group 2 - high moisture (>50% H2O) non-ionic hydrogel polymers (e.g., sarfilcon A, lidofilcon A, lidofilcon B, netrafilcon A, hefilcon B, alfafilcon A, omafilcon A, omafilcon B, vasafilcon A, hyoxifilcon A, hyoxifilcon D, nelfilcon A, hilafilcon A, hilafilcon B, acofilcon A, nesofilcon A); Group 3 - low moisture (<50% H2O) ionic hydrogel polymers (e.g., bufilcon A, del Group 4 - High moisture (>50% H2O) ionic hydrogel polymers (e.g., Bufilcon A, Perfilcon A, Etafilcon A, Focofilcon A, Ocfilcon A, Ocfilcon B, Ocfilcon C, Ocfilcon D, Ocfilcon E, Ocfilcon F, Femfilcon A, Metafilcon A, Metafilcon B, Bifilcon A); and Silicone hydrogel polymers (e.g., Lotrafilcon A, Lotrafilcon B, Galifilcon A, Senofilcon A, Senofilcon C, Sifilcon A, Comfilcon A, Enfilcon A, Balafilcon A, Delefilcon A, Narafilcon B, Narafilcon A, Stenfilcon A, Somofilcon A, Funfilcon A, Samfilcon A, Elastofilcon).

[0032] definition It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the details of construction or process steps set forth in the following description, as the invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways using the teachings herein.

[0033] The following definitions are provided for terms used in this disclosure.

[0034] Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this invention belongs. The definition of polymer is consistent with the definition disclosed in Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature, IUPAC Recommendations 2008, edited by: Richard G. Jones, Jaroslav Kahovec, Robert Stepto, Edward S. Wilks, Michael Hess, Tatsuki Kitayama, and W. Val Metanomski. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference.

[0035] As used herein, the term "(meth)" refers to optional methyl substitution. Thus, terms such as "(meth)acrylate" refer to both methacrylate and acrylate.

[0036] The term "individual" includes humans and vertebrate animals.

[0037] The term "ophthalmic device" refers to any device that resides in or on the eye or any part of the eye, including the surface of the eye. These devices can provide optical correction, appearance enhancement, vision enhancement, therapeutic effects (e.g., as a dressing), or delivery of active components such as pharmaceutical and nutraceutical components, or any combination of the foregoing. Examples of ophthalmic devices include, but are not limited to, lenses, optics, and ocular inserts (including, but not limited to, punctal plugs), and the like. "Lens" includes soft contact lenses, hard contact lenses, hybrid contact lenses, intraocular lenses, and overlay lenses. Ophthalmic devices can include contact lenses.

[0038] The term "contact lens" refers to an ophthalmic device that can be placed on the cornea of ​​an individual's eye. A contact lens can provide corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic benefits, including wound healing, delivery of drugs or nutritional supplements, diagnostic evaluation or monitoring, ultraviolet light filtering, reduction of visible light or glare, or any combination thereof. A contact lens can be of any suitable material known in the art and can be a soft lens, a hard lens, or a hybrid lens that contains at least two separate portions with different physical, mechanical, or optical properties, such as modulus of elasticity, water content, light transmission, or a combination thereof.

[0039] The ophthalmic devices and lenses of the present invention may be composed of silicone hydrogels or traditional hydrogels. Silicone hydrogels typically contain at least one hydrophilic monomer and at least one silicone-containing component covalently bonded to each other in the cured device.

[0040] As used herein, the terms "physisorption" or "chemisorption" refer to the process by which atoms, molecules, or particles enter the bulk phase of a gas, liquid, or solid material and become incorporated within the volume. Absorption in this manner can be driven by solubility, concentration gradients, temperature, pressure, and other driving forces known in the art.

[0041] As used herein, "adsorption" is defined as the deposition of a species onto a surface. A species that is adsorbed onto a surface is known as an adsorbate, and the surface on which adsorption occurs is known as an adsorbent. Examples of adsorbents may include clays, silica gels, colloids, metals, nanoparticles, etc. Adsorption may occur via chemical or physical adsorption. Chemical adsorption may occur when the adsorbate is held to the adsorbent via chemical bonds, while physical adsorption may occur when the adsorbate is bound to the adsorbent via weak van der Waals forces.

[0042] As used herein, "antimicrobial" means intended to kill or reduce the harmful effects of bacteria.

[0043] As used herein, "colloid" refers to a dispersion in which one substance is suspended in another. Many examples of colloids in the art contain polymers. In this aspect, the polymer may be adsorbed or chemically bonded to the surface of the particles suspended in the colloid, or the polymer may be free to move in the colloid suspension. The presence of polymers on the particles in suspension can be directly related to "colloidal stability," which refers to the tendency of a colloidal suspension to undergo settling. Sedementation results in the falling of particles from the colloid. Polymers adsorbed or chemically bonded to a particle can affect its colloidal stability.

[0044] As used herein, the term "diffusion" refers to a process in which there is a net flow of material from one region to another. An example of such a process is "surface diffusion," in which particles move from one area of ​​the surface of an object to another area of ​​the same surface. This can be caused by thermal stress or applied pressure.

[0045] As used herein, "DNA aptamers" refer to short biomolecules, such as oligonucleotides and peptides, that bind to specific targets with extremely high affinity based on their structural conformation. DNA aptamers have been explored in areas such as disease diagnosis and treatment.

[0046] As used herein, "surfactant" refers to a substance that, when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties. A typical surfactant may be partially hydrophilic and partially lipophilic.

[0047] As used herein, the term "wetting agent" refers to a material that allows a liquid to spread more easily on or "wet" a surface. The high surface tension of water causes problems in many industrial processes in which water-based solutions are used because the solutions are unable to wet the surface to which they are applied. Wetting agents are commonly used to reduce the surface tension of the water and thus aid in the spreading of water-based solutions.

[0048] "Target polymer" refers to a polymer that has been synthesized from a reactive monomer mixture that includes monomers, macromers, prepolymers, crosslinkers, initiators, additives, diluents, and the like.

[0049] The term "polymerizable compound" means a compound that contains one or more polymerizable groups. This term includes, for example, monomers, macromers, oligomers, prepolymers, crosslinkers, and the like.

[0050] A "polymerizable group" is a group capable of undergoing free radical and / or cationic polymerization, e.g., chain growth polymerization, such as a carbon-carbon double bond that can polymerize when subjected to radical polymerization initiation conditions. Non-limiting examples of free radical polymerizable groups include (meth)acrylates, styrenes, vinyl ethers, (meth)acrylamides, N-vinyl lactams, N-vinyl amides, O-vinyl carbamates, O-vinyl carbonates, and other vinyl groups. Preferably, the free radical polymerizable group comprises (meth)acrylates, (meth)acrylamides, N-vinyl lactams, N-vinyl amides, and styryl functional groups, and mixtures of any of the foregoing. More preferably, the free radical polymerizable group comprises (meth)acrylates, (meth)acrylamides, and mixtures thereof. The polymerizable group may be unsubstituted or substituted. For example, the nitrogen atom in (meth)acrylamides may be bonded to hydrogen, or the hydrogen may be replaced by alkyl or cycloalkyl, which may themselves be further substituted.

[0051] Any type of free radical polymerization can be used, including but not limited to bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion, as well as any of the controlled radical polymerization techniques, such as stable free radical polymerization, nitric oxide mediated living polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, organotellurium mediated living radical polymerization, etc.

[0052] A "monomer" is a monofunctional molecule that can undergo chain growth polymerization, particularly free radical polymerization, thereby creating repeat units within the chemical structure of a target macromolecule. Some monomers have difunctional impurities that can act as crosslinkers. A "hydrophilic monomer" is also a monomer that, when mixed with deionized water at a concentration of 5 weight percent at 25°C, gives a clear, single-phase solution. A "hydrophilic component" is a monomer, macromer, prepolymer, initiator, crosslinker, additive, or polymer that, when mixed with deionized water at a concentration of 5 weight percent at 25°C, gives a clear, single-phase solution. A "hydrophobic component" is a monomer, macromer, prepolymer, initiator, crosslinker, additive, or polymer that is slightly soluble or insoluble in deionized water at 25°C.

[0053] A "polymer" is an organic compound having a number average molecular weight greater than 1500 and may be reactive or non-reactive.

[0054] A "macromonomer" or "macromer" is a polymer having one group capable of undergoing chain growth polymerization, particularly free radical polymerization, thereby creating repeat units within the chemical structure of a target macromolecule. Generally, the chemical structure of a macromer is different from the chemical structure of the target macromolecule, i.e., the repeat units of the pendant group of the macromer are different from the repeat units of the target macromolecule or its backbone. The only difference between a monomer and a macromer is one of the chemical structure of the pendant group, the molecular weight, and the molecular weight distribution. As a result, and as used herein, the patent literature sometimes defines a monomer as a polymerizable compound having a relatively low molecular weight of about 1,500 daltons or less, which essentially includes some macromers. Specifically, monomethacryloxypropyl terminated mono-n-butyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (molecular weight = 500-1500 g / mol) (mPDMS) and mono-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyl)-propyl ether terminated mono-n-butyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (molecular weight = 500-1500 g / mol) (OH-mPDMS) may be referred to as monomers or macromers. Additionally, the patent literature sometimes defines macromers as having one or more polymerizable groups, essentially expanding the general definition of macromer to include prepolymers. As a result, and as used herein, difunctional and multifunctional macromers, prepolymers, and crosslinkers may be used interchangeably.

[0055] A "silicone-containing component" is a monomer, macromer, prepolymer, crosslinker, initiator, additive, or polymer in the reactive mixture that has at least one silicon-oxygen bond, typically in the form of a siloxy group, a siloxane group, a carbosiloxane group, and mixtures thereof.

[0056] Examples of silicone-containing components that are useful in the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,808,178, 4,120,570, 4,136,250, 4,153,641, 4,740,533, 5,034,461, 5,070,215, 5,244,981, 5,314,960, 5,331,067, 5,371,147, 5,760,100, 5,849,811, 5,740,533, 5,034,461, 5,070,215, 5,244,981, ,962,548, 5,965,631, 5,998,498, 6,367,929, 6,822,016, 6,943,203, 6,951,894, 7,052,131, No. 7,247,692, No. 7,396,890, No. 7,461,937, No. 7,468,398, No. 7,538,146, No. 7,553,880, No. 7,572,841, No. 7,666,92 No. 1, No. 7,691,916, No. 7,786,185, No. 7,825,170, No. 7,915,323, No. 7,994,356, No. 8,022,158, No. 8,163,206, No. 8,273 ,802, 8,399,538, 8,415,404, 8,420,711, 8,450,387, 8,487,058, 8,568,626, 8,937,110, 8, Nos. 937,111, 8,940,812, 8,980,972, 9,056,878, 9,125,808, 9,140,825, 9,156,934, 9,170,349, 9,217,813, 9,244,196, 9,244,197, 9,260,544, 9,297,928, 9,297,929, and European Patent No. 080539. These patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0057] A "polymer" is a target macromolecule composed of repeating units of the monomers used during polymerization. Exemplary polymers may include poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), polycarbonate, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polystyrene (PS), polycaprolactone (PCL), ethylene oligomers or polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and other polymers known in the art.

[0058] As used herein, the term "thermoplastic" refers to the property of a polymer that it can be melted, solidified, and then successfully melted and solidified again. This process can be repeated several times for a thermoplastic polymer without loss of functionality.

[0059] As used herein, the term "thermosetting" refers to the property of a polymer whereby a thermosetting polymer forms a well-defined, irreversible chemical network that tends to grow in three dimensions through the process of curing, which can occur either due to heating or through the addition of a curing agent, thus causing crosslinking between its chemical components and giving the thermoset a strong, rigid structure that can be added to other materials to increase their strength. Once a thermosetting polymer forms a network during curing, the polymer cannot be recurred to solidify in a different way.

[0060] A "homopolymer" is a polymer made from one monomer, a "copolymer" is a polymer made from two or more monomers, and a "terpolymer" is a polymer made from three monomers. A "block copolymer" consists of compositionally distinct blocks or segments. A diblock copolymer has two blocks. A triblock copolymer has three blocks. A "comb or graft copolymer" is made from at least one macromer.

[0061] A "repeating unit" is the smallest grouping of atoms within a polymer that corresponds to the polymerization of a particular monomer or macromer.

[0062] An "initiator" is a molecule that is decomposable into radicals that can subsequently react with monomers to initiate a free radical polymerization reaction. Thermal initiators decompose at a certain rate depending on the temperature, and typical examples are azo compounds such as 1,1'-azobisisobutyronitrile and 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid), peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, dicumyl peroxide, and lauroyl peroxide, peracids such as peracetic acid and potassium persulfate, and various redox systems. Photoinitiators decompose by a photochemical process, and typical examples are derivatives of benzil, benzoin, acetophenone, benzophenone, camphorquinone, and mixtures thereof, as well as various monoacyl and bisacylphosphine oxides, and combinations thereof.

[0063] A "crosslinker" is a di- or polyfunctional monomer or macromer that can undergo free radical polymerization at two or more positions on the molecule, thereby creating branch points and polymer networks. Common examples are bis(2-methacryloyl)oxyethyl disulfide (DSDMA), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, methylene bisacrylamide, triallyl cyanurate, and the like.

[0064] A "prepolymer" is a reaction product of monomers that contain remaining polymerizable groups that can be further reacted to form a polymer.

[0065] A "polymer network" is a cross-linked polymer that can swell but cannot be dissolved in a solvent. A "hydrogel" is a polymer network that typically absorbs at least 10 weight percent water and swells in water or an aqueous solution. A "silicone hydrogel" is a hydrogel made from at least one silicone-containing component with at least one hydrophilic component. The hydrophilic component may also include a non-reactive polymer.

[0066] "Conventional hydrogel" refers to a polymer network made from components that do not have any siloxy, siloxane, or carbosiloxane groups. Conventional hydrogels are prepared from reactive mixtures that include hydrophilic monomers. Examples include 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate ("HEMA"), N-vinyl pyrrolidone ("NVP"), N,N-dimethylacrylamide ("DMA"), or vinyl acetate. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,436,887, 4,495,313, 4,889,664, 5,006,622, 5,039459, 5,236,969, 5,270,418, 5,298,533, 5,824,719, 6,420,453, 6,423,761, 6,767,979, 7,934,830, 8,138,290, and 8,389,597 disclose the formation of conventional hydrogels. Commercially available conventional hydrogels include, but are not limited to, etafilcon, genfilcon, hilafilcon, lenefilcon, nesofilcon, omafilcon, polymacon, and vifilcon (including all variations thereof).

[0067] "Silicone hydrogel" refers to a polymer network made from at least one hydrophilic component and at least one silicone-containing component. Examples of silicone hydrogels include acquafilcon, asmofilcon, balafilcon, comfilcon, delefilcon, enfilcon, falcon, fanfilcon, formofilcon, galyfilcon, lotrafilcon, and cyclohexyl esters. con, narafilcon, riofilcon, samfilcon, senofilcon, somofilcon, and stenfilcon, including all variations thereof, as well as the compounds described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,659,782, 4,659,783, 5,244,981, 5,314,960, 5,331,067, 5,371,147, 5,998, No. 498, No. 6,087,415, No. 5,760,100, No. 5,776,999, No. 5,789,461, No. No. 5,849,811, No. 5,965,631, No. 6,367,929, No. 6,822,016, No. 6,867 ,245, No.6,943,203, No.7,247,692, No.7,249,848, No.7,553,880, No. 7,666,921, No. 7,786,185, No. 7,956,131, No. 8,022,158, No. 8,27 No. 3,802, No. 8,399,538, No. 8,470,906, No. 8,450,387, No. 8,487,058 , No. 8,507,577, No. 8,637,621, No. 8,703,891, No. 8,937,110, No. 8,9 No. 37,111, No. 8,940,812, No. 9,056,878, No. 9,057,821, No. 9,125,808 No. 9,140,825, No. 9,156,934, No. 9,170,349, No. 9,244,196, No. 9,Nos. 244,197, 9,260,544, 9,297,928, and 9,297,929, as well as silicone hydrogels such as those prepared in WO 03 / 22321, WO 2008 / 061992, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010 / 0048847, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0068] As used herein, "gel-like" refers to a material having properties generally associated with those associated with gels. "Gel" can refer to a cohesive mass consisting of a liquid in which the particles are either dispersed or arranged in a fine network throughout the mass. Gels can be particularly elastic or substantially solid and rigid (e.g., silica gel appears as a rigid particle). Gels can also be viewed as colloids in which the liquid medium has become sufficiently viscous to behave more or less like a solid.

[0069] An "interpenetrating polymer network" includes two or more networks that are at least partially entangled on a molecular scale, but are not covalently bonded to each other and cannot be separated without a blocking chemical bond. A "semi-interpenetrating polymer network" includes one or more networks and one or more polymers that are characterized by some intermixing at the molecular level between at least one network and at least one polymer. A mixture of different polymers is a "polymer blend." Although semi-interpenetrating networks are technically polymer blends, in some cases the polymers are entangled in such a way that they cannot be easily removed.

[0070] The terms "reactive mixture" and "reactive monomer mixture" refer to a mixture of components (both reactive and non-reactive) that, when mixed together and subjected to polymerization conditions, form conventional or inventive silicone hydrogels and contact lenses made therefrom. The reactive monomer mixture may include reactive components such as monomers, macromers, prepolymers, crosslinkers, and initiators, additives such as wetting agents, release agents, polymers, dyes, light absorbing compounds, e.g., UV absorbers, pigments, dyes, and photochromic compounds (any of which may be reactive or non-reactive but can be retained in the resulting biomedical device), as well as pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds, and an optional diluent. It will be understood that a variety of additives may be added based on the biomedical device to be made and its intended use. The concentrations of the components of the reactive mixture are expressed as a weight percentage of all components in the reactive mixture, excluding the diluent. If diluents are used, their concentrations are expressed as a weight percentage based on the amount of all components and diluent in the reactive mixture.

[0071] A "reactive component" is a component of the reactive mixture that becomes part of the chemical structure of the polymer network of the resulting hydrogel by covalent bonds, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, formation of an interpenetrating polymer network, or any other means.

[0072] The term "silicone hydrogel contact lenses" refers to hydrogel contact lenses that include at least one silicone-containing component. Silicone hydrogel contact lenses generally have increased oxygen permeability compared to traditional hydrogels. Silicone hydrogel contact lenses function by both their water content and polymer content to deliver oxygen to the eye.

[0073] The term "multifunctional" refers to a component having two or more polymerizable groups. The term "monofunctional" refers to a component having one polymerizable group.

[0074] The terms "halogen" or "halo" refer to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

[0075] As used herein, the term "alkyl" refers to an unsubstituted or substituted straight or branched chain alkyl group containing the indicated number of carbon atoms. If no number is indicated, the alkyl (optionally including any substituents on the alkyl) may contain 1-16 carbon atoms. Preferably, the alkyl group contains 1-10 carbon atoms, alternatively 1-7 carbon atoms, or alternatively 1-4 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-, sec- and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, 3-ethylbutyl, and the like. Examples of substituents on the alkyl include 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from hydroxy, amino, amido, oxa, carboxy, alkylcarboxy, carbonyl, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halogen, phenyl, benzyl, thiol, and combinations thereof. "Alkylene" means a divalent alkyl group, e.g., -CH2-, -CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2CH2-, -CH2CH(CH3)CH2-, and -CH2CH2CH2CH2-.

[0076] "Haloalkyl" refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, substituted with one or more halogen atoms, each halogen being independently F, Cl, Br, or I. A preferred halogen is F. Preferred haloalkyl groups contain 1 to 6 carbons, more preferably 1 to 4 carbons, and even more preferably 1 to 2 carbons. "Haloalkyl" includes perhaloalkyl groups, such as -CF3- or -CF2CF3-. "Haloalkylene" refers to a divalent haloalkyl group, such as -CH2CF2-.

[0077] "Cycloalkyl" refers to an unsubstituted or substituted cyclic hydrocarbon containing the indicated number of ring carbon atoms. If no number is indicated, the cycloalkyl may contain 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms. Preferred are C3-C8 cycloalkyl groups, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, more preferably C4-C7 cycloalkyl, and even more preferably C5-C6 cycloalkyl. Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Examples of substituents on cycloalkyl include one, two, or three groups independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, amino, amido, oxa, carbonyl, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halo, phenyl, benzyl, and combinations thereof. "Cycloalkylene" refers to a divalent cycloalkyl group, such as 1,2-cyclohexylene, 1,3-cyclohexylene, or 1,4-cyclohexylene.

[0078] "Heterocycloalkyl" refers to a cycloalkyl ring or ring system as defined above in which at least one ring carbon is replaced with a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The heterocycloalkyl ring is optionally fused or otherwise attached to other heterocycloalkyl rings and / or non-aromatic hydrocarbon rings and / or phenyl rings. Preferred heterocycloalkyl groups have 5 to 7 members. More preferred heterocycloalkyl groups have 5 or 6 members. Heterocycloalkylene refers to a divalent heterocycloalkyl group.

[0079] "Aryl" refers to an unsubstituted or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon ring system containing at least one aromatic ring. The aryl group contains the indicated number of ring carbon atoms. If no number is indicated, the aryl may contain 6 to 14 ring carbon atoms. The aromatic ring may be optionally fused or otherwise attached to other aromatic or non-aromatic hydrocarbon rings. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, and biphenyl. Preferred examples of aryl groups include phenyl. Examples of substituents on an aryl include one, two, or three groups independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, amino, amido, oxa, carboxy, alkylcarboxy, carbonyl, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halo, phenyl, benzyl, and combinations thereof. "Arylene" refers to a divalent aryl group, such as 1,2-phenylene, 1,3-phenylene, or 1,4-phenylene.

[0080] "Heteroaryl" refers to an aryl ring or ring system, as defined above, in which at least one ring carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The heteroaryl ring may be fused or otherwise bonded to one or more heteroaryl rings, aromatic or non-aromatic hydrocarbon rings, or heterocycloalkyl rings. Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, furyl, and thienyl. "Heteroarylene" refers to a divalent heteroaryl group.

[0081] "Alkoxy" refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen bridge. Examples of alkoxy groups include, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and isopropoxy. "Aryloxy" refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen bridge. Examples include phenoxy. "Cyclic alkoxy" refers to a cycloalkyl group attached to the parent moiety through an oxygen bridge.

[0082] "Alkylamine" refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an -NH bridge. Alkyleneamine refers to a divalent alkylamine group, such as -CHCHNH-.

[0083] "Ester" refers to a class of organic compounds having the general formula RCOOR', where R and R' are any organic linking group. R and R' may be selected from functional groups including alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkylene, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkylamine, siloxanyl, silyl, alkyleneoxy, oxaalkylene, and the like. Definitions of the above functional groups are provided herein.

[0084] As used herein, "esterification" refers to a reaction that produces an ester. This reaction often involves an alcohol and a Bronsted acid (e.g., carboxylic acid, sulfuric acid, or phosphoric acid). Additionally, the term "transesterification" refers to a reaction in which an alcohol molecule reacts with an existing ester molecule to form a new ester. In some embodiments, transesterification can be mediated by other compounds, such as carbonyldiimidazole.

[0085] "Siloxanyl" refers to a structure having at least one Si-O-Si bond. Thus, for example, a siloxanyl group refers to a group having at least one Si-O-Si group (i.e., a siloxane group), and a siloxanyl compound refers to a compound having at least one Si-O-Si group. "Siloxanyl" refers to monomeric (e.g., Si-O-Si) as well as oligomeric / polymeric structures (e.g., -[Si-O] n (wherein n is 2 or 3 or more). Each silicon atom in the siloxanyl group is independently selected to complete their valence. A Group (R A is replaced by (as defined in options (b) to (i) of Formula A).

[0086] "Silyl" refers to a structure of formula RSi- and "siloxy" refers to a structure of formula RSi-O-, where each R in silyl or siloxy is independently selected from trimethylsiloxy, C1-C8 alkyl (preferably C1-C3 alkyl, more preferably ethyl or methyl), and C3-C8 cycloalkyl.

[0087] "Alkyleneoxy" refers to a group having the general formula -(alkylene-O) p -or-(O-alkylene) p -, where alkylene is as defined above, p is 1 to 200, or 1 to 100, or 1 to 50, or 1 to 25, or 1 to 20, or 1 to 10, and each alkylene is independently optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from hydroxyl, halo (e.g., fluoro), amino, amido, ether, carbonyl, carboxyl, and combinations thereof. When p is greater than 1, each alkylene may be the same or different, and the alkyleneoxy may be in a block or random configuration. When the alkyleneoxy forms a terminal group in a molecule, the terminus of the alkyleneoxy may be, for example, a hydroxyl or alkoxy (e.g., HO-[CH2CHO] p - or CH3O-[CH2CH2O] p Examples of alkyleneoxy include polymethyleneoxy, polyethyleneoxy, polypropyleneoxy, polybutyleneoxy, and poly(ethyleneoxy-co-propyleneoxy).

[0088] "Oxaalkylene" refers to an alkylene group as defined above in which one or more non-adjacent CH groups are replaced with an oxygen atom, such as -CHCHOCH(CH)CH-. "Thiaalkylene" refers to an alkylene group as defined above in which one or more non-adjacent CH groups are replaced with a sulfur atom, such as -CHCHSCH(CH)CH-.

[0089] The term "linking group" refers to a moiety that connects a polymerizable group to a parent molecule. The linking group may be any moiety that does not unnecessarily interfere with the polymerization of the compound of which it is a part. For example, the linking group may be a bond or may include one or more alkylenes, haloalkylenes, amides, amines, alkyleneamines, carbamates, carboxylates (-CO2-), disulfides, arylenes, heteroarylenes, cycloalkylenes, heterocycloalkylenes, alkyleneoxys, oxaalkylenes, thiaalkylenes, haloalkyleneoxys (alkyleneoxys substituted with one or more halo groups, e.g., -OCF2-, -OCF2CF2-, -OCF2CH2-), siloxanyls, alkylenesiloxanyls, thiols, or combinations thereof. The linking group may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents. Suitable substituents can include those independently selected from alkyl, halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, HO-alkyleneoxy, CHO-alkyleneoxy, siloxanyl, siloxy, siloxy-alkyleneoxy-, siloxy-alkylene-alkyleneoxy- (wherein there can be more than one alkyleneoxy group, and each methylene in the alkylene and alkyleneoxy is independently optionally substituted with hydroxyl), ether, amine, carbonyl, carbamate, and combinations thereof. The linking group can also be substituted with a polymerizable group (in addition to the polymerizable group to which it is attached), such as (meth)acrylate.

[0090] Preferred linking groups include C1-C8 alkylene (preferably C2-C6 alkylene) and C1-C8 oxaalkylene (preferably C2-C6 oxaalkylene), each of which is optionally substituted with one or two groups independently selected from hydroxyl and siloxy. Preferred linking groups also include carboxylate, amide, C1-C8 alkylene-carboxylate-C1-C8 alkylene, or C1-C8 alkyleneamide-C1-C8 alkylene.

[0091] When the linking group is composed of a combination of moieties as described above (e.g., alkylene and cycloalkylene), the moieties may be present in any order. For example, in formula E below, when L is shown to be -alkylene-cycloalkylene-, Rg-L may be either Rg-alkylene-cycloalkylene- or Rg-cycloalkylene-alkylene-. Regardless, the order listed represents the preferred order in which the moieties appear in the compound, starting from the terminal polymerizable group (Rg) to which the linking group is attached. For example, in formula E, L and L 2 and -L are preferably Rg-alkylene-cycloalkylene-, where -L 2 -Rg is preferably -cycloalkylene-alkylene-Rg.

[0092] As used herein, "oxidation" refers to a chemical process in which an atom of an element bonds with a more electronegative element, most commonly oxygen. In this process, the oxidized element increases its oxidation state, which represents the charge of the atom. Oxidation reactions are commonly combined with "reduction" reactions in which the oxidation state of the reduced atom is decreased.

[0093] As used herein, "immobilization" or "immobilization mechanism" refers to a process by which nanoparticles can be embedded in a colloidal or polymeric matrix. "Immobilization" can occur either chemically, via crosslinking of the nanoparticle to a member of the exemplary matrix, or physically, via entanglement of molecules bound to the surface of the nanoparticle with a member of the exemplary matrix.

[0094] As used herein, "visible spectrum" refers to the range of wavelengths within the electromagnetic spectrum, which range spans from approximately 380 nm to 700 nm. The visible spectrum can be broken down into different wavelength regions that correspond to colors, including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Certain ranges of wavelengths within the visible spectrum are known to be damaging to the human eye.

[0095] As used herein, "ultraviolet (UV) spectrum" refers to the range of wavelengths within the electromagnetic spectrum, which range extends from approximately 10 nm to 400 nm.

[0096] As used herein, "ultraviolet (UV) irradiation" refers to exposure to electromagnetic waves falling within the wavelengths of the ultraviolet spectrum, and UV irradiation uses a selected time and intensity of exposure to achieve its effect, such as curing. UV irradiation can result in chemical changes (photocrosslinking, photooxidation, or photochemical reactions) or physical changes (such as surface morphology). Photochemical reactions caused by UV irradiation can be limited to the surface or can occur deep inside the bulk of the material (unlike plasma). Some exemplary UV irradiation sources can include continuous wave (CW) UV lamps with medium intensity light and pulsed lasers.

[0097] As used herein, "light absorption" is defined as the phenomenon whereby electrons absorb the energy of an incoming light wave (i.e., a photon) and change their energy state. For this to occur, the incoming light wave must be at or near the energy level of the electrons. The resulting absorption pattern characteristic of a given material can be displayed using an "absorption spectrum," which shows the change in absorbance of a sample as a function of the wavelength of the incident light, and can be measured using a spectrophotometer. A "filtering spectrum" includes an "absorption spectrum," which includes an "absorption peak" or "filtering peak," a frequency or wavelength of a given sample that exhibits a maximum or highest spectral value of light absorption. With respect to light absorption of wavelengths of light corresponding to the visible spectrum, a material or substance that absorbs light waves of certain wavelengths of the visible spectrum may prevent an observer from seeing these wavelengths in the reflected light.

[0098] As used herein, "full width at half maximum (FWHM)" refers to a parameter commonly used to describe the width of a portion of a curve or function and may be used in relation to absorbance spectra. It is given by the distance between the points on the independent axis of the curve where the function reaches half of its maximum value on the dependent axis.

[0099] "Light filtering" may include absorbing, scattering, and / or extinguishing incident light. Light filtering may include the term "light blocking material." Light blocking may refer to a material that has the ability to absorb, scatter, and / or extinguish incident light in a given region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Thus, the term "light blocking material" or "light filtering material" encompasses particles that absorb, scatter, and / or extinguish incident light in a given region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The particles may be incorporated in various amounts into an optically transparent substrate to achieve an optically transparent material that exhibits a desired level of light blocking at one or more wavelengths or ranges of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. The percent blocking at a particular wavelength may be determined from the transmission spectrum of the material (blocking percentage=100-percent transmission (%T)).

[0100] As used herein, the term "light blocking profile" or "light blocking spectrum" refers to the absorption, scattering, and / or extinction spectrum of a light blocking material.

[0101] The terms "red light blocking" or "red light absorbing" or "red light filtering" refer to the ability of certain particles to absorb, scatter, and / or extinguish incident light in the red region of the visible spectrum (e.g., 620-750 nm or about 600 nm up to about 850 nm). Thus, the terms "red light blocking" or "red light absorbing" encompass particles that absorb, scatter, and / or extinguish incident light in the red region of the visible spectrum. The particles may be incorporated in various amounts into an optically transparent substrate to achieve an optically transparent material that exhibits a desired level of red light blocking at one or more wavelengths or ranges of wavelengths within the spectral region.

[0102] As used herein, "nanoparticle (NP)" refers to a particle having at least one dimension that is less than 100 nm. In some cases, a nanoparticle may have at least one dimension that is less than 50 nm. NPs may have a variety of shapes. In some cases, NPs may have a cubic, spherical, rod-shaped, bipyramidal, octahedral, decahedral, cuboctahedral, tetrahedral, rhombic dodecahedral, truncated bisquare prism, or truncated double tetrahedral shape. As used herein, "plasmonic nanoparticle" refers to a metal nanoparticle that has unique optical properties due to localized surface plasmon resonances that allow it to interact with light waves. These properties can be tuned by varying the shape, size, composition, or medium surrounding the surface of the nanoparticle. It will be understood that the term includes all plasmonic nanoparticles of various shapes that will result in surface plasmon absorption and scattering spectra.

[0103] As used herein, a "shape directing agent" is a surfactant or reagent used to grow nanoparticles into a particular morphology. By utilizing a particular shape directing agent, a particular morphology can be selected, thereby allowing the optical properties of the resulting nanoparticles to be tailored. Exemplary shape directing agents can include, but are not limited to, AgNO3, CTAB, CTAC, and other such agents known in the art.

[0104] As used herein, "anisotropic" describes a material in which a given property of the material depends on the orientation in which it is measured. Furthermore, something that is "anisotropic" changes size or its physical properties according to the orientation in which it is measured. Examples of anisotropic materials may include graphite, carbon fibers, nanoparticles, etc.

[0105] As used herein, "isotropic" describes a material in which a given property of that material is independent of the orientation in which it is measured. Furthermore, something that is "isotropic" remains constant in size or its physical properties according to the orientation in which it is measured.

[0106] As used herein, "surface energy" may refer to the excess energy (i.e., the difference in energy between a nanoparticle and the same number of atoms in an infinitely extended solid). More broadly, the surface energy of a particle can define its stability given its morphology and is directly related to the thermodynamics of a given nanoparticle.

[0107] As used herein, "surface plasmon resonance (SPR)" refers to a phenomenon in which conduction electrons in a surface layer of a metal can be excited by photons of incident light with a certain angle of incidence, which then causes the excited conduction electrons to propagate parallel to the metal surface in a resonant oscillation (Zeng et al., 2017). For a given light source wavelength and a thin metal surface layer, the certain angle that causes SPR depends on the refractive index of the material near the metal surface. As used herein, "localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)" refers to an optical phenomenon generated by light when it interacts with conducting nanoparticles that are smaller than the incident wavelength. As in surface plasmon resonance, the electric field of the incident light can be deposited to collectively excite electrons in the conduction band, and the result is a coherent localized plasmon oscillation with a resonant frequency that is strongly dependent on the NPs' composition, size, geometry, dielectric environment, and separation distance.

[0108] As used herein, "localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak" refers to the frequency or wavelength of incident light that exhibits the maximum or highest spectral value of localized surface plasmon resonance. With respect to the LSPR peak, two distinct peaks are often observed: a "longitudinal peak" and a "transverse peak." The former is related to the shape of the nanoparticles utilized, while the latter is a result of the intrinsic properties of the material used. For example, gold has an intrinsic transverse peak around 530 nm, but the longitudinal peak of gold NPs can be tuned by adjusting its morphology.

[0109] As used herein, "plasmonic light blockers" refer to materials that have the ability to absorb, scatter, and / or extinguish incident light in a given region of the electromagnetic spectrum due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), where the wavelength or range of wavelengths blocked corresponds to the wavelength of incident light that induces the SPR or LSPR. Thus, the term "plasmonic light blockers" encompasses particles that absorb, scatter, and / or extinguish incident light in a given region of the electromagnetic spectrum due to SPR or LSPR. The particles may be incorporated in various amounts into an optically transparent substrate to achieve an optically transparent material that exhibits a desired level of light filtering at one or more wavelengths or ranges of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. The percent blocking at a particular wavelength can be determined from the transmission spectrum of the material, where blocking = 100 - percent transmission (%T). As used herein, "ligand" refers to an ion or neutral molecule that binds to a central metal atom or ion. Exemplary ligands may include PVP, PVA, DSDMA, and other molecules capable of binding to the central metal atom. The metal atom may include a variety of metals, including, but not limited to, noble metals such as gold. The ligand has at least one donor that has an electron pair that is used to form a covalent bond with the central metal atom.

[0110] As used herein, "intermediate ligand" refers to a ligand temporarily conjugated to a metal atom that is further exchanged to allow for the conjugation of an alternative ligand.

[0111] As used herein, the term "biocompatible" is intended to describe a material that does not elicit a substantial adverse response in vivo. In certain embodiments, a material is "biocompatible" if it is not toxic to cells. In certain embodiments, materials are "biocompatible" if their addition to cells in vitro results in less than 20% cell death, and / or their administration in vivo does not induce inflammation or other such adverse effects.

[0112] As used herein, the term "static concentration" refers to a concentration of a trigger that can vary from about 1% to about 10%. For example, the static concentration can vary by + / - 10%, + / - 5%, + / - 2%, or + / - 1%.

[0113] Unless otherwise stated, ratios, percentages, parts, etc. are by weight.

[0114] Unless otherwise stated, a numerical range such as, for example, "2 to 10" is inclusive of the numbers defining the range (eg, 2 and 10).

[0115] device The resulting optically transparent materials can be used to form a variety of different articles, including optical lenses (e.g., eyeglass lenses, camera lenses, contact lenses, etc.), ophthalmic devices (e.g., contact lenses, corneal onlays, corneal inlays, intraocular lenses, overlay lenses, etc.), screen covers (e.g., transparent sheets configured to cover computer monitors, tablet screens, or cell phone screens), and housings for electronic devices having LED displays. Thus, optical lenses (e.g., eyeglass lenses, camera lenses, contact lenses, etc.), ophthalmic devices (e.g., contact lenses, corneal onlays, corneal inlays, intraocular lenses, overlay lenses, etc.), screen covers (e.g., transparent sheets configured to cover computer monitors, tablet screens, or cell phone screens), and housings for electronic devices having LED displays formed entirely or in part from the optically transparent materials described herein are also provided.

[0116] A variety of ophthalmic devices containing the nanoparticles described herein can be prepared, including hard contact lenses, soft contact lenses, corneal onlays, corneal inlays, intraocular lenses, or overlay lenses. Preferably, the ophthalmic device is a soft contact lens, which can be made from a conventional or silicone hydrogel formulation.

[0117] Ophthalmic devices can be prepared by polymerizing a reactive mixture containing a population of nanoparticles described herein with one or more monomers and optional components suitable for making the desired ophthalmic device. In some cases, the reactive mixture can include, in addition to the population of nanoparticles described above, one or more of a hydrophilic component, a hydrophobic component, a silicone-containing component, a wetting agent such as a polyamide, a crosslinking agent, and additional components such as diluents and initiators.

[0118] Silicone-Containing Components Silicone-containing components suitable for use include one or more polymerizable compounds, each compound independently including at least one polymerizable group, at least one siloxane group, and one or more linking groups connecting the polymerizable group to the siloxane group. Silicone-containing components may contain, for example, 1 to 220 siloxane repeat units, such as those defined below. Silicone-containing components may also contain at least one fluorine atom.

[0119] The silicone-containing component may comprise one or more polymerizable groups as defined above, one or more optionally repeating siloxane units, and one or more linking groups connecting the polymerizable groups to the siloxane units. The silicone-containing component may comprise one or more polymerizable groups that are independently (meth)acrylate, styryl, vinyl ether, (meth)acrylamide, N-vinyl lactam, N-vinyl amide, O-vinyl carbamate, O-vinyl carbonate, vinyl groups, or mixtures thereof, one or more optionally repeating siloxane units, and one or more linking groups connecting the polymerizable groups to the siloxane units.

[0120] The silicone-containing component may independently comprise one or more polymerizable groups that are (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylamide, N-vinyl lactam, N-vinyl amide, styryl, or mixtures of the foregoing; one or more optionally repeating siloxane units; and one or more linking groups connecting the polymerizable groups to the siloxane units.

[0121] The silicone-containing component may independently comprise one or more polymerizable groups that are (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylamide, or a mixture of the foregoing; one or more optionally repeating siloxane units; and one or more linking groups connecting the polymerizable groups to the siloxane units.

[0122] Formula A. The silicone-containing component may include one or more polymerizable compounds of formula A:

[0123] [ka] During the ceremony, At least one R A is the formula R g -L-, where R g is a polymerizable group, L is a linking group, and the remaining R A are each independently (a)R g -L-, (b) C1-C optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, amino, amido, oxa, carboxy, alkylcarboxy, carbonyl, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halo, phenyl, benzyl, or combinations thereof. 16 Alkyl, (c) C-C optionally substituted with one or more alkyl, hydroxy, amino, amido, oxa, carbonyl, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halo, phenyl, benzyl, or combinations thereof. 12 Cycloalkyl, (d) C6-C optionally substituted with one or more alkyl, hydroxy, amino, amido, oxa, carboxy, alkylcarboxy, carbonyl, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halo, phenyl, benzyl, or combinations thereof. 14 Aryl groups, (e) halo, (f) alkoxy, cyclic alkoxy, or aryloxy, (g) siloxy, (h) alkyleneoxy-alkyl or alkoxy-alkyleneoxy-alkyl, such as polyethyleneoxyalkyl, polypropyleneoxyalkyl, or poly(ethyleneoxy-co-propyleneoxyalkyl); or (i) a monovalent siloxane chain comprising 1 to 100 siloxane repeat units optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, oxa, carboxy, alkylcarboxy, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, halo, or combinations thereof; n is 0 to 500, or 0 to 200, or 0 to 100, or 0 to 20, and when n is other than 0, it is understood that n is a distribution having a mode equivalent to the indicated value. When n is 2 or 3 or more, the SiO units may be the same or different R A may have a substituent, and different R A When substituents are present, the n groups may be in a random or block configuration.

[0124] In formula A, three R A may each contain a polymerizable group, or alternatively two R A may each contain a polymerizable group, or alternatively one R A may contain a polymerizable group.

[0125] Formula B. The silicone-containing component of formula A may be a monofunctional polymerizable compound of formula B:

[0126] [ka] During the ceremony, Rg is a polymerizable group, L is a linking group; j1 and j2 each independently represent an integer of 0 to 220, provided that the sum of j1 and j2 is 1 to 220; R A1 , R A2 , R A3 , R A4 , R A5 , and R A7 is independently, in each occurrence, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C 12 Cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C4-C 12 cyclic alkoxy, alkoxy-alkyleneoxy-alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), aryl-alkyl (e.g., benzyl), haloalkyl (e.g., partially or fully fluorinated alkyl), siloxy, fluoro, or combinations thereof, wherein each alkyl group in the foregoing groups is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, amino, amido, oxa, carboxy, alkylcarboxy, carbonyl, alkoxy, carbamate, carbonate, halo, phenyl, or benzyl, each cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl, hydroxy, amino, amido, oxa, carbonyl, alkoxy, carbamate, carbonate, halo, phenyl, or benzyl, and each aryl is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl, hydroxy, amino, amido, oxa, carboxy, alkylcarboxy, carbonyl, alkoxy, carbamate, carbonate, halo, phenyl, or benzyl; R A6 is siloxy, C1-C8 alkyl (eg, C1-C4 alkyl, or butyl, or methyl), or aryl (eg, phenyl), where the alkyl and aryl may be optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.

[0127] Formula B-1. The compounds of formula B may include compounds of formula B-1, which are compounds of formula B, in which j1 is 0, j2 is 1-220, or j2 is 1-100, or j2 is 1-50, or j2 is 1-20, or j2 is 1-5, or j2 is 1.

[0128] B-2. The compounds of formula B may include compounds of formula B-2, which are compounds of formula B, in which j1 and j2 are independently 4 to 100, or 4 to 20, or 4 to 10, or 24 to 100, or 10 to 100.

[0129] B-3. ​​Compounds of formula B, B-1, and B-2 may include compounds of formula B-3, wherein R A1 , R A2 , R A3 , and R A4 is independently, at each occurrence, C1-C6 alkyl or siloxy. Preferred alkyl is C1-C3 alkyl, or more preferably methyl. Preferred siloxy is trimethylsiloxy.

[0130] B-4. Compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, and B-3 may include compounds of formula B-4, wherein R A5 and R A7 are independently alkoxy-alkyleneoxy-alkyl, preferably they are independently of the formula CH3O-[CH2CH2O] p Compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, or B-3, which are methoxy-capped polyethyleneoxyalkyl of -CH2CH2CH2, where p is an integer from 1 to 50.

[0131] B-5. Compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, and B-3 may include compounds of formula B-5, wherein R A5 and R A7 is a compound of formula B, B-1, B-2, or B-3, wherein is independently siloxy, such as trimethylsiloxy.

[0132] B-6. Compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, and B-3 may include compounds of formula B-6, wherein R A5 and R A7 is independently C1 to C6 alkyl, alternatively C1 to C4 alkyl, or alternatively butyl or methyl.

[0133] B-7. Compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, and B-6 may include compounds of formula B-7, wherein R A6 is a C1-C8 alkyl, preferably a C1-C6 alkyl, more preferably a C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or n-butyl). A6 is n-butyl.

[0134] B-8. The compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6 and B-7 may include compounds of formula B-8, which are compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6 or B-7, where Rg includes styryl, vinyl carbonate, vinyl ether, vinyl carbamate, N-vinyl lactam, N-vinyl amide, (meth)acrylate or (meth)acrylamide. Preferably, Rg includes (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylamide or styryl. More preferably, Rg includes (meth)acrylate or (meth)acrylamide.

[0135] When Rg is (meth)acrylamide, the nitrogen group is R A9 and R A9is H, C1-C8 alkyl (preferably C1-C4 alkyl, e.g., n-butyl, n-propyl, methyl, or ethyl), or C3-C8 cycloalkyl (preferably C5-C6 cycloalkyl), where the alkyl and cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from hydroxyl, amide, ether, silyl (e.g., trimethylsilyl), siloxy (e.g., trimethylsiloxy), alkyl-siloxanyl (wherein the alkyl is itself optionally substituted with fluoro), aryl-siloxanyl (wherein the aryl is itself optionally substituted with fluoro), and silyl-oxaalkylene (wherein the oxaalkylene is itself optionally substituted with hydroxyl).

[0136] B-9. Compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, and B-8 may include compounds of formula B-9, in which the linking group is selected from the group consisting of alkylene (preferably C1-C4 alkylene), cycloalkylene (preferably C5-C6 cycloalkylene), alkyleneoxy (preferably ethyleneoxy), haloalkyleneoxy (preferably haloethyleneoxy), amide, oxaalkylene (preferably containing 3-6 carbon atoms), ), siloxanyl, alkylenesiloxanyl, carbamate, alkyleneamine (preferably C1-C6 alkyleneamine), or a combination of two or more thereof, wherein the linking group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkyl, hydroxyl, ether, amine, carbonyl, siloxy, and carbamate.

[0137] B-10. Compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, and B-9 may include compounds of formula B-10, in which the linking group is alkylene-siloxanyl-alkylene-alkyleneoxy- or alkylene-siloxanyl-alkylene-[alkyleneoxy-alkylene-siloxanyl] q-alkyleneoxy- (wherein q is 1 to 50).

[0138] B-11. Compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, and B-9 may include compounds of formula B-11, which are compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, or B-9, in which the linking group is C1-C6 alkylene, preferably C1-C3 alkylene, more preferably n-propylene.

[0139] B-12. The compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, and B-9 may include compounds of formula B-12, which are compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, or B-9, in which the linking group is alkylene-carbamate-oxaalkylene. Preferably, the linking group is CH2CH2N(H)-C(=O)-O-CH2CH2-O-CH2CH2CH2.

[0140] B-13. The compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, and B-9 may include compounds of formula B-13, which are compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, or B-9, in which the linking group is oxaalkylene. Preferably, the linking group is CH2CH2-O-CH2CH2CH2.

[0141] B-14. Compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, and B-9 may include compounds of formula B-14, wherein the linking group is alkylene-[siloxanyl-alkylene] q-, where q is 1 to 50. An example of such a linking group is -(CH2)3-[Si(CH3)2-O-Si(CH3)2-(CH2)2] q -It is.

[0142] B-15. Compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, and B-9 may include compounds of formula B-15, which are compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, or B-9, where the linking group is alkyleneoxy-carbamate-alkylene-cycloalkylene-carbamate-oxaalkylene, where the cycloalkylene is optionally substituted with one, two, or three independently selected alkyl groups, preferably C1-C3 alkyl, more preferably methyl. An example of such a linking group is -[OCH2CH2] q -OC(=O)-NH-CH2-[1,3-cyclohexylene]-NHC(=O)O-CH2CH2-O-CH2CH2-, where the cyclohexylene is substituted with three methyl groups at the 1 and 5 positions.

[0143] B-16. Compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, and B-9 may include compounds of formula B-16, which are compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, or B-9, where Rg comprises styryl, the linking group is alkyleneoxy, and each alkylene in the alkyleneoxy is independently optionally substituted with hydroxyl. An example of such a linking group is -O-(CH2)3-. Another example of such a linking group is -O-CH2CH(OH)CH2-O-(CH2)3-.

[0144] B-17. The compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, and B-9 may include compounds of formula B-17, which are compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, or B-9, in which Rg comprises styryl and the linking group is an alkyleneamine. An example of such a linking group is -NH-(CH2)3-.

[0145] B-18. Compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, and B-9 may include compounds of formula B-18, which are compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, or B-9, in which the linking group is an oxaalkylene optionally substituted with hydroxyl, siloxy, or silyl-alkyleneoxy (alkyleneoxy itself optionally substituted with hydroxyl). An example of such a linking group is -CH2CH(G)CH2-O-(CH2)3-, in which G is hydroxyl. In another example, G is R3SiO-, two R groups are trimethylsiloxy and the third is C1-C8 alkyl (preferably C1-C3 alkyl, more preferably methyl) or the third is C3-C8 cycloalkyl. In a further example, G is R3Si-(CH2)3-O-CH2CH(OH)CH2-O-, two R groups are trimethylsiloxy and the third is C1-C8 alkyl (preferably C1-C3 alkyl, more preferably methyl) or C3-C8 cycloalkyl. In yet a further example, G is a polymerizable group such as a (meth)acrylate. Such compounds can function as crosslinkers.

[0146] B-19. Compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, and B-9 may include compounds of formula B-19, which are compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, or B-9, where Rg comprises styryl and the linking group is an amine-oxaalkylene optionally substituted with hydroxyl. Another example of such a linking group is -NH-CH2CH(OH)CH2-O-(CH2)3-.

[0147] B-20. Compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, and B-9 may include compounds of formula B-20, which are compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, or B-9, where Rg comprises styryl and the linking group is alkyleneoxy-carbamate-oxaalkylene. An example of such a linking group is -O-(CH2)2-N(H)C(=O)O-(CH2)2-O-(CH2)3-.

[0148] B-21. The compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, and B-9 may include compounds of formula B-21, which are compounds of formula B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, or B-9, in which the linking group is alkylene-carbamate-oxaalkylene. An example of such a linking group is -(CH2)2-N(H)C(=O)O-(CH2)2-O-(CH2)3-.

[0149] The silicone-containing components of formula C. A, B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, B-9, B-10, B-11, B-12, B-13, B-14, B-15, B-18, and B-21 may include compounds of formula C, which are compounds of formula A, B, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, B-9, B-10, B-11, B-12, B-13, B-14, B-15, B-18, or B-21 having the following structure:

[0150] [ka] During the ceremony, R A8 is hydrogen or methyl, Z is O, S, or N(R A9 ) and L, j1, j2, R A1 , R A2 , R A3 , R A4 , R A5 , R A6 , R A7 , and R A9 is as defined in formula B or its various subformulas (e.g., B-1, B-2, etc.).

[0151] C-1. Compounds of formula C may include (meth)acrylates of formula C-1, which are compounds of formula C where Z is O.

[0152] C-2. Compounds of formula C may include (meth)acrylamides of formula C-2, where Z is N(R A9 ) and R A9 is H.

[0153] C-3. Compounds of formula C may include (meth)acrylamides of formula C-3, where Z is N(R A9 ) and R A9 is a C1-C8 alkyl group that is unsubstituted or optionally substituted as described above. A9 Examples of R include CH3, -CH2CH(OH)CH2(OH), -(CH2)3-siloxanyl, -(CH2)3-SiR3, and -CH2CH(OH)CH2-O-(CH2)3-SiR3, where each R in the foregoing groups is independently selected from trimethylsiloxy, C1-C8 alkyl (preferably C1-C3 alkyl, more preferably methyl), and C3-C8 cycloalkyl. A9Further examples include -(CH2)3-Si(Me)(SiMe3)2 and -(CH2)3-Si(Me2)-[O-SiMe2] 1-10 -CH3 is an example.

[0154] Formula D. Compounds of formula C may include compounds of formula D:

[0155] [ka] During the ceremony, R A8 is hydrogen or methyl, Z 1 is O or N(R A9 ) and L 1 is an alkylene containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms or an oxaalkylene containing 3 to 10 carbon atoms; L 1 is optionally substituted with hydroxyl; j2, R A3 , R A4 , R A5 , R A6 , R A7 , and R A9 is as defined above in formula B or its various subformulas (e.g., B-1, B-2, etc.).

[0156] D-1. Compounds of formula D may include compounds of formula D-1, wherein L 1 is a C2-C5 alkylene optionally substituted with hydroxyl. 1 is n-propylene optionally substituted with hydroxyl.

[0157] D-2. Compounds of formula D may include compounds of formula D-2, wherein L 1 is an oxaalkylene containing 4 to 8 carbon atoms optionally substituted with hydroxyl. 1is an oxaalkylene containing 5 or 6 carbon atoms optionally substituted with hydroxyl. Examples include -(CH2)2-O-(CH2)3-, and -CH2CH(OH)CH2-O-(CH2)3-.

[0158] D-3. Compounds of formula D, D-1, and D-2 may include compounds of formula D-3, wherein Z 1 is O.

[0159] D-4. Compounds of formula D, D-1, and D-2 may include compounds of formula D-4, wherein Z 1 N(R A9 ) and R A9 is H.

[0160] D-5. Compounds of formula D, D-1, and D-2 may include compounds of formula D-5, wherein Z 1 N(R A9 ) and R A9 is a C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from hydroxyl, siloxy, and C1-C6 alkyl-siloxanyl-.

[0161] D-6. Compounds of formula D, D-1, D-2, D-3, D-4, and D-5 may include compounds of formula D-6, which are compounds of formula D, D-1, D-2, D-3, D-4, or D-5, where j2 is 1.

[0162] D-7. Compounds of formula D, D-1, D-2, D-3, D-4, and D-5 may include compounds of formula D-7, which are compounds of formula D, D-1, D-2, D-3, D-4, or D-5, wherein j2 is 2 to 220, or 2 to 100, or 10 to 100, or 24 to 100, or 4 to 20, or 4 to 10.

[0163] D-8. Compounds of formula D, D-1, D-2, D-3, D-4, D-5, D-6, and D-7 may include compounds of formula D-8, wherein R A3 , R A4 , R A5 , R A6 , and R A7 is independently C1-C6 alkyl or siloxy. A3 , R A4 , R A5 , R A6 , and R A7 is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, and trimethylsiloxy. More preferably, R A3 , R A4 , R A5 , R A6 , and R A7 is independently selected from methyl, n-butyl, and trimethylsiloxy.

[0164] D-9. Compounds of formula D, D-1, D-2, D-3, D-4, D-5, D-6, and D-7 may include compounds of formula D-9, wherein R A3 and R A4 is independently C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl) or siloxy (e.g., trimethylsiloxy), and R A5 , R A6 , and R A7 is independently C1 to C6 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or n-butyl).

[0165] The silicone-containing component of formula E may include a multifunctional silicone-containing component. Thus, for example, the silicone-containing component of formula A may include a difunctional material of formula E:

[0166] [ka] During the ceremony, Rg, L, j1, j2, R A1 , R A2 , R A3 , R A4 , R A5 , and R A7 is as defined above for formula B or its various subformulas (e.g., B-1, B-2, etc.); L 2 is a linking group, Rg 1 is a polymerizable group.

[0167] E-1. Compounds of formula E may include compounds of formula E-1, wherein Rg and Rg 1 are compounds of formula E, which are vinyl carbonates of the structure CH2=CH-OC(=O)-O- or CH2=C(CH3)-OC(=O)-O-, respectively.

[0168] E-2. Compounds of formula E may include compounds of formula E-2, wherein Rg and Rg 1 are compounds of formula E, each of which is a (meth)acrylate.

[0169] E-3. Compounds of formula E may include compounds of formula E-3, wherein Rg and Rg 1 are (meth)acrylamides, and the nitrogen group is R A9 (R A9 is as defined above), a compound of formula E.

[0170] E-4. Suitable compounds of formula E, E-1, E-2, and E-3 include compounds of formula E-4, which are compounds of formula E, E-1, E-2, or E-3, wherein j1 is 0 and j2 is 1 to 220, or j2 is 1 to 100, or j2 is 1 to 50, or j2 is 1 to 20.

[0171] E-5. Suitable compounds of formulas E, E-1, E-2, and E-3 include compounds of formula E-5, which are compounds of formulas E, E-1, E-2, or E-3, wherein j1 and j2 are independently 4 to 100.

[0172] E-6. Suitable compounds of formula E, E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4, and E-5 include compounds of formula E-6, wherein R A1 , R A2 , R A3 , R A4 , and R A5 are independently at each occurrence C1-C6 alkyl, preferably they are independently C1-C3 alkyl, or preferably each is methyl.

[0173] E-7. Suitable compounds of formula E, E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4, E-5, and E-6 include compounds of formula E-7, wherein R A7 is an alkoxy-alkyleneoxy-alkyl, preferably of the formula CH3O-[CH2CH2O] p A compound of formula E, E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4, E-5, or E-6 which is a methoxy-capped polyethyleneoxyalkyl of the formula -CH2CH2CH2, where p is an integer from 1 to 50, or 1 to 30, or 1 to 10, or 6 to 10.

[0174] E-8. Suitable compounds of formula E, E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4, E-5, E-6, and E-7 include compounds of formula E-8, which are compounds of formula E, E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4, E-5, E-6, or E-7, where L comprises alkylene, carbamate, siloxanyl, cycloalkylene, amide, haloalkyleneoxy, oxaalkylene, or a combination of two or more thereof, and the linking group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkyl, hydroxyl, ether, amine, carbonyl, and carbamate.

[0175] E-9. Suitable compounds of formula E, E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4, E-5, E-6, E-7, and E-8 include compounds of formula E-9, wherein L 2 comprises an alkylene, carbamate, siloxanyl, cycloalkylene, amide, haloalkyleneoxy, oxaalkylene, or a combination of two or more thereof, and the linking group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkyl, hydroxyl, ether, amine, carbonyl, and carbamate.

[0176] Examples of silicone-containing components suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, the compounds listed in the table below. When a compound in the table below contains a polysiloxane group, the number of SiO repeat units in such a compound is preferably 3 to 100, more preferably 3 to 40, or even more preferably 3 to 20, unless otherwise specified.

[0177] [Table 1-1]

[0178] [Table 1-2]

[0179] Additional non-limiting examples of suitable silicone-containing components are listed in the table below. Unless otherwise stated, where applicable, j2 is preferably 1 to 100, more preferably 3 to 40, or even more preferably 3 to 15. In compounds containing j1 and j2, the sum of j1 and j2 is preferably 2 to 100, more preferably 3 to 40, or even more preferably 3 to 15.

[0180] [Table 2-1]

[0181] [Table 2-2]

[0182] The silicone-containing component can have an average molecular weight of about 400 to about 4000 Daltons.

[0183] The silicone-containing component may be present in an amount up to about 95% by weight, or from about 10 to about 80% by weight, or from about 20 to about 70% by weight, based on all reactive components of the reactive mixture (excluding the diluent).

[0184] polyamide The reactive monomer mixture may include at least one polyamide. As used herein, the term "polyamide" refers to polymers and copolymers that include repeat units that contain amide groups. The polyamide may include cyclic amide groups, non-cyclic amide groups, and combinations thereof, and may be any polyamide known to those skilled in the art. Non-cyclic polyamides include pendant non-cyclic amide groups and are capable of association with hydroxyl groups. Cyclic polyamides include cyclic amide groups and are capable of association with hydroxyl groups.

[0185] Examples of suitable acyclic polyamides include polymers and copolymers comprising repeat units of formulae G1 and G2,

[0186] [ka] In the formula, X is a direct bond, -(CO)-, or -(CONHR 44 )- and R 44 is a C1-C3 alkyl group, R 40 is selected from H, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl groups, R 41is selected from H, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl groups, amino groups having up to 2 carbon atoms, amido groups having up to 4 carbon atoms, and alkoxy groups having up to 2 carbon atoms; R 42 is selected from H, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl groups, or selected from methyl, ethoxy, hydroxyethyl, and hydroxymethyl; R 43 is selected from H, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl groups, or selected from methyl, ethoxy, hydroxyethyl, and hydroxymethyl; R 40 and R 41 The number of carbon atoms in R is 8 or less, including 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or fewer, in total; 42 and R 43 The number of carbon atoms in R is 8 or less in total, including 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or fewer. 40 and R 41 The total number of carbon atoms in R may be 6 or less, or 4 or less. 42 and R 43 The total number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group may be up to 6. As used herein, a substituted alkyl group includes an alkyl group substituted with an amine group, an amide group, an ether group, a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, or a carboxyl group, or a combination thereof.

[0187] R 40 and R 41 may be independently selected from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C2 alkyl group. X may be a direct bond, R 40 and R 41 may be independently selected from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C2 alkyl group. 42 and R 43 may be independently selected from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C2 alkyl group, methyl, ethoxy, hydroxyethyl, and hydroxymethyl.

[0188] The acyclic polyamides of the invention may comprise a majority of repeat units of formula LV or formula LVI, or the acyclic polyamides may comprise at least 50 mole percent of repeat units of formula G or formula G1, such as at least about 70 mole percent and at least 80 mole percent. Specific examples of repeat units of formula G and formula G1 include repeat units derived from N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide, N-vinylacetamide, N-vinyl-N-methylpropionamide, N-vinyl-N-methyl-2-methylpropionamide, N-vinyl-2-methyl-propionamide, N-vinyl-N,N'-dimethylurea, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, methacrylamide, and acrylamide of formulas G2 and G3.

[0189] [ka]

[0190] Examples of suitable cyclic amides that can be used to form the cyclic polyamides include α-lactams, β-lactams, γ-lactams, δ-lactams, and ε-lactams. Examples of suitable cyclic polyamides include polymers and copolymers comprising repeat units of formula G4:

[0191] [ka] In the formula, R 45 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, f is a number from 1 to 10, and X is a direct bond, -(CO)-, or -(CONHR 46 )- and R 46is a C1-C3 alkyl group. In formula LIX, f can be 8 or less, including 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1. In formula G4, f can be 6 or less, including 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1. In formula G4, f can be 2-8, including 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In formula LIX, f can be 2 or 3. When X is a direct bond, f can be 2. In such cases, the cyclic polyamide can be polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).

[0192] The cyclic polyamide may comprise 50 mole percent or more of repeat units of formula G4, or the cyclic polyamide may comprise at least 50 mole percent of repeat units of formula G4, such as at least 70 mole percent, and at least 80 mole percent.

[0193] Polyamides may also be copolymers containing both cyclic and non-cyclic amide repeat units. The additional repeat units may be formed from monomers selected from hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, alkyl (meth)acrylates, other hydrophilic monomers, and siloxane-substituted (meth)acrylates. Any of the monomers listed as suitable hydrophilic monomers may be used as comonomers to form the additional repeat units. Specific examples of additional monomers that may be used to form polyamides include 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate and hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, dihydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Ionic monomers may also be included. Examples of ionic monomers include (meth)acrylic acid, N-[(ethenyloxy)carbonyl]-β-alanine (VINAL, CAS#148969-96-4), 3-acrylamidopropanoic acid (ACA1), 5-acrylamidopentanoic acid (ACA2), 3-acrylamido-3-methylbutanoic acid (AMBA), 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride (Q salt or 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride, METAC), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, acid, AMPS), 1-propanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)amino]-, inner salt (CBT), 1-propanaminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-[3-[(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)amino]propyl]-3-sulfo-, inner salt (SBT), 3,5-Dioxa-8-aza-4-phosphane-10-en-1-aminium, 4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-9-oxo-, inner salt, 4-oxide (9CI) (PBT), 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 3-(dimethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)ammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (DMVBAPS), 3-((3-acrylamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (AMPDAPS), 3-((3-methacrylamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate Examples of such compounds include 3-((3-methacrylamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (MAMPDAPS), 3-((3-(acryloyloxy)propyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (APDAPS), and 3-((3-(methacryloyloxy)propyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (MAPDAPS).

[0194] The reactive monomer mixture may include both acyclic and cyclic polyamides or copolymers thereof. The acyclic polyamide may be any of the acyclic polyamides or copolymers thereof described herein, while the cyclic polyamide may be any of the cyclic polyamides or copolymers thereof described herein. The polyamide may be selected from the group of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylmethylacetamide (PVMA), polydimethylacrylamide (PDMA), polyvinylacetamide (PNVA), poly(hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylamide), polyacrylamide, and copolymers and mixtures thereof.

[0195] The total amount of all polyamides in the reactive mixture can range from 1 weight percent to about 35 weight percent, such as from 1 weight percent to about 15 weight percent, and from about 5 weight percent to about 15 weight percent, in all cases based on the total weight of the reactive components of the reactive monomer mixture.

[0196] Without being bound by theory, when used with silicone hydrogels, polyamides function as internal wetting agents. The polyamides may be non-polymeric, in which case they are incorporated into the silicone hydrogel as a semi-interpenetrating network. The polyamides are encapsulated or physically held within the silicone hydrogel. Alternatively, the polyamides may be polymeric, for example as polyamide macromers or prepolymers, in which case they are covalently incorporated into the silicone hydrogel. Mixtures of polymeric and non-polymeric polyamides may also be used.

[0197] When a polyamide is incorporated within the reactive monomer mixture, the polyamide may have a weight average molecular weight of at least 100,000 Daltons, greater than about 150,000, from about 150,000 to about 2,000,000 Daltons, from about 300,000 Daltons to about 1,800,000 Daltons. Higher molecular weight polyamides may be used if compatible with the reactive monomer mixture.

[0198] Crosslinking Agent Generally, it is desirable to add one or more crosslinking agents, also referred to as crosslinking monomers, multifunctional macromers, and prepolymers, to the reactive mixture. The crosslinking agents may be selected from difunctional crosslinkers, trifunctional crosslinkers, tetrafunctional crosslinkers, and mixtures thereof, including silicone-containing and non-silicone-containing crosslinkers. Non-silicone-containing crosslinkers include ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), triallyl cyanurate (TAC), glycerol trimethacrylate, methacryloxyethyl vinyl carbonate (HEMAVc), allyl methacrylate, methylene bisacrylamide (MBA), and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, where the polyethylene glycol has a molecular weight of up to about 5000 Daltons. The crosslinking agents are used in the reactive mixture in conventional amounts, for example, from about 0.000415 to about 0.0156 moles per 100 grams of reactive formulation. Alternatively, if hydrophilic monomer and / or silicone-containing component is multifunctional due to molecular design or impurities, adding crosslinker to reactive mixture is optional.Examples of hydrophilic monomer and macromer that can act as crosslinker and do not require adding additional crosslinker to reactive mixture when present include (meth)acrylate and (meth)acrylamide end-capped polyether.Other crosslinkers will be known to those skilled in the art and can be used to make the silicone hydrogel of the present invention.

[0199] It may be desirable to select a crosslinker that has a similar reactivity with one or more of the other reactive components in the formulation. In some cases, it may be desirable to select a mixture of crosslinkers with different reactivities to control some physical, mechanical, or biological properties of the resulting silicone hydrogel. The structure and morphology of the silicone hydrogel may also be affected by the diluent and curing conditions used.

[0200] To further increase the modulus and maintain tensile strength, multifunctional silicone-containing components, including macromers, crosslinkers, and prepolymers, may also be included. Silicone-containing crosslinkers may be used alone or in combination with other crosslinkers. An example of a silicone-containing component that can act as a crosslinker and does not require the addition of a crosslinking monomer to the reactive mixture when present, includes α,ω-bismethacryloxypropyl polydimethylsiloxane.

[0201] Crosslinkers with rigid chemical structures and polymerizable groups that undergo free radical polymerization may also be used. Non-limiting examples of suitable rigid structures include crosslinkers containing phenyl and benzyl moieties, such as 1,4-phenylenediacrylate, 1,4-phenylenedimethacrylate, 2,2-bis(4-methacryloxyphenyl)-propane, 2,2-bis[4-(2-acryloxyethoxy)phenyl]propane, 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane, and 4-vinylbenzyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof. Rigid crosslinkers may be included in an amount of about 0.5 to about 15, or about 2 to 10, 3 to 7, based on the total weight of all reactive components. The physical and mechanical properties of the silicone hydrogels of the present invention may be optimized for a particular application by adjusting the components in the reactive mixture.

[0202] Non-limiting examples of silicone crosslinkers also include the multifunctional silicone-containing components described above, such as the compounds of formula E (and subformulas thereof) and the multifunctional compounds shown in the table above.

[0203] When the compositions described herein are used in silicone hydrogel contact lenses, the lenses may preferably exhibit the following characteristics. All values ​​are preceded by "about", and the lenses may have any combination of the listed characteristics. The characteristics can be determined by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20180037690, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0204] Water content by weight: at least 20%, at least 25%, at least about 30%, or at least about 35%, and up to 80% or up to 70% Haze: 30% or less, or 10% or less Advancing dynamic contact angle (Wilhelmy plate method): 100° or less, 80° or less, or 50° or less Tensile modulus (psi): 120 or less, or 80-120 Oxygen permeability (Dk, Barrer): at least 80, or at least 100, or at least 150, or at least 200 Elongation at break: at least 100

[0205] With respect to ionic silicone hydrogels, the following properties (in addition to those mentioned above) may also be preferred: Lysozyme uptake (μg / lens): at least 100, or at least 150, or at least 500, or at least 700 Polyquaternium 1 (PQ1) uptake (%): 15 or less, or 10 or less, or 5 or less EXAMPLES

[0206] The present disclosure includes at least the following examples, which are intended to further illustrate certain aspects of the materials and methods described herein, and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims.

[0207] Aspect 1: A composition for optical filtering, the composition comprising: a base material; a plurality of gold nanoparticles dispersed in the base material, at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles having an anisotropic shape; and a stabilization mechanism configured to selectively bind to at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles to enhance stability of at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles in the base material, wherein the composition exhibits a peak optical filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm.

[0208] Aspect 2: The composition of aspect 1, wherein the anisotropic shape is adjusted such that the composition exhibits a peak light filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm.

[0209] Aspect 3: A composition according to any one of aspects 1 to 2, wherein the anisotropic shape is adjusted such that the composition exhibits a filtering spectrum having a full width at half maximum of about 54 nm to 58 nm.

[0210] Aspect 4: A composition according to any one of aspects 1 to 3, wherein the anisotropic shape is controlled by adjusting one or more of the aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, and the volume.

[0211] Aspect 5: The composition of any one of aspects 1 to 4, wherein the anisotropic shape is adjusted to exhibit an aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, of about 1.9 to about 2.9.

[0212] Aspect 6: The composition according to any one of aspects 1 to 5, wherein the anisotropic shape is adjusted to exhibit a volume of from about 1,250 nm3 to a maximum of about 30,000 nm3.

[0213] Aspect 7: The composition of any one of aspects 1 to 6, wherein the anisotropic shape is adjusted to exhibit an aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, of about 1.9 to about 2.9, and the anisotropic shape is adjusted to exhibit a volume of about 1,250 nm3 to a maximum of about 30,000 nm3.

[0214] Embodiment 8: The composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the base material comprises a biomaterial.

[0215] Embodiment 9: The composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the base material comprises a biomaterial matrix.

[0216] Embodiment 10: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the base material comprises a hydrogel.

[0217] Embodiment 11: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the base material comprises a silicone-based hydrogel.

[0218] Example 12: The composition of any one of Examples 1-11, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles are grown from penta-tweened gold seeds.

[0219] Embodiment 13: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the anisotropic shape comprises a bipyramidal shape.

[0220] Aspect 14: The composition of aspect 13, wherein the bipyramidal shape comprises a vertical peak and a horizontal peak, and the sharpness of the bipyramidal shape relative to the vertical peak and the horizontal peak is adjusted such that the composition exhibits peak light filtering in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm.

[0221] Embodiment 15: The composition of any one of embodiments 1-14, wherein the anisotropic shapes comprise bipyramidal shapes having a pair of opposing truncated peaks disposed at opposite ends, respectively.

[0222] Example 16: The composition of example 15, wherein the sharpness of the bipyramid shape is adjusted such that the composition exhibits peak light filtering in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm.

[0223] Aspect 17: The composition of any one of aspects 1 to 16, wherein the stabilization mechanism enhances colloidal stability, thermal stability, or both of at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles in the base material.

[0224] Aspect 18: A composition described in any one of aspects 1 to 17, wherein the stabilization mechanism enhances the biocompatibility of at least a portion of the multiple gold nanoparticles in the base material.

[0225] Embodiment 19: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 18, wherein the stabilization mechanism comprises poly(vinylpyrrolidone).

[0226] Embodiment 20: The composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 18, wherein the stabilization mechanism comprises 55 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone).

[0227] Embodiment 21: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 18, wherein the stabilization mechanism comprises one or more of 10 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone), 55 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone), 360 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone), 1300 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone).

[0228] Aspect 22: A composition described in any one of aspects 1 to 21, wherein the stabilization mechanism is chemically bonded to at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles to enhance colloidal stability of at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles in the base material.

[0229] Embodiment 23: A method of making a composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 22.

[0230] Embodiment 24: The method of claim 23, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles are grown from penta-twinned gold seeds.

[0231] Aspect 25: A composition for light filtering, the composition comprising: a plurality of metal nanoparticles, at least a portion of the plurality of metal nanoparticles having an anisotropic shape; and a stabilization mechanism configured to selectively bind to at least a portion of the plurality of metal nanoparticles, wherein the composition exhibits a peak light filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm.

[0232] Example 26: The composition of example 25, wherein the anisotropic shape is adjusted such that the composition exhibits a filtering spectrum having a full width at half maximum of about 54 nm to 58 nm.

[0233] Embodiment 27: A composition described in any one of embodiments 25 to 26, wherein the anisotropic shape is adjusted by configuring one or more of the aspect ratio defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, and the volume.

[0234] Aspect 28: The composition of any one of aspects 25 to 27, wherein the anisotropic shape is adjusted to exhibit an aspect ratio of about 1.9 to about 2.9, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes.

[0235] Embodiment 29: A composition according to any one of embodiments 25 to 28, wherein the anisotropic shape is adjusted to exhibit a volume of from about 1,250 nm3 to a maximum of about 30,000 nm3.

[0236] Aspect 30: A composition described in any one of aspects 25 to 29, wherein the anisotropic shape is adjusted to exhibit an aspect ratio of about 1.9 to about 2.9, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, and the anisotropic shape is adjusted to exhibit a volume of about 1,250 nm3 to a maximum of about 30,000 nm3.

[0237] Embodiment 31: The composition of any one of embodiments 25 to 30, wherein the anisotropic shape comprises a bipyramidal shape.

[0238] Aspect 32: The composition of aspect 31, wherein the bipyramidal shape includes a vertical peak and a horizontal peak, and the sharpness of the bipyramidal shape relative to the vertical peak and the horizontal peak is adjusted to exhibit peak light filtering in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm.

[0239] Embodiment 33: The composition of any one of embodiments 25-32, wherein the anisotropic shapes comprise bipyramidal shapes having a pair of opposing truncated peaks disposed at opposite ends, respectively.

[0240] Example 34: The composition of example 33, wherein the sharpness of the bipyramid shape is adjusted such that the composition exhibits peak light filtering in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm.

[0241] Embodiment 35: The composition of any one of embodiments 25 to 34, wherein the stabilization mechanism comprises poly(vinylpyrrolidone).

[0242] Embodiment 36: The composition according to any one of embodiments 25 to 35, wherein the stabilization mechanism comprises 55 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone).

[0243] Embodiment 37: The composition according to any one of embodiments 25 to 36, wherein the stabilization mechanism comprises one or more of 10 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone), 55 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone), 360 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone), 1300 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone).

[0244] Aspect 38: The composition of any one of aspects 25 to 37, wherein the stabilization mechanism is chemically bonded to at least a portion of the plurality of metal nanoparticles to enhance colloidal stability of at least a portion of the plurality of metal nanoparticles.

[0245] Embodiment 39: A method of making a composition described in any one of embodiments 25 to 38.

[0246] Example 40: The method of example 39, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of metal nanoparticles are grown from penta-twinned metal seeds.

[0247] Aspect 41: A composition for light filtering, the composition comprising a base material and a plurality of nanoparticles dispersed in the base material, the composition exhibiting a peak light filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm, and the composition exhibiting a filtering spectrum having a full width at half maximum of about 54 nm to 58 nm.

[0248] Example 42: The composition of example 41, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is adjusted such that the composition exhibits a peak light filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm.

[0249] Aspect 43: A composition according to any one of aspects 41 to 42, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is controlled by adjusting one or more of the aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, and the volume.

[0250] Embodiment 44: The composition of any one of embodiments 41 to 43, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is adjusted such that the composition exhibits a filtering spectrum having a full width at half maximum of about 54 nm to 58 nm.

[0251] Example 45: The composition of example 44, wherein the shape of at least some of the nanoparticles is controlled by configuring one or more of the aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the length of the major axis and the minor axis, and the volume.

[0252] Embodiment 46: A composition described in any one of embodiments 41 to 45, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is adjusted to exhibit an aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, of about 1.9 to about 2.9.

[0253] Embodiment 47: The composition according to any one of embodiments 41 to 46, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is adjusted to exhibit a volume of about 1,250 nm3 to a maximum of about 30,000 nm3.

[0254] Aspect 48: A composition described in any one of aspects 41 to 47, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is adjusted to exhibit an aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, of about 1.9 to about 2.9, and the anisotropic shape is adjusted to exhibit a volume of about 1,250 nm3 to a maximum of about 30,000 nm3.

[0255] Embodiment 49: The composition according to any one of embodiments 41 to 48, wherein the base material comprises a biological material.

[0256] Embodiment 50: A composition described in any one of embodiments 41 to 48, wherein the base material comprises a biomaterial matrix.

[0257] Embodiment 51: A composition described in any one of embodiments 41 to 48, wherein the base material comprises a hydrogel.

[0258] Embodiment 52: A composition described in any one of embodiments 41 to 48, wherein the base material comprises a silicone-based hydrogel.

[0259] Embodiment 53: The composition of any one of embodiments 41 to 48, wherein the nanoparticles comprise plasmonic nanoparticles.

[0260] Embodiment 54: The composition of any one of embodiments 41 to 48, wherein the nanoparticles comprise metal nanoparticles.

[0261] Embodiment 55: The composition of any one of embodiments 41 to 48, wherein the nanoparticles comprise gold nanoparticles.

[0262] Embodiment 56: A composition for light filtering, the composition comprising a base material and a plurality of nanoparticles dispersed in the base material, the composition exhibiting a peak light filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm, and the composition exhibiting a filtering spectrum having a full width at half maximum of about 54 nm to 58 nm.

[0263] Embodiment 57: The composition of embodiment 56, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is adjusted such that the composition exhibits a peak light filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm.

[0264] Embodiment 58: The composition of embodiment 57, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is adjusted by configuring one or more of the aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, and the volume.

[0265] Embodiment 59: The composition of embodiment 56, wherein the shape of at least some of the nanoparticles is adjusted such that the composition exhibits a filtering spectrum having a full width at half maximum of about 54 nm to 58 nm.

[0266] Embodiment 60: The composition of embodiment 59, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is adjusted by configuring one or more of the aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, and the volume.

[0267] Aspect 61: The composition of aspect 56, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is adjusted to exhibit an aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, of about 1.9 to about 2.9.

[0268] Embodiment 62: The composition of embodiment 56, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is adjusted to exhibit a volume of about 1,250 nm3 to a maximum of about 30,000 nm3.

[0269] Aspect 63: The composition of aspect 56, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is adjusted to exhibit an aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, of about 1.9 to about 2.9, and the anisotropic shape is adjusted to exhibit a volume of about 1,250 nm3 to a maximum of about 30,000 nm3.

[0270] Embodiment 64: The composition described in embodiment 56, wherein the base material comprises a biological material.

[0271] Embodiment 65: The composition described in embodiment 56, wherein the base material comprises a biomaterial matrix.

[0272] Embodiment 66: The composition described in embodiment 56, wherein the base material comprises a hydrogel.

[0273] Embodiment 67: The composition described in embodiment 56, wherein the base material comprises a silicone-based hydrogel.

[0274] Embodiment 68: The composition of embodiment 56, wherein the nanoparticles comprise plasmonic nanoparticles.

[0275] Example 69: The composition of example 56, wherein the nanoparticles comprise metal nanoparticles.

[0276] Embodiment 70: The composition of embodiment 56, wherein the nanoparticles comprise gold nanoparticles.

[0277] As an illustrative example, Figures 1A-1D show representative morphologies of gold nanoparticles and their associated absorbance spectra. Figures 1E-1H show transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs of the representative morphologies of Figures 1A-1D. Large spherical nanoparticles (NPs) of about 170 nm up to about 200 nm have been shown to cut off at the lower end of the target range (about 600 nm up to about 650 nm). However, large spherical NPs have been shown to lose peak specificity at larger sizes, significantly limiting the dynamic range. Cubic NPs are similarly limited by relatively large FWHM values. Nanorods may be the most obvious strategy due to the myriad synthetic routes and the very wide dynamic range of the longitudinal peaks. However, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an 83 nm nanorod may be larger than that of a bipyramid (typically 56 nm). The tapered ends of the bipyramid have been shown to improve the overall absorbance profile of the nanoparticles, and the dynamic range can be easily tuned by varying the synthetic conditions. For bipyramids, a method was adapted from one using a seed-mediated growth strategy to produce penta-twinned bipyramids in high yields. Other bipyramidal syntheses exist, but may produce lower yields of bipyramids and / or require extensive purification methods.

[0278] In preparing the nanoseeds, solutions of 55.5 mM CTAC (16.2 ml) and 20 mM citric acid were prepared separately in 20 ml scintillation vials and dissolved by heating at 45°C. In a 20 ml scintillation vial, 2.5 mM HAuCl4 (1.8 ml) and 20 mM citric acid (4.5 ml) were added to the 55.5 mM CTAC solution (16.2 ml), followed by the rapid addition of ice-cold 25 mM NaBH4 (0.45 ml). The sample was stirred at 2000 rpm for 2 min at room temperature and then placed in an 80°C oil bath for 90 min. Care was taken to create a uniform vortex in the center of the vial with as few air bubbles as possible to maximize repeatability. The addition of NaBH4 produced a dark brown color indicative of nucleation, and the sample was red upon reaction completion.

[0279] In preparing the nano-bipyramids, 10 mM HAuCl4, 1 M HCl, 10 mM AgNO3, 100 mM L-AA, and the nanoseed solution prepared above were added sequentially to a solution of 111 mM CTAB in a 20 ml scintillation vial and stirred at 700 rpm for 2 hours at 30° C. The volumes of each reagent for different target peak wavelengths are listed in Table 1 below.

[0280] [Table 3]

[0281] Using bipyramids as the basis for plasmonic light blockers, the controllability and repeatability of the designed synthesis method was tested. Seed-mediated growth is a common strategy used in nanomaterial synthesis, as the separation of nucleation and growth allows for more control over the final product. The growth of bipyramids was shown to be highly repeatable. For the same seed, a repeatable peak of 631 ± 1.7 nm, FWHM 56.3 ± 1.5 nm with a consistent peak ratio of 1.9 (n = 6) was achieved (Table 2). Repeatability may depend on seed generation, which requires a high percentage of penta-twinned NPs. Seed repeatability may be increased through the use of high stirring speeds (2000 rpm), aqua regia-washed stir bar, and fresh ice-cold sodium borohydride. Seed generation should be tightly controlled before proceeding to the growth step, since the absorbance (and therefore size) of the seeds is directly related to the final bipyramidal product.

[0282] [Table 4]

[0283] The amount of AgNO3 used in the synthesis and the amount of gold seeds added to the growth solution can be varied. Such variations can produce bipyramids that can block selective bands along the red light spectrum (Figures 2A, 3A, and 3B). AgNO3 can be used as a shape directing agent that directly affects the sharpness of the bipyramids. The amount of seeds can determine the number of nucleation points present in the growth solution. Samples may be labeled "BP" for "bipyramids" and the number indicates the longitudinal peak wavelength in nm (e.g., BP-647, BP-669, etc.). As expected, the peak wavelength (nm) of the NPs increases as both the aspect ratio (quotient of the major and minor axes) and the volume of the NPs increase (Figure 2B). The longitudinal axis may be used as the major axis and the thickest latitudinal axis (e.g., through the center of the nanoparticle) may be used as the minor axis. The FWHM may remain relatively consistent across all samples, but the ratio between the longitudinal and transverse peaks increased as the spectrum was red-shifted. TEM images confirm the bipyramidal shape of the nanoparticles, but can also show that the samples had various degrees of sphere- and rod-shaped impurities. The penta-twin efficiency of the seeds can be a determining factor for both the morphology and monodispersity of the final nanoparticles.

[0284] The systems, methods, compositions, and devices of the appended claims are not limited in scope by the specific materials and devices described herein, but are intended as examples of some aspects of the claims. Any systems, methods, compositions, and devices that are functionally equivalent are intended to fall within the scope of the claims. Various modifications of the systems, methods, compositions, and devices in addition to those shown and described herein are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, although only certain representative systems, methods, compositions, and devices disclosed herein are specifically described, other combinations of systems, methods, compositions, and devices are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims, even if not specifically described. Thus, although elements, components, or combinations of components may be explicitly referred to herein, other combinations of elements, components, and components are included even if not explicitly described.

[0285] As used herein, the term "comprising" and variations thereof are open, non-limiting terms used synonymously with the term "including" and variations thereof. Although the terms "comprising" and "including" have been used herein to describe various embodiments, the terms "consisting essentially of" and "consisting of" may be used in place of "comprising" and "including" to provide more specific embodiments of the present invention and are disclosed. Unless otherwise specified, all numbers expressing geometric shapes, dimensions, and the like used in the specification and claims should be understood to be interpreted in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary rounding techniques, at least without intending to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims.

[0286] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosed invention belongs. Publications cited herein and the material for which they are cited are specifically incorporated by reference.

[0287] [Embodiment] (1) A composition for light filtering, said composition comprising: A base material; a plurality of gold nanoparticles dispersed in the base material, at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles having an anisotropic shape; a stabilization mechanism configured to selectively bind to at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles to enhance stability of at least the portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles in the base material; The composition exhibits a peak optical filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm. (2) The composition of claim 1, wherein the anisotropic shape is adjusted such that the composition exhibits a peak optical filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm. (3) The composition of claim 1, wherein the anisotropic shape is adjusted such that the composition exhibits a filtering spectrum having a full width at half maximum of about 54 nm to 58 nm. (4) The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the anisotropic shape is controlled by configuring one or more of an aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, and a volume. (5) The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the anisotropic shape is adjusted to exhibit an aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, of about 1.9 to about 2.9.

[0288] (6) The anisotropic shape is about 1,250 nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is adjusted to have a volume of (7) The anisotropic shape is adjusted to have an aspect ratio of about 1.9 to about 2.9, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major axis and the minor axis, and the anisotropic shape is about 1,250 nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is adjusted to have a volume of (8) The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the base material comprises a biomaterial. (9) The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the base material comprises a biomaterial matrix. (10) The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the base material comprises a hydrogel.

[0289] (11) The composition of claim 1, wherein the base material comprises a silicone-based hydrogel. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles are grown from penta-twinned gold seeds. (13) The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the anisotropic shape comprises a bipyramidal shape. (14) The composition of claim 13, wherein the bi-pyramidal shape comprises a vertical peak and a horizontal peak, and the sharpness of the bi-pyramidal shape relative to the vertical peak and the horizontal peak is adjusted such that the composition exhibits peak light filtering in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm. (15) The composition of claim 1, wherein the anisotropic shapes comprise bipyramidal shapes having a pair of opposing truncated peaks disposed at opposite ends, respectively.

[0290] (16) The composition of embodiment 15, wherein the sharpness of the bipyramid shape is adjusted such that the composition exhibits peak light filtering in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm. (17) The composition of claim 1, wherein the stabilization mechanism enhances the colloidal stability, the thermal stability, or both, of at least the portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles in the base material. (18) The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the stabilization mechanism enhances the biocompatibility of at least the portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles in the base material. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the stabilizing mechanism comprises poly(vinylpyrrolidone). (20) The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the stabilization mechanism comprises 55 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone).

[0291] 21. The composition of claim 1, wherein the stabilizing mechanism comprises one or more of 10 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone), 55 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone), 360 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone), and 1300 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone). 22. The composition of claim 1, wherein the stabilization mechanism chemically bonds to at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles to enhance colloidal stability of at least the portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles in the base material. (23) A method of making the composition described in embodiment 1. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of gold nanoparticles are grown from penta-twinned gold seeds. (25) A composition for light filtering, said composition comprising: a plurality of metallic nanoparticles, at least a portion of the plurality of metallic nanoparticles having an anisotropic shape; a stabilization mechanism configured to selectively bind to at least a portion of the plurality of metallic nanoparticles; The composition exhibits a peak optical filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm.

[0292] (26) The composition of embodiment 25, wherein the anisotropic shape is adjusted such that the composition exhibits a filtering spectrum having a full width at half maximum of about 54 nm to 58 nm. (27) The composition of embodiment 25, wherein the anisotropic shape is controlled by configuring one or more of an aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, and a volume. (28) The composition of embodiment 25, wherein the anisotropic shape is adjusted to exhibit an aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, of about 1.9 to about 2.9. (29) The anisotropic shape is about 1,250 nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 26. The composition of embodiment 25, wherein the composition has been adjusted to have a volume of (30) The anisotropic shape is adjusted to have an aspect ratio of about 1.9 to about 2.9, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major axis and the minor axis, and the anisotropic shape is about 1,250 nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 26. The composition of embodiment 25, wherein the composition has been adjusted to have a volume of

[0293] (31) The composition of embodiment 25, wherein the anisotropic shape comprises a bipyramidal shape. (32) The composition of embodiment 31, wherein the bipyramidal shape includes a vertical peak and a horizontal peak, and the sharpness of the bipyramidal shape relative to the vertical peak and the horizontal peak is adjusted to exhibit peak light filtering in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm. (33) The composition of embodiment 25, wherein the anisotropic shapes comprise bipyramidal shapes having a pair of opposing truncated peaks disposed at opposite ends, respectively. (34) The composition of embodiment 33, wherein the sharpness of the bipyramid shape is adjusted such that the composition exhibits peak light filtering in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm. 35. The composition of embodiment 25, wherein the stabilizing mechanism comprises poly(vinylpyrrolidone).

[0294] (36) The composition of embodiment 25, wherein the stabilization mechanism comprises 55 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone). (37) The composition of embodiment 25, wherein the stabilizing mechanism comprises one or more of 10 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone), 55 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone), 360 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone), and 1300 kDa poly(vinylpyrrolidone). 38. The composition of claim 25, wherein the stabilization mechanism chemically bonds with at least a portion of the plurality of metallic nanoparticles to enhance colloidal stability of at least the portion of the plurality of metallic nanoparticles. (39) A method for producing the composition described in embodiment 1. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of metal nanoparticles are grown from penta-twinned metal seeds.

[0295] (41) A contact lens comprising a composition for light filtering, said composition exhibiting a peak light filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm, said composition exhibiting a filtering spectrum having a full width at half maximum of about 54 nm to 58 nm, said contact lens being a free radical reaction product of a reactive mixture comprising one or more silicone-containing components and one or more hydrophilic components, said contact lens having a water content of at least about 20 weight percent and an oxygen permeability of at least about 80 Barrers. (42) The contact lens of embodiment 41, wherein the composition comprises a plurality of nanoparticles dispersed in the contact lens. (43) The contact lens of embodiment 42, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is adjusted such that the composition exhibits a peak light filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm. (44) The contact lens of embodiment 43, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is controlled by adjusting one or more of the aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, and the volume. (45) The contact lens of embodiment 42, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is adjusted such that the composition exhibits a filtering spectrum having a full width at half maximum of about 54 nm to 58 nm.

[0296] (46) The contact lens of embodiment 45, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is controlled by adjusting one or more of the aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, and the volume. (47) The contact lens of embodiment 42, wherein the shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is adjusted to exhibit an aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, of about 1.9 to about 2.9. (48) At least a portion of the nanoparticles have a shape of about 1,250 nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 43. The contact lens of embodiment 42, which is adjusted to exhibit a volume of (49) The shape of at least a portion of the nanoparticles is adjusted to have an aspect ratio of about 1.9 to about 2.9, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, and the anisotropic shape is about 1,250 nm 3 ~Maximum approx. 30,000nm 3 43. The contact lens of embodiment 42, which is adjusted to exhibit a volume of (50) The contact lens of embodiment 42, wherein the nanoparticles comprise plasmonic nanoparticles.

[0297] (51) The contact lens of embodiment 42, wherein the nanoparticles comprise metal nanoparticles. (52) The contact lens of embodiment 42, wherein the nanoparticles comprise gold nanoparticles.

Claims

1. 1. A contact lens comprising a composition for light filtering, said composition exhibiting a peak light filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm, said composition exhibiting a filtering spectrum having a full width at half maximum of about 54 nm to 58 nm, said contact lens being a free radical reaction product of a reactive mixture comprising one or more silicone-containing components and one or more hydrophilic components, said contact lens having a water content of at least about 20 weight percent and an oxygen permeability of at least about 80 Barrers.

2. The contact lens of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises a plurality of nanoparticles dispersed in the contact lens.

3. The contact lens of claim 2 , wherein the shape of at least some of the nanoparticles is adjusted so that the composition exhibits a peak light filtering value in the range of about 600 nm to about 850 nm.

4. 4. The contact lens of claim 3, wherein the shape of at least some of the nanoparticles is controlled by adjusting one or more of an aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, and a volume.

5. The contact lens of claim 2, wherein the shape of at least some of the nanoparticles is adjusted so that the composition exhibits a filtering spectrum having a full width at half maximum of about 54 nm to 58 nm.

6. 6. The contact lens of claim 5, wherein the shape of at least some of the nanoparticles is controlled by adjusting one or more of the aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of the major and minor axes, and the volume.

7. The contact lens of claim 2, wherein the shape of at least some of the nanoparticles is adjusted to exhibit an aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the lengths of their major and minor axes, of about 1.9 to about 2.

9.

8. At least some of the nanoparticles have a shape of about 1,250 nm ３ ~Maximum approximately 30,000nm ３ 3. The contact lens of claim 2, wherein the contact lens is adjusted to exhibit a volume of

9. The shape of at least some of the nanoparticles is adjusted to exhibit an aspect ratio, defined by the quotient of the length of the major axis and the minor axis, of about 1.9 to about 2.9, and the anisotropic shape is about 1,250 nm ３ ~Maximum approximately 30,000nm ３ 3. The contact lens of claim 2, wherein the contact lens is adjusted to exhibit a volume of

10. The contact lens of claim 2 , wherein the nanoparticles comprise plasmonic nanoparticles.

11. The contact lens of claim 2 , wherein the nanoparticles comprise metal nanoparticles.

12. The contact lens of claim 2 , wherein the nanoparticles comprise gold nanoparticles.

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