Composition containing a polymer

Abstract

The present invention relates to a composition suitable for cosmetic use, particularly suitable for hair styling or skin care purposes, comprising at least two of the constituents konjac gum, tara gum and algin, the weight ratio of these constituents being within a specific range. Further, the present invention relates to a raw material composition consisting of at least two of the above constituents, which can be used in the production of the composition according to the present invention. Further, the present invention relates to the use of a composition for hair styling or skin care.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a composition suitable for cosmetic use, particularly suitable for hair styling or skin care purposes, comprising at least two of the components konjac gum, tara gum and algin, and the weight ratio of these components being within a specific range. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a raw material composition comprising at least two of the above components and which can be used in the production of the composition according to the present invention. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of the composition for hair styling or skin care.

Background Art

[0002] Konjac gum and glucomannan are used synonymously herein and are both abbreviated as Glu or K. Algin is abbreviated as Alg or A, and tara gum is abbreviated as Tar or T.

[0003] In the cosmetics industry, the importance of sustainability and the natural aspect is increasing. A major factor influencing this is the discussion regarding microplastics. Therefore, the demand for providing sustainable products has become a major market requirement. This has led to problems in cosmetic formulations where polymers play an important role in either the thickening and stability of the formulation or the texture.

[0004] Synthetic polymers are widely used in cosmetic formulations for these aspects. The texture of synthetic polymers is well known and preferred by consumers. Natural biopolymers obtained from plants can be an alternative to these synthetic polymers. Although these polymers have the advantage of being natural products, they are accompanied by disadvantages regarding compatibility. One of the main disadvantages recognized by consumers is the texture of the product, which is often either thin or watery.

[0005] It is necessary to overcome the problems in the formulation of biopolymers. It is necessary to achieve an attractive, soft and pleasant texture without sacrificing other goals regarding performance parameters.

[0006] Publications posted online on the IP.com platform with IP.com number IPCOM000268678D disclose hair styling mousses containing natural polymers. Formulations containing xanthan gum and algin are disclosed.

Summary of the Invention

Problems to be Solved by the Invention

[0007] The underlying problem of the present invention is to provide a composition suitable for cosmetic use that has an acceptable texture (the texture defined in detail herein), i.e., a texture that is perceived to be better than the texture imparted by xanthan gum. Further, preferably, when this composition is used as a hair styling formulation, the composition will have good hair styling properties, i.e., high flexural rigidity, high curl retention and low flaking properties.

Means for Solving the Problems

[0008] This problem is solved by the composition according to claim 1 of this specification. This composition is the subject matter of the present invention.

[0009] A further subject matter of the present invention is the raw material composition according to claim 2 of this specification. This raw material composition consists of two or three components defined in the claims of this specification. In this context, "consisting of" means that no other substances are present in substantial amounts. However, the presence of impurities or residual moisture is not excluded by the phrase "consisting of".

[0010] A further subject matter of the present invention is the use according to claim 7 and the use according to claim 8 of this specification.

[0011] A further subject of the present invention is the process according to claim 9 of this specification and the method according to claim 10.

[0012] The subject matter of the dependent claims are specific embodiments of the present invention.

[0013] The claims of this specification refer to the drawings, namely FIGS. 2 to 4 of this specification, in order to define the claimed subject matter. Although with reduced accuracy, it is also possible to define the claimed subject matter without referring to the drawings. This can be done by approximating the shaded areas of the drawings with polygons. This will be described in detail in the section explaining the drawings of this specification.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0014]

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 16

Modes for Carrying Out the Invention

[0015] As a further suitable ingredient acceptable in cosmetics, any ingredient acceptable in cosmetics can be used. These ingredients are known to those skilled in the art and are described in several publications, for example, the latest edition of the "International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook" issued by the Personal Care Products Council. Another well-known source of information on further suitable ingredients acceptable in cosmetics is CosIng, a database of cosmetic ingredients. CosIng can be accessed from the European Commission's Internet page.

[0016] In the following paragraphs, the term "polymer mixture" is used as a synonym for a mixture of components in the composition according to the invention, for example, a mixture obtained by adding tara gum and algin to konjac gum.

[0017] The composition according to the invention preferably contains a polymer mixture such that the total polymer content is from 0.2 to 5% by weight.

[0018] Suitable further ingredients acceptable in cosmetics may be selected from the group consisting of preservatives, humectants, neutralizing agents, calcium salts, emollients, emulsifiers, fragrances and actives, plasticizers, sodium glycerol benzoate, citric acid, calcium chloride, conditioning agents and combinations thereof.

[0019] Suitable further ingredients acceptable in cosmetics may be selected from the group consisting of glycerol, sodium benzoate, citric acid, calcium chloride and combinations thereof.

[0020] The polymer mixture according to the invention can usually be contained in the composition according to the invention, which can be a gel, a cream gel or any cosmetic formulation with a texture, at a concentration of 0.2 to 5% by weight. The composition according to the invention can further contain a neutralizing agent, usually in an amount such that the pH of the composition (e.g., gel) is pH = 4.0 to 7.5. The neutralizing agent can be a carboxylic acid, such as lactic acid, or other alpha-hydroxy acids, such as malic acid, citric acid and tartaric acid. The composition according to the invention can further contain a humectant, such as panthenol, glycerol or propylene glycol, usually at a concentration of 0.0 to 10.0% by weight. The composition according to the invention can contain a polymer selected from a cationically charged polymer or a cationic surfactant, such as guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, cetrimonium chloride, usually at a concentration of 0.01 to 2.0% by weight. The composition according to the invention can further contain a solubilizer, such as PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil or lauryl glucoside, usually at a concentration of 0.2 to 1.0% by weight. The composition according to the invention can further contain a preservative, such as phenoxyethanol, ethylhexylglycerin and benzoic acid, usually at a concentration of 0.1 to 1.0% by weight. The composition according to the invention can further contain an emollient, usually at a concentration of 0.2 to 10% by weight. The composition according to the invention can also contain waxes and other thickeners, usually at a concentration of 0.1 to 5% by weight, or a further emulsifier, usually at a concentration of 0.05% to 5.0% by weight. The composition according to the invention can also contain active substances, such as proteins and their derivatives, as well as plant extracts, usually at a concentration of 0.1 to 2% by weight.

[0021] The composition according to the present invention may have the following composition in weight % units (abbreviations will be explained in the experimental section): Glu 1.35% and Alg 0.15%, or Glu 1.00% and Alg 1.00%, or Glu 0.66% and Alg 0.66% and Tar 0.66%, or Glu 1.68% and Alg 0.25% and Tar 0.07%, or Glu 1.25% and Alg 0.65% and Tar 0.10%, or Glu 0.60% and Alg 0.78% and Tar 0.62%, or Glu 0.75% and Alg 0.75%, in each case glycerin 3.00% and calcium chloride 0.01% and sodium benzoate 0.50% and citric acid 0.09% and fragrance 0.30%, the balance being water.

Example

[0022] In this experimental section and all other parts of this specification, unless otherwise specified, % means weight %.

[0023] A ternary system consisting of a combination of three different bio-based polymers was investigated to determine the range of ternary systems with advantageous properties for cosmetic use, particularly hair styling use.

[0024] The following ternary systems were investigated. · Konjac gum, tara gum and algin

[0025] The following commercially available products obtainable from BASF SE in Germany were used. The following abbreviations are used in this specification. · Konjac gum (Glu) Verdessence® Glucomannan · Tara gum (Tar) Verdessence® Tara · Algin (Alg) Verdessence® Alginate

[0026] The following properties of this ternary system were investigated. · Texture · Flexural rigidity · Flaking property (including the number of flakes, particle size, and area ratio) · Curl retention

[0027] As a result of examining these four properties, six parameters were determined: three parameters (the number of flakes, particle size, and area ratio) that characterize the flaking property, one parameter that characterizes the texture, one parameter that characterizes the bending rigidity, and one parameter that characterizes the curl retention.

[0028] The experimental design (DoE) method was used to examine the properties of the ternary system, which will be described in more detail in the following paragraphs.

[0029] The experimental design method (DoE) was used to conduct experiments on mixtures of three polymers A, B, and C. DoE was implemented using Minitab® 20.3, software available from Minitab Inc. To create the experimental map, a matrix based on the simplex method for 2 - 10 components was selected. The measurement points of the matrix based on the simplex method are evenly distributed within the triangular chart, and the measurement point where the amounts of each polymer are equal is placed at the center of the chart. In this case, there were three components, which are the three polymers of the polymer ternary mixture.

[0030] The experimental map placed within the triangular chart included 19 measurement points where each mixture contained different amounts of each polymer. In Minitab® 20.3, inputs at these 19 measurement points were required. These 19 measurement points were placed at the following positions within the triangular chart: · Three measurement points were placed at the corners of the triangular chart (representing pure polymers). · Nine measurement points were placed on the sides of the triangular chart. Therefore, these represent mixtures of two polymers. · One measurement point was placed at the center of the triangular chart representing a mixture of three polymers where the amounts of all three polymers were equal. · Six measurement points were placed symmetrically with respect to this central point.

[0031] This experimental plan was randomly distributed to the experimenters without repetition.

[0032] After the experiment was completed (i.e., after the investigation of the four characteristics to be investigated for each of the 19 measurement points) and the corresponding results were obtained, Minitab® 20.3 was used again to fit the experimental data to the optimal mathematical model available for each of the six parameters. For each parameter, a mathematical model that best represents the results was selected from those listed below. · Linear model: characteristic = c1 * A + c2 * B + c3 * C · Quadratic model: characteristic = c4(A * B) + c5(A * C) + c6(B * C) · Special cubic model: characteristic = c7(A * B * C) · Full cubic model: characteristic = c8[A * B(A - B)] + c9[A * C(A - C)] + c 10 [B * C(B - C)] · Special quartic model: characteristic = c 11 (A * A * B * C) + c 12 (A * B * B * C) + c 13 (A * B * C * C) · Full quartic model: characteristic = c 14 (A * B * (A - B) 2 ) + c 15 (A * C * (A - C) 2 ) + c 16 (B * C * (B - C) 2 ) (The coefficients c1, c2,... c 16 are obtained by data modeling; if the coefficient is zero, this term is not applied).

[0033] Users of Minitab (registered trademark) 20.3 were also able to select combinations from among these various models. In order to select the optimal mathematical model for each characteristic of each ternary system, the p-value of each model was made not to exceed 0.05. Furthermore, the R 2 value was set to be not less than 65%.

[0034] The meaning of the p-value is well known in the art. The p-value is used to determine whether a pattern of measurement results is statistically significant. If the p-value is 0.05 or less, the result is said to be significant. If the p-value exceeds 0.05, the model is not statistically significant and thus the results will be overfitted. In that case, the coefficients (c1, c2,... c 16 ) of that specific model are set to zero.

[0035] R 2 The meaning of the value is well known in the art. The R 2 value is a statistical indicator of goodness of fit that shows to what extent the independent variable in a regression model explains the variation of the dependent variable. R 2 If it is 100%, the experimental data and the mathematical model are exactly the same, but this is impossible. Based on the experience of the inventors, if this value is 65% or more, it becomes a reliable model.

[0036] If that (the p-value is 0.05 or less and the R 2 value exceeds 65%) is not the case, two or three models are compared with each other, and a more appropriate model is determined by comparing the PRESS value and the R 2 (predicted) value.

[0037] PRESS is a parameter well known in the art and means "predicted residual sum of squares". To demonstrate the fitness of the model, observation samples not used for the estimation of the model were used. The smaller this value is, the better the prediction ability of the mathematical model.

[0038] R 2 R (prediction) is a parameter well known in the art. 2 When calculating R (prediction), each measurement point is systematically removed from the data set to estimate the regression equation, and it is determined how well this model predicts the measurement points removed. If the model is overfitted, R 2 (prediction) becomes lower.

[0039] By conducting the described DoE experiments and model creation, it is possible to determine in which region of the triangular diagram (diagram) representing the composition of the ternary polymer system investigated, the six properties examined exceed (or fall below) the selected threshold values.

[0040] In order to find the optimal region within the diagram corresponding to the best mixture, minimum requirements were set for each property. These minimum requirements were set considering commercially available standard hair styling polymers.

[0041] Regarding the texture property, it is currently targeted to be more perceptually acceptable than the current biopolymer for a reference commercially available hair gel, which is xanthan gum.

[0042] Regarding the properties of flexural rigidity and curl retention, minimum and maximum values were set considering various commercially available synthetic polymers that impart different flexural rigidities, such as PVP, VP / VA copolymers, and VP / methacrylamide / vinylimidazole copolymers. The goal was to approach as closely as possible or further improve, i.e., make as high as possible, the criteria for this composite.

[0043] Regarding the flaking property, the minimum and maximum values were set considering various commercially available synthetic polymers that impart various flaking values, such as PVP, VP / VA copolymer, and VP / methacrylamide / vinylimidazole copolymer. The goal was to approach as closely as possible or even improve the standard of this composition, that is, to make it as low as possible.

[0044] In the triangular diagram (diagram), the optimal region representing the optimal mixture for hair styling / gel formulations is defined as the overlapping part of the minimum requirements for all four properties in these diagrams.

[0045] In the following paragraphs, the methods for determining texture, bending stiffness, flaking property, and curl retention will be described in detail.

[0046] Texture A sensory evaluation was conducted to evaluate the soft and creamy texture of the sample to be evaluated. The evaluation was carried out by three trained volunteers. The results were calculated as the median of the three evaluations.

[0047] The goal was to make it different from the watery and thin texture of common natural solutions in the prior art, which is not strongly preferred by consumers. The texture was evaluated in 0.5-step increments from grade 1 to grade 4 (with grade 1 being the highest grade and 4 being the lowest grade). The texture of xanthan gum as a reference was set to 3, and the texture of alginate as a reference was set to 1.5.

[0048] Bending Stiffness Test Flat-shaped white ethnic dark brown hair bundles with a weight of 1.8 g, a width of 2 cm, a length of 8 cm, and a free end, to which 2 cm×2 cm lengths of soft cloth pieces were adhered, were used. As samples, seven clean and dry hair bundles were used each.

[0049] For use in the test, the hair gel was diluted with deionized water at a ratio of 1:4. An amount of 1.4 g per bundle was applied. This hair bundle was combed with the finer side of the comb teeth until it became homogeneous. The separated parts were gathered by pinching them with two fingers without pressing them. The hair bundle was processed with a special groove type to create a flat and uniform shape.

[0050] Next, the formed hair bundle was vertically suspended on a rack, and the hair bundle was dried for at least 1 hour under normal laboratory conditions. After drying, this rack and the hair bundle were placed in an artificial weather instrument with a relative humidity of 65% and a temperature of 21°C overnight.

[0051] Next, the maximum load in cN units required to break the hair bundle was measured using an apparatus such as a texture analyzer equipped with a three-point bending rigidity test mechanism capable of measuring the force required up to the breaking point, for example, Diastron. The processed hair bundle was bent up to the breaking point by a probe connected to a force measurement cell. This measurement was repeated with 7 hair bundles, and the average value of the maximum force before breaking was obtained. The bending rigidity value is given in cN units as the maximum force.

[0052] Flaking property After measuring the bending rigidity, the dried hair bundle was combed with a comb using a material testing machine (supplier: Zwick / Z005) to generate flaking in the hair bundle. An image of the hair bundle was taken using a circular light and a polarizing filter in an imaging box to adjust the lighting conditions and avoid reflection. The photograph was evaluated with a software package (open platform: ImageJ) to determine the number of flakes on the hair bundle and the average particle size of the flakes. The area ratio was calculated from the number of flakes, the average particle size of the flakes, and the surface area of the hair bundle.

[0053] The strength of the flaking property was determined using the following three parameters: the number of flakes, the particle size of the flakes, and the area ratio representing the area covered by the particles. The lower the value of any of the three parameters, the lower the flaking property.

[0054] Curl retention A 2 g dark brown hair bundle with a free end of 15 cm in length and a circular shape was used. The hair bundle was used after being bleached with 5% hydrogen peroxide. The gel was diluted at a ratio of 1:2 using deionized water. An amount of 1.5 g per bundle was applied. Five bundles of this hair were combed on the finer side of the comb teeth until homogeneous. The separated parts were gathered by pinching with two fingers without pressing.

[0055] The hair bundle was wrapped around a Teflon curler with a guide to ensure uniform curling of the entire bundle. The hair bundle was then dried overnight at 40 °C together with the curler and then allowed to cool for 1 hour. It was hung on a rack with a scale in an artificial weather chamber at 25 °C and 90% rh, and accordingly, the initial length of the hair bundle and the lengths after 5 hours and 24 hours were recorded.

[0056] The curl retention (CR) was calculated using the following formula: CR (%) = [(L - Lt) / (L - L0)] × 100 (where L = the length of the hair (15 cm) L0 = the length of the curled hair at the start Lt = the length of the curled hair after a given period (5 hours / 24 hours)) was used for the calculation.

[0057] Using a formulation containing a ternary system, the texture, bending rigidity, flaking property, and curl retention of this ternary system were investigated. Initial tests were conducted to determine the total polymer content in the formulation from which a useful hair styling preparation could be obtained. This was carried out based on a series of concentrations from 0.5% to 5%. In this configuration, the synthetic polymer concentrations in commonly used formulations were considered. Surprisingly, it was found that the target texture and performance could be obtained at a concentration half that of the commonly used concentration of synthetic polymers.

[0058] The following formulations were used for the DoE measurements described.

[0059] Glu, Tar, Alg (total polymer content 2%):

[0060]

Table 1

[0061]

Table 2

[0062]

Table 3

[0063] The four characteristics described above were determined by 19 points of the systems described in the above table. As described above, based on these 19 points, a mathematical model regarding these four characteristics was constructed.

[0064] As described above, the optimal region within the triangular diagram (diagram) representing the ternary system under consideration is defined by superimposing the minimum requirements for all four characteristics within this diagram.

[0065]

Table 4

[0066] It was possible to achieve a texture score higher than the texture score achieved only with xanthan gum (set to 3.0 as a standard), and at the same time, it was possible to achieve high curl retention (CR), high bending stiffness (BS), and low flaking property. It was possible to achieve a texture score of 1.5 or less.

[0067] Drawings This specification includes FIGS. 2 to 4 and FIGS. 14 to 16.

[0068] The drawings in this specification are ternary diagrams representing compositions having the properties described in the last table of the experimental section. The broadest range defines the compositions according to the present invention, and the narrower ranges represent preferred and more preferred compositions. The vertices of the ternary diagram represent 100% by weight of konjac gum (K), tara gum (T), and algin (A). The sides of the triangle in the ternary diagram are on a linear scale and represent binary mixtures. The shaded areas represent compositions having the properties described in the last table of the experimental section. Details of the ternary diagram are described in the item "ternary plot" on the English version of www.wikipedia.org.

[0069] Each point in the shaded area of Figure 2 represents a composition of the Tar, Alg, Glu system having the properties indicated as "broadest" in the corresponding last table of the experimental section. This shaded area represents the preferred Tar-Alg-Glu composition according to the present invention.

[0070] Each point in the shaded area of Figure 3 represents a composition of the Tar, Alg, Glu system having the properties indicated as "preferred" in the corresponding last table of the experimental section. This shaded area represents a more preferred Tar-Alg-Glu composition according to the present invention.

[0071] Each point in the shaded area of Figure 4 represents a composition of the Tar, Alg, Glu system having the properties indicated as "more preferred" in the corresponding last table of the experimental section. This shaded area represents the most preferred Tar-Alg-Glu composition according to the present invention.

[0072] Figures 14 to 16 correspond to Figures 2 to 4. The shaded areas in Figures 2 to 4 are surrounded by curves. In Figures 14 to 16, this shaded area is approximated by a polygon surrounded by straight lines.

[0073] The polygons in Figures 14 to 16 are defined by the positions of their vertices within the corresponding ternary diagrams. In the following paragraphs, the positions of these vertices are listed. The numbers represent the ratios of the amounts of the polymers.

[0074] Figure 14: Widest Tar, Alg, Glu (203 - 221); Representing Tar, Alg, Glu with x, y, z: All mixtures containing at least two of the three polymers, represented by amounts at points outside the polygons shown below within the diagram area. Polygon 1: From x5 = 0.21, y5 = 0.60, z5 = 0.19 to x6 = 0.16, y6 = 0.52, z6 = 0.32, then to x7 = 0.03, y7 = 0.68, z7 = 0.29, then to x8 = 0.10, y8 = 0.76, z8 = 0.14, and back to x5, y5, z5.

[0075] Figure 15: Preferred Tar, Alg, Glu (203 - 221); Representing Tar, Alg, Glu with x, y, z: All mixtures inside the polygons shown below: Polygon 1: From x1 = 0.45, y1 = 0.48, z1 = 0.07 to x2 = 0.61, y2 = 0.33, z2 = 0.06, then to x3 = 0.46, y3 = 0.22, z3 = 0.32, and back to x1, y1, z1. Polygon 2: From x4 = 0.46, y4 = 0.23, z4 = 0.31 to x8 = 0.23, y8 = 0.09, z8 = 0.68, then to x6 = 0.09, y6 = 0.38, z6 = 0.53, then to x7 = 0.45, y7 = 0.43, z7 = 0.12, and back to x4, y4, z4. Polygon 3: From x8 = 0.23, y8 = 0.09, z8 = 0.68 to x9 = 0, y9 = 0.07, z9 = 0.93, then to x10 = 0, y10 = 0.55, z10 = 0.45, and back to x8, y8, and z8.

[0076] Figure 16: More Preferred Tar, Alg, Glu (203 - 221); Representing Tar, Alg, Glu with x, y, z: All mixtures inside the polygons shown below: Polygon 1: From x1 = 0.14, y1 = 0.25, z1 = 0.61 to x2 = 0.51, y2 = 0.29, z2 = 0.20, then to x3 = 0.47, y3 = 0.23, z3 = 0.30, then to x5 = 0.22, y5 = 0.09, z5 = 0.68, and back to x1, y1, z1. The polygon 2 goes from x5 = 0.22, y5 = 0.09, z5 = 0.68 to x6 = 0.17, y6 = 0.09, z6 = 0.74, then to x7 = 0.07, y7 = 0.24, z7 = 0.69, then to x1 = 0.14, y1 = 0.25, z1 = 0.61, and back to x5, y5, z5. The polygon 3 goes from x8 = 0.18, y8 = 0.07, z8 = 0.75 to x9 = 0, y9 = 0.17, z9 = 0.83, then to x10 = 0, y10 = 0.35, z10 = 0.65, and back to x8, y8, z8.

Claims

1. A composition suitable for cosmetic use, It comprises at least two of the constituent elements konjac gum, tara gum, and algin, and It contains water, and The composition further comprises at least one additional cosmetically acceptable ingredient that is different from the components contained in the composition and is different from water, The relative quantity of each existing component is less than or equal to 99% by weight of the sum of the quantities of all existing components. The weight ratio of the aforementioned components is within the shaded area of ​​the triangular diagram shown in Figure 3, preferably within the shaded area of ​​the triangular diagram shown in Figure 4.

2. A raw material composition comprising at least two of the constituent elements: konjac gum, tara gum, and algin. The weight ratio of the aforementioned components is within the shaded area of ​​the triangular diagram shown in Figure 3, preferably within the shaded area of ​​the triangular diagram shown in Figure 4. A raw material composition in which the relative amount of each existing component is 99% by weight or less of the sum of the amounts of all existing components.

3. In total, 0.2 to 5.0% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 4.0% by weight, more preferably 1.5 to 2.0% by weight, all of the components present in claim 1, 0.1 to 40.0% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 30% by weight, more preferably 1 to 20% by weight, of the at least one further cosmetically acceptable component and The composition according to claim 1, comprising, with a remainder of up to 100% by weight being water.

4. The composition according to claim 1, which is suitable for hair styling.

5. The composition according to claim 1, which is a skincare composition.

6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one further cosmetic ingredient is selected from the group consisting of preservatives, humectants, neutralizing agents, calcium salts, emollients, emulsifiers, fragrances and active substances, plasticizers, glycerin, sodium benzoate, citric acid, calcium chloride, conditioning agents and combinations thereof.

7. Use of the composition according to any one of claims 1, 3, 4, or 6 for hair styling.

8. Use of the composition according to any one of claims 1, 3, 5, or 6 for skin care.

9. A hair styling process comprising bringing hair into contact with the composition according to any one of claims 1, 3, 4, or 6.

10. A process for achieving a skin care effect, comprising bringing the skin into contact with the composition according to any one of claims 1, 3, 5, or 6.

Images