System and method for achieving lateral Anderson localization in energy relays using component-designed structures

Abstract

The present invention provides a system and method for manufacturing energy relays for energy-directed systems and lateral Anderson localization. [Solution] The system and method include providing first and second component design structures having first and second sets of design properties, and forming a medium using the first and second component design structures. This forming step includes randomizing the first design properties in a first orientation of the medium to result in a first variation of those design properties in its plane, the value of the second design properties allows for variation of the first design properties in a second orientation of the medium, the variation of the first design properties in the second orientation being smaller than the variation of the first design properties in the first orientation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to energy relays, and more particularly, to systems and methods for manufacturing lateral Anderson localization energy relays.

Background Art

[0002] The dream of an interactive virtual world within a "holodeck" room, popularized by Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek and originally envisioned by author Alexander Moszkowski in the early 1900s, has been an inspiration for science fiction and technological innovation for nearly a century. However, the epochal realization of this experience has been entirely outside the realm of literature, media, and the collective imagination of children as well as adults alike.

Summary of the Invention

[0003] Systems and methods for manufacturing a lateral Anderson localization energy relay having a design structure are disclosed.

[0004] One method of forming a lateral Anderson localization energy relay having a design structure includes: (a) providing one or more of a first component design structure, the first component design structure having a first set of design characteristics; and (b) providing one or more of a second component design structure, the second component design structure having a second set of design characteristics, and both the first component design structure and the second component design structure having at least two common design characteristics represented by the first set of design characteristics and the second set of design characteristics.

[0005] The next step of the method is (c) forming a medium using one or more of the first component design structures and one or more of the second component design structures, the forming step being to randomize the first design properties in a first plane of the medium to produce a first variation of the design properties in the plane, the values ​​of the second design properties allow for variation of the first design properties in a second plane of the medium, and the variation of the first design properties in the second plane is smaller than the variation of the first design properties in the first plane.

[0006] In one embodiment, a first design characteristic common to both the first and second component design structures is the refractive index, and a second design characteristic common to both the first and second component design structures is the shape, wherein forming step (c) randomizes the refractive index of the first component design structure and the refractive index of the second component design structure along a first plane of the medium, resulting in a first variation in the refractive index, and the combined geometric shape of the shapes of the first and second component design structures results in a variation in the refractive index of the second plane of the medium, the variation in the refractive index of the second plane is smaller than the variation in the refractive index of the first plane of the medium.

[0007] In one embodiment, the method further comprises (d) forming an assembly using the medium such that a first plane of the medium extends along the lateral orientation of the assembly and a second plane of the medium extends along the longitudinal orientation of the assembly, wherein the energy waves propagating through the assembly have higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation than in the lateral orientation and are spatially localized in the lateral orientation due to the first and second design characteristics.

[0008] In some embodiments, forming step (c) or (d) includes forming the assembly into other assembly configurations necessary for an optical formulation that defines the formation of an assembly of one or more first component design structures and one or more second component design structures within a given volume along at least one of transverse and longitudinal orientations, thereby resulting in one or more gradients between the primary and secondary refractive indices with respect to position across the medium.

[0009] In other embodiments, each of the forming steps (c) and (d) includes forming by mixing, curing, bonding, UV exposure, fusion, mechanical design, laser cutting, melting, polymerization, etching, engraving, 3D printing, CNC design, lithography, metallization, liquefaction, deposition, inkjet printing, laser molding, optical molding, drilling, lamination, heating, cooling, ordering, disordering, polishing, removal, cutting, material removal, compression, pressurization, suction, gravity, and other processing methods.

[0010] In yet another embodiment, the method further comprises (e) processing an assembly by forming, molding, or mechanical design to produce at least one of complex or formed shapes, curved or inclined surfaces, optical elements, distributed refractive index lenses, diffractive optical elements, optical relays, optical tapers, and other geometric configurations or optical devices.

[0011] In one embodiment, the properties of the design structures in steps (a) and (b), and the properties of the formed medium in step (c), are cumulatively combined to exhibit lateral Anderson localization properties.

[0012] In some embodiments, the forming step (c) includes forming using at least one of the following: (i) an additive process of a first component design structure into a second component design structure; (ii) a subtractive process of the first component design structure to generate a gap or inverse structure to be formed together with the second component design structure; (iii) an additive process of the second component design structure into the first component design structure; or (iv) a subtractive process of the second component design structure to generate a gap or inverse structure to be formed together with the first component design structure.

[0013] In one embodiment, each of the steps (a) and (b) provided comprises one or more of the first component design structures and one or more of the second component design structures being in at least one of liquid, gaseous, or solid forms. In another embodiment, each of the steps (a) and (b) provided comprises one or more of the first component design structures and one or more of the second component design structures being at least one of polymer materials, wherein the refractive index of the first and second components is greater than 1. In one embodiment, each of the steps (a) and (b) provided comprises one or more of the first component design structures and one or more of the second component design structures having one or more different first component design structure dimensions in the first and second planes, wherein one or more of the structural dimensions in the second plane differ from those in the first plane, and the structural dimensions in the first plane are less than four times the wavelength of visible light.

[0014] Another method for forming a lateral Anderson localization having a design structure is to (a) provide one or more of a first component design structure, the first component design structure having a first refractive index n0, a design characteristic P0, and a first absorption optical quality b0, and (b) provide one or more N component design structures, each N i The structure has a refractive index n i , design property P i , and absorption optical quality b i It has the property that N is 1 or greater, and includes providing.

[0015] In another embodiment, the method includes (c) one or more of the first component design structures, and N i The step of forming a medium using one or more of the structures, wherein the forming step involves along a first plane of the medium, first refractive index n0 and refractive index n i Randomizing this results in a variation in the first refractive index, and the design characteristics p0 and p i This induces a second refractive index variation along the second plane of the medium, and the second plane is different from the first plane, and the second refractive index variation is between the first design characteristic p0 and the design characteristic p i The combined geometric shape between and includes forming a refractive index variation smaller than the first variation.

[0016] In yet another embodiment, the method includes (d) forming an assembly using a medium such that a first plane of the medium is oriented transversely to the assembly and a second plane of the medium is oriented longitudinally to the assembly, wherein energy waves propagating from the inlet to the outlet of the assembly have higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation than in the transverse orientation, and are spatially localized in the transverse orientation due to the design characteristics and the resulting refractive index variation, and the absorption optical quality of the medium facilitates the reduction of unwanted diffusion or scattering of energy waves through the assembly.

[0017] In some embodiments, each of the steps (a) and (b) provided is an additive process comprising one or more of the first component design structures, wherein one or more of the i-th structures comprises at least one of a binder, an oil, an epoxy, and other optical-grade adhesive material, or a dipping solution.

[0018] In some embodiments, forming step (c) includes forming the medium into a non-solid form, and forming step (d) includes forming the assembly into a loose coherent waveguide system having a flexible housing for receiving the non-solid form medium.

[0019] In other embodiments, forming step (c) includes forming the medium into a liquid form, and forming step (d) includes forming the assembly by directly depositing or coating the liquid medium.

[0020] In some embodiments, forming steps (c) and (d) include combining two or more loose or molten media in various orientations to form at least one of a plurality of inlets or outlets of the assembly.

[0021] In other embodiments, step (d) of forming includes forming an assembly for a system for transmitting and receiving energy waves. In one embodiment, the system is capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving localized energy through the same medium.

[0022] Another way to form a lateral Anderson localization energy relay having a design structure is: (a) providing one or more component design structures, each of the one or more structures having material design characteristics, with at least one structure being processed into a transient biaxial state or exhibiting a non-standard temporary regularization of chemical bonds; (b) forming a medium by at least one of an additive process, a subtractive process, or an isolation process, the additive process including adding at least one transient structure to one or more additional structures, the subtractive process including generating a void or an inverse structure from at least one transient structure and forming it together with one or more additional structures, the isolation process including designing at least one transient structure during the absence or removal of the additional structure; (c) forming an assembly using the medium such that at least one transient material modifies the transient regularization of chemical bonds and induces an increase in material property variation along a first plane of the assembly relative to a decrease in material property variation along a second plane of the assembly.

[0023] In one embodiment, the method includes: (d) when the formed assembly of step (c) provides structures within the composite forming medium of step (b), it individually and cumulatively exhibits at least one of different dimensions, particle sizes, or volumes and is designed as a composite sub-structure for a further assembly; (e) providing at least one or more of the composite sub-structures from step (c) and the composite forming medium from step (b), collectively referred to as sub-structures, the one or more sub-structures having one or more refractive index variations with respect to the first and second planes and one or more sub-structure design characteristics; (f) providing one or more structures of N, each structure of N having a refractive index n i and a design characteristic p i where i is greater than or equal to 1; (g) one or more sub-structures and one or more N i i ​The process involves forming a medium using a structure, wherein the forming step is along a first plane of one or more substructures n i Randomizing the refractive index of gives rise to a first composite medium refractive index variation, and the design characteristics induce a second composite medium refractive index variation along a second plane of one or more substructures, and the second plane of one or more substructures differs from the first plane of one or more substructures, and the second composite medium refractive index variation is one or more substructure design characteristics, and N i (h) Forming a composite assembly using a composite medium such that the design characteristics result in a smaller refractive index variation than that of the first composite medium, and (h) forming a composite assembly such that the first plane of one or more substructures is oriented laterally to the composite assembly and the second plane of one or more substructures is oriented longitudinally to the composite assembly, wherein the energy waves propagating to or from the inlet to the outlet of the composite assembly have higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation than in the lateral orientation and are spatially localized in the lateral orientation due to the composite design characteristics and the resulting composite refractive index variation.

[0024] In some embodiments, the assembly of step (c) or step (h) includes heating or other processing to modify the transient ordering of the chemical chains of the material in the assembly, such that the transient arrangement, density, and design properties of the material change in at least one of the lateral or longitudinal orientation, thereby causing the assembly during heat treatment or other processing to naturally taper or undergo dimensional changes along at least one of the lateral or longitudinal orientation of the assembly, generating a variety of optical geometries that would otherwise have required complex manufacturing to maintain proper ordering for energy transport efficiency.

[0025] In one embodiment, a device having lateral Anderson localization characteristics comprises a relay element formed of one or more first structures and one or more second structures, wherein the first structure has first wave propagation characteristics and the second structure has second wave propagation characteristics, and the relay element is configured to relay energy through it, wherein the first and second structures are arranged in an alternating configuration with spatial variation along the lateral orientation, and the first and second structures have substantially similar configurations along the longitudinal orientation, the energy is spatially localized in the lateral orientation, and more than 50% of the energy propagates through the relay element along the longitudinal orientation relative to the lateral orientation.

[0026] In another embodiment, the relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first and second surfaces travels along a path substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. In some embodiments, the first wave propagation characteristic is a first refractive index, and the second wave propagation characteristic is a second refractive index, and the variation between the first and second refractive indexes results in the energy being spatially localized in the lateral orientation and more than 50% of the energy propagating from the first surface to the second surface.

[0027] In one embodiment, the energy passing through the first surface has a first resolution, and the energy passing through the second surface has a second resolution, the second resolution being approximately 50% or more of the first resolution. In another embodiment, energy having a uniform profile presented on the first surface passes through the second surface and substantially fills a cone having an opening angle of ±10 degrees with respect to the normal of the second surface, regardless of the position of the energy on the second surface.

[0028] In one embodiment, the first surface has a different surface area from the second surface, and the relay element further comprises a sloped profile portion between the first and second surfaces, such that the energy passing through the relay element results in spatial expansion or contraction. In another embodiment, each of the first and second structures comprises glass, carbon, optical fiber, optical thin film, polymer, or a mixture thereof.

[0029] In some embodiments, both the first and second surfaces are planar, or both the first and second surfaces are non-planar, or the first surface is planar and the second surface is non-planar, or the first surface is non-planar and the second surface is planar, or both the first and second surfaces are concave, or both the first and second surfaces are convex, or the first surface is concave and the second surface is convex, or the first surface is convex and the second surface is concave.

[0030] In one embodiment, the device has a first structure having an average first dimension along a transverse orientation which is less than four times the wavelength of the energy relayed therethrough, with average second and third dimensions which are substantially larger than the average first dimension along the second and third orientations, respectively, with the second and third orientations substantially orthogonal to the transverse orientation, and a second wave propagation characteristic which has the same characteristics as the first wave propagation characteristic but with different values, and the first and second structures are arranged such that the first and second wave propagation characteristics have maximum variation. The first and second structures are arranged with maximum spatial variation in the lateral dimension, and are spatially arranged such that the first and second wave propagation characteristics remain constant along the longitudinal orientation, with the intercenter spacing between channels of the first structure randomly varying along the lateral orientation throughout the relay element with an average spacing of 1 to 4 times the average dimension of the first structure, and two adjacent longitudinal channels of the first structure are separated by the second structure, which is substantially located at each position by a distance of at least half the average dimension of the first structure.

[0031] In one embodiment, the relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first and second surfaces travels along a path substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. In another embodiment, the first wave propagation characteristic is a first refractive index, and the second wave propagation characteristic is a second refractive index, and the variation between the first and second refractive indexes results in the energy being spatially localized in the transverse orientation and more than 50% of the energy propagating from the first surface to the second surface.

[0032] In one embodiment, the system may include a lateral Anderson localized energy relay having a design structure that incorporates the devices and relay elements described herein.

[0033] These and other advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description and the attached claims. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0034] [Figure 1] This is a schematic diagram illustrating design parameters for energy-oriented systems. [Figure 2] This is a schematic diagram illustrating an energy system having an active device region with a mechanical envelope. [Figure 3] This is a schematic diagram illustrating an energy relay system. [Figure 4] This is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of an energy relay element bonded and fastened together with a base structure. [Figure 5A] This is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an image relayed through a multicore optical fiber. [Figure 5B] This is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a relayed image passing through an optical relay that exhibits the characteristics of the lateral Anderson localization principle. [Figure 6] This is a schematic diagram showing light rays propagating from the energy surface to the viewer. [Figure 7A] Based on one embodiment of the present disclosure, a cross-section of a flexible energy relay that achieves lateral Anderson localization by mixing two component materials in an oil or liquid is illustrated. [Figure 7B] Based on one embodiment of the present disclosure, we illustrate a cross-section of a stiffness-energy relay in which lateral Anderson localization is achieved by mixing two component materials in a binder, thereby achieving a path of minimum variation in one direction for one important material property. [Figure 8] Based on one embodiment of the present disclosure, a cross-section of a lateral plane of a longitudinal DEMA (Dimensional External Absorption) material inclusion designed to absorb energy is illustrated. [Figure 9] A method for mixing one or more component materials in a two-component system is illustrated based on one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 10] Based on one embodiment of the present disclosure, an embodiment of a process in which a mixture of component materials and a UV-sensitive binder is mixed together to form a fine line that is irregular in the transverse direction and regular in the longitudinal direction of the material is illustrated. [Figure 11A] Based on one embodiment of the present disclosure, a top view and a side view of a radially symmetrical energy relay construction block having two alternating component materials are illustrated. [Figure 11B] An example illustrates a side view of the internal region of a biaxially tensile material filled with two component materials, which is spherical before tension release and elongated after tension release, demonstrating that the process maintains the overall order of the material. [Figure 12] Based on one embodiment of the present disclosure, an example is given of a perspective view of a relay formed of multiple component materials, which is implemented such that there are input and output rays that change as functional properties of each of the materials contained within the energy relay. [Figure 13]Based on one embodiment of the present disclosure, an illustration illustrates a perspective view of a process for generating an energy relay, starting with a sheet of aligned component material, using two sheets each having one type of material, or one sheet having two types of component material, and then using these sheets as building blocks, winding them together to form a helical structure to form an energy relay. [Figure 14] Based on one embodiment of the present disclosure, a perspective view of a repeating pattern of 20 component materials, each with one or more EPs having a certain thickness, wherein the component materials may or may not be the same for each sheet wound helically around an energy relay structure, where the input ray angle and the output ray angle result in different outcomes from the EPs in each material region. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0035] One embodiment of Holodeck (collectively referred to as “Holodeck Design Parameters”) provides sufficient energy stimulation to deceive human sensory receptors into believing that the energy impulses received within a virtual, social, and interactive environment are real, and provides: 1) binocular parallax without external accessories, head-mounted eyewear, or other peripherals; 2) accurate motion parallax, closure, and opacity across the entire viewing volume simultaneously for any number of viewers; 3) visual focus via synchronous convergence, eye accommodation, and pupillary constriction for all perceived rays; and 4) convergent energy wave propagation with sufficient density and resolution to exceed human sensory “resolution” for vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell, and / or balance.

[0036] Based on conventional technologies, we are only a few decades, if not centuries, behind the groundbreaking technology that can provide all receptive fields in a revolutionary way, as suggested by the Holodeck Design Parameters, which include the visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory, olfactory, and vestibular systems.

[0037] In this disclosure, the terms light field and holographic may be used synonymously to define energy propagation for stimuli of any sensory receptor response. While the initial disclosure may refer to examples of electromagnetic and mechanical energy propagation through energy surfaces for holographic images and volumetric touch, all forms of sensory receptors are assumed in this disclosure. Furthermore, the principles disclosed herein for energy propagation along propagation paths may be applicable to both energy emission and energy capture.

[0038] Today, many technologies exist, and unfortunately, they are often confused with holograms, including lenticular printing, Pepper's Ghost, naked-eye stereoscopic displays, horizontal parallax displays, head-mounted VR and AR displays (HMDs), and other such illusions generalized as "folklore." While these technologies may exhibit some of the desired characteristics of true holographic displays, they lack the ability to stimulate human visual sensory responses in any way sufficient to address at least two of the four identified holographic design parameters.

[0039] The challenge lies in the fact that conventional technologies have not been successfully implemented to generate a sufficiently seamless energy surface for holographic energy propagation. However, while there are various approaches to implementing volumetric and directional multiplexed light field displays, including parallax barriers, Vogel displays, voxels, diffractive optics, multiview projections, holographic diffusers, rotating mirrors, multilayer displays, time-series displays, and head-mounted displays, conventional approaches may require compromises regarding image quality, resolution, angular sampling density, size, cost, safety, and frame rate, potentially making them ultimately unfeasible technologies.

[0040] To achieve the Holde-Cyber ​​design parameters for the visual, auditory, and somatosensory systems, the sensitivity of each individual in each system is studied, and it is understood that energy waves propagate in a way that sufficiently deceives human sensory receptors. The visual system can resolve to about 1 angle, the auditory system can distinguish a positional difference of only 3 degrees, and the somatosensory system of the hand can identify points at a distance of 2-12 mm. Although there are various contradictory methods for measuring these sensitivities, these values ​​are sufficient to understand the systems and methods for stimulating the perception of energy propagation.

[0041] Of the well-known sensory receptors, the human visual system is far more sensitive, capable of eliciting sensation even from a single photon. For this reason, much of this introduction focuses on visual energy wave propagation, where extremely low-resolution energy systems coupled within the disclosed energy waveguide surface can focus the appropriate signals and induce holographic perception. Unless otherwise noted, all disclosures apply to all energy and sensory domains.

[0042] When calculating the effective design parameters for energy propagation for a visual system given a viewing volume and viewing distance, the desired energy surface can be designed to contain a large number of gigapixels of effective energy potential density. For wide viewing volumes or near-field observations, the design parameters for the desired energy surface can contain hundreds of gigapixels or more of effective energy potential density. By comparison, the desired energy source can be designed to have an energy potential density of 1 to 250 effective megapixels in the case of ultrasonic propagation in volumetric tactile science, or an array of 36 to 3,600 effective energy locations in the case of acoustic propagation in holographic acoustics, depending on the input environment variables. It is important to note that, using the disclosed bidirectional energy surface architecture, all components can be configured to form appropriate structures for any energy region and enable holographic propagation.

[0043] However, the main challenges to enabling holodecks today involve the limitations of available visual technologies and electromagnetic devices. Acoustic and ultrasonic devices are not so difficult to work with if there are orders of magnitude differences in size at the desired density based on the sensory sensitivity in their respective receptive fields, but their complexity should not be underestimated. Holographic emulsions exist with resolutions exceeding the desired density and encode interference patterns within still images, whereas state-of-the-art display devices are constrained by resolution, data throughput, and manufacturing feasibility. To date, even exceptional display devices have not been able to significantly generate light fields with holographic resolution nearly as close as visual acuity.

[0044] Manufacturing a single silicon-based device capable of meeting the desired resolution for a groundbreaking light field display is impractical and could involve an extremely complex manufacturing process that exceeds current manufacturing capabilities. The constraints on tiling multiple existing display devices together impose numerous other challenges, including seams and gaps formed by the physical sizes of packaging, electronic circuits, housings, and optical components, as well as imaging, cost, and / or size limitations, which would inevitably make the technology unfeasible.

[0045] The embodiments disclosed herein may provide a real-world pathway for constructing a holodeck.

[0046] Hereafter in this specification, examples of embodiments will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form part of this specification and illustrate examples of embodiments that can be practiced. As used in this disclosure and the accompanying claims, the terms “embodiment,” “example embodiment,” and “exemplary embodiment” do not necessarily refer to a single embodiment, but they may be a single embodiment, and various examples of embodiments can be easily combined and used synonymously, as long as they do not deviate from the scope or spirit of the examples. Furthermore, the terminology used herein is intended solely to describe examples of embodiments and is not intended to be limiting. In this regard, as used herein, the term “in” may include “in” and “on,” and the terms “a,” “an,” and “the” may include singular and plural. Furthermore, as used herein, the term “by” may also mean “from,” depending on the context. Furthermore, as used herein, the term “if” may also mean “when” or “on,” depending on the context. Furthermore, as used herein, the word "and / or" may refer to and encompass any and all possible combinations of one or more of the items listed in relation to each other.

[0047] Consideration of Holographic Systems Overview of Light Field Energy Propagation Resolution Light field and holographic displays are the result of multiple projections where the energy surface location provides information about angle, color, and intensity propagated within the viewing volume. The disclosed energy surface offers the opportunity for additional information to coexist and propagate through the same surface, eliciting other sensory responses. Unlike stereoscopic displays, the visible location of the converged energy propagation path in space does not change as the viewer moves around the viewing volume, allowing multiple viewers to simultaneously observe the propagated object in real-world space as if the object were truly there. In some embodiments, energy propagation may be located within the same energy propagation path, or it may be located in opposite directions. For example, energy emission and energy capture along the energy propagation path are both possible in some embodiments of this disclosure.

[0048] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the stimulus-related variables of the sensory receptor response. These variables include the surface diagonal 101, surface width 102, surface height 103, determined target seat distance 118, field of view of the target seat relative to the field of view from the center of the display 104, number of intermediate samples demonstrated here as binocular samples 105, average interocular distance of adults 106, average resolution per angle minute of the human eye 107, horizontal field of view formed between the target viewer position and the surface width 108, vertical field of view formed between the target viewer position and the surface height 109, resulting horizontal waveguide element resolution, or total number of elements traversing the surface 110. The resulting vertical waveguide element resolution may include the total number of elements 111 across the surface, the interocular distance between the eyes, and a sample distance 112 based on the number of intermediate samples for the angular projection between the eyes, the angular sampling is obtained based on the sample distance and the target seat distance 113, the total horizontal resolution per waveguide element may be derived from the desired angular sampling 114, the total vertical resolution per waveguide element may be derived from the desired angular sampling 115, the device horizontal resolution is a count of the determined number of desired discreet energy sources 116, and the device vertical resolution is a count of the determined number of desired discreet energy sources 117.

[0049] Methods for determining the desired minimum resolution can be based on the following criteria for ensuring sufficient stimulation of visual (or other) sensory receptor responses: surface size (e.g., 84-inch diagonal), surface aspect ratio (e.g., 16:9), seating distance (e.g., 128 inches from the display), seating field of view (e.g., 120 degrees or ±60 degrees relative to the center of the display), a desired intermediate sample at a certain distance (e.g., one additional propagation path between the two eyes), the average distance between adult lenses (approximately 65 mm), and the average resolution of the human eye (approximately 1 angle). These example values ​​should be considered placeholders depending on the specific application design parameters.

[0050] Furthermore, each value attributable to the visual sensory receptors can be replaced with values ​​from other systems to determine desired propagation path parameters. In other embodiments of energy propagation, the angular sensitivity of the auditory system may be reduced to 3 degrees, and the spatial resolution of the somatosensory system of the hand may be reduced to 2–12 mm.

[0051] While various and contradictory methods exist for measuring the sensitivity of these perceptions, these values ​​are sufficient to understand the systems and methods that stimulate the perception of virtual energy propagation. Many methods exist for considering design resolution, but the principle framework proposed below combines practical product considerations with the biological resolution limits of the sensory system. As those skilled in the art will understand, the following outline is a simplified version of any such system design and should be considered for illustrative purposes only.

[0052] Once the resolution limits of the perceptual system are understood, the total energy waveguide element density can be calculated such that the receiving sensory system cannot distinguish a single energy waveguide element from adjacent elements, and is given as follows:

number

[0053] The above calculations yield a field of view of approximately 32 × 18°, resulting in a desired energy waveguide element of approximately 1920 × 1080 (rounded to the nearest format). Furthermore, variables can be suppressed to ensure that the field of view is consistent with respect to both (u,v) and to provide more regular spatial sampling of energy position (e.g., pixel aspect ratio). The angular sampling of the system is given as follows, assuming a target viewable volume position defined between two points at an optimized distance, and an additional propagating energy path:

number

[0054] In this case, the interocular distance is used to calculate the sample distance, but an appropriate number of samples as a given distance can be described using any scale. Considering the above variables, approximately one ray per 0.57° may be desired, and the overall resolution of each individual sensory system can be calculated and given as follows.

number

[0055] Using the above scenario, given the size and angular resolution of the energy surface addressed for the visual acuity system, the resulting energy surface may preferably include an energy-resolving position of approximately 400k × 225k pixels, or a holographic propagation density of 90 gigapixels. These given variables are for illustrative purposes only, and many other sensory and enometric considerations should be considered for the optimization of holographic energy propagation. In additional embodiments, an energy-resolving position of 1 gigapixel may be desired based on the input variables. In additional embodiments, an energy-resolving position of 1,000 gigapixels may be desired based on the input variables.

[0056] Limitations of current technology Active domain, device electronics circuits, packaging, and mechanical envelopes Figure 2 illustrates a device 200 having an active region 220 with certain mechanical shape factors. The device 200 includes a driver 230 and electronic circuitry 240 for power supply, which may be connected to the active region 220, having dimensions indicated by the x and y arrows. This device 200 does not take into account cabling and mechanical structures for driving the power and cooling components, and furthermore, the mechanical mounting area can be minimized by introducing flexible cables into the device 200. The minimum mounting area for such a device 200 may also be called a mechanical envelope 210 having dimensions indicated by the M:x and M:y arrows. This device 200 is for illustrative purposes only, and application-specific electronic circuitry designs may further reduce the overhead of the mechanical envelope, but in almost all cases, they cannot be the exact size of the device's active region. In one embodiment, the device 200 is associated with an active image region 220 to a microOLED, DLP chip, or LCD panel, or any other technology having the purpose of image illumination, illustrating the dependency state of the electronic circuit.

[0057] In some embodiments, other projection techniques may also be considered to aggregate multiple images onto a larger overall display. However, this can result in increased costs due to greater complexity with respect to projection distance, minimum focus, optical quality, uniform field resolution, chromatic aberration, thermal characteristics, calibration, alignment, additional size, or shape factors. For the most practical applications, having tens or hundreds of these projection sources function as a host can result in a less reliable and larger design.

[0058] For illustrative purposes only, assuming an energy device with an energy potential density of 3840 × 2160 sites, the number of desired individual energy devices (e.g., device 100) relative to the energy surface can be calculated and given as follows:

number

[0059] Given the resolution considerations described above, approximately 10⁵ × 10⁵ devices, similar to the energy device shown in Figure 2, may be desired. It should be noted that numerous devices consist of various pixel structures, which may or may not be mapped in a regular grid. Where additional subpixels or positions exist within each complete pixel, these can be utilized to generate additional resolution or angular density. Additional signal processing can be used to determine how to transform the light field into the correct (u,v) coordinates according to a specified position in the pixel structure(s), which can become a known, calibrated explicit characteristic of each device. Furthermore, other energy domains may require different ratios and handling of the device structures, and those skilled in the art will understand the direct intrinsic relationships between each of the desired frequency domains. This will be shown and discussed in more detail in subsequent disclosures.

[0060] The resulting calculations can be used to understand how many of these individual devices are desired to generate the maximum resolution energy surface. In this case, approximately 10⁵ × 10⁵ devices, or approximately 11,080 devices, may be desired to achieve the visual acuity threshold. Creating a seamless energy surface from these available energy locations for sufficient sensory holographic propagation presents challenges and novelties.

[0061] Overview of seamless energy surfaces Configuration and design of energy relay arrays In some embodiments, approaches are disclosed to address the challenge of generating high energy potential density from a seamless array of individual devices due to constraints on the mechanical structure of each device. In one embodiment, an energy propagation relay system can be configured to form an array of relays and form a single seamless energy surface by increasing the effective size of the active device area, thereby meeting or exceeding the mechanical dimensions.

[0062] Figure 3 illustrates one embodiment of such an energy relay system 300. As shown in the figure, the relay system 300 may include a device 310 mounted on a mechanical envelope 320 and an energy relay element 330 that propagates energy from the device 310. The relay element 330 may be configured to provide the ability to reduce any gaps 340 that may occur when multiple mechanical envelopes 320 of the device are arranged in an array of multiple devices 310.

[0063] For example, if the active region 310 of a device is 20 mm × 10 mm and the mechanical envelope 320 is 40 mm × 20 mm, and assuming that the array of these elements 330 can be seamlessly aligned together without altering or colliding the mechanical envelopes 320 of each device 310, the energy relay elements 330 can be designed at a 2:1 ratio to produce a tapered shape of approximately 20 mm × 10 mm on the narrowing end (arrow A) and approximately 40 mm × 20 mm on the widening end (arrow B). Mechanically, the relay elements 330 can be joined or melted together for alignment and polishing, ensuring a minimum joint gap 340 between each device 310. In such one embodiment, it becomes possible to achieve a joint gap 340 smaller than the limit of human visual acuity.

[0064] Figure 4 illustrates an example of a base structure 400 having energy relay elements 410 formed together and securely fastened to an additional mechanical structure 430. The mechanical structure of the seamless energy surface 420 provides the ability to couple multiple energy relay elements 410, 450 in series to the same base structure through joining or other mechanical processes for mounting the relay elements 410, 450. In some embodiments, each relay element 410 may be melted, joined, bonded, pressure-fitted, aligned, or otherwise mounted together to form the resulting seamless energy surface 420. In some embodiments, a device 480 may be mounted behind the relay elements 410 and passively or actively aligned to ensure alignment to the appropriate energy position within a given tolerance.

[0065] In one embodiment, the seamless energy surface includes one or more energy positions, and one or more energy relay element stacks include first and second sides, each energy relay element stack is arranged to form a single seamless display surface to which energy is directed along a propagation path extending between one or more energy positions and the seamless display surface, where the distance between the ends of any two adjacent second sides of a terminating energy relay element is smaller than the smallest recognizable contour as defined by human vision better than 20 / 40 at a distance greater than the width of the single seamless display surface.

[0066] In one embodiment, each seamless energy surface includes one or more energy relay elements, each having one or more structures forming first and second surfaces in transverse and longitudinal orientations. The first relay surface has a region distinct from the second relay surface, resulting in a positive or negative magnification, and is configured with a distinct surface contour with respect to both the first and second relay surfaces that allow energy to pass through the second relay surface, substantially filling an angle of ±10 degrees with respect to the normal of the surface contour that crosses the entire second relay surface.

[0067] In one embodiment, multiple energy regions may be configured within a single energy relay or between multiple energy relays to direct one or more sensory holographic energy propagation paths, including visual, auditory, tactile, or other energy regions.

[0068] In one embodiment, a seamless energy surface may consist of an energy relay having two or more first sides for each second side, so as to simultaneously receive and emit one or more energy regions and provide bidirectional energy propagation throughout the system.

[0069] In one embodiment, the energy relay is provided as a loosely coherent element.

[0070] Introduction of a component design structure Disclosed advances in lateral Anderson localized energy relays The properties of an energy relay can be significantly optimized according to the principles disclosed herein for an energy relay element that induces transverse Anderson localization. Transverse Anderson localization is the propagation of light rays transported through a material that is irregular in the transverse direction but consistent in the longitudinal direction.

[0071] This could mean that the influence of materials causing Anderson localization is less affected by total internal reflection than by randomization between multiple scattering paths, where wave interference can completely restrict the propagation of transverse orientations while allowing the propagation of longitudinal orientations to continue.

[0072] A further significant advantage is the elimination of the cladding in conventional multicore optical fiber materials. While this cladding functionally removes energy scattering between fibers, it also acts as a barrier to ray energy, thereby reducing transmission to at least the core-to-cladding ratio (for example, with a core-to-cladding ratio of 70:30, up to 70% of the received energy transmission can be transmitted), and furthermore, it forms a strong pixelation pattern within the propagated energy.

[0073] Figure 5A illustrates an end view of an example of such a non-Anderson localized energy relay 500, where an image can be relayed via a multicore optical fiber, which may exhibit pixelation and fiber noise due to the inherent properties of the optical fiber. Using conventional multimode and multicore optical fibers, the relayed image may be inherently pixelated due to the total internal reflection characteristics of the discrete array cores, where arbitrary intercore crosstalk will degrade the modulation transfer function and increase contour blurring. Images resulting from conventional multicore optical fibers tend to have a residual fixed noise fiber pattern similar to that shown in Figure 3.

[0074] Figure 5B illustrates an example of the same relay image 550 through an energy relay containing a material exhibiting lateral Anderson localization properties, where the relay pattern has a higher density particle structure compared to the fixed fiber pattern from Figure 5A. In one embodiment, a relay containing a randomized microcomponent design structure induces lateral Anderson localization, more effectively transporting light with a higher solvable resolution propagation than commercially available multimode glass optical fibers.

[0075] With respect to both cost and weight, the lateral Anderson localization material properties offer significant advantages, where similar optical-grade glass materials can cost 10 to 100 times more and weigh more than the same material produced within one embodiment. Here, the disclosed system and method includes a randomized micro-component design structure that demonstrates a significant opportunity to improve both cost and quality, surpassing other techniques known in the art.

[0076] In one embodiment, a relay element exhibiting transverse Anderson localization may include a plurality of at least two different component design structures in each of three orthogonal planes arranged in a one-dimensional grid, wherein the plurality of structures form channels of randomized distribution of the wave propagation characteristics of the material in the transverse plane within the one-dimensional grid and similar values ​​of the wave propagation characteristics of the material in the longitudinal plane within the one-dimensional grid, where the energy waves propagating through the energy relay are spatially localized in a transverse direction, with higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation compared to the transverse orientation.

[0077] In one embodiment, multiple energy regions may be configured within a single space or between multiple lateral Anderson localized energy relays, and may be directed towards one or more sensory holographic energy propagation pathways, including visual, auditory, tactile, or other energy regions.

[0078] In one embodiment, the seamless energy surface is composed of a lateral Anderson localized energy relay having two or more first sides for each second side, so as to provide bidirectional energy propagation throughout the system by simultaneously receiving and emitting one or more energy regions.

[0079] In one embodiment, the lateral Anderson localized energy relay is configured as a loosely coherent element or a flexible energy relay element.

[0080] Considerations regarding 4D prenoptic functions Selective energy propagation through a holographic waveguide array As discussed above and throughout this specification, a light field display system generally includes an energy source (e.g., an illumination source) and a seamless energy surface configured with sufficient energy potential density, as clearly shown in the above discussion. Energy can be relayed from the energy device to the seamless energy surface using multiple relay elements. Once the energy is delivered to the seamless energy surface having the required energy potential density, the energy can propagate through the disclosed energy waveguide system according to a 4D plenooptic function. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the 4D plenooptic function is well known in the art and will not be further detailed herein.

[0081] The energy waveguide system selectively propagates energy through multiple energy locations along a seamless energy surface representing the spatial coordinates of the 4D plenooptic function, along with a structure configured to change the angular direction of the energy wave passing through by representing the angular component of the 4D plenooptic function, where the propagated energy wave can converge in space according to multiple propagation paths directed by the 4D plenooptic function.

[0082] Referring here to Figure 6, an example of a light field energy surface in 4D image space according to a 4D plenooptic function is illustrated. This figure shows ray tracing of the energy surface 600 to the viewer 620, illustrating how energy rays converge in space 630 from various positions within the viewing volume. As shown in the figure, each waveguide element 610 defines four-dimensional information describing energy propagation 640 through the energy surface 600. The two spatial dimensions (referred to herein as x and y) are multiple physical energy positions that can be observed in image space, as well as angular components θ and φ (referred to herein as u and v), which are observed in virtual space when projected through an energy waveguide array. Typically, and according to a 4D plenooptic function, multiple waveguides (e.g., miniature lenses) can direct energy positions from the x, y dimensions to specific positions in virtual space along directions defined by the u, v angular components, when forming a holographic or light field system described herein.

[0083] However, those skilled in the art will understand that a significant challenge for light field and holographic display technologies is the uncontrolled energy propagation caused by designs that fail to adequately consider any of the numerous other parameters, including diffraction, scattering, diffusion, angular direction, calibration, focus, sighting, curvature, uniformity, element crosstalk, and a reduction in effective resolution, as well as the inability to focus energy accurately and faithfully.

[0084] In one embodiment, an approach to selective energy propagation to address challenges associated with holographic displays may include an energy suppression element and a substantially filling waveguide aperture having substantially collimated energy into an environment defined by a 4D plenooptic function.

[0085] In one embodiment, an array of energy waveguides can define a plurality of energy propagation paths through which each waveguide element extends, and substantially fill the effective aperture of the waveguide elements in a unique direction defined by a predetermined 4D function for a plurality of energy positions along a seamless energy surface constrained by one or more elements positioned to limit the propagation of each energy position to passing through a single waveguide element only.

[0086] In one embodiment, multiple energy regions are configured within a single energy region or between multiple energy waveguides and may be directed to one or more sensory holographic energy propagations, including visual, auditory, tactile, or other energy regions.

[0087] In one embodiment, an energy waveguide and a seamless energy surface are configured to both receive and emit one or more energy regions, providing bidirectional energy propagation throughout the system.

[0088] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide is configured to propagate a nonlinear or irregular energy distribution of energy, the energy distribution including impermeable air gap regions and utilizing similar waveguide configurations for any seamless energy surface orientation including digital coding, diffraction, refraction, reflection, Glynn, holographic, Fresnel, or walls, tables, floors, ceilings, rooms, or other geometric base environments. In additional embodiments, the energy waveguide element may be configured to generate a variety of shapes that provide any surface profile and / or tabletop view, enabling the user to view a holographic image from all periphery of the energy surface in a 360-degree configuration.

[0089] In one embodiment, the energy waveguide array elements may also be reflective surfaces, and the arrangement of these elements may be hexagonal, square, irregular, semi-regular, curved, non-planar, spherical, cylindrical, sloped regular, sloped irregular, spatially varied, and / or multilayered.

[0090] For any component within a seamless energy surface, waveguide or relay components may include, but are not limited to, optical fibers, silicon, glass, polymers, optical relays, diffracting, holographic, refraction, or reflecting elements, optical panels, energy couplers, beam splitters, prisms, polarizing elements, spatial light modulators, active pixels, liquid crystal cells, transparent displays, or any similar material exhibiting Anderson localization or total internal reflection.

[0091] Realization of the Holodeck Integration of bidirectional seamless energy surface systems to stimulate human sensory receptors in a holographic environment By tiling, melting, joining, attaching, and / or stitching together multiple seamless energy surfaces to form any size, shape, contour, or shape factor, including an entire room, it becomes possible to construct large-scale environments of seamless energy surface systems. Each energy surface system may include an assembly having a base structure, energy surface, relays, waveguides, devices, and electronic circuitry collectively configured for the propagation, emission, reflection, or detection of bidirectional holographic energy.

[0092] In one embodiment, the environment of a tiled seamless energy system forms a large, seamless planar or curved wall containing equipment that comprises all surfaces within a given environment, and is configured as any combination of seamless, discontinuous, faceted, curved, cylindrical, spherical, geometric, or irregular shapes.

[0093] In one embodiment, aggregated tiles with a planar surface form a wall-sized system for theater or venue-based holographic entertainment. In one embodiment, aggregated tiles with a planar surface cover a room with 4 to 6 walls, including both ceiling and floor, for a cave-based holographic installation. In one embodiment, aggregated tiles with a curved surface create a cylindrical seamless environment for an immersive holographic installation. In one embodiment, aggregated tiles with a seamless spherical surface create a holographic dome for an immersive holodeck-based experience.

[0094] In one embodiment, aggregate tiles of a seamless curved energy waveguide provide mechanical ends that follow a precise pattern along the boundaries of energy suppression elements within the energy waveguide structure, joining, aligning, or melting adjacent tile-like mechanical ends on adjacent waveguide surfaces to obtain a modular, seamless energy waveguide system.

[0095] In further embodiments of the aggregated tiled environment, energy propagates bidirectionally to multiple simultaneous energy regions. In additional embodiments, the energy surface provides the ability to both display and capture simultaneously from the same energy surface using waveguides, which are designed so that light field data can be projected through the waveguide by an illumination source and simultaneously received through the same energy surface. In additional embodiments, depth sensing and active scanning techniques may be further utilized to enable interaction between energy propagation and the viewer in precise world coordinates. In additional embodiments, the energy surface and waveguides can be operated to emit, reflect, or focus frequencies that induce tactile excitation or volumetric tactile feedback. In some embodiments, any combination of bidirectional energy propagation and aggregated surfaces is possible.

[0096] In one embodiment, the system comprises an energy waveguide that enables bidirectional emission and detection of energy through an energy surface with one or more energy devices, each separately paired using two or more path energy couplers to pair at least two energy devices with the same portion of a seamless energy surface, or one or more energy devices are closest to additional components fixed behind the energy surface and to a base structure, or to positions in front of and outside the waveguide's FOV for off-axis direct or reflected projection or detection, and the resulting energy surface provides bidirectional energy transmission, which enables the waveguide to focus energy, a first device to emit energy, and a second device to detect the energy, where it processes the information and performs computer vision-related tasks including, but not limited to, 4D plenooptic eye and retinal tracking or detection of interference within propagation energy patterns, depth estimation, approximation, motion tracking, image, color, or acoustic information, or other energy frequency analysis. In an additional embodiment, the tracked position is actively calculated and corrected based on the interference between bidirectionally captured data and projection information to determine the energy position.

[0097] In some embodiments, multiple combinations of three energy devices, including an ultrasonic sensor, a visible electromagnetic display, and an ultrasonic emitting device, are configured together for each of three first relay surfaces that propagate energy, along with each of three first surfaces, which include two designed waveguide elements configured to provide, respectively, the ability of the ultrasonic and electromagnetic energy to separately direct and focus the energy of each device and be substantially unaffected by other waveguide elements configured for the separated energy regions, and together for each of three first surfaces that propagate energy into a single second energy relay surface.

[0098] In some embodiments, calibration procedures are disclosed that enable efficient manufacturing by using encoding / decoding techniques and a dedicated integration system for converting data into calibration information suitable for energy propagation based on a calibrated configuration file, thereby eliminating system artifacts and generating a geometric mapping of the resulting energy surface.

[0099] In some embodiments, a series of additional energy waveguides and one or more energy devices may be integrated into a single system to generate indistinct holographic pixels.

[0100] In some embodiments, additional waveguide elements, including energy suppression elements, beam splitters, prisms, active parallax barriers, or polarization techniques, may be integrated to provide spatial and / or angular resolution greater than the waveguide diameter, or for other super-resolution purposes.

[0101] In some embodiments, the disclosed energy system may also be configured as a wearable interactive device such as a virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) device. In other embodiments, the energy system may include tunable optical elements such that the displayed or received energy is focused on the nearest point on a plane defined in space to the viewer. In some embodiments, the waveguide array may be incorporated into a holographic head-mounted display. In other embodiments, the system may include multiple optical paths that allow the viewer to see both the energy system and the real-world environment (e.g., a transparent holographic display). In these examples, the system may be presented as a near-field view, in addition to the other methods.

[0102] In some embodiments, data transmission includes an encoding process with a selectable or variable compression ratio that receives an arbitrary dataset of information and metadata, analyzes the dataset, and receives or assigns material properties, vectors, surface IDs, and new pixel data forming a sparser dataset, where the received data may include 2D, stereoscopic, multiview, metadata, light field, holographic, geometric shapes, vectors, or vectorized metadata, and the encoder / decoder may provide the ability to transform real-time or offline data, including image processing for 2D, 2D plus depth, metadata, or other vectorized information, stereoscopic, stereoscopic plus depth, metadata, or other vectorized information, multiview, multiview plus depth, or other vectorized information, holographic, or light field content, via a depth estimation algorithm with or without depth metadata, and the backray tracing method appropriately maps the transformed data generated by backray tracing from various 2D, stereoscopic, multiview, volumetric, light field, or holographic data to real-world coordinates via a characterized 4D prenoptic function. In these embodiments, the desired total data transmission can be several orders of magnitude smaller than the raw light field dataset.

[0103] System and method for generating lateral Anderson localized energy relays The Anderson localization principle was introduced in the 1950s, but it is only recent technological breakthroughs in materials and processes that have made it possible to actually study the principle in optical transport. Transverse Anderson localization is the propagation of waves in a transverse plane without diffusion through a material that is disordered transversely but invariant longitudinally.

[0104] In prior art, transverse Anderson localization was observed through experiments in which optical fiber faceplates were fabricated by drawing millions of individual strands of optical fibers with different refractive indices (RI) that were randomly mixed and melted together. When an input beam is scanned across one surface of the faceplate, the output beam on the opposite surface follows the transverse position of the input beam. Because Anderson localization exhibits the absence of wave diffusion in an irregular medium, some fundamental physics differs compared to a regular optical fiber relay. This means that the effect of optical fibers on the Anderson localization phenomenon is less affected by total internal reflection than by randomization between multiple scattering paths, which can completely restrict the propagation of transverse orientation while wave interference continues along the longitudinal path.

[0105] In one embodiment, a transverse Anderson localization material may be capable of transporting light as well as, or even better than, the highest quality commercially available multimode glass image fibers with higher MTFs. With multimode and multicore optical fibers, the relayed image is essentially pixelated due to the total internal reflection properties of the individual arrays of cores, where any crosstalk between cores will reduce the MTF and increase blurring. As shown in Figure 5A, images produced and obtained using multicore optical fibers tend to have a residual fixed noise fiber pattern. In contrast, Figure 5B illustrates the same relayed image through an example of a material sample exhibiting the properties of the transverse Anderson localization principle, where the noise pattern appears much better like a particle structure than a fixed fiber pattern.

[0106] Another advantage of optical relays exhibiting Anderson localization is that they can be manufactured from polymer materials, resulting in reduced cost and weight. Generally, similar optical-grade materials made from glass or other similar materials can cost 10 to 100 times (or more) more than materials of the same dimensions produced using polymers. Furthermore, given that the majority of the material's density consists of air and other lightweight plastics, the weight of polymer relay optics can be 10 to 100 times less. To avoid doubt, any material exhibiting Anderson localization properties may be included in this disclosure herein, even if it does not meet the above cost and weight considerations. As those skilled in the art will understand, the above considerations are the only embodiments that serve to their own significant commercial viability, which similar glass products exclude. An additional advantage is that the cladding of the optical fiber may not be required for lateral Anderson localization to function, as this cladding is necessary in conventional multicore optical fibers to prevent interfiber scattering, but at the same time it blocks some of the light rays and thus reduces transmission, at least by the core-to-cladding ratio (for example, a core-to-cladding ratio of 70:30 will transmit at most 70% of the received illuminance).

[0107] Another advantage is the ability to manufacture numerous smaller parts that can be joined or melted seamlessly, as the material essentially has no edges in the traditional sense; the joining of any two pieces is almost equivalent to producing a single component, depending on the process for joining two or more pieces together. For large-scale applications, this is a significant advantage for manufacturers who do not have the resources or mold costs of large-scale infrastructure, providing the ability to produce a single material piece that would otherwise be impossible. Traditional plastic optical fibers possess some of these advantages, but due to the cladding, they generally still require seams of some distance.

[0108] This disclosure includes a method for manufacturing a material exhibiting lateral Anderson localization. A process is proposed for constructing a relay of electromagnetic energy, acoustic energy, or other types of energy using a construction block consisting of one or more component design structures (CES). The term CES refers to a construction block component having specific design properties (EP), including, but not limited to, material type, size, shape, refractive index, center of gravity, charge, weight, absorption, and magnetic moment, among other properties. The size scale of a CES can be on the wavelength of the energy wave being relayed and can vary over the milliscale, microscale, or nanoscale. The size scale of other EPs also strongly depends on the wavelength of the energy wave.

[0109] Transverse Anderson localization is a common wave phenomenon applicable to the transport of electromagnetic waves, sound waves, quantum waves, and energy waves, among others. One or more construction block structures required to form an energy wave relay exhibiting transverse Anderson localization each have a size approximately equal to the corresponding wavelength. Another important parameter for the construction blocks is the velocity of energy waves in the material used for these blocks, which includes the refractive index for electromagnetic waves and the acoustic impedance for sound waves. For example, the size and refractive index of the construction blocks can be varied to accommodate all frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum, from X-rays to radio waves.

[0110] For this reason, the considerations in this disclosure regarding optical relays can be generalized not only to the complete electromagnetic spectrum but also to acoustic energy and other types of energy. For this reason, even if the considerations focus on one specific form of energy, such as the visible electromagnetic spectrum, the terms energy source, energy surface, and energy relay will often be used.

[0111] To avoid any doubt, the quantities, processes, types, refractive indices, etc., of materials are merely illustrative, and any optical material exhibiting Anderson localization properties is included herein. Furthermore, any use of irregular materials and methods is also included herein.

[0112] The optical design principles described in this disclosure are generally applicable to all forms of energy relays, and the design embodiments selected for a particular product, market, shape factors, implementation, etc. may or may not need to address these geometric shapes, but for simplicity, any approach disclosed includes all potential energy relay materials.

[0113] In one embodiment, for a visible electromagnetic energy relay, the size of the CES should be approximately 1 micron. The material used for the CES can be any optical material exhibiting the desired optical quality, including, but is not limited to, glass, plastic, resin, etc. The refractive index of the material should be greater than 1, and if two CES types are selected, the difference in refractive index becomes an important design parameter. The aspect ratio of the material may be selected to be elongated to aid in the propagation of waves in the longitudinal direction.

[0114] The formation of CES can be completed as a fracture process in which the formed material is removed and the pieces are cut toward a formation of a desired shape, or toward any other method known in the art, or an additive process, where the CES can be grown, printed, formed, melted, or manufactured by any other method known in the art. Further control over manufacturing can be achieved by combining additive and fracture processes. These pieces are currently assembled to the size and shape of a particular structure.

[0115] In one embodiment, for an electromagnetic energy relay, it may be possible to use an optical-grade binder, epoxy, or other known optical material, which may start as a liquid and form an optical-grade solid structure through various means, including, but not limited to, UV, heat, and time, among other processing parameters. In another embodiment, the binder is non-curing or a refractive index-matching oil for flexible applications. The binder may be applied to the solid structure and the non-curing oil or optical liquid. These materials may exhibit certain refractive index (RI) properties. The binder must be matched to the RI of either CES material type 1 or CES material type 2. In one embodiment, the RI of this optical binder is 1.59, which is the same as PS. In a second embodiment, the RI of this optical binder is 1.49, which is the same as PMMA.

[0116] In one embodiment, the binder can be mixed into a mixture of CES material type 1 and CES material type 2 such that, with respect to energy waves, the binder RI effectively counteracts the RI of the material with which the binder RI matches. For illustrative purposes only, if CES type PS and PMMA are used, and PS matches the RI of the binder, the result is that PS now acts as a spacer to ensure randomness between PMMA and the binder. If PS is not present, it may be possible that there is not sufficient randomization between PMMA and the RI of the binder. The binder can be mixed so that a region that may require some time for saturation and desired viscosity properties is always saturated. Further constant stirring can be carried out to ensure proper mixing of the materials to counteract any separation that may occur due to materials of varying densities or other material properties.

[0117] It may be necessary to perform this process in a vacuum or chamber to remove any bubbles that may form. A further methodology may involve introducing vibration during the curing process.

[0118] As a method of alternation, three or more CES having additional morphological characteristics and EPs are provided.

[0119] In one embodiment, in the case of an electromagnetic energy relay, an additional method provides only a single CES used with a binder, where the RIs of the CES and the binder are different, and sufficient mixing occurs between the single CES and the binder.

[0120] Additional methods include providing any number of CES and intentionally introducing bubbles.

[0121] In one embodiment, for an electromagnetic energy relay, one method provides a process for mixing zero, one, or more CESs, which may allow for the formation of a structure in which multiple binders having distinct desired RIs and which are cured separately or together to form a fully mixed structure. Two or more separate curing methodologies may be utilized, and the ability to cure and mix at different intervals using different tools and procedural methodologies may be enabled. In one embodiment, a UV-curing epoxy having an RI of 1.49 is mixed with a second thermo-curing epoxy having an RI of 1.59, where constant stirring of the material is provided with alternating heating and UV treatment for a sufficient period of time, so that the formation of a solid structure is seen from within the larger mixture, but not for a long enough time for any large particles to form, until stirring can no longer be continued once the curing process is nearly complete, and the curing process is performed simultaneously to fully bond the materials to each other. In a second embodiment, a CES having an RI of 1.49 is added. In a third embodiment, CESs having both RIs of 1.49 and 1.59 are added.

[0122] In another embodiment, in the case of an electromagnetic energy relay, glass and plastic materials are mixed based on their respective RI properties.

[0123] In additional embodiments, the cured mixture is formed in a mold and then cut and polished after curing. In other embodiments, the material used includes, but is not limited to, reliquefying with heat, curing into a first shape, and then being pulled into a second shape to become tapered or curved.

[0124] Figure 7A illustrates a cutaway of a flexible embodiment 70 of a relay exhibiting a lateral Anderson localization approach, using CES material type 1 (72) and CES material type 2 (74) with a mixed oil or liquid 76, and based on one embodiment of the present disclosure, an end cap relay 79 is used wherever possible to relay an energy wave from a first surface 77 to a second surface 77 at either end of the relay within a flexible tube enclosure 78. In this embodiment, both CES material type 1 (72) and CES material type 2 (74) have an elongated design characteristic, and the shape is elliptical, but any other elongated or designed shape such as cylindrical or stranded wire is also possible. The elongated shape allows for a channel of minimum design characteristic variation 75.

[0125] In one embodiment of the visible electromagnetic energy relay, the implementation configuration 70 replaces the binder with a refractive index matching oil 76 having a refractive index that matches that of CES material type 2 (74), and is placed in a flexible tube enclosure 78 to maintain the flexibility of the mixture of CES material type 1 and CES material 2, and the end cap 79 will be a solid optical relay to ensure that the image can be reliably relayed from one surface of the end cap to the other. The elongated shape of the CES material allows for a channel with minimum refractive index variation 75.

[0126] The 70 or more examples can be intertwined within a single surface to form a relay coupler in solid or flexible form.

[0127] In one embodiment, in the case of visible electromagnetic energy relays, several examples of 70 may each have one end connected to a display device showing only one of a number of specific tiles of an image, and the other end of the optical relay is arranged in a regular mosaic pattern to display a full image without noticeable seams. Due to the properties of the CES material, it is further possible to fuse multiple optical relays together in the mosaic.

[0128] Figure 7B illustrates a cross-section of a stiffness embodiment 750 of a CES lateral Anderson localized energy relay. CES material type 1 (72) and CES material type 2 (74) are mixed with a binder 753 that matches the refractive index of material 2 (74). Energy waves can be relayed from a first surface 77 to a second surface 77 within the housing 754 using a selectable relay end cap 79. In this embodiment, both CES material type 1 (72) and CES material type 2 (74) have an elongated design characteristic, and their shape is elliptical, but any other elongated or designed shape such as cylindrical or stranded wire is also possible. The path of the minimum design characteristic variation 75 along the longitudinal line is also shown in Figure 7B, which supports energy wave propagation in this direction from one end cap surface 77 to the other end cap surface 77.

[0129] The initial configuration and alignment of CES may be done with mechanical arrangement, or by exploring the EP of the material, including, but not limited to, charges that, when applied to the colloid of CES in a liquid, can result in colloidal crystal formation, magnetic moments that can help order CES containing trace amounts of ferromagnetic material, or the relative weight of the CES used that helps create multiple layers in the binding liquid before curing according to gravity.

[0130] In one embodiment, in the case of an electromagnetic energy relay, the embodiment shown in Figure 7B may have a binder 753 that matches the refractive index of CES material type 2 (74), and the selectable end cap 79 may be a solid optical relay that ensures the image can be relayed from one surface of the end cap to the other, and the critical EP having the smallest longitudinal variation is the refractive index, which can create a channel 75 that can assist in the propagation of localized electromagnetic waves.

[0131] Figure 7B shows a method comprising (a) providing one or more of the first CES, wherein the first CES has a specific set of EPs {a0, b0, c0…}, and (b) providing CES i To provide one or more N CES represented as, each corresponding EP(plural){a i , b i , c i ...} has i is 1 or more, to provide, and (c) one or more of the first CES, and CES i Forming a medium using one or more of the following, wherein the forming step is to form at least one EP(a0 and a) along the first plane of the medium i Randomize (over) and its EP (a0 and a i This results in variations (over a certain period) and different types of combined EP values ​​(b0 and b i ) along the second plane of the medium, the same EP(a0 and a iThe present invention provides a method that includes (d) inducing a spatial variation (over a distance), i.e., this variation represented as V2, and forming a second plane which differs from the first plane such that the variation V2 in this second plane is smaller than the variation V1, and (d) forming an assembly using a medium such that the first plane of the medium is the lateral orientation 752 of the assembly and the second plane of the medium is the longitudinal orientation 751 of the energy relay assembly, wherein the energy waves propagating to or from the inlet to the outlet of the energy relay assembly have higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation 751 than in the lateral orientation 752, and are spatially localized in the lateral orientation 752 by design characteristics, and the EP of each material formed in the medium can facilitate the reduction of unwanted diffusion or scattering of energy waves through the assembly.

[0132] Considering Figures 7A to 7B, a method for forming a bidirectional lateral Anderson localized energy relay having a design structure includes (a) providing one or more first component design structures, wherein the first component design structure has a first set of design characteristics; and (b) providing one or more second component design structures, wherein the second component design structure has a second set of design characteristics, and both the first and second component design structures have at least two common design characteristics represented by the first and second design characteristics.

[0133] Next, in this embodiment, the method (c) forming a medium using one or more first component design structures and one or more second component design structures, wherein the forming step includes randomizing a first design property in a first plane of the medium to result in a first variation of the design property in the plane, the value of the second design property allows for variation of the first design property in a second plane of the medium, and the variation of the first design property in the second plane is smaller than the variation of the first design property in the first plane.

[0134] In one embodiment, a first design characteristic common to both the first and second component design structures is the refractive index, and a second design characteristic common to both the first and second component design structures is the shape, wherein forming step (c) randomizes the refractive index of the first component design structure and the refractive index of the second component design structure along a first plane of the medium, resulting in a first variation in the refractive index, and the combined geometric shape of the shapes of the first and second component design structures results in a variation in the refractive index of the second plane of the medium, the variation in the refractive index of the second plane is smaller than the variation in the refractive index of the first plane of the medium.

[0135] In one embodiment, the method further comprises (d) forming an assembly using a medium such that a first plane of the medium extends along the lateral orientation of the assembly and a second plane of the medium extends along the longitudinal orientation of the assembly, wherein the energy waves propagating through the assembly have higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation than in the lateral orientation and are spatially localized in the lateral orientation due to the first and second design characteristics.

[0136] In some embodiments, forming step (c) or (d) includes forming the assembly into other assembly configurations necessary for an optical formulation that defines the formation of an assembly of one or more first component design structures and one or more second component design structures within a given volume along at least one of transverse and longitudinal orientations, thereby resulting in one or more gradients between the primary and secondary refractive indices with respect to position across the medium.

[0137] In other embodiments, each of the forming steps (c) and (d) includes forming by mixing, curing, bonding, UV exposure, fusion, mechanical design, laser cutting, melting, polymerization, etching, engraving, 3D printing, CNC design, lithography, metallization, liquefaction, deposition, inkjet printing, laser molding, optical molding, drilling, lamination, heating, cooling, ordering, disordering, polishing, removal, cutting, material removal, compression, pressurization, suction, gravity, and other processing methods.

[0138] In yet another embodiment, the method further comprises (e) processing an assembly by forming, molding, or mechanical design to produce at least one of complex or formed shapes, curved or inclined surfaces, optical elements, distributed refractive index lenses, diffractive optical elements, optical relays, optical tapers, and other geometric configurations or optical devices.

[0139] In one embodiment, the properties of the design structures in steps (a) and (b), and the properties of the formed medium in step (c), are cumulatively combined to exhibit lateral Anderson localization properties.

[0140] In some embodiments, the forming step (c) includes forming using at least one of the following: (i) an additive process of a first component design structure into a second component design structure; (ii) a subtractive process of the first component design structure to generate a gap or inverse structure to be formed together with the second component design structure; (iii) an additive process of the second component design structure into the first component design structure; or (iv) a subtractive process of the second component design structure to generate a gap or inverse structure to be formed together with the first component design structure.

[0141] In one embodiment, each of the steps (a) and (b) provided comprises one or more of the first component design structures and one or more of the second component design structures being in at least one of liquid, gaseous, or solid form. In another embodiment, each of the steps (a) and (b) provided comprises one or more of the first component design structures and one or more of the second component design structures being at least one of polymer materials, wherein the refractive index of the first and the refractive index of the second are each greater than 1. In one embodiment, each of the steps (a) and (b) provided comprises one or more of the first component design structures and one or more of the second component design structures having one or more different first component design structure dimensions in the first and second planes, wherein one or more of the structural dimensions in the second plane differ from those in the first plane, and the structural dimensions in the first plane are less than four times the wavelength of visible light.

[0142] In embodiments for visible electromagnetic energy relays, Figures 7A-7B provide (a) one or more first CESs, wherein the first CES has an EP with a first refractive index n0, a first shape s0, and a first absorption optical quality b0, and (b) one or more N CESs, wherein each CES i However, refractive index n i , shape s i , and absorption optical quality b i (c) having, i is 1 or more, providing, and (c) one or more of the first CES, and CES i Forming a medium using one or more of the following, wherein the forming step involves along a first plane of the medium, first refractive index n0 and refractive index n i By spatially randomizing the values, a first refractive index variation represented as V1 is obtained, and the shapes s0 and s iThe present invention provides a method comprising (d) forming an assembly using a medium such that the first plane of the medium is lateral orientation of the assembly and the second plane of the medium is longitudinal orientation of the assembly, wherein energy waves propagating to or from the entrance of the assembly have higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation than in the lateral orientation, and are spatially localized in the lateral orientation due to the design characteristics and the resulting refractive index fluctuations, and the reflectance, transmission, and absorption optical quality of each material formed in the medium facilitates the reduction of unwanted diffusion or scattering of electromagnetic waves through the assembly.

[0143] In one embodiment for a visible electromagnetic energy relay, one or more of the steps (a) and (b) provided are one or more of the first component design structures, and N i The process includes an additive process in which one or more of the structures comprises at least one of a binder, oil, epoxy, and other optical-grade binding material, or immersion fluid.

[0144] In one embodiment, forming step (c) may include forming the medium into a non-solid form, and forming step (d) may include forming the assembly into a loose coherent waveguide system having a flexible housing for receiving the medium in a non-solid form.

[0145] In one embodiment, forming step (c) may include forming the medium into a liquid form, and forming step (d) may include forming the assembly by directly depositing or coating the medium in liquid form.

[0146] In one embodiment, forming steps (c) and (d) may include combining two or more relaxed or molten media in various orientations to form at least one of a plurality of inlets or outlets of the assembly.

[0147] In one embodiment, the properties of the design structure and the formed medium can be cumulatively combined to exhibit lateral Anderson localization properties, and the forming step may include forming using at least one of the following: an additive process of a first component design structure to a second component design structure; a subtractive process of the first component design structure to generate voids or inverse structures to be formed together with the second component design structure; an additive process of the second component design structure to the first component design structure; or a subtractive process of the second component design structure to generate voids or inverse structures to be formed together with the first component design structure.

[0148] In one embodiment, one or more of the steps provided may include one or more of the first component design structures and one or more of the second component design structures being in at least one of the following states: liquid, gas, or solid.

[0149] In one embodiment for a visible electromagnetic energy relay, one or more of the steps provided may include one or more of the first component design structures and one or more of the second component design structures being at least one of polymer materials, wherein the refractive index of the first and second refractive indices is greater than 1.

[0150] In one embodiment, one or more of the steps provided may include one or more first component design structures and one or more second component design structures having one or more first component design structure dimensions that differ in the first and second planes, and one or more second component design structure dimensions that differ in the first and second planes, wherein one or more of the structure dimensions in the second plane differ from those in the first plane, and the structure dimensions in the first plane are less than four times the wavelength of the relay energy.

[0151] In one embodiment, one or more forming steps may include forming the assembly into a layered, concentric, cylindrical configuration, or rolled, helical configuration, or other assembly configurations necessary for a functional formulation that defines the formation of an assembly of one or more first CESs and one or more second CESs in a given volume along at least one of transverse and longitudinal orientations, thereby resulting in one or more gradients of one or more EPs of one or more CESs used with respect to their position across the medium.

[0152] In one embodiment for a visible electromagnetic energy relay, the forming step may result in a configuration necessary for optical formulations such as focusing, beam steering, and diffraction, through the generation of one or more refractive index gradients with respect to the position in the medium.

[0153] In one embodiment, one or more of the forming steps may include forming by mixing, curing, bonding, UV exposure, fusing, mechanical design, laser cutting, melting, polymerization, etching, engraving, 3D printing, CNC design, lithography, metallization, liquefaction, deposition, inkjet printing, laser molding, optical molding, drilling, lamination, heating, cooling, ordering, irregularization, polishing, removal, cutting, material removal, compression, pressurization, suction, gravity, and other processing methods.

[0154] In one embodiment for a visible electromagnetic energy relay, the method may further include processing the assembly by forming, molding, or mechanical design to produce at least one of complex or formed shapes, curved or inclined surfaces, optical elements, refractive index distributed lenses, diffractive optical elements, optical relays, optical tapers, and other geometric configurations or optical devices.

[0155] In one embodiment for a visible electromagnetic energy relay, Figure 8 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a lateral plane of the inclusion of DEMA (Dimensional Outer Wall Absorption) CES, 80, along with a longitudinal CES material type 72, 74 of one exemplary material in a given percentage of the entire mixture of materials, the material controlling stray light based on one embodiment of the present disclosure for a visible electromagnetic energy relay.

[0156] An additional CES material that does not transmit light is added to the mixture(s) to absorb random stray light similar to EMA in conventional optical fiber technology, and only this absorbing material is contained within a one-dimensional grating and not within the longitudinal dimension, and this material is referred to herein as DEMA, 80. By utilizing this approach in the third dimension, stray light control is far more completely randomized than in any other embodiment, including stranded EMA which radically reduces the overall light transmittance to a percentage of the surface area of ​​all optical relay components, and DEMA is mixed in a three-dimensional grating that effectively controls the longitudinal light transmittance without similarly reducing the transverse light. DEMA can be supplied in any ratio to the whole mixture. In one embodiment, DEMA is 1% of the whole mixture of materials. In a second embodiment, DEMA is 10% of the whole mixture of materials.

[0157] In additional embodiments, two or more materials are subjected to a bonding process by heat and / or pressure, which may or may not be completed using a mold or other similar forming process known in the art. This may or may not be applied in a vacuum or a vibrating table to remove bubbles during the melting process. For example, CES having material types PS and PMMA may be mixed and then placed in a suitable mold, which may be placed in a uniform heat distribution environment where the melting points of both materials can be reached, and repeated to and from each temperature without causing damage / breakage due to exceeding the maximum heat rise / fall per hour required by the material properties.

[0158] For processes that require mixing materials with additional liquid binders, a rotating process at a constant speed may be necessary to prevent separation of materials, taking into account the variable specific density of each material.

[0159] Based on one embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 9 illustrates such a method 90 for separately mixing one or more CES material types 72, 74 in a two-component mixture 98 with each of the solutions 72, 74 in an optimal ratio within the system, wherein nozzles from each separate mixture chamber 94, 96 coincide at a central point 97, allowing them to mix appropriately with each other and form an ideal ratio of CES and binder, enabling proper curing at any required design characteristic ratio maintained within a single device. The coupled plunger 92 provides the ability to mix these materials 72, 74 simultaneously without requiring additional measurement or mixing.

[0160] In additional embodiments, the ability to use a two-liquid mixture in which each liquid individually contains one or more CES materials is provided, as a result, in an accurate, appropriate, and consistent ratio when all materials are mixed together. In a particular embodiment, both materials to be mixed are arranged in parallel with a combined plunger or other method for applying equal pressure, and a nozzle for forcing a mixture of both parts is mixed in an equal ratio so that when the plunger or other method for generating pressure to mix both materials together is activated, the effective mixture contains the exact amount of each CES material as well as an appropriate mixture of the two-liquid medium.

[0161] Additional embodiments provide the ability to create multiple combined, formed, manufactured, or otherwise distinct materials and to melt or combine these individual components together using processes such as chemical reactions and heating, as if they were manufactured simultaneously, without separate processes to facilitate mechanical requirements and the actual process.

[0162] Figure 10 illustrates a process 100 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure, in which a mixture of CES 72, 74 and a UV-sensitive binder 103 is mixed with each other in a mixing chamber 102, the apparatus controls the emission of the mixture of materials through a nozzle having a predetermined diameter, and a high-intensity UV laser 104 is focused on the solution near the nozzle exit, where any long nanowire 108 of solid cured material 106 can be formed, the longitudinal orientation of the nanowire exhibiting CES orderedness, and the transverse orientation of the nanowire exhibiting CES disorderedness.

[0163] Additional embodiments provide the ability to rapidly cure a thin strand of the mixture of CES material types 72, 74 using epoxy or another binder, including chemicals, heat, etc., thereby maintaining longitudinal regularity and transverse irregularity at any desired diameter, and to produce a single strand of any length. Exemplary applications relating to this include a UV-curing epoxy mixed in appropriate ratios of CES material type 1 (72) and CES material type 2 (74), and a nozzle distributing the mixture at an appropriate diameter facilitated by a constant pressure for controlled release of the mixture, where a high-intensity UV laser 104 is focused at the outlet of the mixture, resulting in the formation of a solid upon contact with the UV light, and a constant pressure on the material as it exits the nozzle, thereby producing a strand of the material of any length. This process can be carried out in any way necessary for curing, including time, temperature, chemicals, etc. Figure 10 illustrates one exemplary embodiment of this process. It should be noted that many of these materials exhibit limited sensitivity to UV light, and as a result, very high strength is required for rapid curing, or other embodiments are introduced to fulfill this function depending on the materials used in the mixture.

[0164] In one embodiment described above, multiple strands are brought together by methods known in the art, including light, time, temperature, chemicals, etc.

[0165] In additional embodiments, no additional binder is used. This may be carried out in or without the presence of a gas or liquid, in order to maintain a loose "sand-like" mixture of CES72,74 by introducing a different gas / liquid, which may be more suitable to facilitate energy propagation according to the lateral Anderson localization principle rather than air. This may include one or more additional CES materials and one or more gases / liquids.

[0166] Such applications can be carried out in a vacuum or sealed environment. Using the method of any embodiment, the randomization of CES is significantly increased from the randomization of other embodiments, which are current state-of-the-art techniques, forming significantly increased disorder in the final structure. Whether the liquid-bonding material hardens into a solid or remains liquid, the three-dimensional lattice of CES is produced with a geometric shape that is consistent with the increased transverse Anderson localization of longitudinal energy waves, as previously considered.

[0167] This approach may have the advantage of being able to efficiently manufacture CES material, as well as mix it cost-effectively and in large quantities, without requiring any custom manufacturing processes necessary to place the material into intermediate shape factors.

[0168] Furthermore, in processes involving solid structures, the ability to form the structure via molds, etc., is extremely powerful in increasing production efficiency, resulting in sizes and shapes that were previously impossible. Additionally, the binder can be pre-mixed with CES and painted onto any surface or on numerous other potential implementation methodologies.

[0169] Figure 11A illustrates a radially symmetrical cylindrical structural block 110 comprising two alternating CES layers 72, 74, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0170] In one embodiment for a visible electromagnetic energy relay, a diffractive structure, a refractive structure, a distributed refractive index structure, a binary structure, a holographic structure, or a Fresnel-like structure can be manufactured by generating alternating layers of CES72,74 with radially symmetrical and non-uniform thicknesses, for example, having a refractive index difference of about 0.1. This value may vary depending on the optical configuration. The manufacturing process for such elements may utilize the principle of transverse Anderson localization, or it may be possible to generate two materials without clear randomization using the techniques provided in this study. The formulations for these elements may vary spatially in either transverse or longitudinal orientation and may include machined surface profiles or non-uniform spacing between individual layers.

[0171] One such method simply cures a bonding material using two or more distinct EP materials in an alternating manner, providing the ability for each layer to form around a previously cured area and grow radially to a defined diameter. This diameter can be constant, variable, or random, depending on the requirements of the system. The resulting cylinder can be used as a structural block for more complex structures.

[0172] By utilizing the properties of transient biaxial materials, such as but not limited to biaxial polystyrene, it is possible to construct one or more CES substructures, where the molecules are frozen in the stretched position by rapid cooling. Heating the material above the transient temperature can deactivate the transient state and, in some cases, cause the material to shrink to half or more of its original size. The method includes (a) providing one or more CESs; (b) forming a medium by at least one of additive, subtractive, or isolation processes, the additive process including adding at least one CES to a transient structure; the subtractive process including generating voids or inverse structures in the transient structure and subsequently forming them using at least one CES; and the isolation process including designing at least one transient structure without adding or removing CESs; and (c) forming an assembly and inactivating transient materials that induce an increase in material property variations along a first plane of the assembly relative to a decrease in material property variations along a second plane of the assembly in order to achieve lateral Anderson localization.

[0173] Figure 11B shows a subtractive process 115 in which material is removed from a biaxial material and two CES materials 72, 74 are added to holes in a biaxially stretched material 1153, where a binder may or may not be applied. These CES 72, 74 are commercially available, but each can be a simple microsphere exhibiting at least one significant EP. After bringing the entire system close to the melting point of all materials in the biaxial material, the biaxial material 1154 is relaxed and the holes are contracted, causing the dimensions of the CES 72, 74 to elongate in one direction and contract in the other. Furthermore, the spatial regularization of the CES 72, 74 is slightly randomized but essentially preserved in such a way that the variation in EP is much smaller along the stretching direction than in any orthogonal direction.

[0174] In an additional embodiment shown in Figure 11B, the biaxially oriented material is formed subchromatically to generate a plurality of pores having a first average diameter and a first average density spacing, and then two CES 72, 74 are added before and after relaxing the biaxial material, resulting in a second average diameter and a second average density spacing, the second average density spacing being significantly increased from the first average density spacing, the second average diameter being much smaller than the first average diameter, the thickness of the formed medium increasing, and consequently resulting in a reduction in the variation of EP in the longitudinal orientation.

[0175] In one embodiment, the method is to (d) generate several assemblies of step (c) having different EPs such as dimensions, size, refractive index, and volume, and to generate several composite forming media from step (b); (e) pair the assemblies and composite forming media together to form a unit collectively called a substructure, where one or more substructures may have one or more EP variations with respect to first and second planes; (f) generate additional variations by adding one or more N CES, each CES being represented as CESi, where i is 1 or greater; and (g) generate one or more substructures and CES i The process involves forming a medium, wherein the forming step involves one important EP parameter EP along a first plane of one or more substructures. c Randomize (refractive index for electromagnetic wave embodiments, etc.) and the first composite medium EP c This results in variations and different EPs (such as shape) along the second composite medium EP of one or more substructures. c It induces a change in which the second plane of one or more substructures differs from the first plane of one or more substructures, and the second composite medium EP c The variation occurs in one or more substructures EP and CES i Due to the design characteristics, the first composite medium EP c(h) Forming a composite assembly using a composite medium such that the first plane of one or more substructures is the lateral orientation of the composite assembly and the second plane of one or more substructures is the longitudinal orientation of the composite assembly, wherein the energy waves propagating to or from the inlet to the outlet of the composite assembly have higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation than in the lateral orientation, and the composite design characteristics and the resulting composite EP c This further includes forming, which is spatially localized in the lateral orientation due to the variation.

[0176] In one embodiment, step (c) or step (h) includes heating or other forms of treatment to deactivate the transient molecular state of the material in the assembly, such that the arrangement, density, and EP of the transient material change in at least one of the lateral or longitudinal orientation, thereby enabling the assembly during heat treatment or other treatment to naturally taper or undergo dimensional changes along at least one of the lateral or longitudinal orientation of the assembly, thereby generating a variety of energy relay geometric shapes that would otherwise require complex manufacturing to maintain proper regularity for energy wave transport efficiency.

[0177] Figure 12 illustrates a perspective view 120 of a cylindrical structure having 20 different CES layers, where one or more significant EPs may differ from layer to layer, and the layer thicknesses may also differ. This structure may be constructed to perform energy wave steering through the material.

[0178] In one embodiment of a visible electromagnetic energy relay, it is possible to utilize multiple materials having multiple refractive indices RI1-RI20, where the refractive index may or may not be the same as the thickness per region from which the material radiates from the center of the optical material. Using this method, it is possible to utilize the optical properties of the material to change the angle of light in a predetermined manner based on the material properties of each design region. Figure 12 illustrates such an embodiment, comprising 20 materials having different refractive indices RI1-RI20, with input rays 122 and output rays 124 that are modified as the function of each EP of the material contained within the optical relay element.

[0179] The structure in Figure 12 can be constructed in layers. Each outer surface of the previously layered material is combined with a bonding material having an appropriate set of EP, and CES having dimensions less than or equal to the desired thickness of each layer in the radial direction. i It can be coated in layers. Once the binder has mostly hardened and is sticky to the touch, the next layer can be applied as a coating over the previous binder until it dries. i+1 It can be formed by coating a layer of the optical plating. Another possible embodiment is that this manufacturing process requires a certain rotation of the optical plating to ensure that a radially consistent concentric structure is formed.

[0180] In one embodiment for a visible electromagnetic energy relay, a key design characteristic is the refractive index (RI), and the CES utilizes alternating RIs, combining them with a binder material having (nearly) identical RI properties to coat the outside of each of the preceding layered materials with a shape diameter less than or equal to the desired thickness of each radial layer. When the binder has largely cured and is tacky to the touch, the next layer, which is a second (or more) RI material, is applied, coating the previous binder with the new layer until it dries. This manufacturing process also requires a certain rotation of the optical plating to ensure that a radially consistent, concentric structure is formed, and there is a potential embodiment in which the structure begins with a central optical "core" that is matched to one of two materials having the same or similar thickness as the desired thickness of each radial layer. By applying the matched RI binder to each microsphere layer, the CES effectively becomes an optically transparent spacer, using the binder to consistently form the material for the subsequent concentric layers to bond. In one such embodiment, each microsphere has a diameter of approximately 1 μm and comprises a first RI of 1.49, a first binder having an RI of 1.49, a second microsphere having a second RI of 1.59, and a second binder having a second RI of 1.59, and the overall diameter of the radially concentric material constructed forms an optical material with a diameter of 60 mm.

[0181] In a further embodiment of the previously disclosed radially concentric microsphere construction method, a second approach is described in which the binder is a second (or more) radioisotope for forming a disordered Anderson localization approach, as opposed to the previously disclosed ordered approach. In this way, it is then possible to randomize the transmittance of the light rays to increase the theoretical resolution of the optical system.

[0182] Figure 13 illustrates a perspective view for a helical manufacturing process 130 utilizing two sheets of CES 72 or 74 based on one embodiment of the present disclosure. The CES material types 72 or 74 are laid on their sides with end to end in contact and then bonded to sheets 132 and 134, respectively, and manufactured to a predetermined thickness. An additional method includes a helical manufacturing process in which the sheets 132 and 134 are laminated and bonded together to form a single sheet 753 having a first set of critical EP on one side and a second set of critical EP on the other side. These materials are then wound helically using various mechanical and / or manufacturing methods to reach a specific diameter, thereby generating the geometric shape of the resulting energy relay.

[0183] In one embodiment for a visible electromagnetic energy relay, a helical approach is used to form a sheet of mixed CES and binder using CES of a predetermined thickness and a binder of the same RI as one of two CES 72, 74; the thickness of the sheet is determined using the CES and the binder is used to hold the CES together within the flexible sheet, but not exceeding the desired thickness of the individual layers. This is repeated for a second (or more) CES having a second RI.

[0184] Once individual sheets are manufactured to a predetermined length (the length of each resulting energy relay element) and width (the thickness or diameter of the end after both materials have been helically wound together), a thin layer of binder having one or more important EPs, referred to as EP1, is applied to 132, followed by aligning the mating side 134 with 132 without curing the binder. 134 then has a binder having one or more EPs, referred to as EP2, applied in a thin layer on top of the assembly and not yet cured. The resulting laminate 132, the binder 134 with EP1, and the binder with EP2 are then helically wound to form the resulting energy relay element, and through this process any excess binder material is forcibly extruded from either of the two open ends before final curing.

[0185] Furthermore, in any of the above methods, it is possible to manufacture sheets with non-uniform thickness and to give concentric rings adjustable thickness for specific functional purposes.

[0186] In one embodiment for a visible electromagnetic energy relay where the refractive index is a critical design characteristic, the directivity of each ray is calculated through a determined thickness of the manufactured material, and then the relative thickness of the concentric rings is determined, allowing for steering a particular ray at a specific angle according to optical requirements. A wedge approach to the sheet would result in a constantly increasing thickness for each radial ring, or non-uniform thickness across the sheet would cause random variations in the thickness of the radial rings.

[0187] Instead of creating two sheets, each containing a single CES and a single binder, a single sheet layer 135 can be created containing two or more CES 72, 74 arranged in an end-to-end entangled configuration 135, as shown in Figure 13. A binder having EP1 is used to hold the two materials together. When the sheet is wound spirally to form the resulting energy relay element, the same binder, or a different binder than EP2, can be applied to the sheet, and through this process, any excess binder material is extruded from either of the two open ends.

[0188] The above additional method, in which the same process is performed but the sheet is made of CES material type 1 which is incompatible with binder material 2, and vice versa, promotes the lateral Anderson localization phenomenon.

[0189] One embodiment of a visible electromagnetic energy relay exists for all of the radially symmetric or helical optical materials described above, in which the optical elements formed can be sliced ​​into thin cylinders and arranged in an array as an implementation of diffractive lenses that enable the proper manipulation of light rays required for a particular optical configuration.

[0190] Figure 14 illustrates a perspective view of a repeating pattern 140 of 20 CES having the same or different thicknesses per sheet, wound helically around an energy relay structure, based on one embodiment of the present disclosure, where there are input and output wave angles, which are the result of one or more different EPs in each region of the material.

[0191] In one embodiment for a visible electromagnetic energy relay, based on one embodiment of the present disclosure, 140 includes 20 refractive indices coated at the same or different thicknesses on each sheet wound helically around an optical relay structure that can manipulate electromagnetic waves as a result of different refractive indices in each region of the material.

[0192] In an additional embodiment for the visible electromagnetic energy relay, the refractive index of the material varies as a specific function of the radius from the center of the helix. Thus, it is possible to manufacture multiple material sheets, as previously identified, using a set of refractive indices designed for specific optical functions for manipulating light rays passing through the optical relay element. These can further be arranged in an array as previously disclosed, or they can be cut, polished, etc., as considered in other embodiments.

[0193] Furthermore, it is possible to manufacture multiple optical elements from this helical or radial process for use in any Fresnel miniature lens array or for any other specific purpose, and to combine / fuse them with each other in any way previously disclosed or known in the art to form a single surface having a given thickness of optical elements, and then slice the entire array into a sheet.

[0194] The lateral diameter of one of the structures may be at least one of the following: (i) four times the wavelength of at least one visible light, and the material wave propagation characteristic is the refractive index; (ii) four times the wavelength of at least one ultrasonic frequency, and the material wave propagation characteristic is the acoustic impedance; (iii) four times the wavelength of at least one infrared light, and the material wave propagation characteristic is the refractive index; or (iv) four times the wavelength of at least one sound wave, ultraviolet light, X-ray, microwave, radio wave, or mechanical energy.

[0195] In one embodiment, the lateral diameters of the first and second component design structures may be designed for two different energy regions. The aspect ratio of one of the structures may be larger in the longitudinal orientation than in the lateral orientation. Multiple structures may be stacked together, partially overlapping and mainly in the longitudinal orientation. In one embodiment, the first component design structure may be designed to exhibit a surface profile that is the inverse shape of the second component design structure, with one of the structures containing a void and the other structure being formed within the void of the second component design structure.

[0196] In one embodiment, the mechanical external surface of the energy relay may be formed before manufacturing or treated after manufacturing to exhibit planar, non-planar, polyhedron, spherical, cylindrical, geometric, tapered, enlarged, reduced, circular, square, entangled, woven, or other mechanical surface properties. In one embodiment, forming, shaping, or mechanically designing the energy relay produces at least one of complex or formed shapes, curved or inclined surfaces, optical elements, refractive index distributed lenses, diffractive optical elements, optical relays, optical tapers, and other geometric configurations or optical devices. In one embodiment, two or more energy relays are mounted together in an assembly, and the resulting structure may be fused or solid, or loose or flexible.

[0197] In one embodiment, the energy relay includes a first side and a second side, the second side having two or more third sides, the third sides propagating energy through the second side and being combined through the first side.

[0198] In one embodiment, a device having lateral Anderson localization characteristics comprises a relay element formed of one or more first structures and one or more second structures, wherein the first structure has first wave propagation characteristics and the second structure has second wave propagation characteristics, and the relay element is configured to relay energy through it, wherein the first and second structures are arranged in an alternating configuration with spatial variation along the lateral orientation, and the first and second structures have substantially similar configurations along the longitudinal orientation, the energy is spatially localized in the lateral orientation, and more than 50% of the energy propagates through the relay element along the longitudinal orientation relative to the lateral orientation.

[0199] In another embodiment, the relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first and second surfaces travels along a path substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. In some embodiments, the first wave propagation characteristic is a first refractive index, and the second wave propagation characteristic is a second refractive index, and the variation between the first and second refractive indexes results in the energy being spatially localized in the transverse orientation and more than 50% of the energy propagating from the first surface to the second surface.

[0200] In one embodiment, the energy passing through the first surface has a first resolution, and the energy passing through the second surface has a second resolution, the second resolution being approximately 50% or more of the first resolution. In another embodiment, energy having a uniform profile presented on the first surface passes through the second surface and substantially fills a cone having an opening angle of ±10 degrees with respect to the normal of the second surface, regardless of the position of the energy on the second surface.

[0201] In one embodiment, the first surface has a different surface area from the second surface, and the relay element further comprises a sloped profile portion between the first and second surfaces, such that the energy passing through the relay element results in spatial expansion or contraction. In another embodiment, each of the first and second structures comprises glass, carbon, optical fiber, optical thin film, polymer, or a mixture thereof.

[0202] In some embodiments, both the first and second surfaces are planar, or both the first and second surfaces are non-planar, or the first surface is planar and the second surface is non-planar, or the first surface is non-planar and the second surface is planar, or both the first and second surfaces are concave, or both the first and second surfaces are convex, or the first surface is concave and the second surface is convex, or the first surface is convex and the second surface is concave.

[0203] In one embodiment, the device has a first structure having an average first dimension along a transverse orientation which is less than four times the wavelength of the energy relayed therethrough, with average second and third dimensions which are substantially larger than the average first dimension along the second and third orientations, respectively, with the second and third orientations substantially orthogonal to the transverse orientation, with a second wave propagation characteristic which has the same characteristics as the first wave propagation characteristic but with different values, and the first and second structures are arranged such that the first and second wave propagation characteristics have maximum variation. The first and second structures are arranged with maximum spatial variation in the lateral dimension, spatially arranged such that the first and second wave propagation characteristics remain constant along the longitudinal orientation, the intercenter spacing between channels of the first structure varies randomly along the lateral orientation throughout the relay element with an average spacing of 1 to 4 times the average dimension of the first structure, and two adjacent longitudinal channels of the first structure are separated by the second structure, which is substantially located at each position by a distance of at least half the average dimension of the first structure.

[0204] In one embodiment, the relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first and second surfaces travels along a path substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. In another embodiment, the first wave propagation characteristic is a first refractive index, and the second wave propagation characteristic is a second refractive index, and the variation between the first and second refractive indexes results in the energy being spatially localized in the transverse orientation and more than 50% of the energy propagating from the first surface to the second surface.

[0205] In one embodiment, the system may include a lateral Anderson localized energy relay having a design structure that incorporates the devices and relay elements described herein.

[0206] While various embodiments relating to the principles disclosed herein have been described above, it should be understood that these embodiments are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not limiting. Therefore, the breadth and scope of the invention should not be limited by any of the exemplary embodiments described above, but should be defined solely in accordance with the claims derived from this disclosure and their equivalents. Furthermore, while the above advantages and features are provided in the described embodiments, this does not limit the application of such derived claims to processes and structures that achieve any or all of the above advantages.

[0207] It should be understood that the principle features of this disclosure can be used in various embodiments without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Those skilled in the art will be able to recognize or explore many equivalents to the specific procedures described herein using a few routine experiments. Such equivalents are deemed to be within the scope of this disclosure and are covered by the claims.

[0208] Furthermore, section headings in this specification are provided for consistency with the implications under 37 CFR 1.77, or otherwise to provide structural clues. These headings are not intended to limit or characterize any invention(s) described in any claims that may arise from this disclosure. Specifically, for example, even if a heading is titled “Field of Invention,” such claims should not be limited by the wording of this heading, which is intended to describe the so-called technical field. Furthermore, the description of the technology in a “Background of Invention” section should not be construed as an acknowledgment that the technology is prior art to any invention(s) in this disclosure. The “Summary” should never be considered a characterization of the invention(s) described in the claims at issue. Furthermore, the singular reference to “Invention” in this disclosure should not be used to assert that only a single novelty exists in this disclosure. Multiple inventions may be described subject to limitations of multiple claims arising from this disclosure, and such claims define the invention(s) and their equivalents that are thereby protected. In all examples, the scope of such claims will be considered in light of their own merits in light of this disclosure, but should not be limited by the headings set forth herein.

[0209] The words “a” or “an,” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and / or specification, may mean “one,” but it is not inconsistent with the meanings of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.” The term “or,” as used in the claims, is used to mean “and / or,” unless the substitutes are mutually exclusive, but this disclosure supports the definitions of substitutes only and “and / or.” Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that a single value includes the inherent error variability of a device, and the method is used to determine that value, or the variability present between the research subjects. In general, however, as is the case with respect to the aforementioned considerations, numerical values ​​in this specification modified by approximate words such as "about" may vary from the stated values ​​by at least ±1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, or 15%.

[0210] As used herein and in the claims, the words “comprising” (and any other form such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any other form such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any other form such as “includes” and “include”), or “containing” (and any other form such as “contains” and “contain”) do not exclude comprehensive, open, additional, or unquoted elements or method steps.

[0211] Words relating to comparison, measurement, and timing, such as "at the time," "equivalent," "during," and "complete," should be understood to mean "substantially at the time," "substantially equivalent," "substantially during," and "substantially complete," respectively, where "substantially" means that such comparison, measurement, and timing are practical in achieving the desired result, implicitly or explicitly described. Words relating to the relative position of elements, such as "near," "proximate to," and "adjacent to," shall mean close enough to substantially influence the interaction of the respective system elements. Other words of approximation, likewise, refer to conditions that, when modified in this way, are not necessarily understood to be absolute or complete, but would be considered close enough to a person skilled in the art to guarantee that the condition exists. The degree to which the description may change depends on how significant the change is, and a person skilled in the art will recognize a modified feature that still possesses the required characteristics and potential of the unmodified feature.

[0212] As used herein, the terms “or any combination thereof” refer to all permutations and combinations of the enumerated items preceding the term. For example, “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” is intended to include at least one of A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and similarly BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB, where the order is important in a particular context. Continuing this example, combinations containing repetitions of one or more items or terms are explicitly included, such as BB, AAA, AB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, etc. A person skilled in the art will understand that, unless otherwise evident from the context, there is typically no limit to the number of items or terms in any combination.

[0213] All compositions and / or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be prepared and performed without excessive experimentation in light of this disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this disclosure are described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various variations can be applied to the compositions and / or methods, and to the steps or sequence of steps of the methods described herein, without departing from the concepts, spirit, and scope of this disclosure. All such similar substitutions and modifications that are apparent to those skilled in the art shall be deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concepts of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. According to this specification, the following matters are also disclosed: [Item 1] It is a method, (a) To provide one or more of the first component design structures, wherein the first component design structures have a first set of design characteristics, (b) Providing one or more second component design structures, wherein the second component design structure has a second set of design characteristics, and both the first component design structure and the second component design structure have at least two common design characteristics represented by the first and second design characteristics, (c) Forming a medium using one or more of the first component design structures and one or more of the second component design structures, wherein the forming step includes randomizing the first design characteristics in a first plane of the medium to produce a first variation of the first design characteristics in the first plane, allowing the value of the second design characteristics to vary the first design characteristics in a second plane of the medium, and the variation of the first design characteristics in the second plane is smaller than the variation of the first design characteristics in the first plane, The step (c) of forming, (i) an additive process of the first component design structure to the second component design structure, (ii) A subtractive process of the first component design structure to generate a gap or inverse structure to be formed together with the second component design structure, (iii) an additive process of the second component design structure to the first component design structure, or (iv) A method comprising forming the second component design structure using at least one of the subtractive processes of the second component design structure for generating a gap or inverse structure to be formed together with the first component design structure. [Item 2] The method according to item 1, wherein the first design characteristic common to both the first component design structure and the second component design structure is a refractive index, the second design characteristic common to both the first component design structure and the second component design structure is a shape, the forming step (c) randomizes the refractive index of the first component design structure and the refractive index of the second component design structure along a first plane of the medium to produce a first variation in the refractive index, the combined geometric shape of the shapes of the first component design structure and the second component design structure produces a variation in the refractive index of the second plane of the medium, and the variation in the refractive index of the second plane is smaller than the variation in the refractive index of the first plane of the medium. [Item 3] (d) The method of item 1 or 2, further comprising forming the assembly using the medium such that the first plane of the medium extends along the lateral orientation of the assembly and the second plane of the medium extends along the longitudinal orientation of the assembly, wherein the energy waves propagating through the assembly have higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation than in the lateral orientation and are spatially localized in the lateral orientation due to the first and second design characteristics. [Item 4] The method according to item 3, wherein each of the forming steps (c) and (d) comprises forming by at least one of mixing, curing, bonding, UV exposure, fusing, mechanical design, laser cutting, melting, polymerization, etching, engraving, 3D printing, CNC design, lithography, metallization, liquefaction, deposition, inkjet printing, laser molding, optical molding, drilling, lamination, heating, cooling, ordering, irregularization, polishing, removal, cutting, material removal, compression, pressurization, suction, gravity, and other processing methods. [Item 5] (e) The method of item 3 or 4, further comprising processing the assembly by forming, molding or mechanical design to produce at least one of complex or formed shapes, curved or inclined surfaces, optical elements, distributed refractive index lenses, diffractive optical elements, optical relays, optical tapers, and other geometric configurations or optical devices. [Item 6] The method according to item 2, wherein the first component design structure of step (a) and the second component design structure of step (b), and the first and second design properties of the formed medium of step (c), are cumulatively combined to exhibit lateral Anderson localization properties. [Item 7] The method according to any one of items 1 to 6, wherein each of the steps (a) and (b) described above comprises one or more of the first component design structures and one or more of the second component design structures being in at least one of liquid, gaseous, or solid form. [Item 8] It is a method, (a) To provide one or more of the first component design structures, wherein the first component design structures have a first set of design characteristics, (b) Providing one or more second component design structures, wherein the second component design structure has a second set of design characteristics, and both the first component design structure and the second component design structure have at least two common design characteristics represented by the first and second design characteristics, (c) Forming a medium using one or more of the first component design structures and one or more of the second component design structures, wherein the forming step includes randomizing the first design characteristics in a first plane of the medium to produce a first variation of the first design characteristics in the first plane, allowing the value of the second design characteristics to vary the first design characteristics in a second plane of the medium, and the variation of the first design characteristics in the second plane is smaller than the variation of the first design characteristics in the first plane, The first design characteristic common to both the first and second component design structures is the refractive index, the second design characteristic common to both the first and second component design structures is the shape, the forming step (c) randomizes the refractive index of the first component design structure and the refractive index of the second component design structure along a first plane of the medium, resulting in a first variation in the refractive index, the combined geometric shape of the shapes of the first and second component design structures results in a variation in the refractive index of the second plane of the medium, and the variation in the refractive index of the second plane is smaller than the variation in the refractive index of the first plane of the medium. Each of the steps (a) and (b) provided above comprises one or more of the first component design structures and one or more of the second component design structures being at least one of polymer materials, wherein the refractive index of the first plane and the refractive index of the second plane are each greater than 1. [Item 9] The method according to any one of items 1 to 8, wherein each of the steps (a) and (b) provided comprises one or more first component design structures and one or more second component design structures having one or more first component design structure dimensions that differ in the first and second planes, and one or more second component design structure dimensions that differ in the first and second planes, wherein one or more of the first component design structures and second component design structure dimensions in the second plane differ from those in the first plane, and the first component design structures and second component design structure dimensions in the first plane are less than four times the wavelength of visible light. [Item 10] It is a method, (a) To provide one or more of the first component design structures, wherein the first component design structure has a first refractive index n0, a design characteristic p0, and a first absorption optical quality b0. (b) Providing one or more N component design structures, each N i The structure has a refractive index n i , design characteristic p i , and absorption optical quality b i To provide that has and N is 1 or greater, (c) One or more of the first component design structures, and the N i Forming a medium using one or more of the structures, wherein the forming step involves along a first plane of the medium, the first refractive index n0 and the refractive index n i Randomizing the first refractive index results in a variation in the first design characteristic p0 and the design characteristic p i However, this induces a second refractive index variation along the second plane of the medium, and the second plane differs from the first plane, and the second refractive index variation is related to the first design characteristic p0 and the design characteristic p i The combined geometric shape between them allows for the formation of a variation in refractive index smaller than that of the first refractive index, (d) Forming the assembly using the medium such that the first plane of the medium is oriented transversely to the assembly and the second plane of the medium is oriented longitudinally to the assembly, wherein the energy waves propagating from the inlet to the outlet of the assembly have higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation than in the transverse orientation, and are spatially localized in the transverse orientation due to the design characteristics and the resulting refractive index variation, and the absorption optical quality of the medium facilitates the reduction of unwanted diffusion or scattering of energy waves through the assembly, A method wherein each of the steps (a) and (b) provided is an additive process comprising one or more of the first component design structures, wherein one or more of the i-th structures comprises at least one of a binder, an oil, an epoxy, and other optical grade adhesive material, or a dipping solution. [Item 11] It is a method, (a) To provide one or more of the first component design structures, wherein the first component design structure has a first refractive index n0, a design characteristic p0, and a first absorption optical quality b0. (b) Providing one or more N component design structures, each N i The structure has a refractive index n i , design characteristic p i , and absorption optical quality b i To provide that has and N is 1 or greater, (c) One or more of the first component design structures, and the N i Forming a medium using one or more of the structures, wherein the forming step involves along a first plane of the medium, the first refractive index n0 and the refractive index n i Randomizing the first refractive index results in a variation in the first design characteristic p0 and the design characteristic p iHowever, this induces a second refractive index variation along the second plane of the medium, and the second plane differs from the first plane, and the second refractive index variation is related to the first design characteristic p0 and the design characteristic p i The combined geometric shape between them allows for the formation of a variation in refractive index smaller than that of the first refractive index, (d) Forming the assembly using the medium such that the first plane of the medium is oriented transversely to the assembly and the second plane of the medium is oriented longitudinally to the assembly, wherein the energy waves propagating from the inlet to the outlet of the assembly have higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation than in the transverse orientation, and are spatially localized in the transverse orientation due to the design characteristics and the resulting refractive index variation, and the absorption optical quality of the medium facilitates the reduction of unwanted diffusion or scattering of energy waves through the assembly, A method comprising the forming step (c) of forming the medium into a non-solid form, and the forming step (d) of forming the assembly into a loose coherent waveguide system having a flexible housing for receiving the non-solid medium. [Item 12] It is a method, (a) To provide one or more of the first component design structures, wherein the first component design structure has a first refractive index n0, a design characteristic p0, and a first absorption optical quality b0. (b) Providing one or more N component design structures, each N i The structure has a refractive index n i , design characteristic p i , and absorption optical quality b i To provide that has and N is 1 or greater, (c) One or more of the first component design structures, and the N i Forming a medium using one or more of the structures, wherein the forming step involves along a first plane of the medium, the first refractive index n0 and the refractive index n iRandomizing the first refractive index results in a variation in the first design characteristic p0 and the design characteristic p i However, this induces a second refractive index variation along the second plane of the medium, and the second plane differs from the first plane, and the second refractive index variation is related to the first design characteristic p0 and the design characteristic p i The combined geometric shape between them allows for the formation of a variation in refractive index smaller than that of the first refractive index, (d) Forming the assembly using the medium such that the first plane of the medium is oriented transversely to the assembly and the second plane of the medium is oriented longitudinally to the assembly, wherein the energy waves propagating from the inlet to the outlet of the assembly have higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation than in the transverse orientation, and are spatially localized in the transverse orientation due to the design characteristics and the resulting refractive index variation, and the absorption optical quality of the medium facilitates the reduction of unwanted diffusion or scattering of energy waves through the assembly, A method wherein the forming step (c) comprises forming the medium into a liquid form, and the forming step (d) comprises forming the assembly by directly depositing or coating the liquid medium. [Item 13] It is a method, (a) To provide one or more of the first component design structures, wherein the first component design structure has a first refractive index n0, a design characteristic p0, and a first absorption optical quality b0. (b) Providing one or more N component design structures, each N i The structure has a refractive index n i , design characteristic p i , and absorption optical quality b i To provide that has and N is 1 or greater, (c) One or more of the first component design structures, and the N iForming a medium using one or more of the structures, wherein the forming step involves along a first plane of the medium, the first refractive index n0 and the refractive index n i Randomizing the first refractive index results in a variation in the first design characteristic p0 and the design characteristic p i However, this induces a second refractive index variation along the second plane of the medium, and the second plane differs from the first plane, and the second refractive index variation is related to the first design characteristic p0 and the design characteristic p i The combined geometric shape between them allows for the formation of a variation in refractive index smaller than that of the first refractive index, (d) Forming the assembly using the medium such that the first plane of the medium is oriented transversely to the assembly and the second plane of the medium is oriented longitudinally to the assembly, wherein the energy waves propagating from the inlet to the outlet of the assembly have higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation than in the transverse orientation, and are spatially localized in the transverse orientation due to the design characteristics and the resulting refractive index variation, and the absorption optical quality of the medium facilitates the reduction of unwanted diffusion or scattering of energy waves through the assembly, A method wherein the forming steps (c) and (d) include combining two or more relaxed or molten media in various orientations to form at least one of a plurality of inlets or a plurality of outlets of the assembly. [Item 14] It is a method, (a) To provide one or more of the first component design structures, wherein the first component design structure has a first refractive index n0, a design characteristic p0, and a first absorption optical quality b0. (b) Providing one or more N component design structures, each N i The structure has a refractive index n i , design characteristic p i , and absorption optical quality b i To provide that has and N is 1 or greater, (c) One or more of the first component design structures, and the N i Forming a medium using one or more of the structures, wherein the forming step involves along a first plane of the medium, the first refractive index n0 and the refractive index n i Randomizing the first refractive index results in a variation in the first design characteristic p0 and the design characteristic p i However, this induces a second refractive index variation along the second plane of the medium, and the second plane differs from the first plane, and the second refractive index variation is related to the first design characteristic p0 and the design characteristic p i The combined geometric shape between them allows for the formation of a variation in refractive index smaller than that of the first refractive index, (d) Forming the assembly using the medium such that the first plane of the medium is oriented transversely to the assembly and the second plane of the medium is oriented longitudinally to the assembly, wherein the energy waves propagating from the inlet to the outlet of the assembly have higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation than in the transverse orientation, and are spatially localized in the transverse orientation due to the design characteristics and the resulting refractive index variation, and the absorption optical quality of the medium facilitates the reduction of unwanted diffusion or scattering of energy waves through the assembly, A method wherein step (d) of forming the assembly is to form the assembly into a system for transmitting and receiving the energy waves. [Item 15] The method according to item 14, wherein the system is capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving localized energy through the same medium. [Item 16] It is a device, A relay element comprising one or more first structures and one or more second structures, wherein the first structure has first wave propagation characteristics, the second structure has second wave propagation characteristics, and the relay element is configured to relay energy through its interior, Along the lateral orientation, the first structure and the second structure are arranged in an alternating configuration with spatial variation. Along the longitudinal orientation, the first structure and the second structure have substantially similar configurations, The energy is spatially localized in the lateral orientation, and more than 50% of the energy propagates through the relay element along the longitudinal orientation relative to the lateral orientation. The relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first surface and the second surface travels along a path substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. A device in which the energy passing through the first surface has a first resolution, the energy passing through the second surface has a second resolution, and the second resolution is about 50% or more of the first resolution. [Item 17] It is a device, A relay element comprising one or more first structures and one or more second structures, wherein the first structure has first wave propagation characteristics, the second structure has second wave propagation characteristics, and the relay element is configured to relay energy through its interior, Along the lateral orientation, the first structure and the second structure are arranged in an alternating configuration with spatial variation. Along the longitudinal orientation, the first structure and the second structure have substantially similar configurations, The energy is spatially localized in the lateral orientation, and more than 50% of the energy propagates through the relay element along the longitudinal orientation relative to the lateral orientation. The relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first surface and the second surface travels along a path substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. A device wherein the energy having a uniform profile presented on the first surface passes through the second surface and substantially fills a cone having an opening angle of ±10 degrees with respect to the normal of the second surface, regardless of the position of the energy on the second surface. [Item 18] It is a device, A relay element comprising one or more first structures and one or more second structures, wherein the first structure has first wave propagation characteristics, the second structure has second wave propagation characteristics, and the relay element is configured to relay energy through its interior, Along the lateral orientation, the first structure and the second structure are arranged in an alternating configuration with spatial variation. Along the longitudinal orientation, the first structure and the second structure have substantially similar configurations, The energy is spatially localized in the lateral orientation, and more than 50% of the energy propagates through the relay element along the longitudinal orientation relative to the lateral orientation. The relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first surface and the second surface travels along a path substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. A device in which the first surface has a different surface area from the second surface, the relay element further comprises a sloped profile portion between the first surface and the second surface, and the energy passing through the relay element results in spatial expansion or spatial contraction. [Item 19] It is a device, A relay element comprising one or more first structures and one or more second structures, wherein the first structure has first wave propagation characteristics, the second structure has second wave propagation characteristics, and the relay element is configured to relay energy through its interior, Along the transverse orientation, the first structure and the second structure are arranged in an alternating arrangement with spatial variations. Along the longitudinal orientation, the first structure and the second structure have substantially the same configuration. The energy is spatially localized in the transverse orientation, and more than about 50% of the energy propagates along the longitudinal orientation with respect to the transverse orientation through the relay element. The relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first surface and the second surface travels along a path that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. A device in which both the first surface and the second surface are non-planar. [Item 20] A device comprising: A relay element formed by one or more of the first structures and one or more of the second structures, wherein the first structure has a first wave propagation characteristic, the second structure has a second wave propagation characteristic, and the relay element is configured to relay energy through its interior. Along the transverse orientation, the first structure and the second structure are arranged in an alternating arrangement with spatial variations. Along the longitudinal orientation, the first structure and the second structure have substantially the same configuration. The energy is spatially localized in the transverse orientation, and more than about 50% of the energy propagates along the longitudinal orientation with respect to the transverse orientation through the relay element. The relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first surface and the second surface travels along a path that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. A device in which the first surface is planar and the second surface is non-planar. [Item 21] A device comprising: A relay element comprising one or more first structures and one or more second structures, wherein the first structure has first wave propagation characteristics, the second structure has second wave propagation characteristics, and the relay element is configured to relay energy through its interior, Along the lateral orientation, the first structure and the second structure are arranged in an alternating configuration with spatial variation. Along the longitudinal orientation, the first structure and the second structure have substantially similar configurations, The energy is spatially localized in the lateral orientation, and more than 50% of the energy propagates through the relay element along the longitudinal orientation relative to the lateral orientation. The relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first surface and the second surface travels along a path substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. A device in which the first surface is non-planar and the second surface is planar. [Item 22] It is a device, A relay element comprising one or more first structures and one or more second structures, wherein the first structure has first wave propagation characteristics, the second structure has second wave propagation characteristics, and the relay element is configured to relay energy through its interior, Along the lateral orientation, the first structure and the second structure are arranged in an alternating configuration with spatial variation. Along the longitudinal orientation, the first structure and the second structure have substantially similar configurations, The energy is spatially localized in the lateral orientation, and more than 50% of the energy propagates through the relay element along the longitudinal orientation relative to the lateral orientation. The relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first surface and the second surface travels along a path substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. A device in which both the first surface and the second surface are concave. [Item 23] It is a device, A relay element comprising one or more first structures and one or more second structures, wherein the first structure has first wave propagation characteristics, the second structure has second wave propagation characteristics, and the relay element is configured to relay energy through its interior, Along the lateral orientation, the first structure and the second structure are arranged in an alternating configuration with spatial variation. Along the longitudinal orientation, the first structure and the second structure have substantially similar configurations, The energy is spatially localized in the lateral orientation, and more than 50% of the energy propagates through the relay element along the longitudinal orientation relative to the lateral orientation. The relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first surface and the second surface travels along a path substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. A device in which both the first surface and the second surface are convex. [Item 24] It is a device, A relay element comprising one or more first structures and one or more second structures, wherein the first structure has first wave propagation characteristics, the second structure has second wave propagation characteristics, and the relay element is configured to relay energy through its interior, Along the lateral orientation, the first structure and the second structure are arranged in an alternating configuration with spatial variation. Along the longitudinal orientation, the first structure and the second structure have substantially similar configurations, The energy is spatially localized in the lateral orientation, and more than 50% of the energy propagates through the relay element along the longitudinal orientation relative to the lateral orientation. The relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first surface and the second surface travels along a path substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. A device in which the first surface is concave and the second surface is convex. [Item 25] It is a device, A relay element comprising one or more first structures and one or more second structures, wherein the first structure has first wave propagation characteristics, the second structure has second wave propagation characteristics, and the relay element is configured to relay energy through its interior, Along the lateral orientation, the first structure and the second structure are arranged in an alternating configuration with spatial variation. Along the longitudinal orientation, the first structure and the second structure have substantially similar configurations, The energy is spatially localized in the lateral orientation, and more than 50% of the energy propagates through the relay element along the longitudinal orientation relative to the lateral orientation. The relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first surface and the second surface travels along a path substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. A device in which the first surface is convex and the second surface is concave. [Item 26] It is a device, A relay element comprising one or more first structures and one or more second structures, wherein the first structure has first wave propagation characteristics, the second structure has second wave propagation characteristics, and the relay element is configured to relay energy through its interior, Along the lateral orientation, the first structure and the second structure are arranged in an alternating configuration with spatial variation. Along the longitudinal orientation, the first structure and the second structure have substantially similar configurations, The energy is spatially localized in the lateral orientation, and more than 50% of the energy propagates through the relay element along the longitudinal orientation relative to the lateral orientation. The first structure has an average first dimension along the transverse orientation which is less than four times the wavelength of the energy relayed through its interior, and the average second and third dimensions are substantially larger than the average first dimension along the second and third orientations, respectively, and the second and third orientations are substantially orthogonal to the transverse orientation. The second wave propagation characteristic has the same characteristics as the first wave propagation characteristic, but with different values. The first structure and the second structure are arranged with maximum spatial variation in the lateral orientation such that the wave propagation characteristics of the first and second structures have maximum variation, The first structure and the second structure are spatially arranged such that the first wave propagation characteristics and the second wave propagation characteristics remain constant along the longitudinal orientation. A device wherein, along the lateral orientation, the intercenter spacing between channels of the first structure varies randomly across the entire relay element, with an average spacing of 1 to 4 times the average dimension of the first structure, and two adjacent longitudinal channels of the first structure are separated by the second structure, each at a distance of at least half the average dimension of the first structure. [Item 27] The device according to item 26, wherein the relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first surface and the second surface travels along a path substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. [Item 28] The device according to item 27, wherein the first wave propagation characteristic is a first refractive index, the second wave propagation characteristic is a second refractive index, and the variation between the first refractive index and the second refractive index results in the energy being spatially localized in the lateral orientation and more than 50% of the energy propagating from the first surface to the second surface. According to this specification, the following matters are also disclosed: [Item 1] It is a method, (a) To provide one or more of the first component design structures, wherein the first component design structures have a first set of design characteristics, (b) Providing one or more second component design structures, wherein the second component design structure has a second set of design characteristics, and both the first component design structure and the second component design structure have at least two common design characteristics represented by the first and second design characteristics, (c) Forming a medium using one or more of the first component design structures and one or more of the second component design structures, wherein the forming step includes randomizing the first design characteristics in a first plane of the medium to result in a first variation of the first design characteristics in the first plane, the value of the second design characteristics allows for variation of the first design characteristics in a second plane of the medium, and the variation of the first design characteristics in the second plane is smaller than the variation of the first design characteristics in the first plane, wherein the first plane is the transverse orientation of the medium and the second plane is the longitudinal orientation of the medium. The forming step (c) is (i) an additive process of the first component design structure to the second component design structure, (ii) a subtractive process of the first component design structure to generate a void or inverse structure so as to form together with the second component design structure, (iii) an additive process of the second component design structure to the first component design structure, or (iv) a subtractive process of the second component design structure to generate a void or inverse structure so as to form together with the first component design structure, including forming using at least one of them. [Item 2] Comprising a relay element formed without a cladding, The relay element has one or more first component design structures, one or more second component design structures, one or more third component design structures, and the first, second, and third component design structures have different wave propagation characteristics and are melted to form a solid structure, the relay element is operable to relay energy longitudinally along both the first component design structure and the second component design structure, and the energy is spatially localized transversely, the first component design structure is aligned such that energy propagates through the first component design structure with higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal direction with respect to the transverse direction, and the second component design structure is aligned such that energy propagates through the second component design structure with higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal direction with respect to the transverse direction. Device. [Item 3] The device according to item 2, wherein the third component design structure has wave propagation characteristics in the relay element such that it reduces the energy that is not spatially localized in the lateral direction. [Item 4] The device according to item 3, wherein the spatially non-localized energy has unwanted diffusion or scattering of energy. [Item 5] The device according to any one of items 2 to 4, wherein the third component design structure has wave properties having at least one of reflection, transmission, and absorption properties. [Item 6] The device according to any one of items 2 to 5, wherein the relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first surface and the second surface travels along a path substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction. [Item 7] The device according to item 6, wherein the energy having a uniform profile presented on the first surface passes through the second surface and substantially fills a cone having an angle of at least ±10 degrees with respect to the normal of the second surface, regardless of the position of the energy on the second surface. [Item 8] The device according to any one of items 2 to 7, wherein at least two of the first, second, and third component design structures in the relay element are configured so as not to have clear randomization. [Item 9] The device described in any one of items 2 to 7, wherein at least two of the spatial regularities of the first, second, and third component design structures are slightly randomized. [Item 10] A device according to any one of items 2 to 9, wherein at least one of the first, second, or third component design structures includes glass, carbon, silicon, crystal, liquid crystal, oil, epoxy, plastic, resin, liquid, ferromagnetic material, optical fiber, optical thin film, polymer, or a mixture thereof. [Item 11] The device according to any one of items 2 to 10, wherein the relay element is capable of operating to relay energy by diffraction, refraction, or reflection. [Item 12] The device according to any one of items 2 to 11, wherein at least one of the first, second, or third component design structures in the relay element comprises a polarizing element. [Item 13] The device according to any one of items 2 to 12, wherein at least one of the first, second, or third component design structures in the relay element comprises a liquid, a solid, or a gas. [Item 14] The device according to any one of items 2 to 13, wherein at least two of the first, second, and third component design structures are arranged to give the relay element one or more gradients of the lateral wave propagation characteristics. [Item 15] The device according to item 14, wherein one or more gradients of the one or more wave propagation characteristics have gradients of one or more refractive indices in the transverse direction. [Item 16] The device according to any one of items 2 to 15, wherein at least two of the first, second, and third component design structures in the relay element are configured according to at least one of a complex, morphological, curved, inclined, regular, irregular, or geometric configuration. [Item 17] The device according to any one of items 2 to 16, wherein at least two of the first, second, and third component design structures in the relay element are arranged to form a regular energy relay. [Item 18] The device according to any one of items 2 to 17, wherein the size of the first, second, or third component design structure in the relay element is on the order of the wavelength of the energy wave propagated through the relay element. [Item 19] The device according to item 18, wherein the wavelength of the energy wave propagated through the relay element is on the milliscale, microscale, or nanoscale. [Item 20] The device according to any one of items 2 to 19, wherein at least two of the first, second, and third component design structures in the relay element are configured to maintain order for energy wave transport efficiency. [Item 21] The device according to any one of items 2 to 20, wherein at least two of the first, second, and third component design structures in the relay element are arranged to provide a primary refractive index and a secondary refractive index with respect to the position over the entire relay element. [Item 22] The device according to any one of items 2 to 21, wherein at least two of the first, second, and third component design structures in the relay element are arranged to induce wave interference to limit the lateral propagated energy. [Item 23] It features a relay element formed without cladding, The relay element comprises one or more first component design structures and one or more second component design structures, wherein the first and second component design structures have different wave propagation characteristics. Along the lateral orientation, the first component design structure and the second component design structure are arranged in an alternating configuration. Along the longitudinal orientation, the first component design structure and the second component design structure each have similar structures, The relay element, Energy is relayed along the longitudinal orientation through both the first and second component design structures, and the energy is spatially localized in the lateral orientation. The first component design structure is aligned such that energy is transmitted through the first component design structure with higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation than in the lateral orientation, and the second component design structure is aligned such that energy is transmitted through the second component design structure with higher transport efficiency in the longitudinal orientation than in the lateral orientation, The first component design structure and the second component design structure each have an average first dimension along the lateral orientation, which is the wavelength of the energy relayed therethrough and up to four times thereafter. device. [Item 24] The device according to item 23, wherein the relay element includes a first surface and a second surface, and the energy propagating between the first surface and the second surface travels along a path substantially parallel to the longitudinal orientation. [Item 25] The first component design structure has a first refractive index, and the second component design structure has a second refractive index. The device according to item 24, wherein the variation between the first refractive index and the second refractive index results in the energy being spatially localized and relayed in the lateral orientation, and more than 50% of the energy propagating from the first surface to the second surface. [Item 26] The device according to item 24, wherein the energy passing through the first surface has a first resolution, and the energy passing through the second surface has a second resolution, the second resolution being about 50% or more of the first resolution. [Item 27] The device according to item 24, wherein the energy having a uniform profile presented on the first surface passes through the second surface and substantially fills a cone having an opening angle of ±10 degrees with respect to the normal of the second surface, regardless of the position of the energy on the second surface. [Item 28] The device according to any one of items 24 to 27, wherein both the first surface and the second surface are planar. [Item 29] The device according to any one of items 24 to 27, wherein both the first surface and the second surface are non-planar. [Item 30] The device according to any one of items 24 to 27, wherein the first surface is planar and the second surface is non-planar. [Item 31] The device according to any one of items 24 to 27, wherein the first surface is non-planar and the second surface is planar. [Item 32] The device according to any one of items 24 to 27, wherein both the first surface and the second surface are concave. [Item 33] The device according to any one of items 24 to 27, wherein both the first surface and the second surface are convex. [Item 34] The device according to any one of items 24 to 27, wherein the first surface is concave and the second surface is convex. [Item 35] The device according to any one of items 24 to 27, wherein the first surface is convex and the second surface is concave. [Item 36] A device according to any one of items 23 to 35, wherein each of the first and second component design structures comprises glass, carbon, optical fiber, optical thin film, polymer, or a mixture thereof.

Claims

[Claim 1] It is a method, (a) To provide one or more of the first component design structures, wherein the first component design structures have a first set of design characteristics, (b) Providing one or more of the second component design structures, wherein the second component design structure has a second set of design characteristics, and both the first component design structure and the second component design structure have at least two common design characteristics represented by the first and second design characteristics, (c) Forming a medium using one or more of the first component design structures and one or more of the second component design structures, wherein the forming step includes randomizing the first design characteristics in a first plane of the medium to result in a first variation of the first design characteristics in the first plane, the value of the second design characteristics allows for variation of the first design characteristics in a second plane of the medium, and the variation of the first design characteristics in the second plane is smaller than the variation of the first design characteristics in the first plane, wherein the first plane is the transverse orientation of the medium and the second plane is the longitudinal orientation of the medium. The step (c) of forming, (i) an additive process of the first component design structure to the second component design structure, (ii) A subtractive process of the first component design structure to generate a gap or inverse structure to be formed together with the second component design structure, (iii) an additive process of the second component design structure to the first component design structure, or (iv) A method comprising forming the second component design structure using at least one of the subtractive processes of the second component design structure for generating a gap or inverse structure to be formed together with the first component design structure.

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