shoes

Abstract

This shoe provides good rebound while suppressing pronation. [Solution] The shoe has a ball of the foot area on the bottom surface of the sole, in which the area corresponding to the ball of the foot is the most raised relative to the ground. In such a shoe, the bottom surface may further be configured to have a heel medial area raised relative to the ground in which the area corresponding to the medial side of the heel is raised relative to the ground, and a lateral longitudinal arch area raised relative to the ground in which the area corresponding to the lateral longitudinal arch connecting the little toe ball and the heel is raised relative to the ground.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This invention relates to shoes. [Background technology]

[0002] For example, various shoe sole structures have been proposed to improve the stability of leg movement during jogging and the rebound when getting off the ground (see, for example, Patent Document 1). [Prior art documents] [Patent Documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2000-333707 [Overview of the Initiative] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0004] Suppressing pronation, the inward rolling of the foot, is a key function required of footwear. Furthermore, responsiveness contributes to movement by mitigating impact on the foot and enhancing propulsion. However, achieving a good balance between pronation suppression and responsiveness has been challenging.

[0005] This disclosure is a proposal to solve these problems and provides a shoe that suppresses pronation while providing good rebound. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] In a specific embodiment of this disclosure, the shoe has a ball-of-the-foot area on the bottom surface of the sole, in which the area corresponding to the ball of the foot is the most raised relative to the ground. [Effects of the Invention]

[0007] Based on the proposals in this disclosure, it is possible to provide shoes that offer good rebound while suppressing pronation.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0008] [Figure 1] It is an exploded perspective view showing the appearance of the shoes according to this embodiment. [Figure 2] It is a perspective view of the sole's appearance. [Figure 3] It is a bottom view of the sole. [Figure 4] It is a diagram showing the general names of each part of the sole of the foot. [Figure 5] It is a diagram for explaining the structure of the sole. [Figure 6] It is a perspective view showing the state where the sole is placed on the ground in a no-load state. [Figure 7] They are X-X cross-sectional views of the no-load state and the state with a load applied respectively.

Modes for Carrying Out the Invention

[0009] Specific embodiments will be described through the following disclosure, but the invention according to the claims is not limited to the following embodiments. Also, not all of the configurations described in the embodiments are necessarily essential as means for solving the problems. In each figure, those with the same reference numerals have the same or similar configurations, and duplicate explanations will be omitted.

[0010] FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view showing the appearance of shoes 300 according to this embodiment. The shoes 300 are shoes mainly intended for running, such as jogging. The shoes 300 have a sole 100 and an upper 200. The upper 200 is adhered or sewn to the peripheral edge of the sole 100 to cover the wearer's instep side. The sole 100 may adopt, for example, a midsole, an outsole, or a laminated structure of an outsole and a midsole. An insole that contacts the back side of the wearer's foot may be laminated on the sole 100.

[0011] The sole 100 has a three-dimensional structure that includes a bottom surface 101 facing the ground and a circumferential surface 102 surrounding the periphery of the bottom surface 101. The circumferential surface 102 has a recess 150 that extends from the toe side to the heel side and is formed in the shape of a V-groove or U-groove. The sole 100 is made of an elastic material such as foam. For example, EVA resin (Ethylen-Vinyl Acetate copolymer resin) is suitable as the material for the sole 100.

[0012] Note that Figure 1 shows only the left shoe of shoe 300, but shoe 300, of course, comes as a pair of left and right shoes. In the following explanation, shoe 300 will be described using the left shoe as a representative, but the construction of the right shoe is symmetrical to that of the left shoe, so its explanation will be omitted.

[0013] Figure 2 is an external perspective view of the sole 100. Figure 3 is a bottom view of the sole 100. Figure 4 is a diagram showing the general names of the different parts of the sole of the foot. The configuration of each part of the sole 100 shown in Figures 2 and 3 will be explained with reference to the different parts of the sole of the foot shown in Figure 4.

[0014] The sole 100 has a ball-of-the-foot area raised portion 110 (hereinafter referred to as the first raised portion 110) on its bottom surface 101, which is raised in the direction of the ground in the area corresponding to the ball of the wearer's foot when the wearer wears the shoe 300. More specifically, the first raised portion 110 bulges in the direction of the ground so that the entire area corresponding to the ball of the wearer's foot forms a single hill.

[0015] Strictly speaking, the position of the ball of the foot differs from person to person, but since the shoes 300 are manufactured in sizes corresponding to the wearer's foot size, the area corresponding to the ball of the foot for a wearer wearing the same size shoes 300 will be approximately within the area enclosed by the dotted line in the figure. In other words, the first raised portion 110 only needs to be raised across this area corresponding to the ball of the foot.

[0016] In addition, as shown in Figures 2 and 3, the bottom surface 101 may be provided with minute irregularities (honeycomb-shaped irregularities in the example shown) to enhance grip on the ground, but each raised portion described in this disclosure does not refer to such individual irregularities. The first raised portion 110, for example, generates a rebound force against the ball of the foot area when stepped on by the wearer, and also receives the load to suppress pronation.

[0017] Furthermore, the sole 100 has a lateral longitudinal arch region ridge 120 (hereinafter referred to as the second ridge 120) on its bottom surface 101, which is raised relative to the ground when the wearer wears the shoe 300, in a region corresponding to the lateral longitudinal arch connecting the little toe ball and the heel of the wearer. More specifically, the second ridge 120 bulges toward the ground such that a region of the wearer's lateral longitudinal arch that includes at least the midpoint connecting the little toe ball and the heel forms a single hill. When the wearer steps on the second ridge 120, the second ridge 120 as a whole generates a repulsive force toward the lateral longitudinal arch region, pushing the foot forward in a rolling motion and contributing to a smooth lift-off. Note that the top of the second ridge 120 is not limited to a curved surface as shown in the figure, but may be a flat surface. That is, the tops of the first ridge 110 and the third ridge 130 may be curved surfaces, and the top of the second ridge 120 may be a flat surface. By making the top of the second raised portion 120 a flat surface, stability during ground contact can be improved even if there is only one raised portion on the outer foot side.

[0018] Furthermore, the sole 100 has a heel medial area ridge 130 (hereinafter referred to as the third ridge 130) on its bottom surface 101, which is raised relative to the ground when the wearer wears the shoes 300, in the area corresponding to the medial side of the wearer's heel. More specifically, the third ridge 130 bulges toward the ground so that about half of the area corresponding to the wearer's heel, located on the medial side, forms a single hill. Similar to the first ridge 110, the third ridge 130 generates a rebound force against the medial side of the heel as a whole when the wearer steps on it, and also receives the load to suppress pronation toward the medial side.

[0019] Preferably, the first, second, and third raised portions 110, 120, and 130 are all formed with a convex curved surface toward the ground. If the first and third raised portions 110 and 130 are formed with a convex curved surface toward the ground, pronation can be more effectively suppressed in response to the wearer's foot movement. Also, if the second raised portion 120 is formed with a convex curved surface toward the ground, a more effective rebound force can be generated in the outer longitudinal arch region as a whole when the wearer steps down.

[0020] Furthermore, as shown in Figure 1, the circumferential surface 102 is provided with recesses 150 that extend from the toe side to the heel side. In particular, the first recess 151 is located at the position corresponding to the first ridge 110, the second recess 152 is located at the position corresponding to the second ridge 120, and the third recess 153 is located at the position corresponding to the third ridge 130, and these recesses are provided slightly deeper than the surrounding areas to obtain greater rebound force. The function of each recess will be described later.

[0021] The structure of the sole 100 will be described in detail. Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating the structure of the sole 100. Specifically, it is a schematic bottom view showing the bottom surface 101 of the sole 100, and corresponds to the bottom view in Figure 3.

[0022] Observing the sole 100 from the bottom side, it can be seen that the bottom surface 101 first has a first region A1 where the first ridge 110 exists, a second region A2 where the second ridge 120 exists, and a third region A3 where the third ridge 130 exists. Here, in order to explain each region of the bottom surface 101, a center line C connecting the toe end, which is the toe-side end, and the heel end, which is the heel-side end, is defined as shown in the figure. The toe end and heel end are determined such that the center line length L0 connecting them is maximized. When such a center line C is defined, it is preferable that the first region A1 is mainly on the medial side of the center line C (partially extending outward across the center line C), and occupies an area of ​​about 40% or less from the toe side relative to the center line length L0. Furthermore, the second region A2 is preferably mainly on the outer side of the center line C, and occupies an area of ​​approximately 20% to 80% of the center line length L0 from the toe side. Furthermore, the third region A3 is preferably mainly on the inner side of the center line C (partially extending outward across the center line C), and occupies an area of ​​approximately 40% or less of the center line length L0 from the heel side.

[0023] As shown above, when the first, second, and third ridges 110, 120, and 130 are arranged in order from the toe side to the inner foot side → outer foot side → inner foot side, the base of each ridge forms a valley shape, and when viewed from above, it can be recognized that they contain a recess along the sinusoidal bottom curve R. The sinusoidal recess formed in this way plays the role of a space that allows for deformation (collapse) when each ridge sequentially deforms as the wearer of the shoe 300 repeatedly moves from the moment the foot touches the ground until it leaves the bed, and contributes to stabilizing the COP (center of pressure) trajectory within a certain range without deviation.

[0024] In this embodiment, the bottom surface 101 is such that the outer foot side periphery, including the toe side periphery and the heel side periphery that are connected to the second region A2, is slightly raised compared to the adjacent inner foot side portion, thus forming a clear recess between the first region A1 and the third region A3. However, from the viewpoint of securing space to allow deformation when the first raised portion 110 and the third raised portion 130 are crushed by a load, the vicinity of these periphery portions may be flat.

[0025] When the first region A1, the second region A2, and the third region A3 are set as described above, a subsided area is formed in the fourth region A4, which is surrounded by these regions and corresponds to the inner longitudinal arch, as it sinks away from the ground. This inner longitudinal arch region subsided area 140 (hereinafter referred to as subsided area 140) functions as a space that allows deformation of the first raised area 110, the second raised area 120, and the third raised area 130 under load. In other words, the subsided area 140 contributes to more effectively suppressing the wearer's pronation by significantly deforming the raised first raised area 110, the second raised area 120, and the third raised area 130, and also contributes to generating a large rebound force.

[0026] The sinking section 140 is a part where loads tend to concentrate. In particular, loads due to the deformation of the preceding and succeeding first and third raised sections 110 and 130 tend to concentrate there. Therefore, if the focus is on deforming the sinking section 140 integrally with the first and third raised sections 110 and 130, it is preferable that the sinking section 140 be formed integrally from the same material as them. On the other hand, if the focus is on the sinking section 140 being able to withstand deformation, it is preferable that the sinking section 140 has higher rigidity than the material of the first and third raised sections 110 and 130. For example, it is preferable that the sinking section 140 be formed as a separate part from a material with higher rigidity than the material of the first and third raised sections 110 and 130.

[0027] The first vertex P1, which is the apex of the first ridge 110, is preferably located within a range of 15% to 40% from the toe tip, indicated by range L1, relative to the center line length L0. Furthermore, the first vertex P1 is preferably located at the medial foot boundary of the sole surface 101. Similarly, the third vertex P3, which is the apex of the third ridge 130, is preferably located within a range of 10% to 30% from the heel tip, indicated by range L3, relative to the center line length L0. Furthermore, the third vertex P3 is preferably located at the medial foot boundary of the sole surface 101.

[0028] The second vertex P2, which is the peak of the second raised portion 120, is preferably located between the first vertex P1 and the third vertex P3 in the direction from the toe to the heel. Furthermore, the second vertex P2 is preferably located at the outer foot boundary of the sole surface 101. In addition, when the shoe 300 is placed on the ground without load, the deepest point B1 of the sinking portion 140, which is furthest from the ground, is preferably located in a range of 30% to 60% from the heel, indicated by range L4, with respect to the center line length L0. The inventors of this application have found through trial and error that by arranging the first vertex P1, second vertex P2, third vertex P3, and deepest point B1 as described above, it is possible to achieve a good balance between suppression of pronation, stability of the COP trajectory, and rebound performance during foot strike.

[0029] Next, we will explain the relationship between the first vertex P1, the second vertex P2, the third vertex P3, and the deepest point B1 when they are arranged as described above. Figure 6 is a perspective view showing the sole 100 placed on the ground in an unloaded state. In this embodiment, the sole 100 has three raised parts, so it makes contact with the ground at these three vertices.

[0030] In the sole 100 according to this embodiment, the sinking portion 140 is formed surrounded by the first raised portion 110, the second raised portion 120, and the third raised portion 130. Therefore, the sinking portion 140 can be said to be a part of the base of the first raised portion 110, a part of the base of the second raised portion 120, and a part of the base of the third raised portion 130. Furthermore, in the sole 100 according to this embodiment, the deepest point B1 is the deepest point as the base of the first raised portion 110, the deepest point as the base of the second raised portion 120, and the deepest point as the base of the third raised portion 130.

[0031] In this relationship, the distance S1 between the first vertex P1 and the deepest point B1 is greater than the distance S2 between the second vertex P2 and the deepest point B1, and also greater than the distance S3 between the third vertex P3 and the deepest point B1. This relationship means that on the bottom surface 101, the first raised portion 110 can be evaluated as rising towards the ground with a larger volume than the second raised portion 120 and the third raised portion 130. In other words, on the bottom surface 101 of the sole 100 in this embodiment, the first raised portion 110 rises the most towards the ground.

[0032] In this embodiment, the deepest point B1, enclosed by the first vertex P1, the second vertex P2, and the third vertex P3, is the deepest point common to the bases of the first, second, and third ridges 110, 120, and 130. When comparing distances S1, S2, and S3 with respect to this deepest point B1 enclosed by the three vertices, if S1 > S2 and S1 > S3, the first ridge 110 can be evaluated as being the most significantly raised toward the ground. If S1 = S2 = S3, the three ridges can be evaluated as being similarly raised, and in this case as well, it is good from the viewpoint of suppressing pronation and stabilizing the COP trajectory.

[0033] Furthermore, even if the deepest points for each of the first vertex P1, second vertex P2, and third vertex P3 exist individually, the above-mentioned distance relationship holds true in most cases if the first ridge 110 is the most pronounced ridge toward the ground. That is, the distance between the first vertex P1 and the deepest point of the base of the ball of the foot region, which is the base of the first ridge 110, is greater than the distance between the second vertex P2 and the deepest point of the base of the lateral longitudinal arch region, which is the base of the second ridge 120, and the distance between the third vertex P3 and the deepest point of the base of the medial heel region, which is the base of the third ridge 130. In other words, even if other ridges exist on the sole surface 101, the fact that the first ridge 110 corresponding to the ball of the foot is the most pronounced ridge toward the ground greatly contributes to the suppression of pronation. Also, even if no other ridges exist on the sole surface 101 and only the first ridge 110 exists, pronation is suppressed within a certain range.

[0034] Next, we will explain the rebound properties generated by the sole 100. Figure 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of XX shown in Figure 3, including the first vertex P1, in both an unloaded and loaded state. In particular, the left diagram of Figure 7 shows the cross-section when the sole is in contact with the ground at the three vertices P1, P2, and P3, while the right diagram of Figure 3 shows the cross-section when the wearer is stepping on the sole.

[0035] As shown in the left diagram of Figure 7, the sole 100 has a first recess 151 on the circumferential surface 102 corresponding to the first raised portion 110. The first recess 151 is formed in a V-shaped or U-shaped groove shape by a lower surface 151a, which is the side facing the ground, and an upper surface 151b that is continuous upward from the lower surface 151a. In particular, the lower surface 151a is a curved surface that is convex toward the ground, which makes it easier to generate a greater rebound force when the wearer steps down.

[0036] In the cross-section of the first recess 151, the depth D from the portion protruding toward the inner foot to the bottom of the recess is formed to be deeper than the surrounding area at the location where the first vertex P1 of the first raised portion 110 exists. Also, the height H from the ground at the bottom of the recess in the cross-section. dis the height H of the lowest part of the upper surface of the sole 100 from the ground s falls within the range of 30% or more and 70% or less with respect to this. When such a geometric relationship holds, the raised portion 110 is more deformed by the wearer's stepping in, and without causing a sense of discomfort such that the wearer's foot tilts, it suppresses pronation more effectively while exhibiting a high resilience effect.

[0037] In the above, the relationship between the first raised portion 110 and the first concave portion 151 has been mainly described, but the relationships between the second raised portion 120 and the second concave portion 152, and the third raised portion 130 and the third concave portion 153 are the same.

[0038] In the unloaded state shown in the left figure of FIG. 7, let the height from the ground to the upper surface of the sole 100 corresponding to the first raised portion 110 be W 1F and in the loaded state where the same load is applied to the first raised portion 110, the second raised portion 120, and the third raised portion 130 shown in the right figure of FIG. 7, let the height from the ground to the upper surface at the same location be W 1P At this time, the amount of deformation per unit length in the first raised portion 110 can be defined as (W 1F -W 1P ) / W 1F Similarly, in the unloaded state, let the height from the ground to the upper surface of the sole 100 corresponding to the second raised portion 120 be W 2F and in the loaded state, let the height from the ground to the upper surface at the same location be W 2P Then, the amount of deformation per unit length can be defined as (W 2F -W 2P ) / W 2F Also, in the unloaded state, let the height from the ground to the upper surface of the sole 100 corresponding to the third raised portion 130 be W 3F and in the loaded state, let the height from the ground to the upper surface at the same location be W 3P Then, the amount of deformation per unit length can be defined as (W<所 3F -W<00所00016>) / W 3F The inventor of the present application has, as a result of trial and error, (W 1F -W 1P ) / W 1F >(W2F -W 2P ) / W 2F , and, (W 1F -W 1P ) / W 1F >(W 3F -W 3P ) / W 3F We found that by adjusting the amount of deformation of each raised section so that this condition is met, it is possible to suppress pronation while exhibiting a high rebound effect.

[0039] In other words, it was found that varying the amount of deformation of each raised section under the same load, and in particular making the degree of deformation of the first raised section 110 greater than that of the second raised section 120 and the third raised section 130, is effective in suppressing pronation and achieving a high rebound effect. Therefore, in order to vary the degree of deformation of each raised section, as shown in Figure 7, the sole 100 has a two-layer structure consisting of a first layer 100a placed on the bottom surface and a second layer 100b laminated on its upper surface. The first material of the first layer 100a and the second material of the second layer 100b are different from each other, and in particular, materials with different hardnesses are used. Considering the comfort of the wearer when stepping, it is preferable that the material of the first layer 100a is harder than the material of the second layer 100b. Alternatively, even if the first material of the first layer 100a and the second material of the second layer 100b are the same, it is preferable that the first layer 100a is molded to be harder than the second layer 100b. Furthermore, the sole 100 may be a single-layer structure including the first layer 100a and the second layer 100b, or it may be a layered structure in which the hardness gradually changes.

[0040] To create different degrees of deformation in each raised section by adopting a two-layer structure, for example, the thicknesses of the first layer 100a and the second layer 100b can be adjusted. Considering such adjustments, the boundary between the first layer 100a and the second layer 100b appears in the recess 150 (for example, in the first raised section 110, the first recess 151 as shown in the figure). Regarding the adjustment of the thicknesses of the first layer 100a and the second layer 100b, from the perspective of ease of manufacturing, it is conceivable to keep the thickness of the first layer 100a constant and vary the thickness of the second layer 100b in sections, or to keep the thickness of the second layer 100b constant and vary the thickness of the first layer 100a in sections. In addition, it is also conceivable to vary the thickness of both the first layer 100a and the second layer 100b in sections, or to use only the first layer 100a or only the second layer 100b in certain areas. Furthermore, the sole 100 is not limited to a two-layer structure; it may also have a structure with more than two layers stacked on top of each other. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0041] 100...Sole, 100a...First layer, 100b...Second layer, 101...Bottom surface, 102...Circumferential surface, 110...First ridge (Ball's foot ridge), 120...Second ridge (Lateral longitudinal arch ridge), 130...Third ridge (Heel medial foot ridge), 140...Depression (Medial longitudinal arch depression), 150...Concave, 151...First concave, 151a...Lower surface, 151b...Upper surface, 152...Second concave, 153...Third concave, 200...Upper, 300...Shoe, A1...First region, A2...Second region, A3...Third region, A4...Fourth region, P1...First vertex, P2...Second vertex, P3...Third vertex, B1...Deepest point, C...Center line, R...Bottom curve

Claims

1. A shoe with a raised area on the bottom surface of the sole, where the area corresponding to the ball of the foot is the most raised relative to the ground.

2. The shoe according to claim 1, wherein the apex of the raised portion in the ball of the foot region is located at the medial boundary of the sole.

3. The shoe according to claim 1, wherein the apex of the raised portion in the ball of the foot region is located within a range of 15% to 40% from the toe end with respect to the length of the center line connecting the toe end and heel end of the sole.

4. The shoe according to claim 1, wherein the circumferential surface of the sole has a recess extending from the toe side to the heel side at least at a position corresponding to the raised area of ​​the ball of the foot.

5. The shoe according to claim 1, wherein the sole surface has a heel medial foot region elevation portion in which the region corresponding to the medial side of the heel is raised relative to the ground, and a lateral longitudinal arch region elevation portion in which the region corresponding to the lateral longitudinal arch connecting the little toe ball and the heel is raised relative to the ground.

6. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein the apex of the raised portion of the medial heel region is located at the medial boundary of the sole.

7. The shoe according to claim 6, wherein the apex of the raised portion of the medial heel region is located within a range of 10% to 30% from the heel end with respect to the length of the center line connecting the toe end and the heel end of the sole.

8. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein the apex of the raised portion of the outer longitudinal arch region is formed flat.

9. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein the bottom surface has an inner longitudinal arch region recessed portion in which the region corresponding to the inner longitudinal arch is recessed away from the ground, and the deepest point of the inner longitudinal arch region recessed portion is located in a range of 30% to 60% from the heel end with respect to the line length of the center line connecting the toe end and the heel end of the sole.

10. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein the sole surface, in the absence of load, contacts the ground at three points: the apex of the ball of the foot region, the apex of the heel medial foot region, and the apex of the lateral longitudinal arch region.

11. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein, when the sole surface is in contact with the ground without load, the distance between the apex of the ball of the foot area and the deepest point of the base of the ball of the foot area that forms the base of the ball of the foot area is greater than the distance between the apex of the medial heel area area and the deepest point of the base of the medial heel area that forms the base of the medial heel area area, and the distance between the apex of the lateral longitudinal arch area area and the deepest point of the base of the lateral longitudinal arch area that forms the base of the lateral longitudinal arch area.

12. The shoe according to claim 11, wherein a portion of the base of the ball of the foot region, a portion of the base of the outer longitudinal arch region, and a portion of the base of the inner heel region continuously form sinusoidal recesses on the sole surface.

13. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein when the same load is applied to the sole in the direction of the ground, the amount of deformation per unit length of the ball of the foot region is greater than the amount of deformation per unit length of the medial heel region and the lateral longitudinal arch region, respectively.

14. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein the raised surfaces of the ball of the foot region, the medial heel region, and the lateral longitudinal arch region are curved surfaces that are convex toward the ground.

15. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein the sole has a recessed medial longitudinal arch region in which the region corresponding to the medial longitudinal arch sinks away from the ground, and the sole is integrally formed of the ball of the foot region, the recessed medial longitudinal arch region, and the medial heel region.

16. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein the sole has a recessed medial longitudinal arch region in which the region corresponding to the medial longitudinal arch sinks away from the ground, and the recessed medial longitudinal arch region of the sole has higher rigidity than the raised portion of the ball of the foot region and the raised portion of the inner heel region.

17. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein the circumferential surface of the sole has a recess extending from the toe side to the heel side at least at positions corresponding to the ball of the foot region, the medial heel region, and the lateral longitudinal arch region.

18. The shoe according to claim 17, wherein the recess is formed deeper than the surrounding area at positions corresponding to the apex of the ball of the foot region, the medial heel region, and the lateral longitudinal arch region.

19. The shoe according to claim 17, wherein the sole has a first layer disposed on the bottom side and a second layer laminated on the upper surface of the first layer, and the recess is provided to include the boundary between the first layer and the second layer.

20. The shoe according to claim 19, wherein the first layer is formed of a material that is harder than the second layer.

21. The shoe according to claim 17, wherein the curved surface of the recess on the ground side is a convex curved surface toward the ground.

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