pillow pad

Abstract

The present invention provides a sleeper pad that can bond particularly well to concrete railway sleepers. [Solution] A sleeper pad (1) for attachment to the outer surface, particularly the lower surface, of a concrete railway sleeper facing the track bed, wherein the sleeper pad (1) has an elastic layer (6) and a bonding layer (7) for bonding the sleeper pad (1) to the railway sleeper, the bonding layer (7) has a plurality of protrusions (8) for embedding in the concrete of the railway sleeper (1), and at least some, preferably all, of the protrusions (8) have a rhombic shape when viewed in a plan view of the sleeper pad (1), and each rhombus has one longitudinal extension that is larger than the lateral extension, the sleeper pad (1).

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a sleeper pad for attachment to the outer surface, particularly the lower surface, of a concrete railway sleeper facing the track bed, wherein the sleeper pad has an elastic layer and a bonding layer for bonding the sleeper pad to the railway sleeper, and the bonding layer has a plurality of protrusions for embedding in the concrete of the railway sleeper. [Background technology]

[0002] International Publication No. 2008 / 122065 shows a sleeper pad with various surface structuring parts in the bonding layer. [Overview of the Initiative] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0003] The object of the present invention is to provide a sleeper pad of the type described above that can bond sleeper pads to concrete railway sleepers particularly well. [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] To solve this problem, it has been identified that at least some, preferably all, of the protrusions have a rhombic shape when viewed in a plan view of the sleeper pad, and that each rhombus has one longitudinal extension that is larger than the lateral extension.

[0005] First, surprisingly, the bond of the sleeper pad to the concrete railway sleeper was shown to be particularly strong and persistent when such rhomboid protrusions were present. Subsequently, more precise investigations showed that, during concrete hardening and the associated shrinkage, the rhomboid shape of the protrusions caused them to be particularly firmly sandwiched between the concrete of the railway sleeper.

[0006] For the sake of completeness, it should be added that the sleeper pads according to the present invention can, of course, be attached to railway sleepers that are not made of concrete or do not contain concrete, provided that the railway sleepers are made of a reasonably fluid material before they harden, or include at least one layer made of such a material. Ultimately, the important thing is that the protrusions of the bonding layer can be pressed into or vibrated into the concrete or other fluid material of the railway sleeper before the concrete or other fluid material hardens. In this case, a reasonably firm bond of the sleeper pad to the railway sleeper is formed once hardened. However, since railway sleepers are now usually made of concrete, this specification will substantially refer to this embodiment, but this does not preclude the bonding of the sleeper pads according to the present invention to railway sleepers made of another fluid material before hardening.

[0007] If the above-described plan view of each protrusion is ambiguous, then it shall be assumed that the view is of the protrusion as seen in a direction perpendicular to the surface opposite to the elastic layer. Therefore, alternatively, in the present invention, it can also be said that the surface on the side opposite to the elastic layer has at least some, preferably all, of the rhombus-shaped protrusions.

[0008] Depending on the requirements for the adhesion strength of the bonding layer to the railway sleeper, or to accommodate the various strength classes or stiffness of the concrete during the concreteization of the railway sleeper, the sleeper pad may have additionally different shaped protrusions in addition to the rhombic protrusions according to the present invention, as viewed in plan view. However, particularly preferably, all protrusions have the rhombic shape, or more preferably, the same rhombic shape, as viewed in plan view.

[0009] The outward-opening porosity in the bonding layer provides an enlarged surface area, which helps improve the adhesion of the sleeper pads to the railway sleepers.

[0010] Therefore, preferably, the binding layer and / or elastic layer are specified to have a porous material.

[0011] Particularly preferred is that the regions of the protrusions and / or the bonding layer located between the protrusions have outward-opening porosity.

[0012] The regions located between the protrusions are understood to be flat or lower regions located between individual protrusions in the bonding layer.

[0013] Outward-facing porosity can allow for the purposeful exchange of air, moisture, and / or other substances.

[0014] Preferably, the binding layer is 1 mm 2 5 to 500 pores per unit area, preferably 1 mm 2 20 to 350 pores per unit area, particularly preferably 1 mm 2 It has been identified that it has 35 to 250 pores per unit area. This is especially true for the surface facing outwards from the bonding layer. In this case, specific optimizations can be performed depending on the application and desired functionality.

[0015] Pore ​​density, which represents the number of pores per unit area, has a decisive impact on the properties of a concrete layer, including adhesion, permeability, elasticity, and / or mechanical stability.

[0016] It is important to note that the pore density mentioned above should be understood as an average value, and that slight local deviations may actually occur.

[0017] Such deviations can arise from manufacturing methods that also depend on material properties and / or specific requirements of the application.

[0018] For example, in a given region of the bonding layer, the pores may be distributed at a slightly higher or lower density to allow for localized adaptation of properties.

[0019] Thus, the edge region of the bolster pad can have a lower pore density to ensure higher stability, while the region located in the center contains more pores to promote permeability and elasticity.

[0020] In addition to pore density, pore size is also important. Depending on the intended use, the pore size can be adapted such that larger pores facilitate air and liquid transport and / or smaller pores optimize adhesion and mechanical stability.

[0021] The combination of pore density and pore size enables the bonding layer to be flexibly adapted to specific requirements.

[0022] For high-load applications, the pore density in the support region can be reduced, while the low-load region is configured to be more porous.

[0023] In situations where water or vapor permeability is important, a uniformly high pore density can be selected.

[0024] It is also possible for the bonding layer and / or the elastic layer to include an integral foam. The bonding layer preferably has pores with a larger diameter in the region of the convex part, while the elastic layer, which is not provided for bonding to a concrete railway bolster, can have no or almost no pores.

[0025] The railway bolster can be formed as a simple bolster, a bolster with a frame, a bolster with protrusions, a U-shaped bolster, etc. <U+

[0026] <U+ Preferably, the bolster pad has a bulk density in the range of 100 to 1200 kg / m 3 in the range of preferably 150 to 800 kg / m 3 in the range of, particularly preferably, 200 to 500 kg / m 3 in the range of values.

[0027] Bulk density can be important for several reasons closely related to specific requirements for railway infrastructure.

[0028] The optimally adjusted bulk density in the sleeper pad can contribute to an ideal balance of damping, stability, and / or long service life of the railway sleeper.

[0029] Of course, the bulk density within a single sleeper pad is not uniform; in other words, it can vary. Various configurations of sleeper pad bulk density can be advantageous depending on the function and structure.

[0030] The bulk density can be changed as needed.

[0031] In preferred embodiments, the bonding layer and the elastic layer are specified to be integrally formed with respect to each other.

[0032] In this context, the concept of "integrated" specifically means that the bonding layer and the elastic layer form a single continuous layer or unit.

[0033] An integrated construction can lead to improved stability of the sleeper pad because the elastic layer and the bonding layer are reasonably firmly bonded to each other through the integrated structure. However, an integrated construction can also lead to easier manufacturing of the sleeper pad.

[0034] Preferably, in some of the protrusions, and preferably in all of them, the ratio of transverse extension to longitudinal extension is in the range of 1 / 10 to 1 / 1.75. The longitudinal extension of the rhombic protrusions is preferably in the range of 5 to 15 mm.

[0035] Ratios in the range of 1 / 10 to 1 / 1.75 can provide an ideal combination of mechanical load-bearing capacity, functionality, and / or material efficiency.

[0036] The protrusions can be allowed to undergo a certain degree of elastic deformation along their longitudinal extension, thereby damping stress and / or impacts, particularly with respect to the track section.

[0037] However, the precise ratio of the lateral extension to the longitudinal extension of the protrusion can be varied depending on its position and function within the sleeper pad.

[0038] In the convex sections, a ratio of transverse extension to longitudinal extension in the range of 1 / 10 to 1 / 1.75 has been shown to result in optimal bonding between the concrete railway sleepers and the bonding layer.

[0039] Preferably, the longitudinal and / or transverse extension directions and / or edges of a group of protrusions, preferably all of them, are specified to be parallel to each other when viewed in a plan view of the sleeper pad.

[0040] Parallel orientation can contribute to uniformly absorbing the load on the surface of the sleeper pad and distributing it over the support structure or track bed.

[0041] Furthermore, oriented the protrusions in a parallel manner can facilitate the manufacturing process through standardization and reproducibility.

[0042] Manufacturing methods such as cutting and / or milling processes for forming protrusions or fabricating bonding layers can be carried out particularly easily and effectively by a clearly defined rhombic protrusion geometry.

[0043] This flexible configurability allows the sleeper pads to be adapted to a variety of technical and functional requirements.

[0044] In this case, the parallel arrangement of the protrusions can play an important role in maximizing the performance and durability of the sleeper pad.

[0045] The parallel structure and / or rhombic shape of the convex portions ensures that forces are distributed particularly uniformly across the bonding layer, thereby avoiding localized overloads and extending the lifespan of the sleeper pads.

[0046] Since the convex portion has a rhombus shape, it is possible that not all of the edges of each individual rhombus are parallel to each other, but rather only the edges of each group of convex portions are parallel to each other.

[0047] It is advantageous if the protrusions have a height of 0.5 to 3.5 mm, preferably 0.6 to 3.0 mm, relative to the region of the bonding layer adjacent to each protrusion.

[0048] Therefore, the passages formed between each adjacent protrusion have a depth of preferably 0.5 to 3.5 mm, and more preferably 0.6 to 3.0 mm.

[0049] The height, spacing, and shape of the protrusions can affect the peel value. In the context of this specification, the peel value is defined as a value that indicates how easy or difficult it is to peel a sleeper pad from a railway sleeper.

[0050] The minimum required peeling value can be read from the standard IRS-70713-1-2ed-de.

[0051] Other standards that can be referenced in this regard are IG04013_V1_14082018_fil USP, RBGL-TRA-SPC-R-00002 1.9, RFI TCAR SF AR 03 008 A Manufatti in CLS con TAPPETINI USP 31_8_2015 and / or the Austrian Federal Railways sleeper pad inspection system.

[0052] Preferably, the distance between the edges of two adjacent protrusions is at least half and up to 10 times the lateral extension of each protrusion. In this case, the distance between the edges of two adjacent protrusions corresponds to the width of the passage between these two protrusions.

[0053] The passages between the protrusions in the bonding layer are filled with the concrete of the railway sleepers, which has not yet hardened, when the sleeper pads are attached to the railway sleepers.

[0054] Preferably, at least 15% and up to 50% of the total surface area of ​​the bonding layer is formed by protrusions.

[0055] This coverage rate results in balanced force transmission and load distribution to the sleeper pads, which supports the stability and / or long service life of the bonding layer.

[0056] Preferably, the binding layer and / or elastic layer is specified to have or consist of a foamed elastomer.

[0057] Alternatively, the binding layer and / or elastic layer may be formed from a thermoplastic resin. This material selection can be made depending on the various intended use or load conditions of the sleeper pad.

[0058] The sleeper pads may be equipped with reinforcing materials or steel bars made of, for example, metal materials such as steel, brass, etc., and / or fibrous materials in the form of short fibers having a fiber length that is modified in particular depending on the sleeper pad.

[0059] Preferably, the elastomer is polyurethane. Alternatively, the elastomer may be rubber, particularly natural rubber, or a mixture of polyurethane and rubber, possibly including other materials as well.

[0060] The edge of the protrusion opposite the elastic layer can be formed as a chamfered and / or rounded portion. This resulting beveled surface facilitates the concrete to accumulate sufficiently within the passages between the protrusions.

[0061] In this case, the chamfered portion may be a beveled surface extending at an angle of 15° to 45° with respect to the height of the protrusion. This chamfered portion avoids sharp edges and allows for uniform distribution of the load in the transition area.

[0062] A bonding layer, particularly a protrusion, can be formed by cutting and / or milling processes.

[0063] In addition to the sleeper pad itself according to the present invention, the present invention also provides a method for manufacturing the sleeper pad according to the present invention, which involves forming a bonding layer, particularly a protrusion, by a cutting and / or milling process.

[0064] A bonding layer, particularly a protrusion, can be formed by a laser process, either as an alternative to or in addition to cutting and / or milling processes.

[0065] Whether it is a cutting, milling, or laser process, the appropriate tool or equipment may be specified to be guided through the bonding layer along a linear trajectory while removing material at each step, thereby forming protrusions between these trajectories. The linear trajectories may be oriented at angles to each other such that a corresponding rhombus shape is ultimately formed at the protrusions in a plan view.

[0066] The wedge-shaped cross-section of the sleeper pad prevents the formation of air bubbles between the railway sleeper and the sleeper pad when attaching the sleeper pad to the railway sleeper. Particularly preferable, in order to avoid such air bubbles, the sleeper pad is specified to be thicker at the center than at the edges when viewed in cross-section. Therefore, in this configuration, the sleeper pad may have wedge-shaped cross-sections toward both edges.

[0067] When bonding the sleeper pad to a railway sleeper that has not yet hardened, the bonding layer is introduced, through its protrusions, into the railway sleeper's preferably still-soft concrete or other still-soft fluid material while being vibrated.

[0068] Further features and details of preferred embodiments of the present invention are described illustratively in the following description of the drawings. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0069] [Figure 1] This diagram shows a railway sleeper equipped with a sleeper pad according to the present invention, arranged along the track section. [Figure 2] Figure 1 is a perspective view showing the sleeper pad. [Figure 3] Figures 1 and 2 are detailed diagrams showing the sleeper pads. [Figure 4] This is a cross-sectional view showing a sleeper pad. [Figure 5] This figure shows one aspect of the protruding part of a sleeper pad. [Figure 6] This figure shows another aspect of the convex portion of the sleeper pad. [Figure 7] This diagram schematically shows the geometry of the convex part. [Figure 8] This diagram schematically shows the manufacturing method of the binding layer. [Figure 9] This diagram shows the arrangement of the protrusions on the sleeper pad. [Figure 10] This diagram shows the arrangement of the protrusions on the sleeper pad. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0070] Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the track section in a side view. You can see the concrete railway sleepers 5 and the rails placed on top of them. One sleeper pad 1 according to the present invention is attached to each of the outer surfaces 3, in this case the lower surface 4, of the railway sleepers 5. The railway sleepers 5 are embedded in the track bed 2 by these sleeper pads 1. The vibration damping effect of the sleeper pads 1 and their effect of being gentle on the ballast are well known. The elastic and plastic properties of the sleeper pads 1 according to the present invention may be configured to suit the requirements on a case-by-case basis in a manner that is known in itself.

[0071] As explained at the beginning, it is possible that railway sleeper 1 contains materials other than concrete.

[0072] The protrusions 8 of the bonding layer 7 engage with the concrete body of each railway sleeper 1, thereby fixing each sleeper pad 1 to each railway sleeper. Therefore, when attached to the railway sleeper 5, the bonding layer 7 of the sleeper pad 1 is not visible (see Figure 1).

[0073] Figure 2 shows a plan view of the sleeper pad 1 according to the present invention, separated from the railway sleeper 1, as it is usable in Figure 1. It is shown that the sleeper pad 1 includes an elastic layer 6 and a bonding layer 7. The rhombus-shaped protrusions 8 of the bonding layer 7, as seen in the plan view according to the present invention, can be clearly seen in Figure 2. The longitudinal extensions 14 of the rhombus are each larger than the transverse extensions 13 of the rhombus, which can be seen particularly clearly in Figure 7, which will be described later.

[0074] Figure 2 further shows that there is one passage 17 between each of the individual protrusions 8. The passages 17 are filled with the concrete of the railway sleeper 5 as the protrusions 8 of the bonding layer 7 of the sleeper pad 1 are introduced, preferably while being vibrated, as they are pressed into the still-hardened concrete of the railway sleeper 5.

[0075] Figure 2 clearly shows that the bonding layer 7 has multiple protrusions 8. In this preferred embodiment, all of the protrusions 8 have a rhombus shape when viewed in plan. However, as explained at the beginning, this is not necessarily the case.

[0076] The protrusions 8 increase the surface area of ​​the bonding layer 7, and in this case, the bonding layer is shape-bonded to the hardened concrete of the completed railway sleeper 5 by its protrusions 8. Preferably, in this case, the protrusions 8 and the region 9 of the bonding layer 7 between these protrusions 8 are specified to have outward-opening porosity. This results in a particularly large surface area for a particularly firm bond of the sleeper pad 1 to the railway sleeper 5.

[0077] Figure 2 further shows that, in the preferred embodiment shown here, the bonding layer 7 and the elastic layer 6 of the sleeper pad 1 are integrally formed with each other.

[0078] Of course, it is possible that sleeper pad 1 has reinforcing materials and / or steel bars, but this is not shown in the drawings.

[0079] The reinforcing material may be further formed in the form of a surface, rods, or grid, or as fibers, etc.

[0080] Figure 3 shows a detailed view of the corner section of the sleeper pad 1 in Figure 2. In this figure, it can be seen that the region of the protrusions 8 and / or the bonding layer 7 located between the protrusions 8 has outward-opening porosity. Furthermore, in this preferred embodiment, it can be clearly seen that the elastic layer 6 also has outward-opening porosity.

[0081] To state for the sake of thoroughness, the porosity of the cushion pad 1 is shown by the dotting of the cushion pad 1 in FIG. 3.

[0082] Preferably, the bonding layer 7 has, on its surface, pores of 5 to 500 per 1 mm 2 preferably 20 to 350 pores per 1 mm 2 and particularly preferably 35 to 250 pores per 1 mm. 2 It has been specified to have pores.

[0083] For the sake of simplicity, the total number of pores is not shown in FIG. 3. However, in FIG. 3, the height of the convex portion 8 with respect to the region of the bonding layer 7 adjacent to each convex portion 8 is shown. This height 29 is preferably in the range of 0.5 mm to 3.5 mm, particularly preferably in the range of 0.6 mm to 3.0 mm.

[0084] To add further for the sake of thoroughness, the bonding layer 7 and the elastic layer 6 do not necessarily have to be integrally formed, nor do they necessarily have to be formed from the same material. These layers may be layers formed with different materials and different porosities, and may be layers bonded to each other, for example, by adhesion.

[0085] Figure 4 shows a preferred configuration of the sleeper pad 1. As shown here, in order to avoid air bubbles between the hardened railway sleeper 5 and the sleeper pad 1, the sleeper pad 1 may be specified to be thicker at the center 9 than at the edges 25, as seen in the cross-sectional view. Therefore, in such a configuration, the sleeper pad 1 may have wedge-shaped cross-sections that taper toward both edges 25, as can be seen in Figure 4. Preferably, the wedge-shaped cross-sections have a wedge angle 30 in the range of 1° to 10°. This allows air to escape more effectively toward the edges 25 when installing the protrusion 8 into the still-soft concrete of the railway sleeper 5, preferably while being introduced with vibration, so that undesirable air traps or bubbles do not occur. The introduction with vibration is preferably performed using a vibratory roller.

[0086] In addition to or alternative to the wedge-shaped cross-section, the sleeper pad 1 may have perforations or air vents 28 extending away from the bonding layer 7 and through the elastic layer 6, through which air can escape, thereby preventing the formation of air-filled sections or bubbles. The air vents 28 may have an opening diameter in the range of, for example, 0.1 to 1 mm.

[0087] The passage 17 between the protrusions 8 of the bonding layer 7, which has already been mentioned several times, can also be called the intermediate passage 17 to more clearly distinguish it from the air vent passage 28.

[0088] Figures 5 and 6 show diagrams of the protrusions 8 of the bonding layer 7 in a preferred embodiment.

[0089] Figure 5 shows a configuration of the convex portion 8 according to the present invention, in which case the edge 10 is formed as a rounded portion 12.

[0090] Figure 6 shows another configuration of the protrusion 8 according to the present invention, in which case the edge 10 is formed as a chamfered portion 11.

[0091] Figure 7 shows a plan view, and therefore illustrates the rhombus shape of the protrusions 8 and their preferred relative arrangement.

[0092] Figure 7 shows the longitudinal extension 14 and lateral extension 13 of the protrusion 8.

[0093] As can be seen from the figure, in a preferred embodiment as shown, the longitudinal extension direction 14 14 and the transverse extension direction 13 13 of each protrusion 8 are oriented parallel to each other.

[0094] As can be seen further, the edges 10 of the protrusions 8 may also be parallel to each other in a preferred embodiment.

[0095] Figure 8 shows a method for fabricating the protrusion 8 and, consequently, the bonding layer 7. A first apparatus 23 and a second apparatus 24 for forming the passage 17 and, consequently, the protrusion 8 are shown. These apparatuses 23 and 24 may be material removal tools, preferably cutting heads, milling heads, or laser heads.

[0096] The first device 23 and the second device 24 may be the same device or they may be different devices.

[0097] Therefore, it is possible to perform cutting and / or milling processes using the first device 23 and the second device 24, respectively, thereby forming the bonding layer 7, particularly the protrusions 8.

[0098] To form the rhombus-shaped protrusion 8, the first device 23 and the second device 24 can be moved simultaneously or staggered in time along the first direction 21 and the second direction 22.

[0099] The cutting and / or milling processes can be performed fully or partially automatically.

[0100] Regardless of whether it is a cutting, milling, or laser process, the corresponding tools or equipment 23 and 24 may be specified to be guided through the bonding layer 7 along linear trajectories or directions 21 and 22 while removing material during each process, thereby forming protrusions 8 between these trajectories. Material removal along these trajectories creates passages 17. The linear trajectories or directions 21 and 22 may be oriented at angles to each other such that a corresponding rhombus shape is ultimately formed at the protrusions 8 in a plan view.

[0101] If the protrusion is manufactured by a cutting process, the protrusion 8 may have a rough edge 10.

[0102] When the protrusions are manufactured by a milling process, the protrusions 8 may have inclined portions at the end of each longitudinal extension 14 of the protrusions 8.

[0103] Figures 9 and 10 illustrate the spacing between the protrusions 8, in which case the spacing in Figure 9 and the spacing in Figure 10 are of different sizes, in other words, formed with different dimensions.

[0104] Figure 9 shows the first interval 15, the second interval 18, and the third interval 19.

[0105] In the embodiment shown in Figure 9, the first interval 15 is 2 mm, the second interval 18 is 4 mm, and the third interval 19 has a value of 3 mm.

[0106] Figure 10 shows a first spacing of 20 mm 15, a second spacing of 40 mm 18, a third spacing of 20 mm 19, and a fourth spacing of 40 mm.

[0107] The intervals 15, 18, 19, and 20 shown in Figures 9 and 10 are, of course, merely preferred embodiments, and entirely different values ​​are possible. Preferably, however, the interval 15 between the edges 10 of two adjacent protrusions 8 is specified to be at least half and up to 10 times the lateral extension 13 of each protrusion 8. In this case, the interval 15 between the edges 10 of two adjacent protrusions 8 corresponds to the width of the passage 17 between these two protrusions. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0108] 1 pillow pad 2 road bed 3 External surface 4 Bottom side 5 Railway sleepers 6. Elastic layer 7 Bonding layer 8. Convex part 9 center 10 Edge 11 Chamfered section 12. Rounded part 13 Lateral extension 14. Longitudinal extension 15 The first interval 16 rails 17th aisle 18. Second interval 19 The third interval 20 The fourth interval 21 First direction 22 Second direction 23 First device 24 Second device 25 Edge 26 directions 27 directions 28 Air vent passage 29 Height 30 wedge angle

Claims

1. A sleeper pad (1) for attaching to the outer surface (3), particularly the lower surface (4), of a concrete railway sleeper (5) facing the track bed (2), wherein the sleeper pad (1) has an elastic layer (6) and a bonding layer (7) for bonding the sleeper pad (1) to the railway sleeper (5), and the bonding layer (7) has a plurality of protrusions (8) for embedding in the concrete of the railway sleeper (1), The sleeper pad (1) is characterized in that at least some, preferably all, of the protrusions (8) have a rhombic shape when viewed in a plan view of the sleeper pad (1), and each rhombic shape has one longitudinal extension (14) that is larger than the lateral extension (13).

2. The sleeper pad (1) according to claim 1, wherein the binding layer (7) and / or the elastic layer (6) are made of a porous material.

3. The aforementioned sleeper pad (1) has a load capacity of 100 to 1200 kg / m². ３ Preferably within the range of 150 to 800 kg / m ３ A sleeper pad (1) according to at least one of claims 1 and 2, having a bulk density in the range of values.

4. The sleeper pad (1) according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the bonding layer (7) and the elastic layer (6) are integrally formed with respect to each other.

5. The sleeper pad (1) according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the region (9) of the protrusions (8) and / or the bonding layer (7) located between the protrusions (8) has outward-opening porosity.

6. The bonding layer (7) is 1 mm ２ 5 to 500 pores per unit area, preferably 1 mm ２ A sleeper pad (1) according to at least one of claims 1 to 5, having 20 to 350 pores per unit area.

7. The sleeper pad (1) according to at least one of claims 1 to 6, wherein in some of the protrusions (8), preferably in all of the protrusions (8), the ratio of the lateral extension (13) to the longitudinal extension (14) is in the range of 1 / 10 to 1 / 1.

75.

8. The direction of the longitudinal extension (14) (27) and / or the direction of the transverse extension (13) (26) and / or the edge (10) of one group of the protrusions (8), preferably all of the protrusions (8), are parallel to each other when viewed in a plan view of the sleeper pad (1), according to at least one of claims 1 to 7.

9. The sleeper pad (1) according to at least one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the protrusions (8) have a height (29) of 0.5 to 3.5 mm, preferably 0.6 to 3.0 mm, with respect to the region of the bonding layer (7) adjacent to each of the protrusions (8).

10. The sleeper pad (1) according to at least one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the distance (15) between the edges (10) of two adjacent protrusions (8) is at least half and at most 10 times the lateral extension (13) of each protrusion (8).

11. The sleeper pad (1) according to at least one of claims 1 to 10, wherein at least 15% and a maximum of 50% of the total area of ​​the bonding layer (7) is the convex portion (8).

12. The sleeper pad (1) according to at least one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the binding layer (7) and / or the elastic layer (6) preferably have or consist of a foamed elastomer.

13. The pillow pad (1) according to claim 12, wherein the elastomer is polyurethane.

14. The sleeper pad (1) according to at least one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the edge (10) of the protrusion (8) opposite to the elastic layer (6) is formed as a chamfered portion (11) and / or a rounded portion (12).

15. A method for manufacturing a sleeper pad (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 14, comprising forming the bonding layer (7), particularly the protrusions (8), by a cutting and / or milling process.

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