Tire Passport

Abstract

An apparatus for generating a tire passport is disclosed, the apparatus comprising: one or more computing nodes and one or more computer-readable media that, when executed by the one or more computing nodes, cause the apparatus to perform the following steps: - receiving a request to provide tire data and a decentralized identifier associated with the data owner; - in response to the request, providing the decentralized identifier and generating a tire passport including data related to the decentralized identifier and the tire data; - providing the tire passport for access by a data consumption service under the control of or controlled by a data provision service associated with the data owner; and one or more computer-readable media having computer-executable instructions configured to cause the system to perform the steps of the method.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Technical Field The present invention relates to the field of sustainability, and more particularly to the field of handling used tires. The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for generating a tire passport, a computer-implemented method for generating a tire passport, a method for using a tire passport, and a computer program element.

Background Art

[0002] Background Art Vehicle tires are designed to withstand many stresses during use and thus contain a very complex mixture of materials. Due to the stresses during use, vehicle tires may only be used for a limited time. Therefore, tires are regularly discarded, and tire waste accumulates to a significant amount. Since tires are made of different materials that must be separated, the recycling rate of tires remains low.

[0003] To reuse waste tires, different methods such as regrooving, retreading, or recycling can be applied. By recycling, rubber and fillers can be recovered. Such recycled materials can be used to produce new tires or other products. In this way, the materials of tires can be used multiple times, and circularity of the material flow can be achieved. To improve the handling of used tires, such as the reuse and recycling of used tires, standardized information about the used tires to be reused or recycled is needed. Such data can be provided, for example, via the International Material Data System (IMDS) used in the automotive supply chain. In such a system, it is possible to collect data along the entire automotive supply chain. Participants in the automotive supply chain register for the IMDS service and maintain product entries in a centralized database provided and hosted by a third-party provider.

[0004] Systems like IMDS are static in terms of data, prone to errors, and cumbersome to handle and maintain. Due to the highly specific and centralized setup of such systems, exchanging and sharing tire data is a laborious task. Therefore, there is a need to simplify the exchange and sharing of tire data to improve the reuse and recycling rates of used tires. [Overview of the project] [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] Summary of the Invention In one embodiment, an apparatus for generating a tire passport associated with a tire is disclosed, the apparatus comprising one or more computing nodes and one or more computer-readable media, which, when executed by one or more computing nodes, performs the following steps: - The step of receiving a request to provide a decentralized identifier associated with the data owner and tire data associated with the tire, - In response to a request, the process involves generating a tire passport containing a decentralized identifier and data related to tire data, - The step of providing a tire passport for access by a data consumption service that is under the control of or controlled by a data provision service associated with the data owner. It comprises one or more computer-readable media having computer-executable instructions structured to cause the execution of a computer.

[0006] In one embodiment, an apparatus for generating a tire passport associated with a tire is disclosed, the apparatus comprising one or more computing nodes and one or more computer-readable media, which, when executed by one or more computing nodes, performs the following steps: - The step of receiving a request to provide a decentralized identifier associated with the data owner and at least a portion of the tire data associated with the tire, - In response to a request, the process involves generating a tire passport that includes a decentralized identifier and data related to at least a portion of the tire data, - The step of providing a tire passport for access by a data consumption service that is under the control of or controlled by a data provision service associated with the data owner. It comprises one or more computer-readable media having computer-executable instructions structured to cause the execution of a computer.

[0007] In one embodiment, an apparatus for generating a tire passport associated with a tire is disclosed, the apparatus comprising one or more computing nodes and one or more computer-readable media, which, when executed by one or more computing nodes, performs the following steps: - A step of providing a decentralized identifier associated with the data owner and tire data associated with the tire, - A step of generating a tire passport that includes a decentralized identifier and data related to tire data, - A step of providing a tire passport for access by data consumption services controlled by data provision services associated with the data owner. It comprises one or more computer-readable media having computer-executable instructions structured to cause the execution of a computer.

[0008] In one embodiment, a device is disclosed for generating a tire-associated tire passport, which includes a decentralized identifier associated with tire data and data associated with the tire data associated with the tire, the device comprising one or more computing nodes and one or more computer-readable media, which, when executed by one or more computing nodes, performs the following steps: - Decentralized identifier associated with the data owner and The steps include receiving a request to provide tire data associated with a tire, - In response to a request, provide a decentralized identifier and generate a tire passport containing the decentralized identifier and data related to tire data, - A step of providing a tire passport for access by a data consumption service controlled by or under the control of a data provision service associated with a data owner, in particular, a step of providing a data passport for access by a data provision service, for example, a computer executable instruction for providing and / or processing tire data associated with a data owner for access and / or processing by a data consumption service. It comprises one or more computer-readable media having computer-executable instructions structured to cause the execution of a computer.

[0009] In one embodiment, a device is disclosed for generating a tire-associated tire passport, which includes a decentralized identifier associated with tire data and data associated with the tire data associated with the tire, the device comprising one or more computing nodes and one or more computer-readable media, which, when executed by one or more computing nodes, performs the following steps: - A step of providing a decentralized identifier associated with the data owner and tire data associated with the tire, - Tires containing decentralized identifiers and data related to tire data Data Passport The steps to generate, - A step of providing a tire passport for access by a data consumption service controlled by or under the control of a data provision service associated with a data owner, in particular, a step of providing a data passport for access by a data provision service, for example, a computer executable instruction for providing and / or processing tire data associated with a data owner for access and / or processing by a data consumption service. It comprises one or more computer-readable media having computer-executable instructions structured to cause the execution of a computer.

[0010] In another embodiment, a computer implementation method for generating a tire passport associated with a tire is disclosed, the method being: - The step of receiving a request to provide a decentralized identifier associated with the data owner and tire data associated with the tire, - In response to the request, the tire contains data related to a decentralized identifier and tire data. passport The steps to generate, - A step of providing a tire passport for access by data consumption services controlled by data provision services associated with the data owner. Includes.

[0011] In another embodiment, a computer implementation method for generating a tire passport associated with a tire is disclosed, the method is: - A step of providing a decentralized identifier associated with the data owner and tire data associated with the tire, - A step of generating a tire passport that includes a decentralized identifier and data related to tire data, - A step of providing a tire passport for access by data consumption services controlled by data provision services associated with the data owner. Includes.

[0012] In yet another embodiment, a computer implementation method for using a tire passport, preferably for determining the characteristics and / or processing of a tire associated with a tire passport, is disclosed, - The steps of receiving a request to access tire data associated with a decentralized identifier of a tire passport generated in accordance with the methods disclosed herein or by the devices disclosed herein, - Optionally, a step to authenticate and / or authorize a request to access tire data, - A step of optionally providing access to tire data associated with a decentralized identifier of a tire passport based on authentication and / or authorization, Includes.

[0013] In yet another embodiment, a computer-aided method is disclosed for monitoring at least one tire characteristic that is important for the reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components, the method - A step of collecting tire data of a tire or its components, in connection with the production of a tire or its components, particularly tire data relating to characteristics important for the reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components, wherein the collected tire data includes data associated with one or more production inputs used in the production of the tire or its components. - Optionally, the step of collecting tire data relating to tire use, in particular tire data relating to characteristics important for the reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components, - Providing one or more decentralized identifiers associated with a tire or its components, and one or more decentralized identifiers associated with one or more production inputs, - A step of generating at least one dataset containing at least a portion of the collected tire data, and optionally a relation dataset specifying relationships between the provided decentralized identifiers, - One or more access elements including access data related to at least one of one or more decentralized identifiers associated with a tire or its components and a generated data set, and optionally, one or more relationship access elements including access data related to one or more decentralized identifiers associated with a tire or its components and a generated relationship data set are generated; - Providing one or more access elements to a decentralized network for accessing a data set by one or more data consumption network nodes of the decentralized network under the control of a data providing network node including.

[0014] In yet another aspect, an apparatus for monitoring at least one characteristic of a tire important for the reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components is disclosed. The apparatus - A data collection interface, ○ Collecting tire data related to the production of a tire or its components, particularly tire data related to characteristics important for the reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components, and the collected tire data includes data associated with one or more production inputs used in the production of the tire or its components, ○ Optionally, collecting tire data related to the use of the tire, particularly tire data related to characteristics important for the reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components configured as such a data collection interface, - A decentralized identifier providing interface configured to provide one or more decentralized identifiers associated with a tire or its components and one or more decentralized identifiers associated with one or more production inputs, - A data set generator configured to generate at least one data set including at least a part of the collected tire data and, optionally, a relationship data set specifying the relationship between the provided decentralized identifiers - An access element generator configured to generate one or more access elements, each containing one or more decentralized identifiers associated with a tire or its components and access data related to at least one of the generated datasets, and optionally, one or more relational access elements, each containing one or more decentralized identifiers associated with a tire or its components and access data related to the generated relational datasets. - A decentralized network interface configured to provide one or more access elements to a decentralized network for access to a dataset by one or more data-consuming network nodes of a decentralized network under the control of a data-providing network node. It is equipped with.

[0015] In yet another embodiment, a computer-aided method is disclosed for accessing at least one tire characteristic important for tire reuse and / or recycling, the method being described - A step of providing a decentralized identifier associated with a tire or its components that is to be recycled or reused, - A step of collecting access data related to a decentralized identifier associated with a tire or its components, based on one or more access elements generated and / or provided by the Method or the apparatus disclosed herein, in particular a step of recursively collecting access data for each production stage of the tire production chain and / or tire usage chain, wherein the recursive collection is based on one or more relational datasets provided by one or more stakeholders in the tire production chain, - A step of requesting access to tire data from one or more parties in the tire production chain and / or tire usage chain based on the collected access data, in particular a step of recursively requesting access to tire data from one or more parties in the tire production chain and / or tire usage chain, in particular for each party, based on the collected access data. Includes.

[0016] In yet another embodiment, a device is disclosed for accessing at least one tire characteristic that is important for tire reuse and / or recycling, the device is - An identifier providing interface configured to provide a decentralized identifier associated with a tire or its components that is to be recycled or reused, - An access data retriever that collects access data related to a decentralized identifier associated with a tire or its components based on one or more access elements generated and / or provided by the method or by an apparatus disclosed herein, in particular an access data retriever configured to recursively collect access data for each production stage of a tire production chain and / or tire usage chain, wherein the recursive collection is based on one or more relational datasets provided by one or more stakeholders in the tire production chain, - An access requester configured to request access to tire data from one or more parties in the tire production chain and / or tire usage chain, in particular recursively, based on the collected access data, to request access to tire data from one or more parties in the tire production chain and / or tire usage chain, in particular for each party. It is equipped with.

[0017] Use of a tire passport generated for a tire, in accordance with this method or by the apparatus described herein, to determine the characteristics and / or treatment of the tire associated with the tire passport.

[0018] In yet another embodiment, a tire associated with a tire passport is disclosed, and a tire passport including a decentralized identifier and data related to the tire data is generated with respect to the tire by the method or the apparatus described herein.

[0019] In yet another embodiment, a system is disclosed which includes a tire associated with a tire passport, and the tire passport, which includes a decentralized identifier and data related to the tire data, is generated in relation to the tire in accordance with the method described herein or by the apparatus described herein.

[0020] In yet another embodiment, a tire passport is disclosed which includes a decentralized identifier and data related to tire data, the tire passport being generated with respect to a tire in accordance with the method described herein or by the apparatus described herein.

[0021] In yet another embodiment, a computer element, in particular a computer program product or computer-readable medium, is disclosed, having instructions configured to run on one or more computing nodes to perform any step of the method disclosed herein or by the apparatus disclosed herein.

[0022] Any disclosures and embodiments described herein relate to methods, apparatus, systems, tires, tire passports, uses, and computer elements, as described above or below and vice versa. The benefits derived from any embodiment and example apply equally to all other embodiments and examples.

[0023] Embodiment The methods, apparatus, systems, tires, tire passports, uses, and computer elements disclosed herein provide an efficient, secure, and robust way to share or exchange tire data between different stakeholder nodes in the tire value chain, and thus enable the improvement of reuse and / or recycling rates of used tires by using, for example, tire data and / or data related to the production of tires or their components and / or data related to the use of tires or their components, in order to determine the appropriate processing of used tires. Appropriate processing may be determined on the basis of access. In particular, tire data can be securely exchanged and shared under the sovereignty of the data owner by a) attaching decentralized identifiers to the data owner and the associated tire data, and by b) providing access by data consumption services controlled by data provision services associated with the data owner. Thus, the data owner can control access to the tire data by stakeholder nodes or data consumption services in a decentralized network. This enables simplified and customizable data sharing or exchange across the entire tire ecosystem, including tire manufacturers, vehicle manufacturers, tire distributors, tire factories, vehicle owners, vehicle holders, vehicle lessors, tire collection companies, tire retreading companies, and tire recyclers. In this way, reliable and efficient handling of tires and end-of-life tires by upstream stakeholders in the tire ecosystem can be achieved while tire data remains the property of its respective data owner. By directly combining tire-related data with decentralized identifiers and one or more optional authentication mechanisms, more reliable and secure data sharing and exchange can be provided. By further including one or more authorization mechanisms, data sharing or exchange can be implemented more flexibly, with multiple data consumption services from different stakeholders in the tire ecosystem accessing tire data.In addition, by making data related to the production of tires or their components, and / or data related to tire use, such as characteristic data, accessible to all stakeholders in the tire ecosystem, more efficient and reliable monitoring of characteristics important for recycling and / or reuse can be ensured through controlled and targeted access to such data. The monitoring concept enables reliable monitoring of characteristics important for tire recycling and / or reuse.

[0024] In particular, by collecting characteristic data during the production stage of tires or their components, and / or during tire use, and by providing access to such data via access elements through a decentralized network, it becomes possible to share such characteristic data among stakeholders in the tire chain or loop. Furthermore, in particular, by identifying the relationships between production inputs and outputs at each production step of the tire production chain, and by using decentralized relationship datasets stored for each stakeholder in the tire chain or loop, it becomes possible to recursively reconstruct the bill of materials only for the parts of the characteristic data relevant to the reuse or recycling process. Furthermore, in particular, by making the relevant data available only to selected stakeholders such as recyclers and / or reusers, necessary control over sensitive tire information is provided to tire manufacturers and further stakeholders in the tire production chain. Furthermore, in particular, by providing data related to characteristics important for recycling and / or reuse, such characteristics can be monitored more precisely, and thus appropriate reuse and / or recycling processes can be determined to increase the reuse and / or recycling of used tires.

[0025] By providing relational access elements associated with decentralized identifiers and access data for each stage of the production chain, the depth of characteristics or characteristic data available via a decentralized network can be increased without disclosing the entire bill of materials. Through relational access elements, controlled and targeted access becomes possible to each input and output depending on the participants in the production and / or recycling chain and / or reuse chain. In this way, reuse and / or recycling processes that match the characteristic data accessed via the decentralized network can be determined. This also ensures that the quality of tires obtained as a result of retreading and / or recycling operations is higher. The higher the quality of the recycled rate, the more likely it is to be supplied to the chemical production chain, as this avoids adverse effects on production equipment during the production of chemical products caused by important substances present in the recycled rate.

[0026] The following describes several embodiments of this disclosure as examples. Please understand that this disclosure is not limited to the above embodiments and / or examples.

[0027] In one embodiment, a decentralized identifier may include any unique identifier uniquely associated with the data owner and / or the tire data. A decentralized identifier may include the manufacturer of the tire or its components and any unique identifier uniquely associated with the tire or its components. A decentralized identifier may include one or more universally unique identifiers (UUIDs) and / or digital identifiers (DIDs). A decentralized identifier may be associated with a digital twin of the tire, which includes the tire data. A decentralized identifier may be associated with the physical entity of the tire or its components. Any combination of UUIDs and DIDs is possible. A decentralized identifier may be issued by a centralized or decentralized identity information issuer. A decentralized identifier may be generated by the data owner or on behalf of the data owner. A decentralized identifier may be generated by the manufacturer of the tire or its components or on behalf of the manufacturer of the tire or its components. A decentralized identifier may include one or more identifiers used in a decentralized network that enable data exchange over the decentralized network. Data exchange may include the discovery of decentralized identifiers of participant nodes in the decentralized network, authentication of participant nodes in the decentralized network, and / or authorization of data transfer via peer-to-peer communication between participant nodes in the decentralized network. A decentralized identifier may be associated with any participant in the tire ecosystem, including raw material suppliers, intermediate product manufacturers, tire manufacturers, vehicle manufacturers, tire distributors, tire factories, vehicle owners, vehicle holders, vehicle lessors, tire collectors, and tire recyclers. A decentralized identifier may be associated with machines, systems, or devices used for tire production and tire recycling, or with a collection of such machines, devices, and / or systems. Identifier elements may be associated with or linked to tires or their components. Identifier elements may be associated with or linked to tires or their components, at least with respect to the production of tires or their components.Through identifier elements, a digital twin of a tire or its components may be accessible through a decentralized network. Identifier elements may be uniquely associated with a tire or its components. Identifier elements may be uniquely associated with a decentralized identifier associated with a tire or its components. Decentralized identifiers may be uniquely associated with a tire or its components. In this way, tire data or characteristic data may be provided per tire / component or for each individual tire / component. Decentralized identifiers may be digital identifiers of a decentralized network or digital identifiers relating to a decentralized network. Decentralized identifiers may be digital identifiers provided to the decentralized network and the participant nodes of the decentralized network. Therefore, such decentralized identifiers may represent the physical entities of a tire or its components in a decentralized network, and participant nodes may be able to interpret the relationship between the decentralized identifiers and the physical entities of the tire or its components. Decentralized identifiers may include authentication information. Through decentralized identifiers and a unique association of decentralized identifiers with the data owner and tire data, access to tire data can be controlled by the data owner. Similarly, through decentralized identifiers and a unique association of decentralized identifiers with the data owner and tire data, access to characteristic data can be controlled by the data owner. This is in contrast to a centralized authorization scheme, where identifiers are provided by such centralized authorizations, and access to data is controlled by such centralized authorizations. In this context, decentralized refers to the use of identifiers in embodiments controlled by the data owner.

[0028] In one embodiment, the tire passport may further include the data owner's public key and / or a tire identifier associated with the tire. The tire identifier may include a batch number, tire name, tire ID, part number, lot number, or a combination thereof. The lot number may be assigned to the tire at the time of production or after production. The tire identifier can uniquely identify the physical entity of each tire, and therefore all data associated with the identifier, such as tire data and decentralized identifiers, can be linked to the physical entity of the tire.

[0029] In one embodiment, the tire may be a vehicle tire. The vehicle may be an automobile such as a car, van, minivan, bus, SUV (sports utility vehicle); truck; heavy truck, semi-truck; tractor; motorcycle; trailer; ATV (all-terrain vehicle); pickup truck; heavy-duty movers such as bulldozers, mobile cranes, and earth movers; airplane; and other means of transport that are generally equipped with one or more tires. The tire may be produced from a chemical product. The chemical product may be a chemical raw material or an intermediate chemical product. The chemical raw material may include water glass, as well as monomers used to produce rubber such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene, styrene, and polyisobutene. The intermediate chemical product may include rubber such as natural rubber and / or synthetic rubber, oil, steel, fillers (such as carbon black and silica), polymers, tackifiers, antioxidants, accelerators, and ozone degradation inhibitors. The tire may have a synthetic rubber inner liner. The tire has a thin layer incorporated into the rubber on top of the inner liner (also called a ply). ThinA tire may have a layer containing wire or cable. A tire may have a layer containing thin steel cables embedded in rubber on top of a ply (also called a casing ply). A tire may have a layer containing reinforced nylon-based cables embedded in a layer of rubber on top of a casing ply (also called a cap ply). A tire may have a bead wire containing or made of steel at the edge of the tire. A tire may have a rubber tread and a rubber sidewall. The rubber tread may have a profile. A tire may be produced through production that includes one or more production steps. A tire may be used throughout its lifespan. The lifespan of a tire may be extended by a reuse process. Reuse may include retreading or regrooving to extend the lifespan of the tire. Regrooving may include cutting a second tread layer into a used tire when the first layer has worn down due to tire use. Retreading may include attaching a new tread to a tire to extend its lifespan.

[0030] In one embodiment, the component may be a chemical component of the tire or an individual component.

[0031] In one embodiment, tire data may be associated with a tire. Tire data may include data related to the tire's characteristics and / or data related to the tire's use. Such characteristics may be static or dynamic. Static characteristics may be characteristics that are constant regardless of time, such as EU label information or the time of production. Dynamic characteristics may be characteristics that change over time, such as mileage, years of use of the tire, or weight of the tire. Data related to tire characteristics may include EU label information, tire specifications (such as tire width, aspect ratio, construction, rim diameter, load index, rated speed, and usage conditions), weight of the tire produced, raw materials used to produce the tire, tire production data, years of use of the tire, and / or approved use. Data related to tire use may include mileage, average lifespan determined from the actual distance the tire was used and the time the tire was used, type of vehicle the tire was fitted to, manufacturer of the vehicle the tire was fitted to, tire wear, current tire weight, data on the factory where the tire was fitted, microplastic loss into the environment, tire usage status, intended use of the tire, repair data, reuse data, and / or weather conditions under which the tire was used. Intended use may include long-distance use, urban use, and transportation service use. Data related to tire use may be determined using data acquired during tire use. For example, microplastic loss into the environment may be determined from the weight of a new tire and the current weight of a used tire. In another example, tire data may relate to, or include, the properties of chemicals associated with the use of chemicals to produce the tire. Tire data may relate to a tire identifier associated with the tire, performance data associated with the chemicals used to produce the tire, the use of chemicals to produce the tire, or a combination thereof. Tire data may include application characteristics of the tire manufactured together with or from the chemicals. Tire data may be generated or collected before, during, or after tire production. Tire data may also be collected before, during, or after the lifespan of a tire.Tire data may be generated by any party involved in the tire ecosystem, such as chemical suppliers, tire manufacturers, vehicle manufacturers, tire distributors, users, owners, or lessors of vehicles fitted with tires, tire warehouse operators, retreading companies, collection centers, return points, and recycling facilities. Tire data may be associated with the tires produced. Tire data may be updated with data acquired during the tire's use on a vehicle. For example, sensors can capture real-time (or near real-time) data from the physical tire, such as data on the tire's use, and this data is used to update the tire data. Data acquired during the tire's use may be added to the tire data. Tire data may be associated with the vehicles on which it was produced. Tire data may be associated with the properties of the chemicals used to produce the tire, or at least one property related to the use of the chemicals used to produce the tire. Tire data may include chemical composition data, emission data, recyclable rate content, bio-based content, and / or production data. Tire data may be stored in the data owner's database or a database associated with the data owner. Tire data may be stored in a database accessible by the data owner.

[0032] In one embodiment, data relating to the production of a tire or its components may be collected by the tire or its component producer at the production stage of the tire or its components. Data relating to the production of a tire or its components may be collected in connection with the production of the tire or its components. Data relating to the production of a tire or its components may be collected before, during, in the course of, or after the production of the tire or its components. Data relating to the production of a tire or its components may be collected at each production stage of the tire or its components. A production stage may include any production step in the tire's material chain. For example, a production stage may include the production of monomers or rubber. Furthermore, for example, a production stage may include the production of steel. Furthermore, for example, a production stage may include the production of nylon, reinforced nylon, and / or polyester to be used as a liner. Furthermore, for example, a production stage may include production using monomers to produce rubber. Furthermore, for example, production may include the production of a tire or its components using rubber, steel, nylon, reinforced nylon, or polyester.

[0033] In one embodiment, the recycle rate content data and / or bio-based content data may include any data relating to the recycle rate or bio-based content used to provide or manufacture the physical entity of the tire. The recycle rate content may include the content associated with a material such as pyrolysis oil, which is obtained by chemically recycling waste such as tires or parts thereof and is used to provide or manufacture the physical entity of the tire.

[0034] In one embodiment, emission data may include any data related to the environmental footprint. The environmental footprint may refer to a tire and the environmental footprint associated with it. The environmental footprint may be tire-specific. For example, the environmental footprint may relate to the tire, the company that produces the tire, processes such as the tire manufacturing process, and raw materials or basic substances or chemical products used to produce the tire. Emission data may include data related to the tire's carbon footprint or product carbon footprint (PCF). Emission data may include, for example, data related to greenhouse gas emissions released in the production of the tire. Emission data may include data related to greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions may include emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, methane (CH4) emissions, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions, perfluorocarbon (PFC) emissions, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions, nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) emissions, combinations thereof, and additional emissions. Emissions data may include data related to greenhouse gas emissions from the activities of the entity or firm itself (production, power supply to the plant, and waste incineration). Scope 2 may include emissions from externally supplied energy production. Scope 3 may include all other emissions along the tire value chain. Specifically, this may include greenhouse gas emissions from the materials used to produce the tire. The Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) may sum up greenhouse gas emissions and removals from consecutive, interconnected process steps associated with a particular tire. Cradle-to-gate PCF may sum up greenhouse gas emissions based on selected process steps, for example, from resource extraction to the plant gate where the tire leaves the firm. Such a PCF may be called a partial PCF. To achieve such a sum, each firm supplying a tire may provide Scope 1 and Scope 2 contributions to the PCF of each tire.

[0035] In one embodiment, production data may include any data related to the production of tires. Production data may include any data related to the production of tire components. Production data may include tire production data from the production of tires. Production data may include component production data from the production of tire components. Production data may include monitoring and / or control data associated with the production of tires. Production data may include monitoring and / or control data associated with the production of tire components. Production data may include measurement data related to the quality of tires. Production data may include measurement data related to the quality of tire components.

[0036] In one embodiment, characteristic data may relate to one or more characteristics of a tire or its components or a used tire. The characteristics may relate to, be associated with, or correspond to the tire data described above. Characteristic data related to the production of a tire or its components may correspond to the production data described above. Characteristic data related to the use of a tire may correspond to the tire data collected during the tire's lifespan as described above.

[0037] In one embodiment, the data owner may include any entity that generates tire data or a portion thereof. A data generation node may be connected to an entity that owns the tire on which the tire data is generated. A data generation node may be connected to an entity that produces the tire on which the tire data is generated. A data generation node may be connected to an entity that produces or owns the vehicle on which the tire is fitted. Tire data may be generated by a third-party entity on behalf of the entity that owns the tire on which the tire data is generated. Tire data may be generated by a third-party entity on behalf of the entity that produces the tire on which the tire data is generated. The data owner may be a tire manufacturer. The data owner may be a vehicle manufacturer. The data owner may be a vehicle owner. Tire data or a portion thereof may be accessible to the data owner. Therefore, the data owner may directly or indirectly own the tire data or a portion thereof. Tire data or a portion thereof may be stored in the data owner's database or a database associated with the data owner. Tire data or a portion thereof may be stored in a database accessible by the data owner. Tire data or a portion thereof may be stored in the data owner's database or in a database under the data owner's control. Tire data or a portion thereof may be associated with the data owner. A data owner may be the owner of tire data or a portion thereof. In this sense, a data owner should be broadly interpreted as an entity that can access tire data or a portion thereof and controls access to tire data or a portion thereof by data consumption services on a decentralized network. Access to tire data or a portion thereof may be controlled by the data owner through data provision services via decentralized identifiers and the unique association of decentralized identifiers between data owners and tire data or a portion thereof.

[0038] In one embodiment, the tire production chain may include any stakeholders involved in the production of tires or their components. Such production may relate to a production process. The tire production chain may include a production chain. The tire usage chain may include any stakeholders involved in the use of tires, such as vehicle manufacturers and vehicle users.

[0039] In one embodiment, the tire use chain may include any party involved in the use of tires. Such use may relate to the manufacture of products including tires, such as vehicles. Such use may relate to recycling and / or reuse processes associated with used tires. Such use may relate to the manufacture and / or recycling and / or reuse processes of products.

[0040] One or more properties important to recycling and / or reuse may be one or more properties of a tire. One or more important properties may hinder the recycling and / or reuse process. For example, one or more important properties may impair the quality of the recycle rate produced by the recycling process performed on waste or used tires. In another example, one or more important properties may hinder the reuse of used tires, for example, used tires may not be reused due to recycling, disposal, or incineration considerations. In yet another example, one or more important properties may hinder the recycling of waste or used tires, such as requiring waste tires to be disposed of or materialized. Such properties may relate to the reuse process. For example, retreading may not be possible for certain types of tires and / or may only be repeatable a limited number of times on a single tire. Such properties may relate to substances present in the tire that are important to recycling and / or reuse. Substances important to recycling may impair the quality of the recycle rate produced by the recycling process. Substances important to recycling may relate to the recycling process. Substances important for recycling may be related to the use of recyclates. Substances important for recycling may be related to the recycling process and the use of recyclates. Substances important for reuse may hinder reuse. Substances important for reuse may be related to the reuse process. Substances important for recycling and / or reuse may include substances specific to one or more recycling processes and / or one or more reuse processes. Substances important for recycling may be related to chemical recycling processes or mechanical recycling processes. Substances important for recycling may be related to specific thermal recycling processes, such as thermal recycling processes for producing pyrolysis oil. Substances important for recycling may include substances specific to one or more uses of recyclates produced by recycling processes. Substances important for recycling may be related to chemical recycling processes for producing recyclates for petrochemical processes.A petrochemical process may include at least one process configured to decompose saturated hydrocarbons into at least partially unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon recyclates may be produced by pyrolysis. Important substances for recycling include sulfur, halogens, oxygen, phosphorus, metals, and inorganic substances (aluminum, anticarbons). Mon Barium, calcium 、 It may contain chromium, copper, iron, potassium, sodium, lead, silicon, titanium, zinc, arsine, mercury, nickel, vanadium, etc., or combinations thereof.

[0041] A tire or its components may be associated with an access element for a decentralized network, and the access element may include access data associated with at least one generated dataset. An access element may be associated with one or more datasets containing at least a portion of the collected tire data. An access element may be associated with one or more relation datasets specifying the relationship between a tire or its components and the production inputs used to produce the tire or its components. The datasets may be provided to the decentralized network through their respective access elements. The datasets may be provided by decentralized network nodes associated with dedicated storage of the tire or its component producers. Access data may include a representation for accessing the datasets. An access element may further include authentication information. Access data may include a locator or pointer to a dedicated storage address associated with the tire or its component producer. Access data may include a locator or pointer associated with a production participant in the production chain that produces the tire or its components, and which identifies or points to dedicated storage that stores tire data related to the production of the tire or its components. Access data may include one or more digital links pointing to tire data, such as tire data related to characteristics important for the reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components. The digital representation is associated with the production participants in the production chain that produces tires or their components. tireOr it may include a locator or pointer, such as a url or uri, that identifies or points to a dedicated storage address that stores tire data related to the production of its components.

[0042] In one embodiment, a decentralized network may include one or more decentralized network nodes configured to execute data transactions. Decentralized network nodes may be associated with participants in the tire ecosystem, particularly the tire loop. Data transactions may be based on a transaction protocol including authentication and / or authorization mechanisms. Based on the authentication and / or authorization mechanisms, a peer-to-peer network may be established between decentralized network nodes of the decentralized network. One or more authentication mechanisms may be associated with or linked to a decentralized identifier. One or more authentication mechanisms associated with a decentralized identifier may be provided to the decentralized network nodes. One or more authentication mechanisms associated with a decentralized identifier may be accessible by the decentralized network nodes. The decentralized configuration enables more efficient use of computing resources and enhances control by each data owner of the decentralized network. One or more decentralized identifiers may be uniquely associated with the physical entity of a produced tire or its components. Access elements may include one or more authentication mechanisms associated with the decentralized identifier and the accessed data. An access element may be associated with one or more authorization mechanisms and one or more datasets linked to a decentralized identifier. One or more authorization mechanisms may include authorization rules that determine whether or not access to one or more datasets is permitted. One or more authorization mechanisms may be associated with data provision network nodes linked to tire or composition victory producers. One or more authorization mechanisms may be provided for each production stage or producer in the tire production chain.

[0043] In one embodiment, the data consumption service may include computer executable instructions for accessing and / or processing data, such as tire data, associated with the data owner. The data consumption service or data consumption network node may be configured to request access to data stored in dedicated storage associated with the data provision network node. The data consumption network node may be associated with participants in the tire or component recycling chain or reuse chain, such as tire or component sorters or recyclers or used tire retreaders. Data generated by tire or component manufacturers at each stage of production may be accessed by the data consumption network node after authentication and / or authorization.

[0044] In embodiments, recycling may refer to any recovery operation in which waste tires, such as used tires (e.g., tires that the owner is disposing of, intending to dispose of, or being required to dispose of), are reprocessed into products, materials, or substances, whether for their original purpose or for another purpose. Recycling may include sorting, recovery, mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, solvent-based recycling, or intermediate processing steps such as separation or purification.

[0045] In one embodiment, reuse may refer to any action by which a reusable tire is used again for the same purpose as the original concept. Reuse may include preparing the tire for reuse, for example, by retreading. Reuse may include collection, sorting, and retreading.

[0046] In one embodiment, the data provision service may include computer executable instructions for providing and / or processing data, such as tire data and / or characteristic data, associated with the data owner for access and / or processing by the data consumption service. The data provision service or data provision network node may be configured to provide access to data stored in dedicated storage associated with each data provision network node. The data provision network node may be associated with stakeholders in the tire or component production chain, such as manufacturers of tires or components. Data generated by tire or component manufacturers at each stage of production may be provided from the data provision network node to a decentralized network, particularly for access by the data consumption network node. Access to the data may be under the control of the data provision network node. The data provision network node may be configured to authenticate the data consumption network node and / or authorize the data consumption network node to access the tire data.

[0047] In one embodiment, a physical entity may relate to a physical embodiment of a tire. A physical entity may relate to a physical embodiment of a tire component.

[0048] In one embodiment, “processor” may mean a circuit configured to perform the basic operations of a computer or system, and / or, generally, a device configured to perform computation or logical operations. In particular, a processor, or computer processor, may be configured to process basic instructions that drive a computer or system. It may also be a semiconductor-based processor, a quantum processor, or any other type of processor configured to process instructions. For example, a processor may be a central processing unit ("CPU") or may comprise a CPU. A processor may be a graphics processing unit ("GPU"), a tensor processing unit ("TPU"), a composite instruction set computing microprocessor ("CISC"), a reduced instruction set computing ("RISC") microprocessor, a very long instruction word ("VLIW") microprocessor, or a processor that implements other instruction sets, or a processor that implements combinations of instruction sets. The processing means may also be one or more dedicated processing devices such as an application-specific integrated circuit ("ASIC"), a field-programmable gate array ("FPGA"), a composite programmable logic circuit ("CPLD"), a digital signal processor ("DSP"), or a network processor. The methods, systems, and devices described herein may be implemented as software within a DSP, microcontroller, or any other side processor, or as hardware circuitry within an ASIC, CPLD, or FPGA. The term “processor” may also refer to one or more processing devices, such as a distributed system of processing devices deployed across multiple computer systems (e.g., cloud computing), and is not limited to a single device unless otherwise specified. A processor can be considered as a subpart of a processor, which may perform the methods disclosed herein in the form of threads, containers, and / or virtual machines.

[0049] In one embodiment, “computing node” may mean any device or system comprising at least one physical, tangible processor and physical, tangible memory capable of having computer-executable instructions executed by the processor. A computing node may be a device not previously considered a computing node, such as a handheld device, production equipment, sensors, monitoring systems, control systems, home appliances, laptop computers, desktop computers, mainframes, data centers, or even wearables (e.g., eyeglasses, watches, etc.). The memory may be of any form and depends on the nature and form of the computing node.

[0050] In one embodiment, distributed computing can be implemented. “Distributed computing” can refer to any computing that utilizes multiple computing resources. Such use can be achieved through the virtualization of physical computing resources. An example of distributed computing is cloud computing. “Cloud computing” can refer to a model that enables on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services). In the distributed case, the cloud computing environment can be distributed internationally within a single organization and / or across multiple organizations. In one embodiment, distributed computing can be implemented in a federated network.

[0051] In one embodiment, memory may refer to physical system memory that may be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination thereof. Memory may include non-volatile mass storage such as physical storage media. Memory may be computer-readable storage media such as RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM, or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, non-magnetic disk storage such as solid-state disks, or any other physical and tangible storage media that can be used to store desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures and is accessible by the computing system. Furthermore, memory may be a computer-readable medium (also called a transmission medium) that carries computer-executable instructions. Furthermore, program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures may be automatically transferred from the transmission medium to the storage medium (or vice versa) once they reach various computing system elements. For example, computer-executable instructions or data structures received via a network or data link may be buffered in RAM in a network interface module (e.g., "NIC") and then finally transferred to the RAM of the computing system and / or to a less volatile storage medium in the computing system. Therefore, please understand that storage media can be included in computing elements that also (and moreover, primarily) utilize transmission media.

[0052] In one embodiment, a wireless communication protocol may be used. The wireless communication protocol may include any known network technology, such as GSM® (Global System for Mobile Communications), GPRS (General-Purpose Packet Radio Service), EDGE (Advanced GSM High Speed ​​Data Rate), UMTS (Universal Mobile Communications System) / HSPA (High Speed ​​Packet Access), LTE (Long-Term Evolution) technology using standards such as 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G. The wireless communication protocol may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN), such as Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi).

[0053] In one embodiment, a request to provide a decentralized identifier includes an owner identifier or tire identifier associated with tire data and / or the data owner or tire, respectively. The owner identifier / tire identifier may be a string identifier associated with the data owner name or tire name. The owner identifier or tire identifier may be provided by a physical identifier provider such as an RFID tag or a barcode or tag such as a QR code (registered trademark). Such communication may be completed via ad-hoc Wi-Fi, BLE beacons, and / or NFC. Communication between wallet apps may be performed via any available communication channel, including but not limited to web servers, ad-hoc Wi-Fi, BLE beacon signals, NFC, barcode or QR code scanning, etc. Through the owner identifier, the generated tire passport may be associated with the tire data owner by including the owner identifier. The owner identifier may be used in data transactions, such as sharing or exchanging tire data. The owner identifier may be provided to a transaction manager. By providing the decentralized identifier and the data owner's owner identifier to the transaction manager or data consumption service, the tracking of data transactions may be simplified. Any transaction in a data ecosystem can be associated with, for example, the explicit name of the data owner.

[0054] The request may further include an authentication mechanism, such as a public-key private-key pair, and / or an identifier associated with a unit that provides a decentralized identifier. This allows the request to be routed to a specific decentralized identifier provider. The authentication mechanism may be retrieved from authentication data storage, such as a vault, depending on the requested decentralized identifier.

[0055] A request for a decentralized identifier may be associated with a tire production system that produces tires. The request for a decentralized identifier may be generated by a computing system, such as the operational system of the tire production system. The request may be triggered at a predetermined event. For example, a detector may detect a produced tire. Based on such recognition, a computing device, such as the operational system of the tire production system, may generate a request for a decentralized identifier. The generated request may be provided to a decentralized identifier generator included in a device for generating tire passports. In response to receiving the request, the decentralized identifier generator may generate a decentralized identifier and provide the generated decentralized identifier.

[0056] In one embodiment, decentralized identifiers are provided by one central node or one or more decentralized nodes. Decentralized identifiers generated by one central node or one or more decentralized nodes may be provided to a node that generates tire passports and / or digital access elements, and to at least one authenticated data registry node, which is preferably accessible by data provisioning services and / or data consumption services. This enables the sharing or exchange of customized data with respect to tires and the tire value chain in which tires are used. In particular, data provisioning services and / or data consumption services may customize data sharing or exchange protocols based on anchoring decentralized identifiers to tire data. Authenticated data registry nodes may be central registry nodes such as centralized file systems, centrally managed distributed databases, and / or centrally managed peer-to-peer networks. Centralized configurations allow for greater control and standardization via the central node. Authenticated data registry nodes may be decentralized registries such as distributed ledgers, decentralized file systems, distributed databases, and / or peer-to-peer networks. A decentralized configuration enables more efficient use of computing resources and enhances control by data owners. In addition, a decentralized configuration is independent of centrally managed nodes, thus increasing the reliability and flexibility of the system.

[0057] In one embodiment, the generation of a tire passport includes providing a decentralized identifier associated with the physical entity of a tire. In this regard, the physical entity may be associated with a physical tire associated with the decentralized identifier. The decentralized identifier may be associated with the physical entity of the tire to which the tire data or tire passport is associated. For example, the decentralized identifier may be associated with the physical entity of a tire. The decentralized identifier may be associated with a tire via a physical identifier. The physical identifier may include, or correspond to, an identifier element contained in or attached to the tire. The physical identifier may, for example, point to a tire identifier. The identifier element may, for example, be a barcode or a QR code. 、 The decentralized identifier may include passive or active elements such as embossed codes or RFID tags. The decentralized identifier may be assigned to a physical identifier. Assignment may include generating a code that embeds the provided decentralized identifier. Assignment may include associating the provided decentralized identifier with the physical identifier of the tire. For example, the identifier element may be physically attached to the tire or contained within the tire, and the identifier element may contain a physical identifier or correspond to a physical identifier. The determination or acquisition of a physical identifier may be considered as triggering the provision of a decentralized identifier, and possibly also triggering a subsequent assignment between the physical identifier and the decentralized identifier. The decentralized identifier may be associated with a physical entity to which the tire is supplied and to which tire data is associated. For example, the decentralized identifier may be associated with the physical entity of the vehicle to which the tire is attached. The decentralized identifier may be associated with two or more physical entities to which the tire is supplied and to which tire data is associated. By associating decentralized identifiers with different physical entity stages in the tire value chain, it becomes possible to virtually track tires within the tire value chain. In this way, tires, along with their associated tire data, can be tracked, for example, until they are used up or recycled.

[0058] In one embodiment, the tire passport includes one or more authentication mechanisms associated with a decentralized identifier and tire data or a portion thereof. The authentication mechanisms may be directly or indirectly associated with the data related to the decentralized identifier and tire data. In one example of indirect association, the authentication mechanism may be associated with a certificate mechanism. For example, when a data consumption service requests access, a dynamic access token may be generated based on the certificate mechanism. Such a dynamic access token may be used to open a peer-to-peer communication channel between the data consumption service and the data provision service associated with the tire passport. The authentication mechanisms may include tokens such as private and public key infrastructures, certificate mechanisms, or biometric mechanisms such as fingerprints, facial recognition, or voice recognition. A common public key certificate is, for example, an X.509 certificate. Through the authentication mechanisms, access by data consumption services can be securely controlled, and the integrity of data provision services can be ensured. This enables more reliable, controlled, and secure data exchange or sharing.

[0059] One or more authentication mechanisms associated with a decentralized identifier generated by one central node or one or more decentralized nodes may be provided to the node generating the Tire Passport and to at least one decentralized authentication data registry, preferably accessible by the data provision service and / or data consumption service. The authentication data registry may be a centralized registry such as a centralized file system, a centrally managed distributed database, and / or a centrally managed peer-to-peer network. A centralized configuration allows for greater control and standardization via a central node. The authentication data registry may be a decentralized registry such as a distributed ledger, a decentralized file system, a distributed database, and / or a peer-to-peer network. A decentralized configuration allows for more efficient use of computing resources and enhances control by the data owner.

[0060] In one embodiment, the tire passport is associated with, or includes, one or more authorization mechanisms associated with a decentralized identifier and data related to tire data. The authorization mechanisms may include authorization rules, such as data usage policies, smart data agreements, or more complex data transaction instructions or data transaction protocols associated with data provisioning services and / or data consumption services. Through the authorization mechanisms, access to and use of tire data or any part thereof by data consumption services can be securely controlled. One or more authorization mechanisms associated with a decentralized identifier generated by one central node or by one or more decentralized nodes may be provided to nodes that generate or process tire passports or access tire data or any part thereof. Additionally or alternatively, one or more authorization mechanisms may be provided to at least one centralized or decentralized authorization data registry, which is preferably accessible by data provisioning services and / or data consumption services.

[0061] In one embodiment, one or more authorization mechanisms associated with a decentralized identifier generated by one or more decentralized nodes may be provided to a node that generates or processes tire passports and to at least one of a centralized file system, a centrally managed distributed database, a centrally managed peer-to-peer network, a distributed ledger, a decentralized file system, a distributed database, and / or a peer-to-peer network, which is preferably accessible by data provision services and / or data consumption services.

[0062] In one embodiment, the data related to tire data includes the tire data or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the data related to tire data includes one or more digital representations that point to the tire data or a portion thereof. In this context, "pointing to" means any network representation or address suitable for accessing the tire data or a portion thereof. Thus, the digital representations may be considered access data, and the tire passport may represent a digital data structure that enables a third party to access the tire data or a portion thereof. The data related to tire data may include multiple digital representations that point to distinct parts of the tire data. The data related to tire data may include multiple digital representations that point to different parts of the tire data. Such different parts may overlap at some data points. The digital representations may include access points to the tire data or a portion thereof, links to the tire data or a portion thereof, endpoints for accessing the tire data or a portion thereof, or service endpoints for accessing the tire data or a portion thereof. In this way, the tire data and a portion thereof may be maintained and controlled by the data owner. Since it is not necessary to check and control access to multiple distributed data points, access may be provided through representations of access points that simplify data verification, integrity checks, or quality checks and access control. Tire data or parts thereof may be stored in the data owner's database or a database associated with the data owner. Tire data or parts thereof may be stored in a database accessible by the data owner. A digital representation of tire data or parts thereof may be associated with or linked to any such database associated with or accessible by the data owner. For enhanced security, a digital representation of tire data or parts thereof may be indirectly linked to any such database associated with or accessible by the data owner.

[0063] Digital representations can be used in combination with decentralized identifiers to access tire data or parts thereof. For example, a decentralized identifier and its corresponding digital representation may be used by a data consumption service to request tire data or parts thereof. Data associated with tire data may correspond to a DID document (e.g., DID) associated with, or containing, a decentralized identifier, a digital representation pointing to tire data or parts thereof, and a public key. A DID document or part thereof may be propagated to a distributed ledger. A DID document or part thereof may be used to retrieve a digital representation using the DID, as described below.

[0064] In one embodiment, tire data or a portion thereof may include tire manufacturers, tire identifiers, data on chemicals used in tire production, labeling data, retreading data, tire recyclable content, tire biobase content, tire emission data, data on hazardous chemicals contained in the tire, tire specification data, data related to tire characteristics, data related to tire use, production data, or a combination thereof. Data related to tire characteristics, data related to tire use, and production data may include the data described above. Tire data may be updated using data acquired during tire use, as described above. Data acquired during tire use may be added to existing tire data, for example, using decentralized identifiers.

[0065] In one embodiment, tire data may include one or more classes of tire data. At least one class of tire data may be associated with, or include, data required by regulations or regulatory data relating to tires, such as labeling information and / or chemical safety data associated with the hazards of chemicals used to produce the tires. Chemical safety data may be associated with relevant raw materials and chemicals used to produce the tires. At least one class of tire data may be associated with data relating to tire characteristics. At least one class of tire data may be associated with data relating to tire use. At least one class of tire data may be associated with production data. At least one class of tire data may be associated with lifespan data. Such data may be updated as appropriate to reflect the current status of the tire. For example, mileage may be updated to reflect tire usage. Lifespan data may include the aforementioned data relating to tire use. Lifespan data may be obtained by sensors present in the tire and / or in the vehicle equipped with the tire. Lifespan data may be calculated from characteristic data such as the original weight of the tire and data obtained during tire use. For example, the loss of microplastics into the environment due to the use of a tire can be calculated from the tire's original weight and its current weight. At least one class of tire data may include emission data, recyclable content data, bio-based content data, and / or production data associated with the physical entity of the tire. Emission data, recyclable content data, bio-based content data, and / or production data may be associated with two or more raw materials or chemicals, such as those used in the manufacture of the tire. Emission data, recyclable content data, bio-based content data, and / or production data may be associated with two or more raw materials or chemicals, such as those used to manufacture the multiple components for assembling the tire.

[0066] Access to tire data may be controlled based on the classes described above. At least one class of tire data may be associated with or include restricted access tire data associated with the physical entity of the tire. For example, emission data, recyclable content data, bio-based content data, production data, the composition of chemicals used to produce the tire, or combinations thereof may be restricted in access. Such restrictions may be provided by an authorization body. For example, an authorization body may include rules specifying which data consumption services are accessible under what conditions. At least one class of tire data may include unrestricted tire data associated with the physical entity of the tire. For example, labeling information and / or chemical safety data associated with the physical entity of the tire may be either restricted or unrestricted in access. Such access may be provided by an authorization body. For example, an authorization body may include rules specifying which regulatory data relating to the tire is accessible.

[0067] In one embodiment, the tire passport further includes a decentralized identifier associated with a chemical or component used to produce a tire, and / or a decentralized identifier associated with the production of the tire (hereinafter referred to as a second decentralized identifier). The second decentralized identifier may be included in conjunction with the relationship between the decentralized identifier associated with the tire and the decentralized identifier of the chemical used to produce the tire and / or the decentralized identifier associated with the production of the tire. The second decentralized identifier may be used to generate a concatenation of the decentralized identifier of the tire passport (hereinafter referred to as the first decentralized identifier) ​​according to a relational expression in which the first digital identifier is associated with the second identifier. The relational expression may be associated with a relationship between the tire and each chemical used in its production. The relational expression may specify that the chemical can be used to produce a tire, and / or that the tire can be produced by using the chemical. One or more hash values ​​may be generated based on the relational expression. The hash values ​​may be generated based on the concatenation of decentralized identifiers. Hash values ​​can be generated for the concatenation of decentralized identifiers. Hash values ​​can represent the concatenation of decentralized identifiers. Hash values ​​can be generated based on data associated with a first decentralized identifier and a second decentralized identifier. Hash values ​​can be generated based on a combined dataset associated with a first decentralized identifier and a second decentralized identifier. By concatenating decentralized identifiers associated with chemicals used in tire production, it is possible to virtually track and trace tires and tire recycling, chemicals involved in tire production, and chemicals resulting from tire recycling. This allows decentralized identifiers associated with tires to be linked to decentralized identifiers associated with chemicals used to produce the tires. In this way, the relationship between tires and the chemicals used to produce them can be reflected within the tire passport.

[0068] A request to provide a decentralized identifier may include a second identifier. A request to provide a decentralized identifier may include tire data or a portion thereof. Based on the above tire data or a portion thereof, data associated with the chemicals used to produce the tire and / or data associated with the production of the tire may be determined and used to obtain the respective second decentralized identifiers.

[0069] Decentralized identifiers associated with chemicals used to produce tires may be linked to chemical data indicating whether the chemical is unused or recycled material, its environmental impact, and / or the origin of the chemical. Decentralized identifiers associated with chemicals may be determined based on physical identifiers attached to the chemical's packaging. Chemicals may be raw materials, including raw or recycled materials. Raw materials may include water glass, as well as monomers used to produce rubber, such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene, styrene, and polyisobutene. Chemicals may be intermediate products manufactured from raw materials and / or other intermediate products. Intermediate products may include dispersants, tackifiers, polymers (such as rubber, natural rubber, and polyamides), oils, steel, textiles, fillers (such as carbon black and silica), antioxidants, accelerators, and ozone degradation inhibitors. Tires may be produced from raw materials and / or intermediate products. Chemicals may be used directly or indirectly in the manufacture of tires. That is, some chemicals may be used in the manufacture of one or more intermediate products, and tires may be manufactured based on these intermediate products.

[0070] In one embodiment of a method for monitoring at least one tire characteristic that is important for the reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components, the tire data is: manufacturingThis data is collected in connection with the production of tires or their components by stakeholders in the tire production chain. Tire data associated with one or more production inputs used to produce tires or their components, particularly relevant decentralized identifiers associated with one or more production inputs, may be collected. Tire data associated with one or more production inputs used to produce tires or their components may be collected at each production stage of the tire production chain. Tire data associated with one or more production inputs used at each production stage of tires or their components is collected at each production stage and / or stakeholder in the tire production chain. By collecting input data, production inputs can be associated with production outputs at each stage of tire production, potentially enabling the tracking of material flows among stakeholders in the tire production chain. This also enables the tracking of properties important for recycling and / or reuse among stakeholders in the tire production chain.

[0071] In one embodiment of a method for monitoring at least one tire characteristic important for the reuse and / or recycling of tires or components, relational access elements are provided to access relational datasets that specify relationships between tires or components at production stages and one or more production inputs used at those production stages. One or more relational access elements may be configured for access to tire data from one or more stakeholders in the tire production chain and / or tire usage chain. One or more relational access elements may be configured for access to tire data at each production stage of the tire production chain by one or more stakeholders using tires or components.

[0072] In one embodiment of a method for monitoring at least one characteristic of a tire that is important for the reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components, one or more access elements are located on the tire. manufacturingThe system may be configured to recursively access tire data at each stage of the production chain. Recursive access may be based on access data provided by one or more stakeholders in the tire production chain. Access data may be provided to a decentralized network by one or more stakeholders in the tire production chain. Access data may be recursively accessed by one or more stakeholders in the tire production chain and / or tire usage chain, in particular sorters, collectors, and / or recycling system and / or reuse system stakeholders. Tire data may be recursively accessed by one or more stakeholders in the tire production chain, in particular tire and tire component manufacturers, at each stage of the production of the tire or its components.

[0073] Accordingly, the generated dataset may be accessed by one or more stakeholders in the tire production chain or tire usage chain, in particular chemical manufacturers and / or tire manufacturers and / or recyclers and / or retreaders, via one or more access elements generated in accordance with the methods disclosed herein. The dataset may be accessed by one or more stakeholders in the tire production chain, in particular tire and / or component manufacturers, at each stage of tire or component production. The dataset may be accessed by one or more stakeholders in the tire usage chain, in particular retreaders and / or recyclers, at each stage of tire production. The dataset may be accessed recursively based on one or more relational access elements provided by one or more stakeholders in the tire production chain and / or tire usage chain, in particular tire or tire component manufacturers. One or more relational access elements provided to the decentralized network by one or more stakeholders in the tire production chain, in particular tire or component manufacturers, may be accessed recursively by one or more stakeholders in the tire usage chain or production chain, in particular recovery operators, sorters, retreaders and / or recyclers.

[0074] In one embodiment of a method for monitoring at least one tire characteristic critical to the reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components, a relational access element may relate to an authorization rule that provides access to a relational dataset in accordance with a decentralized stakeholder identifier. The decentralized stakeholder identifier may be associated with an entity operating a data consumption network node that requests access to the relational dataset. The decentralized stakeholder identifier may be associated with a data consumption network node associated with a recycling system that provides a decentralized identifier for a tire being recycled. The decentralized stakeholder identifier may be associated with a data consumption network node associated with a retreading system that provides a decentralized identifier for a tire being retreaded. In this way, to control and / or monitor the recycling and / or reuse process, access to sensitive data related to the bill of materials of a tire in the production chain can be restricted to specific network nodes to which data access is relevant, such as tire data related to characteristics critical to recycling and / or reuse. In addition, data access may help stakeholders in the tire production chain to discover critical characteristics, such as materials critical to recycling and / or reuse.

[0075] In one embodiment of a method for monitoring at least one tire characteristic important for reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components, at least a portion of the generated dataset relates to, or designates, a characteristic important for the recycling and / or reuse of the tire or its components by a chemical recycling process (e.g., for producing hydrocarbon recyclates for petrochemical processes). The generated dataset may include substances important for recycling in relation to one or more recycling processes. The generated dataset may further relate to the recyclate content used to produce the tire or its components, reuse or repair work performed on the tire, the type of tire, and / or permissible reuse work performed on the tire.

[0076] In one embodiment of a method for monitoring at least one tire characteristic important for the reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components, the generated dataset relates to the recycling-important characteristic for each recycling or reuse process, each recycle rate use, and / or decentralized stakeholder identifier. Stakeholder identifiers may be associated with entities operating data-consuming network nodes that request access to the dataset. Recycling processes may be indicated by recycling process identifiers. Reuse processes may be indicated by reuse process identifiers. Recycle rate use may be indicated by recycle rate types. Decentralized stakeholder identifiers may be provided by data-consuming network nodes that request access to their respective datasets. Recycling process identifiers or reuse process identifiers and / or recycle rate types may be provided by data-consuming network nodes that request access to their respective datasets. Recycling process identifiers or reuse process identifiers and / or recycle rate types may be provided by data-providing network nodes that provide access to their respective datasets. Recycling process identifiers or reuse process identifiers and / or recyclate types may be provided to recycling process identifiers or reuse process identifiers and / or recyclate types by authorization rules associated with decentralized stakeholder identifiers associated with data consumption network nodes requesting access to their respective datasets. Authorization rules may be associated with one or more datasets related to characteristics important to recycling for each recycling process, recyclate use, and / or decentralized stakeholder identifier. Recycling processes may relate to mechanical recycling processes and / or chemical recycling processes (such as solvent-based recycling). Recyclate use may relate to the reuse of recyclates produced by such recycling processes. Recyclate use may relate to hydrocarbon recyclates for petrochemical or refining processes.The authorization rules may be associated with one or more datasets related to characteristics important for reuse, for each reuse process. A reuse process may be associated with a retreading process or another reuse process.

[0077] In one embodiment of a method for monitoring at least one tire characteristic important for the reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components, an access element is provided by one or more data consumption network nodes associated with one or more recyclers performing one or more recycling processes to access a generated dataset containing the recycling-important characteristics depending on the recycling process, recycle rate usage, and / or participant identifier. The access element may relate to authorization rules that provide access to the dataset depending on the recycling process, recycle rate usage, and / or participant identifier. The access element may relate to authorization rules that provide access to a dataset related to the recycling-important characteristics depending on a decentralized participant identifier, a recycling process identifier associated with the decentralized participant identifier, and / or a recycle rate type identifier associated with the decentralized participant identifier. The access element may relate to authorization rules that provide access to a dataset related to the recycling-important characteristics to selected participants in the tire ecosystem, in particular sorters, collectors, and / or recycler system participants.

[0078] In one embodiment of a method for monitoring at least one tire characteristic important for the reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components, an access element is provided by one or more data consumption network nodes associated with one or more reusers performing one or more reuse processes to access a generated dataset containing the reuse-critical characteristics, depending on the reuse process and / or participant identifier. The access element may relate to authorization rules that provide access to the dataset, depending on the reuse process and / or participant identifier. The access element may relate to authorization rules that provide access to a dataset related to the reuse-critical characteristics, depending on a decentralized participant identifier and a reuse process identifier associated with the decentralized participant identifier. The access element may relate to authorization rules that provide access to a dataset related to the reuse-critical characteristics to selected participants in the tire ecosystem, in particular sorters, collectors, and / or reuser system participants.

[0079] Brief explanation of the drawing The present disclosure will be further described below with reference to the attached drawings. The same reference numerals in the drawings and in this disclosure refer to the same or similar elements, components, and / or parts. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0080] [Figure 1] A schematic example of a tire is shown below. [Figure 2] A schematic example of the material layers that make up a tire tread is shown. [Figure 3] This is an example of a tire ecosystem. [Figure 4] This example shows tire production controlled by an operating system equipped with a device for generating tire passports. [Figure 5] This shows an example of a production system that provides tires associated with a tire passport. [Figure 6A]An example of a method or apparatus for providing data related to tire production, tire use, and used tire handling across the tire value chain via a decentralized network is schematically shown. [Figure 6B] An example of a method or apparatus for providing data related to tire production, tire use, and used tire handling across the tire value chain via a decentralized network is schematically shown. [Figure 6C] An example of a method or apparatus for providing data related to tire production, tire use, and used tire handling across the tire value chain via a decentralized network is schematically shown. [Figure 7] This document illustrates an exemplary method for generating a tire passport. [Figure 8] This document describes an exemplary system and related methods for generating tire passports associated with manufactured tires and for providing access to the generated tire passports. [Figure 9] This section illustrates an exemplary method for using Tire Passport to further process tire data associated with it. [Figure 10A] An example of an authentication protocol is shown. [Figure 10B] An example of an authentication protocol is shown. [Figure 11] This provides an example of how to authorize access to tire data. [Figure 12] This diagram illustrates how data consumption services associated with data users are used to provide access to tire passports associated with tires, via data provision services associated with data owners. [Figure 13] This document presents an example of ID-based owner data, ID-based tire passport data, and a decentralized identification information infrastructure. [Figure 14] An example of a tire passport is shown, which includes certificate-based data, ID-based tire passport data, and a decentralized identification information infrastructure. [Figure 15A] This document presents different exemplary configurations of tire passports that primarily utilize decentralized identifiers. [Figure 15B] This document presents different exemplary configurations of tire passports that primarily utilize decentralized identifiers. [Figure 16A] This document presents different exemplary configurations of tire passports that primarily utilize decentralized identifiers. [Figure 16B] This document presents different exemplary configurations of tire passports that primarily utilize decentralized identifiers. [Figure 17A] This document presents different exemplary configurations of tire passports that primarily utilize decentralized identifiers. [Figure 17B] This document presents different exemplary configurations of tire passports that primarily utilize decentralized identifiers. [Figure 18A] Examples of relational expressions that can be used to generate concatenations are shown. [Figure 18B] Examples of relational expressions that can be used to generate concatenations are shown. [Figure 19] This describes an exemplary embodiment of a cyclical tire loop, including participants connected via a decentralized network having decentralized network nodes associated with the participants. [Figure 20] This document provides an exemplary method for monitoring at least one tire characteristic that is important for the reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components, by an participant in at least one decentralized network. [Figure 21] This document presents an exemplary system for obtaining tire data related to production and / or use based on a decentralized tire identifier. [Figure 22] This shows a relational dataset that specifies the relationship between a tire or part thereof and the production inputs used to produce the tire or part thereof. [Figure 23] This document describes a method for obtaining tire data related to the production of a tire or its components, and / or tire data related to the use of a tire, based on decentralized product identifiers and related access elements. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0081] Detailed explanation The following embodiments are merely examples and should be considered limiting to the methods, apparatus, systems, and tire passports disclosed herein.

[0082] Figure 1 schematically shows an example of a tire. The tire may be a tire for a vehicle. Vehicles may include automobiles such as cars, vans, minivans, buses, SUVs (sports utility vehicles); trucks; heavy-duty trucks, semi-trucks; tractors; motorcycles; trailers; ATVs (all-terrain vehicles); pickup trucks; heavy-duty movers such as bulldozers, mobile cranes, and earth movers; airplanes; and other means of transport that are generally equipped with one or more tires.

[0083] As schematically shown in Figure 1, the tire 100 may comprise a tread section 106 and a sidewall section 108. The sidewall section 108 may comprise a bead connected to the rim 104. The tread section 106 may comprise a layered structure (see Figure 2) having different liners and treads 102.

[0084] One of the main materials used in tires is rubber, such as natural or synthetic rubber. Other main materials include fillers such as carbon black or silica. Other materials include oil, steel, or textiles (such as polyester, nylon, aramid, or rayon cord). Further materials include chemical components such as antioxidants, accelerators, accelerator decomposition products, sulfur, zinc oxide, or ozone degradation inhibitors.

[0085] Figure 2 schematically shows an example of the material layers that make up a tire tread section, such as the tread section 106 in Figure 1.

[0086] Figure 2 shows a cross-section 110 of the tire 100 shown in Figure 1 to illustrate the layered structure of the tread section 106. The first layer 208 may include a synthetic rubber inner liner. The second layer 206 may include a ply with fiber wires incorporated into the rubber. The third layer 204 may include a casing ply with steel wires incorporated into the rubber. The fourth layer 202 may include nylon wires incorporated into the rubber. The outermost layer may include a tread 102 containing rubber, carbon black, and silica.

[0087] Figure 3 shows an example of a tire ecosystem. The tire may be a vehicle tire as described in relation to Figure 1. Step 306 in the tire ecosystem may include tire production in tire production 304. The tire may be produced in one or more production steps. Tire production may be connected to an operating system (see, for example, Figure 4). The operating system may control tire production.

[0088] A tire may be produced from, for example, one or more chemical substances 302. Chemical substances 302 may include, for example, chemical raw materials or intermediate chemical products. Chemical raw materials may include water glass, as well as monomers used to produce rubber, such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene, styrene, and polyisobutene. Intermediate chemical products may include rubber, such as natural rubber and / or synthetic rubber, oil, steel, fillers (such as carbon black and silica), polymers, tackifiers, antioxidants, accelerators, and ozone degradation inhibitors. Chemical substances 302 may be supplied from one or more chemical suppliers, as described, for example, in relation to Figure 6A.

[0089] The tire may comprise a tread section and a sidewall section, as described in relation to Figure 1. The tread section may include a layered structure, as described in relation to Figure 2.

[0090] The tires produced may be supplied from tire production 304 to vehicle manufacturers. The tires produced may be supplied from tire production 304 to factories. The tires produced may be supplied from tire production 304 to tire distributors (not shown). Tire distributors may supply tires to factories and / or tire owners (not shown). The supply of tires may be carried out using one or more distribution centers (not shown). Vehicle manufacturers may produce vehicles fitted with tires produced by tire production 304, for example, vehicles fitted with new tires. The produced vehicles may be provided to end users who can use the vehicles and, by extension, the tires fitted to the vehicles in the use phase 308.

[0091] The use phase 308 may include tire repair. The use phase 308 may include replacement of tires present on the vehicle. Tire repair and / or tire replacement may be performed at the factory. For example, the factory may replace used tires mounted on a vehicle with new tires produced by tire production 304. For example, the factory may repair a punctured tire to extend its use. For example, the factory may replace a used tire with a reusable used tire.

[0092] The tire value chain may further include the collection of used and used tires. Used and used tires may be collected at return points. Used and used tires may be provided to return points by factories. Used and used tires may be provided to return points by tire dealers (not shown). Used and used tires may be collected from factories and / or tire dealers and stored at return points. A return point may be an initial collection center. An initial collection center may provide the collected used and used tires to a centralized return point. A return point may be a centralized return point.

[0093] Collected tires may be inspected, and further handling may be determined. Further handling may depend on the condition of the tire, its characteristics (type, years of use, size, etc.), and / or the presence of hazardous chemicals. Collected tires may be reused without any further processing, such as regrooving or retreading (e.g., as secondhand tires), if they have not exceeded a certain lifespan, are undamaged, meet certain quality criteria, including the remaining tread profile and degree of wear. Reuse as secondhand tires may include providing the secondhand tires to a factory or tire dealer. Collected tires may be retreaded if they have not exceeded a certain lifespan, are undamaged, meet certain quality criteria, including being a suitable tire size for retreading and not damaged by chemicals or oils. Collected tires may be recycled if they do not contain hazardous chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic compounds, dioxins, chlorine, bromine, and / or mercury above specified thresholds. If collected tires cannot be reused, regrooved, reprocessed, or recycled, they may be sent to an incineration facility or disposed of in a landfill. For example, if accepted tires contain hazardous chemicals exceeding a specified threshold, they may be incinerated or disposed of in a landfill.

[0094] The tire value chain may further include the recycling, reuse, or disposal of used tires.312 Reuse, recycling, or disposal may depend, as described above, on the condition of the tire, the characteristics of the tire, and / or the presence of hazardous chemicals. Reuse of used tires may include reuse of the tire without further treatment and reuse with further treatment. Further treatment may include regrooving or retreading. Reuse without further treatment may include using the whole or part of the tire, for example, as a fender on a ship, as a playground, or in the cement industry. Reuse without further treatment may include use as a used tire. Regrooving may inevitably involve cutting a second layer of tread into the tire when the first tread is worn out. Regrooving may be performed on tires marked as regroovable. Regrooving may extend the life of a tire by up to 25%. Retreading inevitably involves removing the tread from a used tire, attaching a new tread, and vulcanizing the new tread to the tire. Retreading can save up to 80% of the tire cost. Retreading can be done once or several times. Retreaded tires can be provided to factories and / or tire dealers for further use on vehicles. Unretreaded tires can be provided by retreading companies to recycling companies for recycling.

[0095] Recycling may include mechanical recycling and chemical recycling (e.g., chemicycling). Mechanical recycling may include crushing used tires at a tire recycling company. The crushed tires can be used for different purposes depending on their size. For example, coarse fragments measuring 50-250 mm can be used as drainage material and as a substitute for natural gravel. Fine fragments measuring 15-50 mm can be used as a base for flatbeds for water purification and as a substitute for natural gravel. Granular material up to 6 mm in diameter can be used as rubber asphalt, foundry return powder, or as an infill for artificial turf. The powder can be mixed into paints to reduce sound or used as an adjunct in the manufacture of new tires and other molded products.

[0096] Chemical recycling may include desulfurization of used tires. Desulfurization may be carried out at a tire recycling company. Desulfurization may be carried out using the tread of used tires. Desulfurization may be carried out using mechanical, microwave, chemical, or biological processes to break the sulfur bonds formed during vulcanization. The recycled material may be mixed (at a low percentile) into new tires, as well as other rubber products that can be used for sound, vibration, and shock absorption.

[0097] Chemical recycling may include the pyrolysis of used tires. Pyrolysis may be carried out at a tire recycling company. Used tires may be crushed and heated in an oxygen-free atmosphere. Prior to heating, metal cords and tire cords may be separated. Products obtained as a result of pyrolysis may include pyrolysis oil, recovered carbon black, and non-condensable gases. From a single tire, approximately 15% by weight is steel, 30 to 40% is pyro black (carbon black with additives), and the remainder is pyrolysis oil / gas. A tire pyrolysis system may include an indirectly heated rotary kiln, agitated tank reactor, fluidized bed reactor, moving bed reactor, steel recovery, charring, crushing and pelletizing circuits, an oil condensation system, and a gas washing system.

[0098] Some of the products obtained from recycling may be supplied to tire production 304 and used to produce new tires. For example, carbon black obtained during pyrolysis and / or materials obtained from desulfurization may be supplied to tire production 304. Scrap tire materials resulting from recycling may be supplied to an incineration center or landfill.

[0099] Used tires or portions of used tires that are not reused or recycled may be incinerated. Tire incineration may include the incineration of used tires and the recovery of energy obtained as a result of incineration, or the supply of tires or rubber chips to cement plants. Incineration may be carried out if retreading, regrooving, or recycling is not possible. Incineration may be carried out for scrap used tires.

[0100] Figure 4 shows an example of a tire production 304 that produces one or more tires 404 from one or more input materials 302, in relation to an operating system 402 equipped with a device for generating tire passports for tires. The operating system 402 may be used to operate the tire production 304, for example, by managing different production chains present within the tire production. The tire production 304 may produce tires from one or more chemicals, for example, by reacting one or more of the chemicals and / or by physically processing one or more of the chemicals. The chemicals may include the raw materials described in relation to Figures 1 and 3. The chemicals may include the intermediate products described in relation to Figures 1 and 3. The chemicals may be supplied to the tire production 304 from one or more suppliers, such as a chemical company that produces the chemicals, for example, as described in relation to Figure 6A.

[0101] To produce one or more tires 404, different materials 302 (hereinafter also referred to as input materials 302) may be provided as physical inputs from material suppliers or distributors. The physical inputs to tire production 304 may include chemical substances such as chemical raw materials, intermediate products, or combinations thereof. The raw materials may be raw materials or recycled raw materials, as described in relation to Figures 1 and 3.

[0102] The tire production system 304 can convert input material 302 into one or more tires 404 that exit the tire production system 304 through chemical and / or physical transformations. The transformation may be carried out via intermediate products or components. The transformation may be a chemical reaction or any other processing step. Input material 302 may be supplied to the tire production system 304 at any inlet point. Input material 302 may be supplied to the tire production system 304 at the start of the tire production system 304. Input material can be considered as input to the tire production system 304.

[0103] Tire production 304 may include multiple production steps. The production steps included in tire production 304 may be defined by the system boundary of tire production 304. The system boundary may be defined by locations or controls across the production process. The system boundary may be defined by the locations of tire production 304. The system boundary may be defined by a production process jointly controlled by one or more entities. The system boundary may be defined by a value chain with time-delayed production processes to the final product, and these processes may be independently controlled by multiple entities.

[0104] The operating system 402 of the tire production 304 may monitor and / or control the tire production 304 based on operational parameters associated with different processes performed by the tire production 304. One of the process steps to be monitored and / or controlled may be the supply of input materials or the shipment of produced tires. Another process step to be monitored and / or controlled may be the generation of tire passports associated with tires produced by the tire production 304 using a device for generating tire passports, such as the device associated with Figure 8. The operating system 402 may include such a device for generating tire passports. The operating system 402 may be configured to generate tire passports associated with tires produced by the tire production 304, for example, as described in relation to Figures 7 and 8. The operating system 402 may be communicatively coupled with such a device for generating tire passports, or for example, the operating system 402 and the device for generating tire passports may be separate units.

[0105] The operating system 402 may further include a requester. The operating system may be communicatively coupled to such a requester. The requester may be configured to generate requests for generating a tire passport, for example, as described in relation to Figure 8.

[0106] The operating system 402 may further include an ID assigner. The operating system may be communicatively coupled to such an ID assigner. The ID assigner may be configured to assign decentralized identifiers and associated information contained in the tire passport to physical identifiers of the produced tires, for example, as described in relation to Figures 5 and 8. For example, the ID assigner may generate a physical identifier embedded with a decentralized identifier and provide the physical identifier to a labeling device that attaches the physical identifier to the produced tire.

[0107] The ID assigner, requester, and / or device for generating tire passports may be configured as a decentralized service or application that runs over a decentralized network.

[0108] Figure 5 shows an example of providing tires associated with a tire passport. The tires may be produced by a tire production system 304, including an operating system 402, as described in relation to, for example, Figure 4.

[0109] To produce tires, intermediate products and raw materials may be provided as physical inputs. Intermediate products may include precursor materials. Precursor materials and raw materials may include raw materials or recycled materials. Raw materials may be associated with a decentralized identifier. The decentralized identifier may be associated with a raw material passport of the raw materials that may be produced, as will be described later in relation to Figures 7 and 8. The decentralized identifier may be associated with raw material data, including, for example, raw material name, raw material composition, chemical and / or physical properties of the raw material, raw material emission data, raw material recyclable content data, raw material bio-based content data, raw material renewable material content data, raw material production data, raw material declaration data, raw material safety data, certificates of analytical data associated with the raw material, certificates associated with the raw material, or a combination thereof.

[0110] The production of a tire may involve a two-step process: 1) the production of an intermediate product, and 2) the production of a tire from the intermediate product and optionally further raw materials (not shown). Raw materials may be used as physical inputs to produce the intermediate product. An operational system, such as the operational system for intermediate product production, may access data related to the raw materials based on decentralized identifiers, e.g., decentralized identifiers from raw material suppliers. Such data may be used to operate the intermediate product production. For example, if the raw materials are recycled materials, a production step of refining the recycle rate may be included. For example, if the raw materials are raw materials, the refining step may be omitted. The intermediate product may be formed by chemically reacting the raw materials or by physically processing the raw materials. Chemical reactions may include polymerization, precipitation, and other commonly known chemical reactions. Physical processing may include mixing, grinding, extrusion, etc. An intermediate product passport may be generated for the produced intermediate product, as will be described later in relation to Figures 7 and 8. Intermediate product data may include data from intermediate product production and further data mentioned above in relation to tire data (such as data on the physical properties of the intermediate product, certificates of analytical data, material safety data, product declaration data, and emission data). The produced intermediate product may be packaged, and the packaging may include physical identifiers such as QR codes, embossed codes, or optical holographic codes (such as zero-order diffraction microstructure). The physical identifier may be assigned to a decentralized identifier in the intermediate product passport, in relation to Figures 6 and 7.

[0111] In the second step, the intermediate product may be supplied to a tire production facility that produces tires, for example, as described in relation to Figure 4. Apart from the intermediate product, further raw materials may be supplied to the tire production facility (not shown). Production data from the intermediate product production facility may be used by an operating system, such as the operating system 402 described above in relation to Figure 4, which produces tires. The intermediate product may include recycled materials or materials produced by different entities. Such intermediate products may be associated with a decentralized identifier, and the intermediate product data may be accessible through that decentralized identifier. An ID reader may be used to read the physical identifier associated with the decentralized identifier, as described above in relation to Figure 4. The intermediate product data may be retrieved using the decentralized identifier, for example, as described in relation to Figure 12.

[0112] As described in relation to Figures 7 and 8, a tire passport may be generated for a produced tire, and the tire passport may include a decentralized identifier and data related to the tire data. The decentralized identifier of the tire passport may be associated with the tire via a physical identifier. For example, a tire may include a physical identifier (such as a QR code, embossed code, or optical holographic code) that is physically attached to the tire. Such a physical identifier element may be assigned to a decentralized identifier. The assignment of physical identifier elements and decentralized identifiers may be performed in a decentralized and / or distributed system through a locally operating ID assigner (see Figure 4). For example, a packaging line may include a labeling device that detects the produced tire. Based on such recognition, a requester may generate a request to generate a tire passport, and the decentralized identifier contained in the generated tire passport may be assigned to a physical identifier by, for example, an ID assigner (see also Figures 7 and 8 below). Assigning may involve encoding a decentralized identifier into a physical identifier and providing the physical identifier, such as a code, to a labeling device configured to attach the physical identifier to a tire. The ID assigner may be part of the labeling device or a separate device.

[0113] The generated tire passport may include a decentralized identifier and data related to tire data. The generated tire passport may further include a tire identifier associated with the tire produced. Data related to tire data may include tire data. Tire data may be recorded before and / or during and / or after production of the tire, and / or during the tire's use. Tire data may include emission data such as CO2 footprint, PCF data, or recyclable rate content data. For example, tire data may specify the recyclable rate content for a tire component, or specify the raw materials and / or intermediate products used to produce the tire. Such recyclable rate content may be directly associated with the tire's decentralized identifier, or indirectly associated with the tire's decentralized identifier, for example, through the decentralized identifier of a raw material or intermediate product. Tire data may include data related to tire characteristics, e.g., EU label information, tire specifications (such as tire width, aspect ratio, construction, rim diameter, load index, rated speed, and usage conditions), weight of the tire produced, raw materials used to produce the tire, tire production data, tire service life, and / or approved usage. Tire data may include data related to tire usage, e.g., mileage, average lifespan determined from the actual distance the tire was used and the time the tire was used, type of vehicle the tire was fitted to, manufacturer of the vehicle the tire was fitted to, tire wear, current tire weight, data about the factory where the tire was fitted, loss of microplastics into the environment, tire usage status, intended use of the tire, repair data, and / or weather conditions under which the tire was used. Tire data may include data related to production conditions provided by the operating system 402 of tire production 304. Tire data may include data related to operating conditions provided by the operating system 402 of tire production 304. Tire data may include data related to the manufacturer, such as manufacturer name, manufacturer brand, or manufacturer identifier. Tire data may include tire name, tire brand, or tire identifier.

[0114] Tire-related data may include digital representations that refer to tire data or parts thereof. Tire-related data may include multiple digital representations that refer to distinct parts of tire data or parts thereof. Tire-related data may include multiple digital representations that refer to different parts of tire data or parts thereof. Such different parts may overlap at some data points. Representations may include access points to tire data or parts thereof, links for accessing tire data or parts thereof, endpoints for accessing tire data or parts thereof, or service endpoints for accessing tire data or parts thereof.

[0115] The generated tire passport may include further decentralized identifiers associated with chemicals such as intermediate products and raw materials used to produce the tire. These further decentralized identifiers (also called second decentralized identifiers) may be included along with the relationship between the tire passport's decentralized identifiers and the second decentralized identifiers. This allows the decentralized identifiers associated with the tire to be linked to the decentralized identifiers associated with the chemicals used to produce the tire. Therefore, the relationship between the tire and the chemicals used to produce it can be reflected within the tire passport.

[0116] Figures 6A to 6C schematically illustrate an example of a method or apparatus for providing tire data associated with tire production and tire use, as well as tire recycling data associated with the handling of used tires, across the tire value chain via a decentralized network.

[0117] Figure 6A shows a part of a tire ecosystem, including tire production and the use of the produced tires, for example, in the manufacture of a vehicle. In this example, input material suppliers, tire manufacturers, and tire consumers may be connected to a decentralized network, as described in relation to Figure 12, for example. Data on input materials and produced tires may be provided in the form of passports associated with the physical entities of the input materials, tires, or vehicles to which the produced tires are fitted, via an ID-based schema described in relation to Figures 8 and 12.

[0118] An input material supplier may provide input materials 302. Input materials 302 may include raw materials or intermediate products as described above in relation to Figures 1 and 3, such as dispersants, fillers, monomers, and polymers. Input material data for the above input materials 302 may be provided through a data provider (also called a data provision service) 602 associated with the input material supplier connected to a decentralized network, as described in relation to Figure 12. A tire manufacturer may produce tires 404 from the input materials 302 provided for tire production, as described, for example, in relation to Figures 3 to 5. A tire manufacturer may access input material data associated with the input materials 302 through a data consumer (also called a data consumption service) 606 connected to a decentralized network, as described in relation to Figure 12. The above input material data may be obtained from a data provider 602 associated with each input material supplier. A tire manufacturer may generate a tire passport associated with the produced tire 404, as described, for example, in relation to Figures 7 and 8. Tire manufacturers may provide the tire passport and tire data contained in the passport through a data provider 602 connected to a decentralized network, as described in relation to Figure 12. Tire consumers, such as vehicle manufacturers or factories, may access tire data or a portion thereof associated with the produced tires 404 through a data consumer 606 connected to a decentralized network, as described in relation to Figure 12.

[0119] In this example, the data owners could be input material producers, tire manufacturers, and tire consumers. A data owner can include any entity that generates data. A data generation node can be connected to a data owner, or an entity that owns or produces the physical product from which data is generated. Data can be generated by a third-party entity on behalf of an entity that owns the physical product from which data is generated.

[0120] In the example in Figure 6A, the decentralized identifier of the tire passport may be associated with a tire. Such decentralized identifiers may be provided to value chain stakeholders. Through the tire-specific decentralized identifier, data associated with a tire may be collected throughout the production chain and during the use of the tire assigned to the tire-specific decentralized identifier. For example, one or more environmental attributes associated with a tire may be derived from environmental attributes associated with input materials 302 or any other product entities present in the tire's value chain. Tire data collected during production may include static or dynamic characteristics, as described above. Tire data may be associated with, or include, the characteristics of chemical products associated with the use of chemical products to produce the tire, as described above. Through the tire-specific decentralized identifier, data associated with a tire may be collected during the use of the tire mounted on a vehicle. For example, such data may be collected by the factory or by sensors mounted on the tire. A decentralized identifier associated with a tire may be used to update tire data, for example, by updating the tire data associated with the decentralized identifier, or by adding collected data to the tire data associated with the decentralized identifier, using data collected during the tire's use, such as lifespan data or repair data. Such data may include data related to tire use, such as mileage, average lifespan, type of vehicle to which the tire is fitted, manufacturer of the vehicle to which the tire is fitted, tire wear, current tire weight, repair data, and / or weather conditions. Usage data may be used to determine the current condition of the tire, the average lifespan of the tire, or the environmental loss of microplastics, for example, by comparing the weight of a new tire to the current weight of the tire.

[0121] In this way, tire data can represent a digital twin of the tire, including its production history and current condition. By including data related to tire use, the digital twin of the tire can be updated to reflect the tire's current condition. Furthermore, environmental attributes or hazardous components in the tire can be tracked so that the flow of information can be controlled by stakeholders in the supply chain, while keeping the information transparent across the value chain. Data on the components used to produce the tire, and data on tire use, can be used by return points, retreading companies, and / or recyclers to determine the appropriate handling of used tires based on the above data. For example, a tire recycler (see, e.g., Figure 6B) can determine the appropriate recycling operation based on the above data.

[0122] As explained in relation to Figure 3, used tires may be provided to a tire recycler. Used tires may correspond to input material 302 at the tire recycler 608, as shown in Figure 6B. Used tire data for the used tires 302 may be provided through data providers 602 associated with tire manufacturers and / or vehicle manufacturers connected to a decentralized network, as explained in relation to Figure 12. The tire recycler 608 may recycle the used tires provided to the tire recycler, for example, as explained in relation to Figure 3. The tire recycler may access used tire data associated with the used tires 302 through data consumers (also called data consumption services) 606 connected to a decentralized network, as explained in relation to Figure 12. The used tire data may be obtained from data providers 602 associated with tire manufacturers and / or vehicle manufacturers. The tire recycler may generate recycled product passports associated with products obtained from recycling, such as pyrolysis oil or carbon black 404, for example, as explained in relation to Figures 7 and 8. Pyrolysis oil can be formed by pyrolysis of crushed tires, for example, as described in relation to Figure 3. Pyrolysis oil may contain a mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons having 5 to 46 carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons can be saturated or unsaturated. Unsaturated hydrocarbons may include aromatic hydrocarbons. Examples of aromatic hydrocarbons include monocyclic monoaromatic compounds, dicyclic aromatic compounds, and tricyclic aromatic compounds, as well as polycyclic aromatic compounds. Examples of non-aromatic compounds include paraffins, monocyclic naphthenes, dicyclic naphthenes, and cycloalkanes. Pyrolysis oil may contain hydrocarbons having 5 to 10 carbon atoms up to 30% by weight, hydrocarbons having 11 to 20 carbon atoms up to 60% by weight, hydrocarbons having 21 to 30 carbon atoms up to 10% by weight, and hydrocarbons having 31 to 46 carbon atoms in less than 10% by weight.

[0123] The tire recycler 608 may provide recycled product data, or a portion thereof, contained in the recycled product passport, through a data provider 602 connected to a decentralized network, as described in relation to Figure 12. In this example, the respective data owners could be the tire manufacturer 304 and / or the vehicle manufacturer, as well as the tire recycler 608.

[0124] In the example in Figure 6B, a decentralized identifier may be associated with a recycled product. Such a decentralized identifier may be provided to value chain stakeholders. Through the decentralized identifier, data associated with tire recycling may be collected and assigned to the decentralized identifier. The decentralized identifier may be associated with a tire-specific decentralized identifier. In this way, data about the tires used to produce the recycled product can be derived from the decentralized identifier contained in the recycled product passport. For example, a recycled materials passport may contain decentralized identifiers contained in the tire passport, and data about the relationship between the decentralized tire identifier and the decentralized identifier contained in the recycled materials passport.

[0125] Products obtained from recycled tires, such as carbon black, may be provided to tire manufacturers 304 and used as input materials 302 to produce new tires (see, for example, Figure 3). Data on such products may be obtained by tire manufacturers 304 from data providers 602 associated with tire recyclers 608 via data consumers 606, as described in relation to Figure 12. Thus, input material suppliers in tire manufacturers 304 may correspond to raw material suppliers, intermediate product manufacturers, and tire recyclers.

[0126] Products obtained from recycled tires, such as pyrolysis oil, can be supplied to chemical producers who produce chemicals such as raw materials and intermediate products using pyrolysis oil as one input material 302 for producing raw materials and intermediate products such as ethylene, propylene, and polyisobutene. Further input materials 302 may be used together with pyrolysis oil to produce chemical products. Thus, pyrolysis oil produced by tire recyclers 608 can correspond to one input material 302 of chemical producers operating a chemical production network 610, for example, as shown in Figure 6C. Pyrolysis oil data for the above pyrolysis oil 302 can be provided through data providers 602 associated with tire recyclers 608 connected to a decentralized network, as described in relation to Figure 12. The chemical production network 610 can produce one or more raw materials and / or intermediate products 404, for example, the raw materials and intermediate products described in relation to Figure 3. Examples of raw materials include monomers used to prepare synthetic rubber. Examples of intermediate products include dispersants, fillers, and polymers (such as synthetic rubber). A chemical producer operating the chemical production network 610 may access pyrolysis data associated with pyrolysis oil 302 through a data consumer 606 connected to a decentralized network, as described in relation to Figure 12. The pyrolysis oil data may be obtained from a data provider 602 associated with a tire recycler 608. The chemical producer may generate a chemical product passport associated with the chemical products it produces, such as monomers, polymers, fillers, and dispersants, as described in relation to Figures 7 and 8. The chemical producer may provide chemical product data, or a portion thereof, contained in the chemical product passport through a data provider 602 connected to a decentralized network, as described in relation to Figure 12. The chemical product data may include environmental attributes associated with the chemical product, such as the recycling content from the use of pyrolysis oil obtained from recycled tires. The respective data owners in this example may be the tire recycler 608 and the chemical producer operating the chemical production network 610.

[0127] In the example in Figure 6C, the decentralized identifier may be associated with a chemical product. Such a decentralized identifier may be provided to value chain stakeholders. Through the decentralized identifier, data associated with the produced chemical product may be collected and assigned to the decentralized identifier. The decentralized identifier may be associated with a decentralized identifier specific to pyrolysis oil and / or a decentralized identifier specific to a tire. In this way, data about tires indirectly used to produce the chemical product may be derived from the decentralized identifier contained in the chemical product passport. Furthermore, environmental attributes associated with pyrolysis oil may be derived from the decentralized identifier contained in the recycled material passport associated with pyrolysis oil produced by tire recycler 608.

[0128] Chemical products produced by the chemical production network 610 may be supplied to tire production 304 as input material 302, for example, as shown in Figure 6A. Tire producer 304 may obtain chemical product data provided by data consumer 606 associated with the chemical production network 610 via data consumer 606, as described in relation to Figure 12. The decentralized identifier of the chemical product passport may be associated with the decentralized identifier of the tire passport associated with the tire produced from the chemical product. In this way, the environmental attributes of the chemical product and the tire produced from the chemical product 302 can be tracked through the value chain to the tire. Tracking the environmental attributes of the tire in this manner allows the flow of information to be controlled by stakeholders in the supply chain while making the information transparent across the value chain. In addition, the environmental attributes can be handled according to the needs of individual stakeholders by a production operation system, as described in relation to Figure 4. Overall, such tracking enables individual tire value chain stakeholders to track positive environmental impacts, which makes positive environmental impacts transparent and linked to individual tire value chain stakeholders.

[0129] Figure 7 shows an exemplary method for generating a tire passport. A tire passport may be generated for a tire 404 produced by tire production 304 from one or more input materials 302, as described, for example, in relation to Figures 4 to 6A. A tire passport may be generated by the operating system 402 of tire production 304. A tire passport may be generated by the operating system of vehicle production. The operating system may include equipment for generating tire passports, as described, for example, in relation to Figure 8.

[0130] In block 702, a request may be received to generate a tire passport for a tire produced. The request may include a data owner identifier and / or a tire identifier. The data owner may be the data owner of the collected data and / or the data contained in the distributed data source. The data owner may be a chemical manufacturer. The data owner may be the data owner as described above. The tire identifier may be a batch number, a lot number, a tire name, and / or a tire ID. The request may be generated by a requester, for example, as described in relation to Figure 7. The request may be received at a computing node (which may function as a DID owner management module, user agent, ID hub, and / or certificate issuer). Decentralized identifiers may be requested from a central or decentralized node.

[0131] In block 704, an authentication mechanism may be provided or selected, but this block is generally optional. The authentication mechanism may include a private key-public key pair. If the generated decentralized identifier includes a DID, the authentication mechanism may be selected or provided.

[0132] In block 706, a decentralized identifier associated with tire data and the data owner may be generated or provided. The decentralized identifier may include one or more DIDs and / or UUIDs. Data related to the decentralized identifier and the authentication mechanism may be generated or provided.

[0133] In block 708, data related to tire data may be provided. Data related to tire data may include, for example, the tire data described above in relation to Figures 4 to 6C. Tire data may be collected before, during, or after production of the tire, and / or during use. Tire data may be stored in one or more data storage media, such as a database. Providing tire data may include obtaining tire data based on a tire identifier, such as a tire identifier included in a request received in block 702. Data related to tire data may include, for example, a digital representation of the tire data or a part thereof as described in relation to Figures 4 to 6C.

[0134] In block 710, a tire passport may be generated based on a provided or generated decentralized identifier and data related to tire data. The tire passport may include a decentralized identifier provided or generated in block 706 and data related to tire data provided in block 708. The tire passport may correspond to a DID document associated with a decentralized identifier that is a DID. The DID document may include a digital representation pointing to tire data or a portion thereof. The tire passport may further include a tire identifier. The tire identifier may be a tire identifier included in a received request. The generated tire passport may be stored in a database. The generated tire passport or a portion thereof may be made available for access by a data consumption service controlled by a data provision service associated with the data owner, as described, for example, in relation to Figures 8 and 12.

[0135] In block 714, a physical identifier may be assigned to a decentralized identifier included in the tire passport, although this block is generally optional. Assigning a decentralized identifier to a physical identifier may involve generating a physical identifier with an embedded decentralized identifier. The physical identifier may be generated by an ID assigner, as described in relation to Figure 5, for example, and may be attached to the tire using a labeling device.

[0136] The generated tire passport simplifies and customizes the data sharing or exchange of tire data associated with produced tires from the tire industry to vehicle manufacturers, as well as further stakeholders in the tire value chain, such as retreading and recycling companies. By using the above tire data, for example, the recycling rate of used tires can be improved by using the tire data to determine the appropriate recycling process for used tires.

[0137] Figure 8 shows an exemplary system and related methods for generating a tire passport associated with a manufactured tire and for providing access to the generated tire passport.

[0138] Tire production 304 can produce tires 404 from one or more input materials (also referred to as precursor materials) 302. Input materials may include chemical raw materials and / or intermediate products, for example, the raw materials and / or intermediate products described in relation to Figures 3 to 6A. Tire production 304 may be a tire production as described in relation to Figures 3 to 6A. Input materials 302 may enter the system boundary 804 of tire production 304. Tires 404 may be produced using input materials 302, for example, as described in relation to Figures 3 to 6A. 4 04 can exit from the system boundary 804 of tire production 304.

[0139] When tire 404 is produced, or when tire 404 is produced from tire production 304, a tire passport associated with the produced tire 404 may be generated. A tire passport associated with a produced tire may be generated when a vehicle fitted with each tire is produced. The tire passport may be generated by a device 802 for generating tire passports. The device 802 may be configured to generate tire passports in accordance with the method described in relation to Figure 7. The device 802 may be configured to receive requests to provide a decentralized identifier. The decentralized identifier may be associated with tire data and data owners. The data owner may include any entity that generates tire data or a portion thereof. The data owner may be a tire manufacturer. The data owner may be a vehicle manufacturer. The tire data or a portion thereof may be accessible to the data owner. Thus, the data owner may directly or indirectly own the tire data or a portion thereof. The decentralized identifier may be associated with tire passports and data owners. The device 802 may be configured to generate tire passports in response to received requests.

[0140] The requester 806 may be configured to generate a request for a decentralized identifier. The request may be triggered by a labeling system such as a QR code generator. The request may also be triggered by a code reading system such as a QR code reader. A request to provide a decentralized identifier may be provided to a decentralized ID generator 808 configured to generate decentralized identifiers. The decentralized ID generator 808 may be configured to generate decentralized identifiers associated with tire data and data owners. The decentralized identifier generator 808 may provide the generated decentralized identifiers to a decentralized ID provider 810. Although the decentralized ID generator 808 and the decentralized ID provider 810 are shown as separate units in Figure 8, their functions may be combined within a single unit such that device 802 includes a decentralized ID providing unit configured to generate or obtain decentralized identifiers and to provide the generated decentralized identifiers.

[0141] The decentralized ID provider 810 may provide the requester 806 with a decentralized identifier received from the decentralized ID generator 808. The requester 806 may be configured to associate the received decentralized identifier with a produced tire 404. Thus, the requester 806 may include an ID assigner as described in relation to Figures 4 and 5. Such association may include encoding the decentralized identifier into a code and providing a code for labeling the tire 404. Such association may include relating the decentralized identifier to a physical identifier of the tire. In this way, a physical identifier may be provided that associates the physical entity of the tire with the provided decentralized identifier, and by extension, with the tire passport to which the decentralized identifier is associated.

[0142] The decentralized ID provider 810 may provide a decentralized identifier to a tire passport generator 812 configured to generate a tire passport containing the decentralized identifier received from the decentralized ID provider 810 and data related to tire data. The tire passport generator 812 may generate a tire passport, for example, as described in relation to Figure 7. Tire data or a portion thereof may be provided to the tire passport generator 812 from a data storage medium such as a database (not shown). A digital representation of the tire data or a portion thereof may be generated by the tire passport generator 812. The generated tire passport may be stored in a data storage medium (not shown).

[0143] The generated tire passport may be provided to a tire passport provider 814. The tire passport provider 814 may be configured to provide the tire passport for access by a data consumption service 818. The data consumption service 818 may be part of a decentralized network 816. The data consumption service 818 may be associated with the recipient of the tire, for example, as described in relation to Figure 6B. The tire passport provider 814 may control access by the data consumption service 818. The tire passport provider 814 may be a data provision service associated with tire production 304. The tire passport provider 814 may be associated with, or under the control of, the data owner of the tire data associated with the generated tire passport. The tire data or a portion thereof contained in the tire passport may be provided to a data consumption service 818, for example, as described in relation to Figure 12. This enables the transfer, or access, of the tire passport and the tire data or a portion thereof in a controlled and secure manner.

[0144] Figure 9 shows an exemplary method for using Tire Passport to further process tire data associated with it.

[0145] In block 902, instructions may be received to access tire data associated with the decentralized identifier of the tire passport in order to use the tire passport. The tire passport may be structured as shown in Figures 13 and 14. The tire passport may be generated as shown in Figures 7 and 8.

[0146] In block 904, a request may be authenticated before access to tire data may be provided. In particular, data consumption services requesting access to tire data and / or data provision services providing access to chemical process data may be authenticated. Such authentication may be based on decentralized identification information and data related to the authentication mechanism. Authentication may be performed through different communication patterns detailed in Figures 10A and 10B.

[0147] If authentication fails, access to tire data may be denied (see block 908). If authentication is valid, the authorization step may proceed in block 910. Such authorization may be based on data related to decentralized identifiers and authorization rules. The above data may be associated with decentralized identifiers.

[0148] If authorization fails, access to tire data may be denied (see block 914) or modified. In particular, the requested authorization may be modified to conform to applicable authorization rules. If authorization is valid, access to tire data may be permitted as requested in accordance with the authorization rules, and the requested tire data may be provided in accordance with the authorization rules in block 916. Such access to tire data associated with a decentralized identifier may be provided using a digital representation contained in the tire passport.

[0149] In block 918, the received tire data can be processed. For example, the received tire data can be used to determine how to handle used tires, such as whether the tire can be reused, regrooved, retreaded, or recycled.

[0150] Figures 10A and 10B illustrate exemplary methods for authentication to access tire data associated with a tire passport. Various communication patterns may be employed in the authentication process to verify the identification information.

[0151] Figure 10A shows one exemplary communication pattern that may occur between the data provision service 602 and the data consumption service 606. In this case, the data provision service 602 may function as a verification entity, and no separate service is used for authentication.

[0152] The data consumption service 606 may request services from the data provision service 602 (see step [1]). The request may include a decentralized identifier for the data consumption service decentralized identifier, such as a decentralized identifier (DID) or verifiable credentials.

[0153] In response to a request, the data provision service may access registries, such as centralized or decentralized authentication registries, to obtain data related to authentication mechanisms associated with decentralized identifiers. For example, a centralized authentication registry may provide data related to authentication mechanisms through an authentication service that issues access tokens. Alternatively, a decentralized authentication registry may provide data related to authentication mechanisms by generating request tokens. The data related to authentication mechanisms may include the public key of the data consumption service.

[0154] Based on the acquired data related to the authentication mechanism, the data provider service may generate an authentication request (e.g., corresponding to an authentication request token or dynamic attribute talk) (see step [2]). The authentication request may be generated based on the public key of the data consumption service and / or the private key of the data provider service 602. The generated authentication request may be sent to the data consumption service 606 (see step [3]).

[0155] Based on the received authentication request, the data consumption service 606 may generate authentication data to respond to the authentication request (step [4]). The generated authentication data may be sent back to the data provision service 602 (step [5]).

[0156] Upon receiving a response containing authentication data from the data consumption service 606, the data provision service 602 may then verify the legitimacy of the authentication data (see step [6]). In response to the legitimacy verification, the data provision service 602 may permit or deny the service request from the data consumption service 606 (step [7]).

[0157] Figure 10B shows yet another communication pattern that may occur between the data provision service 602, the authentication service 1004, and the data consumption service 606.

[0158] First, the data consumption service 606 may request a service or initiate communication with the data provision service 602 (step [1]). The request may include a decentralized identifier for the data consumption service decentralized identifier, such as a decentralized identifier (DID) or verifiable credentials.

[0159] Upon receiving a request, the data provision service 602 may access the distributed ledger and obtain one or more authentication mechanisms associated with the decentralized identifier. Based on the obtained authentication mechanisms, the authentication service 1004 may generate an authentication request.

[0160] Here, at least one of the acquired authentication mechanisms may be provided via the authentication service 1004. Thus, in some embodiments, the generated authentication request may be sent directly to the authentication service 1004 (steps [2], [3]). Upon receiving the authentication request from the data provider service 602, the authentication service 1004 may generate authentication data (step [4]). The authentication data generated by the authentication service 1004 may be sent to the data consumption service 606 (step [5]).

[0161] The data consumption service 606 may then pass the authentication data to the data provider service 602 (step [6]). Upon receiving the authentication data, the data provider service 602 may then verify the validity of the authentication data (step [7]). In response to the verification of validity, the data provider service may permit or reject the service request from the data consumption service 606 (step [8]).

[0162] Alternatively, in some embodiments, the data provision service 602 may generate an authentication request, and then the data consumption service 60 may receive the authentication request. 6 It can send to [location]. The data consumption service can pass the authentication request to the authentication service 1004 (not shown).

[0163] Furthermore, after the authentication service 1004 has generated the authentication data, in some embodiments, the authentication service simply communicates with the data consumer service 606 to notify it of the receipt of the authentication request and obtain its consent. Upon receiving the notification, the data consumer service 606 may consent and transmit the consent to the authentication service 1004. Upon receiving the consent, the authentication service 1004 may then directly transmit the authentication data to the data providing service 602.

[0164] Finally, in many transactions, authentication can be performed mutually by both parties. In such a mutual authentication situation, each party involved can be both a subject entity and a verification entity. The data consumption service 606 and the data provision service 602 can control their respective decentralized identifiers. Initially, the services can exchange their own decentralized identifiers. Next, each service can access the distributed ledger to obtain each other's authentication mechanism. Each service can then generate its own authentication request based on the other's identity authentication method. The generated authentication data can then be sent to the other service. Upon receiving each other's authentication data, each service can verify the validity of the received authentication data. Based on the verification of validity, the services can then perform additional communication, for example, one service may permit or deny the other service's service request.

[0165] Figures 10A and 10B simply illustrate examples of authentication protocols. Furthermore, while communication arrows are discussed or shown in a specific order, no specific order is required unless otherwise specified, or unless a specific order is necessary because one communication depends on another communication being completed before it is transmitted.

[0166] Figure 11 illustrates an exemplary method for authorizing access to tire data. Tire data may be associated with a tire passport containing a decentralized identifier and data related to the tire data. A tire passport may be generated as described in relation to Figures 7 and 8.

[0167] In block 1102, a decentralized identifier for a tire passport (hereinafter referred to as the decentralized tire identifier) ​​and a set of authorization rules relating to the tire data associated with the decentralized identifier may be provided. The set of authorization rules may include usage instructions that define the usage policy for entities accessing the tire data associated with the decentralized identifier. The set of rules may include one or more local rules specific to a particular location. One or more local rules may be based on where the decentralized identifier was generated, where the data provision service was performed, where the data consumption service was performed, or a combination thereof.

[0168] One or more sets of local rules may be based on the location or data provision service provided by the data provision service. Location may refer to a jurisdiction, and local rules may be associated with legal requirements relating to the production, supply, and end-of-life disposal of tires. For example, access to tires may be provided through authorization rules that may include jurisdictional rules or local rules. Tire data may include the data described in relation to Figures 3 through 6C. A set of authorization rules may include at least one regulatory directive configured to provide access to tire data relating to regulatory requirements for tires. A set of authorization rules provided may relate to access to entity decentralized identifiers. Authorization rules may include computer executable instructions that enable access to tire data associated with a decentralized tire identifier, deny access to tire data associated with a decentralized tire identifier, modify access to tire data associated with a decentralized tire identifier, or modify tire data associated with a decentralized tire identifier. Authorization rules may relate to each data point or class of tire data, and selected authorization rules may be bound to tire data, classes of tire data, individual data points, or combinations thereof. A set of authorization rules may include one or more provisional rules relating to the obligations of data consumption services associated with an Access Entity Decentralized Identifier. A set of authorization rules may include one or more provisional rules relating to emission data, production data, recyclate content data, bio-based content data, origin data, labor conditions data, or a combination thereof. A set of authorization rules may include one or more processing rules relating to the processing of emission data, production data, recyclate content data, bio-based content data, origin data, labor conditions data, or a combination thereof by data consumption services associated with an Access Entity Decentralized Identifier.

[0169] In block 1104, data related to a decentralized identifier or a decentralized identifier of an access entity (hereinafter referred to as the access entity decentralized identifier) ​​may be provided.

[0170] In block 1106, authorization rules for tire data associated with a decentralized tire identifier may be selected based on the access entity decentralized identifier or data associated with the access entity decentralized identifier. Authorization rules may include computer executable instructions to authorize, deny, or modify tire data. Authorization rules may be associated with each data point of the tire data or with a set or class of tire data. Selected authorization rules may be stored for application to the tire data. Such authorization rules may be applied before or during a data transaction. Selected authorization rules may be bound to tire data, individual data points of tire data, or classes of tire data for application to the tire data.

[0171] In block 1108, the selected authorization rule may be applied to tire data associated with a decentralized tire identifier. The selected authorization rule may be applied before accessing the tire data. The selected authorization rule may be applied at runtime when accessing the tire data.

[0172] In block 1110, tire data associated with a decentralized tire identifier may be provided in accordance with selected authorization rules.

[0173] Figure 12 shows a schematic diagram illustrating how data consumption services linked to tire consumers via a decentralized network can be used to provide access to tire passports associated with tires, through data provision services linked to data owners.

[0174] Tire 40 produced by tire production 304 4This may be provided in association with a tire passport. A tire passport may be generated as described in relation to Figures 7 and 8. A tire passport may include a decentralized identifier associated with the tire data and the data owner. A tire passport may include data related to the tire data. Data related to the tire data may include a digital representation that points to the tire data or a portion thereof (see, for example, Figure 13).

[0175] The tire passport may further include, or be associated with, authentication and / or authorization information linked to a decentralized identifier. Authentication and / or authorization information may be provided for authentication and / or authorization of data provision service 602 and / or data consumption service 606. Decentralized identifiers may include universally unique identifiers (UUIDs) and / or decentralized identifiers (DIDs). Decentralized identifiers may include any unique identifier uniquely associated with the data owner and / or tire data and / or tires. The data owner may be a tire manufacturer. The data owner may own the tire data or a portion thereof, or may have access to the tire data or a portion thereof. Access to the tire data may be controlled by the data owner through the decentralized identifier and the unique association of the decentralized identifier with the data owner and / or tires. The data owner may include any entity that generates the data. Data generation nodes may be linked to the data owner or entities that own or produce the chemical products from which data is generated or for which it is generated. The data may be generated by a third-party entity on behalf of the entity that owns the tire to which the data is related, either from or for which the data is generated.

[0176] The tire 404 may be physically delivered to consumers of the tire, such as vehicle manufacturers, dealers, and / or factories. The tire 404 may include a code, such as a QR code, that encodes a decentralized identifier. Consumers of the tire 404 may read the code through a code reader 1202. The decentralized identifier may be provided to a database 1204 associated with consumers of the tire 404. In other embodiments, consumers of the tire 404 may obtain the decentralized identifier through a registry 1206. For example, the tire identifier encoded in a code may be used to obtain the decentralized identifier from the registry 1206. The registry 1206 may store decentralized identifiers associated with tire passports. The registry 1206 may further store access data associated with decentralized identifiers. The access data may include a digital representation that points to the tire data or a portion thereof. Thus, the access data may enable the identification of a data provision service 602 that provides the tire data or a portion thereof.

[0177] Based on the received decentralized identifier, a request to access tire data associated with the decentralized identifier may be triggered by the data consumption service 606, as indicated by arrow 1210. The decentralized identifier may be associated with the tire manufacturer 404, or provided to the data provision service 602 of such manufacturer. In addition, authentication and / or authorization information may be provided.

[0178] The request may authenticate (see Figures 10A and 10B) and / or authorize access to tire data associated with a decentralized identifier. Based on the success of authorization and / or authentication, the tire associated with the decentralized identifier may be authorized. data Access to may be permitted.

[0179] Data provision service 60 2As indicated by arrows 1212 and 1214, the received data may be used to obtain tire data or a portion thereof associated with the produced tire 404. The tire data or a portion thereof associated with the tire 404 obtained by the data provision service 602 may be provided to the data consumption service 606 as indicated by arrow 1216. The received tire data or a portion thereof may be stored in the database 1204 associated with the consumer of the tire 404 as indicated by arrow 1218.

[0180] Through decentralized identifiers, tire data or parts thereof can be uniquely associated with tires. Through decentralized networks, tire data or parts thereof can be transferred in a standardized and secure manner between tire manufacturers, tire consumers, and further stakeholders in the tire value chain. In this way, tire data or parts thereof can be shared directly among value chain players without centralized intermediaries, using the unique association with tires. This results in transparency of the tire dataset across the value chain. Therefore, Tire Passport allows tire data to be shared under simplified and customizable conditions without compromising data security and data sovereignty.

[0181] While Figure 12 has been illustrated in relation to tire manufacturers and tire consumers, the exchange of tire data can also occur among tire manufacturers and other stakeholders in the value chain, such as factories, retreading companies, and / or recycling companies.

[0182] Figure 13 shows an example of ID-based owner data, ID-based passport data, and a decentralized identity manager.

[0183] A decentralized identifier may be a decentralized ID (DID). A tire passport may be a DID document associated with a DID. ID-based owner data may include a DID associated with a subject such as tire data, and may include an authentication mechanism. ID-based owner data may include owner data that is electronically owned and controlled by the DID owner. In this context, electronically owned may mean data stored in an owner repository or wallet. Such data may be securely stored and / or managed on an organized server or client device. ID-based owner data may include a DID, a private key, and a public key. An ID-based owner may own and control a DID representing the identification information associated with a DID subject, and a private key and public key pair associated with the DID. A DID can be understood as an identifier and authentication information associated with or uniquely linked to the identifier.

[0184] The DID subject may be a tire. The DID subject may be a machine, system, or device used for the production of a tire, or a collection of such machines, devices, and / or systems. The DID owner may be a tire manufacturer. The DID owner may be an upstream participant in the tire value chain of the tire manufacturer, such as a supplier of raw chemicals or precursors for producing tires. The DID owner may be a downstream participant in the tire value chain of the tire manufacturer, such as a customer who consumes tires. The DID owner may be any participant in the tire supply chain, including raw chemical suppliers, intermediate chemical manufacturers, tire manufacturers, vehicle manufacturers, plants, recovery companies, retreading companies, or recycling companies.

[0185] DID can be any identifier associated with the DID subject and / or DID owner. Preferably, the identifier is unique to the DID subject and / or DID owner. The identifier can be unique at least to the extent that the DID is expected to be in use. The identifier can be a tire; a machine, system, or device used to produce a tire, or a collection of such machines, devices, and / or systems; a chemical manufacturer producing chemicals, a tire manufacturer, a downstream participant in the tire value chain of a tire manufacturer, or a collection of such; a local or global unique identifier of any participant in the tire value chain, including a chemical supplier, an intermediate chemical manufacturer, a tire manufacturer, a vehicle manufacturer, a plant, a recovery company, a retreading company, or a recycling company, or a collection of such.

[0186] A DID can be a Unified Resource Identifier (URI), such as a Unified Resource Location Specifier (URL). A DID can be an International Resource Identifier (IRI). For enhanced security, a DID can be a random string of numbers and letters. In one embodiment, a DID can be a string of 128 characters and numbers in the format "scheme did:method name:method-specific did," such as "did:example:ebfeb1f712ebc6f1c276e12ec21." A DID can be decentralized, under the control of the DID owner, and independent of any centralized third-party management system.

[0187] DID document 1304 may be associated with a DID. Therefore, DID document 1304 may contain references to DIDs that can be associated with the DID subject described in the DID document. DID document 1304 may contain authentication information, such as a public key. The public key may be used by a third-party entity authorized by the DID owner / subject to access information and data owned by the DID owner / subject. The public key may be used to verify that the DID owner actually owns or controls the DID. DID document 1304 may contain authentication information and authorization information, for example, to authorize a third-party entity to read the DID document or a portion of DID document 1304 without granting the third party the right to prove ownership of the DID.

[0188] DID document 1304 may include further identifiers, such as identifiers associated with different parts or classes of tire data. DID document 1304 may further include one or more representations that are digitally linked to the tire data, for example, by service endpoints. Service endpoints may include network addresses on which services operate on behalf of the DID owner. In particular, a service endpoint may refer to a service of the DID owner that grants access to the tire data or a portion thereof. Such a service may include a service that reads or analyzes the tire data or a portion thereof. Tire data may include the data described in relation to Figures 3 through 6C. DID document 1304 may include various other information, such as metadata specifying when DID document 1304 was created, when the last modification was made, and / or when it expires.

[0189] DID and DD Document 13 04This can be associated with a data registry node of a decentralized data service system or decentralized data service system 1306 (e.g., a distributed ledger or blockchain or a decentralized file system). The distributed ledger or blockchain may be used to store a representation of the DID that points to the DID document 1304. The representation of the DID may be stored on distributed computing nodes of the distributed ledger or blockchain 1306. For example, a DID hash may be stored on multiple computing nodes of the distributed ledger and point to the location of the DID document 1304. In some embodiments, the DID document 1304 may be stored in the distributed ledger 1306. Each computing node may store a copy of the distributed ledger 1306. In this way, each DID hash can be stored redundantly, thereby increasing data security. The distributed ledger 1306 may contain DIDs associated with multiple different DID documents 1304.

[0190] In some embodiments, the DID document 1304 may be stored in a distributed ledger 1306, i.e., in addition to or alternative to the associated DID representation stored in the distributed ledger 1306. In other embodiments, the DID document 1304 may be stored in data storage (not shown) associated with a distributed ledger, blockchain, or decentralized file system.

[0191] A distributed ledger or blockchain 1306 can be any decentralized distributed network containing various computing nodes that communicate with one another. For example, a distributed ledger 1306 may include a first distributed computing node, a second distributed computing node, a third distributed computing node, and any number of additional distributed computing nodes (not shown). A distributed ledger or blockchain 1306 may include known technology stacks such as Bitcoin (see, for example, the Bitcoin documentation published on November 11, 2022 at https: / / en.bitcoin.it / wiki / Protocol_documentation), Ethereum (see, for example, the Ethereum documentation published on August 15, 2022 at https: / / ethereum.org / en / developers / docs / ), Solana (see, for example, the Solana documentation published on November 11, 2022 at https: / / spl.solana.com / ), Polygon (see, for example, the Polygon documentation published on November 11, 2022 at https: / / wiki.polygon.technology / ), or other embodiments with a different degree of data transactions performed on a distributed ledger. The description of exemplary frameworks is for illustrative purposes only and should not be considered limiting.

[0192] Figure 14 shows an example of ID-based certificate data, ID-based tire passport data, and an identity manager.

[0193] In contrast to the example in Figure 13, the example in Figure 14 is certificate-based. The certificate data 1402 may include subject and certificate issuer authentication data. The subject may be the data owner, or a data provisioning service 602 operated by or under the control of the data owner. The certificate data 1402 may further include the subject name to which the certificate was issued, such as the data owner name, data owner ID, data provider name, data provider ID, or a combination thereof. The certificate may be an X.509 certificate, such as X509v3. The certificate data 1402 may be associated with an IDS infrastructure 1406, for example, a certificate issuing service (CA) 1408, and / or a dynamic provisioning service (DAPS) 1410 that provides dynamic attribute tokens (e.g., OAuth access tokens). The certificate data 1402 may further include various other information, such as metadata specifying when the certificate was created, when the last modification was made, and / or when it expires. The information required to validate certificate data 1402 may be provided through an authentication registry associated with a certificate issuing service and / or a dynamic provisioning service. For example, in the IDSA Reference Architecture Model, version 3.0 as of April 2019, prior to the execution of data exchange (see, e.g., Figures 10A and 10B), a data providing service 602, a certificate authority (CA) 1408, a dynamic attribute provisioning service (DAPS) 1410, and a data consuming service (not shown) associated with or under the control of the data owner are used to validate the identification information.

[0194] Certificate data 1402 and tire passport data 1404 may be stored within the data provision service 602. The data provision service 602 may be associated with, or under the control of, the data owner of the tire data.

[0195] The tire passport data 1404 may include a decentralized identifier, authorization data, and endpoints associated with the tire data or a portion thereof. The decentralized identifier may be a universally unique identifier (UUID), such as UUIDv4. The UUIDv4 may follow the following format, i.e., [0-9a-fA-F]{8}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{12}. Authorization information may be used to control access to the tire data or a portion thereof, as described, for example, in relation to Figure 9. Endpoints may include any digital representation pointing to the tire data or a portion thereof. The tire data may include the data described in relation to Figures 3 through 6C.

[0196] Tire Passport data 1404 may contain various other information, such as metadata specifying when the tire passport was created, when the last modification was made, and / or when it expires.

[0197] Figures 15–17 show different exemplary configurations of tire passports based on digital identifiers. The configurations include different relationships of passports generated in the tire value chain up to the vehicle. Passports can be generated, for example, using the method described in relation to Figure 7.

[0198] Figure 15A shows separate configurations for different passports generated in the tire value chain, as described, for example, in relation to Figure 3. Individual passports may be generated at multiple product stages in the tire value chain. Passport generation may include providing decentralized identifiers and data related to the respective product data for each of the multiple product stages. Passport generation may further include providing an authentication mechanism. Passports for multiple product stages may be based on cryptographic signatures. For example, passports for multiple product stages may be linked through hash values ​​based on different datasets. As shown in Figure 15A, hash 1 is obtained based on the raw materials passport data, hash 2 is obtained based on the chemical products passport data, and hash 3 is obtained based on the raw materials passport data and the chemical products passport data. Similarly, hash 4 is obtained based on the tire passport data, and hash 5 is obtained based on the chemical products passport and the tire passport data. Further linking may be performed for other combinations of passports up to hash 7, which may link the tire passport and the vehicle passport. Hashes may be used to generate a hash chain that enables the determination of the raw materials and chemical products used to produce the tire, as well as the tire mounted on the vehicle. The sequence of hashes from hash 1 to hash 7 can be seen as a "mirror" of the value chain from raw materials to vehicles, as it reflects the relationships between each passport. Linking via hashes of cryptographic signatures is just one example of linking. Other examples include allowed aggregation of different ranges of data that may be embedded in child passports, public key aggregation with different cryptographic signatures, or service endpoint aggregation with different links.

[0199] Figure 15B shows different passports, each containing a concatenation associated with multiple digital identifiers based on relational representations for different products associated with different product stages in the tire value chain. Of these passports, one is associated with a tire. In this particular example, a hash value is used for the concatenation associated with multiple decentralized identifiers. The dataset for generating the hash value is schematically shown in Figure 15A.

[0200] A raw material passport may be provided to intermediate product manufacturers who use raw materials to produce intermediate products. Raw materials and intermediate products may include those described in relation to Figures 3 to 6C. A raw material passport may be associated with a hash value "hash1". Hash1 may be generated via a hash algorithm such as MD5, SHA-1, SHA-2, SHA-3, or any other suitable algorithm based on a one-way function that cannot be reverse engineered. Hash1 may be generated based on data contained in or associated with the raw material passport. The data for hash generation may include decentralized identifiers and data related to raw material data. The data for hash generation may include decentralized identifiers associated with raw materials, data related to raw materials, and / or cryptographic information associated with digital identifiers. Hash1 may be used by a participant node in the tire value chain to check the integrity of a data package transferred from a raw material supplier to, for example, an intermediate product manufacturer.

[0201] Similar to raw material passports, intermediate product passports may be provided to tire manufacturers who use intermediate products to produce tires. The generation of a tire passport may be based on an intermediate product passport provided to a tire manufacturer who uses intermediate products to produce tires. A tire passport may be associated with one or more hash values, "Hash 4", "Hash 5". Hash values ​​"Hash 4", "Hash 5" may be generated via hash algorithms such as MD5, SHA-1, SHA-2, SHA-3, or any other suitable algorithm based on a one-way function that cannot be reverse engineered. Hash values ​​"Hash 4", "Hash 5" may be generated based on data contained in or associated with intermediate product passports and / or raw material passports. Hash values ​​"Hash 4", "Hash 5" may be generated based on the clear data itself, or based on hash values ​​generated from the clear data. For example, Hash 5 may be generated based on intermediate product passport data and tire passport data, or based on hashed intermediate product data and hashed tire passport data. The data for hash generation may include decentralized identifiers associated with intermediate products used in tire production, decentralized identifiers associated with the tire, data related to the intermediate products, and / or data related to the tire.

[0202] A concatenation associated with multiple decentralized identifiers may relate to decentralized identifiers associated with vehicles, tires, and precursor materials used to produce tires. Such a concatenation may be provided by hashing the data associated with or contained in each passport. The data for hash generation may include the data described in relation to Figure 15A. Hash value "Hash 4" may be generated in relation to the tire passport, as shown in Figure 15A. Hash value "Hash 5" may be generated in relation to the intermediate product passport and the tire passport, as shown in Figure 15A. Hash values ​​may be used by the participant nodes in the tire value chain to check the integrity of the transferred data package. The combined hash values ​​may be further used by the participant nodes in the tire value chain to determine the relationships between products at different stages and to check the integrity of those relationships.

[0203] As shown in Figures 15A and 15B, hash values ​​can be linked to passports associated with one or more product stages in the tire value chain.

[0204] Figure 16A shows the anchor configuration of different passports generated in the tire value chain. In the case of a vehicle, a vehicle passport may be generated. At multiple further product stages within the tire value chain, individual passports may be generated and embedded or linked to the vehicle passport. Passport generation may include providing decentralized identifiers and data related to the respective product data for each of the multiple product stages. Passport generation may further include providing an authentication mechanism. Passports for multiple product stages may be based on cryptographic signatures. For example, passports for multiple further product stages may be linked through hash values ​​based on different datasets. As shown in Figure 16A, hash 1 is obtained based on the raw materials passport data, hash 2 is obtained based on the chemical products passport data, and hash 3 is obtained based on the raw materials passport data and the chemical products passport data. Similarly, hash 4 is obtained based on the tire passport data, and hash 5 is obtained based on the chemical products passport and the tire passport data. Further linking may be performed on other combinations of passports up to hash 7, which can link the tire passport and the vehicle passport. Further linking may be performed on other combinations of passports up to hash 7, and as a result, all passports up to the vehicle passport may be linked. The sequence of hashes from hash 1 to hash 7 can be seen as a "mirror" of the value chain from raw materials to vehicles, as it reflects the relationships between each passport. Linking via hashes of cryptographic signatures is just one example of linking. Other examples include allowed aggregation of different ranges of data that may be embedded in child passports, public key aggregation with different cryptographic signatures, or service endpoint aggregation with different links.

[0205] Figure 16B shows different passports, each containing a concatenation associated with multiple decentralized identifiers based on relational representations for different products associated with different product stages in the tire value chain. Of these passports, one is associated with a tire. In this particular example, the hash value is used for the concatenation associated with multiple decentralized identifiers. The dataset for generating the hash value is schematically shown in Figure 16A.

[0206] An intermediate product passport may be provided to tire manufacturers who use intermediate products to produce tires. The intermediate product passport may be associated with hash value hash2, which may be generated as described in relation to Figure 16A.

[0207] Similar to intermediate product passports, tire passports may be provided to vehicle manufacturers that use tires in vehicles. Hash values ​​may be generated as described in relation to Figure 16A. Hash values ​​may be generated similarly for passports up to vehicle passports.

[0208] In an anchor configuration, a vehicle passport may contain hash values ​​associated with passports associated with products used to produce the vehicle, such as tires. Links associated with multiple decentralized identifiers may, in this case, be associated with decentralized identifiers associated with raw materials, intermediate products, and tires. Such links may be provided by hashing the data associated with or contained in each passport. The data for hash generation may include any data contained in each passport. The hash value "Hash 6" may be based on at least the decentralized identifiers associated with the vehicle passport and the data associated with the vehicle data. The hash value "Hash 7" may be generated in relation to passports associated with products at different product stages, as shown in Figure 16A. The combined hash value "Hash 7" may be used by stakeholders in the tire value chain to determine the relationships between products at different stages and to check the integrity of those relationships.

[0209] As shown in Figures 16A and 16B, hash values ​​can be linked to passports associated with one or more product stages in the tire value chain.

[0210] Figure 17A shows a fully embedded configuration of different product passports generated in the tire value chain. Individual passports may be generated at multiple product stages in the tire value chain. Passport generation may include providing decentralized identifiers and data related to each of the multiple product stages and their respective product data. Passport generation may further include providing an authentication mechanism. Passports for multiple product stages may be based on cryptographic signatures. For example, passports for multiple product stages may be concatenated through hash values ​​based on different datasets. As shown in Figure 17A, Hash 1 may be based on the data of the raw material passport. Hash 2 may be based on the data of the raw material passport and the intermediate product passport. Further concatenation may be performed for other combinations of passports up to Hash 7, resulting in the concatenation of products up to the vehicle passport. Concatenation via hashing cryptographic signatures is just one example of concatenation. Other examples include allowed aggregation of different ranges of data that may be embedded in child passports, public key aggregation with different cryptographic signatures, or service endpoint aggregation with different links.

[0211] Figure 17B shows a different passport containing a concatenation associated with multiple decentralized identifiers based on relational representations for different products associated with product stages in the tire value chain. Within the passport, one digital access element is associated with the tire. In this particular example, a hash value is used for the concatenation associated with multiple decentralized identifiers. The dataset for generating the hash value is schematically shown in Figure 17A.

[0212] An intermediate product passport may be provided to tire manufacturers who use intermediate products to produce tires. The intermediate product passport may be associated with a hash value, hash 2, which may be generated as described in relation to Figure 17A. Similarly to the intermediate product passport, a tire passport may be provided to vehicle manufacturers who use tires to produce vehicles. The hash value may be generated as described in relation to Figure 17A. The hash value may be generated similarly for passports up to the vehicle passport.

[0213] In a fully embedded configuration, the combined hash value can be generated from passports associated with all products preceding each product, such as a vehicle. A concatenation associated with multiple decentralized identifiers may, in this case, be associated with decentralized identifiers associated with all preceding products, such as raw materials, intermediate products, and tires. Such a concatenation can be provided by hashing the data associated with or contained in each passport. The data for hash generation may include any data contained in each passport. For example, the hash value "Hash 5" may be based on decentralized identifiers associated with products up to at least the tire passport. For example, the hash value "Hash 7" may be based on decentralized identifiers associated with products up to at least the vehicle, and including the vehicle. The combined hash values ​​"Hash 3," "Hash 5," and "Hash 7" can be used by stakeholders in the tire value chain to determine the relationships between products at different stages and to check the integrity of those relationships. As shown in Figures 17A and 17B, the hash values ​​can be linked to passports associated with one or more product stages in the tire value chain.

[0214] The configurations shown in Figures 15A to 17B relate to passports generated in the tire value chain up to the vehicle. Similarly, passports generated in the recycling chain from the tire to the recycler can also be linked. Furthermore, passports generated in the tire value chain up to the vehicle and in the recycling chain from the tire to the recycler can also be linked. In this way, the circularity of products including tires can be virtually represented and tracked.

[0215] Figures 18A and 18B show examples of relational expressions that can be used to generate concatenations, such as the concatenations described above in relation to Figures 15A through 17B.

[0216] Relational expressions may relate to different stages of a tire value chain, such as the tire value chain described in relation to Figure 3. Passports at different stages of the tire value chain may be associated with relational expressions. Relational expressions may relate to products produced at each stage of the tire value chain and at least one product used in the production of each product. Relational expressions may relate to products produced at each stage of the tire value chain and at least one product produced at a preceding stage of the tire value chain. Relational expressions may specify relationships between physical entities. Relational expressions may specify that a second physical entity can be used to produce a first physical entity, as shown in Figure 18A, and / or that a first physical entity can be produced by using a second physical entity, as shown in Figure 18B. Relational expressions may relate to at least one intermediate product used to produce a tire. Relational expressions may relate to a tire produced by using at least one intermediate product.

[0217] Figure 19 shows a decentralized network 193 with decentralized network nodes 1920-1932 associated with participants 1902-1918. 8An exemplary embodiment of a circulating tire loop 1934, including stakeholders 1902-1918 connected via [a specific method], is shown. The exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 19 may include a portion of the tire ecosystem shown in Figures 6A to 6C.

[0218] The participant network shown in Figure 19 may be a material chain network. A material chain network may include one or more linear material chains, such as a production chain and / or a use chain. A linear material chain may include a material production chain, in which tires or their components are produced by tire manufacturer 1902 and used by tire manufacturer 1908 to produce tires. A linear material chain may include a material recycling chain, in which used tires are collected, sorted, recycled to recycler 1918, and the recycled material is used by material manufacturer 1902 to produce new material. A material chain may include one or more production chains and / or use chains. A use chain may include one or more recycling chains and / or one or more reuse chains. A material chain may include one or more connected production chains and / or use chains. One or more linear material chains may be connected to a material loop 1934.

[0219] A materials chain network may include a materials loop network 1934 that includes the use of recycled materials to produce new materials. One or more materials loops 1934 may enable the use of materials resulting from the recycling of used tires to produce new products, such as chemical products or materials associated with one or more materials chains. A materials chain network, preferably a materials loop 1934, may include the production, use, reuse, and / or recycling of physical materials or products containing such materials. Products may be materials, chemical products, intermediate chemical products, individual components containing materials, assemblies of individual components, final products, used products, recycled products, recycled products, or recyclates. In this specification, processed, produced, recycled, etc., indicate one of the next production steps included in the production chain of the output material. For example, in this specification, a recycled material means that the next production step in the production chain of the output material is a recycling step. In some embodiments, the material is processed in the next step.

[0220] Materials or chemical products may refer to chemical compounds, chemical components, chemical molecules, chemical compositions, chemical mixtures, chemical formulations, intermediate chemical products, or chemical substrates that can be used to produce individual products. A flow of chemicals or products may include a flow of non-individual materials that may be further processed to produce individual products or components. A flow of chemicals or products may include liquids, pellets, beets, powders, etc. Individual products may refer to individual components, assemblies of individual components, final products, used products, recycled products, or recycled individual products.

[0221] Chemical substances or products may be produced using raw materials and / or recyclates. Recyclates may refer to materials that have been mechanically or chemically recycled. A stream of recyclates or recycled materials may include a stream of undifferentiated materials that may be further processed to produce new materials or chemical products. Streams of recyclates or recycled materials may include liquids, pellets, beets, powders, etc. Raw materials may refer to starting materials used to produce materials or chemical products, such as unprocessed raw materials. Unprocessed raw materials may be unused raw materials that have not undergone any processing other than for their production.

[0222] The term "final product" can refer to a product that is the result of a materials chain. The term "final product" can also refer to a product used by an end-of-life (EOL) user. "End-of-life (EOL) product" can refer to a product that has been used by an end-of-life user. "End-of-life product" can refer to a product that no longer meets the requirements for its use. "End-of-life product" can refer to a product that is no longer needed. "End-of-life product" can refer to a product that has been discarded as waste, such as plastic waste. "Recycled product" can refer to any product or material produced using an end-of-life product. "Recycled product" can also refer to a new product or material produced using an end-of-life product.

[0223] The material loop 1934 shown in Figure 19 may include multiple stakeholders 1902–1918 that form the material loop 1934. The material loop 1934 may include all stages of the material, from the production of the material through its use to its reuse. Thus, the material may flow in a closed loop, from the production of its components to the production of the final product, through use to reuse. Reuse may include the reuse of used products for another purpose, the refurbishment of used products, and / or the recycling of used products to resupply the recycle rate to material production.

[0224] The participants in the material loop 1902–1918 may be associated with the production of any material or product, and / or the recycling of any material or product. Participants in the material loop 1934 may include input material producers 1906, chemical product producers 1906, tire producers 1908, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) 1912, end-of-life product users 1914, end-of-life recovery / sorting companies 1916, recyclers 1918, or a combination thereof. Participants may include various participants in material chains or loops not shown in Figure 19.

[0225] The participants in the material loop 1934 from 1902 to 1918 were involved in the material flow. 1940 It can be linked through. A material flow 1940 may correspond to a flow of product or material from one participant 1902-1918 in the material loop to each of the downstream participants 1902-1918 in the material loop 1934. A material flow 1940 may refer to a continuous or discontinuous flow of product or material. A product or material flow may include any means of transport suitable for transporting the product from one participant 1902-1918 to another downstream participant 1902-1918. The means of transport may include the use of packaging materials. Material flow 1 9 34 represents the flow of directional materials. 1940 These can be unidirectional flows. A material flow in 1940 is a material loop such as a material flow from a recycler in 1918 to a chemical manufacturer in 1902. 1934 The material flow may be from upstream stakeholders 1902-1918 to downstream stakeholders 1902-1918. The material flow may include a reverse material flow 1940 from downstream stakeholders 1902-1918 to upstream stakeholders 1902-1918 in the material loop 1934. For example, the material flow 1940 may flow from chemical producer 1902 to recycler 1918 if the recycled product or recycle rate does not meet quality specifications and requires further processing.

[0226] A material flow 1940 may be associated with raw materials used to produce materials or chemical products, such as raw materials. A material flow 1940 may include recycled materials in place of or in addition to raw materials. Raw materials and recycled materials may be supplied to chemical producers for the production of materials, chemical products, and / or intermediate chemical products (not shown).

[0227] The material loop 1934 shown in Figure 19 may be based on an example of a tire and its recycling loop. Such an example of a tire is shown, for example, in Figures 1 and 2. Participants may include input material producers 1906, chemical product producers 1902, tire manufacturers 1908, OEMs 1912, end product users such as consumers 1914, waste collectors and / or sorters 1916, recyclers such as recyclers 1918, or reuse operators such as retreaders (not shown).

[0228] The tires may be produced by tire manufacturer 1908. The tires may be produced from a raw materials stream and / or a loop materials stream 1944. The tires may be produced from chemicals received from chemical manufacturer 1902. The tires may be produced from input materials received from input material supplier 1906 (not shown). The produced tires may be supplied to OEM 1912. OEM 1912 may use the supplied tires to produce an end product such as a vehicle equipped with the tires. The end product produced by OEM 1912 may be supplied to an end product user 1914. The user uses the end product equipped with the tires, and by extension, the tires. During use, the tires may be serviced, for example, by a vehicle repair shop. When the tires are no longer usable on a vehicle, they may be removed from the vehicle and supplied to a waste collection and / or sorting company 1916. The collected used tires may be sorted by the EOL collection / sorting company 1916. The sorting company may sort the used tires into different parts. A portion of the sorted tires may include reusable tires, such as tires that can be retreaded. Another portion of the sorted tires may include recyclable tires. Such sorted portions may be offered to recyclers 1918 for recycling of the waste tire portions. The loop material flow 1944 may close the loop between the participants.

[0229] In addition to connections via material flow 1940, participants 1902-1918 in the circulating material loop 1934 may be connected via data flow 1936 through a decentralized network 1938. The decentralized network 1938 may include one or more decentralized network nodes 1920-1932 associated with participants 1902-1918 in the material loop 1934. In a decentralized (or decentalized) network 1938, in contrast to a centralized network, the decentralized network nodes 1920-1932 do not rely solely on central network nodes. In other words, no single entity has exclusive authority over the network. Decentralized network 1938This may include decentralized network nodes and central network nodes. The decentralized network 1938 may include a central network node that can control and / or monitor the decentralized network nodes 1920-1932. For example, the central network node may provide authentication information that enables at least two decentralized network nodes 1920-1932 to establish peer-to-peer communication channels between each other.

[0230] Network nodes 1920–1932 may be computing nodes. A “computing node” can be any device or system comprising at least one physical, tangible processor and physical, tangible memory capable of having computer-executable instructions executed by the processor. Computing nodes are now taking on an increasingly diverse range of forms. For example, a computing node may be a handheld device, a monitoring system, a control system, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a mainframe, and / or a data center. The memory may be of any form, depending on the nature and form of the computing node. Decentralized network nodes 1920–1932 may be connected via wired and / or wireless connections, such as Ethernet®, USB, LAN, WLAN, etc. Wireless communication may use, for example, WLAN, Wi-Fi, cellular, and / or Bluetooth®. Decentralized network nodes 1920–1932 may be configured to perform peer-to-peer data transactions, indicated by arrow 1936, which shows data flow.

[0231] Decentralized network nodes 1920-1932 may be configured as data consuming and / or providing network nodes. Decentralized network nodes 1920-1932 may be configured to provide data to other network nodes of the decentralized network 1938 and / or to consume data from other nodes of the decentralized network 1938. For example, decentralized network node 1924 associated with tire manufacturer 1908 may be configured to provide tire data to downstream stakeholders such as OEM 1912 or recycler 1918. Furthermore, for example, decentralized network nodes 1930, 1932 associated with EOL recovery / sorting company 1916 or recycler 1918 may be configured to access data from network nodes 1920-1932 associated with upstream stakeholders such as tire manufacturer 1908.

[0232] Decentralized network nodes 1920–1932 may include computer executable instructions configured to provide, consume, and / or process data, such as data associated with machinery produced or processed within the mechanical fluid or circulating material loop 126. Network nodes may operate data provisioning services configured to provide data to other decentralized network nodes 1920–1932 of the decentralized network 1938. Decentralized network nodes 1920–1932 configured to provide data may be associated with data owners or data generation nodes associated with materials or products produced or processed within the circulating loop 1934. Decentralized network nodes 1920–1932 may be connected to one or more dedicated data storages that store data associated with materials or products produced or processed in the circulating loop 1934 (see, for example, Figure 12). Dedicated data storages may be under the control of data owners or data generation nodes associated with materials or products produced or processed in the circulating loop 1934. The data owners could be the respective participants 1902-1918 in the circular loop 1934, to which the data generation nodes 1920-1932 are associated. The data generation nodes 1920-1932 can access dedicated data storage. Therefore, access to data associated with materials or products produced or processed within the circular loop 1934 can be under the control of the data owner to which each decentralized network node 1920-1932 is associated. This allows the data owner to maintain complete control over the data associated with materials or products produced or processed within the circular loop 1934. At the same time, this enables the sharing of data associated with materials or products produced or processed within the circular loop 1934 under controlled conditions, for example, by using appropriate protocols including authorization or authentication mechanisms or schemes for establishing peer-to-peer communication.

[0233] Decentralized network nodes 1920-1932, configured to consume data, are associated with materials produced or processed within the circular loop 1934, and the data provided by the decentralized data provision network nodes 1920-1932 is also decentralized. Ku1 938 may include computer executable instructions for accessing and / or processing data. Decentralized data consumption network nodes 1920-1932 are cyclic material loops. 1934 It may be controlled or owned by, or associated with, an upstream or downstream party.

[0234] The decentralized network 1938 may include further decentralized network nodes. These further decentralized network nodes may not be associated with further participants in the circular loop 1934. These further nodes may be decentralized infrastructure service nodes (Figure 19(Not shown) This may be the case. Decentralized infrastructure service nodes may provide services to decentralized participant network nodes 1920-1932, such as verifying the identity of decentralized participant network nodes 1920-1932 before performing data exchange. Decentralized network participant nodes 1920-1932 may be associated with, or contain, a certificate, such as an X.509 certificate. The certificate may be associated with an identity manager, which may include, for example, a certificate issuing service and / or a dynamic provisioning service that provides dynamic attribute tokens (e.g., OAuth access tokens). In this way, decentralized network nodes 1920-1932 may be associated with, or linked to, a unique identifier embedded in the X.509 certificate that identifies each decentralized network node 1920-1932. The information required for certificate verification may be provided through an authentication registry associated with the certificate issuing service and / or the dynamic provisioning service. For example, in the IDSA Reference Architecture Model, version 3.0 as of April 2019, prior to the execution of data exchange (not shown), decentralized data serving network nodes associated with the data owner, certificate authorities (CAs), dynamic attribute provisioning services (DAPS), and decentralized data consumption network nodes associated with the data consumer are used to verify the identity.

[0235] Materials or products produced by the participants of the Circular Loop 1934 from 1902 to 1918 are subject to the same rules as those produced by the participants of the Circular Loop 1934 from 1902 to 1919. 1 The tire data may be associated with the characteristics of the tire or its components produced by 8. The tire data may be provided for access by a decentralized data provision network node 1924 associated with the tire manufacturer. Access to the tire data may be controlled by a decentralized data provision network node 124. The tire data may be accessed by decentralized data consumption network nodes 1920-1932 associated with further stakeholders 1902-1918 in loop 1934, such as any downstream stakeholders 1902-1918.

[0236] A data flow 1936 between decentralized network nodes 1920-1932 may be directly or indirectly associated with a material flow 1940 between participants 1902-1918 in a material loop 1934. For example, a data flow 1936 may be directly associated with a material flow 1940 if tire data associated with tires provided by tire manufacturer 1908 to OEM 1912 is accessed by decentralized data consumption network node 1926 associated with OEM 1912. For example, a data flow 1936 may be indirectly associated with a material flow 1940 if tire data associated with tires produced by tire manufacturer 1908 is accessed by decentralized data consumption network node 1932 associated with recycler 1918.

[0237] Data transactions between decentralized network nodes 1920–1932 may be based on decentralized identifiers associated with the data of the material or product being accessed. Decentralized identifiers may be associated with the physical entity of the material or product. Decentralized identifiers may be uniquely associated with the physical entity of the material or product. Decentralized identifiers may uniquely identify the material or product within the decentralized network 1938. Decentralized identifiers may be associated with further decentralized identifiers, such as decentralized identifiers of the materials or products used to produce the final product. This may make it possible to track the materials or products used to produce products such as the final product. Decentralized identifiers may be included in access elements associated with the material or product, as described in more detail in relation to Figure 13.

[0238] In particular, by generating access elements related to the production and / or use of tires or their components, and associated with data generated at each stage of the tire production chain, it is possible to monitor characteristics important for the recycling and / or reuse of used tires through a decentralized network. Such monitoring can be achieved by providing access to tire data, as detailed in Figures 20 to 23 below, for example. Is it possible to achieve that? .

[0239] Figure 20 illustrates an exemplary method for monitoring at least one tire characteristic that is important for the reuse and / or recycling of the tire or its components, by an participant in at least one decentralized network.

[0240] Tire data related to the production of tires or their components may be collected. Tire data may be collected before, during, in the course of, and / or after the production of tires or their components. Components in this case may include any individual or non-individual components produced by any party involved in the tire production chain, such as monomers, polymers, steel, fillers, components produced by using monomers or polymers, and tires produced by using monomers, polymers, or components. Tires may refer to the final product of the tire production chain. Components may refer to any stage in the tire production chain. The tire production chain may include stages such as raw materials or recycled materials for producing monomers and / or polymers, intermediate materials or components, individual components for producing tires, or assemblies of individual components.

[0241] The data may be associated with one or more network nodes 1920-1924 associated with each producer 1902-1908, and may be generated, for example, in relation to a data generation node. The data may be related to different stages of the tire production chain. The data may be related to the production of monomers, polymers, the use of polymers and / or monomers in the production of components, or tires produced by using the produced monomers or polymers and / or components. The data may be specific to the produced monomers, produced polymers, any produced non-individual or individual components, or tires produced by using the produced monomers, polymers, or non-individual or individual components. The data may be specific to individual entities or batches of tires produced by using the produced monomers, produced polymers, any produced non-individual or individual components, or tires produced by using the produced monomers or non-individual or individual components.

[0242] The tire data may include data associated with at least one characteristic important for the recycling and / or reuse of used tires. The characteristic may indicate a component or substance important in relation to one or more recycling processes and / or one or more reuse processes. The important component or substance may be one that affects the quality of the recycle rate that can be produced by the recycling process. For example, in the case of pyrolysis oil produced for use in a steam cracker, an important component may interfere with the operation of the steam cracker. The component may be: steamThe pyrolysis oil used in the cracker may contain contaminants. These contaminants may include sulfur, halogens, oxygen, phosphorus, metals and inorganic substances (such as aluminum, antinomyce, barium, calcium chromium, copper, iron, potassium, sodium, lead, silicon, titanium, zinc, arsine, mercury, nickel, and vanadium), or combinations thereof. The presence of these contaminants in the pyrolysis oil may adversely affect the operation of the steam cracker. The properties may indicate properties important for reuse operation. Such properties may relate to materials important for reuse. Such properties may indicate tire types important for reuse. Such properties may indicate the number of acceptable retreading operations.

[0243] The data may include decentralized identifiers associated with one or more production inputs used to produce tires or their components. The data may be related to one or more production inputs used to produce each entity in the tire production chain. Collecting data related to the production of tires or their components may include collecting decentralized identifiers associated with one or more production inputs used to produce tires or their components. Decentralized identifiers associated with one or more production inputs used to produce tires or their components may be collected by reading identifier elements such as barcodes or QR codes linked to the production inputs.

[0244] Tire data may include characteristic data. Characteristic data is, tire Or it may relate to, or include, the characteristics of its constituent elements. tire The properties of its components may include performance properties, chemical properties (such as flammability, toxicity, acidity, reactivity, and heat of combustion), and / or physical properties (such as density, color, hardness, melting point, boiling point, and conductivity).

[0245] By collecting tire data related to the production and / or use of tires or their components at each production stage of the production chain, a digital twin of each entity produced by one or more production participants in the tire production chain can be generated. In this way, entities from raw materials or recycled materials to the tire can be traced in the tire production chain.

[0246] Data related to the production and / or use of tires or their components can be stored in a dedicated storage associated with each production participant in the tire production chain that produces the tire or its components. Data related to the production of tires or their components can include different data sets related to the production and / or use of tires or their components. Such a data set can refer to the data set described above.

[0247] One or more decentralized identifiers can be provided that are associated with the produced tire or its components. One or more decentralized identifiers can be provided that are associated with the production inputs used to produce the tire. The one or more decentralized identifiers can be uniquely associated with the physical entity of the produced tire or its components. The one or more decentralized identifiers can be uniquely associated with any entity produced by any participant in the production chain. The one or more decentralized identifiers can include any unique identifier uniquely associated with the tire or its components, the production participant in the production chain that produces the entity, and / or the data related to the production of the tire or its components. The decentralized identifier can include, or be related to, one or more universal unique identifiers (UUIDs) or digital identifiers (DIDs). The decentralized identifier and tireAlternatively, data access to the producer and / or data via a unique association with its components can be controlled by the producer. This is in contrast to a central authority scheme, where identifiers are provided by such central authority and access to data is controlled by such central authority. In this regard, decentralized refers to the use of identifiers in an implementation controlled by the data owner.

[0248] Decentralized identifiers can be used in a decentralized network and can include one or more identifiers that enable data exchange or peer-to-peer communication via the decentralized network. Data exchange can include discovery of the decentralized identifiers of the participating nodes of the decentralized network, authentication of the participating nodes of the decentralized network, and / or authorization of data transfer via peer-to-peer communication between the participating nodes of the decentralized network. Decentralized identifiers can be associated with any participant in the production chain and each entity produced by such participant.

[0249] Using the collected tire data, one or more data sets can be generated. The one or more data sets can include at least a portion of the collected tire data. The one or more data sets can include data points or a set of data points included in the collected tire data. The one or more data sets can be associated with the provided decentralized identifiers associated with the tire.

[0250] One or more relational data sets can be generated. The relational data set can include decentralized tire identifiers and decentralized production input identifiers. The relational data set can include relationships that specify relationships between the above decentralized identifiers. For example, a decentralized tire identifier can be assigned a parent identifier and a decentralized production input identifier can be assigned a child identifier, respectively.

[0251] Access data may be generated associated with one or more datasets. Access data may be generated for each dataset. Access data may point to each dataset. Access data may be associated with production participants in a production chain that produces tires or their components, and may be associated with dedicated storage that stores each dataset. Access data may include locators or pointers that identify or point to dedicated storage that stores each dataset, associated with production participants in a production chain that produces tires or their components. Access data may include one or more digital links that point to the generated datasets. Access data may include locators or pointers (such as URLs or URIs) to dedicated storage addresses that store each dataset, associated with production participants in a production chain that produces tires or their components. Access data may include at least one interface to a data-serving network node or a data-serving service. Access data may include at least one interface to a data-consuming network node or a data-consuming service. Interfaces may include endpoints for data exchange or sharing (resource endpoints) or endpoints for service interaction (service endpoints) that can be uniquely identified via a data transaction protocol. Access data that points to generated datasets may be uniquely associated with a decentralized identifier. Decentralized identifiers can be associated with access data for the generated dataset.

[0252] An access element may be generated that includes one or more decentralized identifiers and access data. An access element that includes access data associated with a relational dataset may be described as a relational access element. An access element may be associated with a tire or its components. Access data may be provided to a data consumption network node or data consumption service. Access data may be provided by a decentralized network database, a database associated with a data consumption network node, a data provision network node associated with the producer of each entity, or a combination thereof. Access data may include locators or pointers for accessing each dataset.

[0253] The access element may further include one or more authentication mechanisms associated with a decentralized identifier and dataset. One or more authentication mechanisms may be associated with or linked to a decentralized identifier such as a decentralized producer identifier, a decentralized tire identifier, a decentralized component identifier, a decentralized polymer identifier, or a decentralized monomer identifier. One or more authentication mechanisms associated with a decentralized identifier may be accessible by decentralized participant network nodes. The digital access element may further relate to authorization information linked to a decentralized identifier. Authorization information may be associated with a decentralized identifier and dataset. The authorization information may include access rules depending on the dataset being accessed and the role of the data-consuming network node accessing it.

[0254] Access elements may be provided for access to datasets by one or more data-consuming network nodes under the control of a data-providing network node associated with a tire or component manufacturer. Access elements may also be provided to decentralized registry nodes, for example, as will be detailed later. Decentralized registry nodes may store decentralized access elements.

[0255] Figure 21 shows an exemplary system for obtaining tire data related to production and / or use based on a decentralized tire identifier. The system in Figure 21 may be used to recursively collect access data for each production stage of the tire production chain and / or tire use chain, and the recursive collection is based on one or more relational datasets provided by one or more stakeholders in the tire production chain. The system in Figure 21 may be used to recursively request access to tire data from one or more stakeholders in the tire production chain and / or tire use chain, in particular on a stakeholder-by-stakeholder basis, based on the collected access data. The system in Figure 21 may be used to implement the method shown in Figure 23.

[0256] The tire may be provided in association with a digital access element. The tire 404 may be associated with tire identification information as described in relation to Figure 3. The tire identification information may be read through ID provider 2114. ID provider 2114 may be a smartphone running the tire identification application. Data obtained by the code reading application may be used to determine a decentralized access element identifier (hereinafter referred to as DID1), as described in relation to Figure 12. Data obtained by the code reading application may be used to determine a decentralized tire identifier (hereinafter referred to as UUID1), as described in relation to Figure 12. ID provider 2114 may be configured to perform an authentication step together with a decentralized registry node 2102. For example, ID provider 2114 may have access to a decentralized IAM network node (not shown), which may be configured to provide ID provider 2114 with an access token upon successful authentication. This access token may be used by ID provider 2114 to access the decentralized registry node 2102. The ID provider 2114 may provide decentralized participant identifiers associated with participants in the tire ecosystem to decentralized IAM network nodes for authentication.

[0257] The ID provider 2114 may be configured to provide a decentralized tire identifier (e.g., UUID1) to the decentralized network node 2104. The ID provider 2114 may also be configured to provide authentication data such as a decentralized participant identifier, and optionally authentication data such as an access token, to the decentralized network node 2104.

[0258] A decentralized network node 2104 may be configured to validate authentication data received from the identity provider 2114 together with a decentralized IAM network node 2106. Referring to Figure 23, and upon successful authentication, the decentralized network node 2104 may be configured to access the decentralized registry node 2102 using the decentralized machine identifier received from the identity provider 2114 and to access the access element associated with the decentralized tire identifier. The access element may include the decentralized identifier and access data pointing to the respective relational dataset. The access data may point to the decentralized data-serving network node associated with the respective relational dataset. For example, the access element associated with a tire may include access data pointing to the decentralized data-serving network node associated with the tire's tire data. A decentralized data-consuming network node (not shown) associated with the decentralized network node 2104 may be configured to access the respective decentralized data-serving network node associated with the access data and to request the relational dataset associated with the decentralized identifier from the decentralized data-serving network node, for example, as shown in Figure 12.

[0259] Referring to Figure 22, the relationship dataset 2204 associated with the tire may include a decentralized tire identifier and decentralized identifiers associated with the production inputs used to produce the tire (such as rubber, steel, and monomers). The production inputs are then associated with a digital twin.

[0260] The relational dataset may be included in the digital twin 2202 of the tire. The relational dataset 2210 associated with rubber may include decentralized rubber identifiers and decentralized input identifiers associated with production inputs (such as monomers) used in rubber production. The relational dataset may be included in the digital twin 2208 of the rubber.

[0261] Referring again to Figure 21 while continuing to refer to Figure 22, the decentralized network node 2104 may be configured to determine the decentralized input identifier included in the relational dataset. The decentralized network node 2104 may be configured to use the determined decentralized input identifier to access the decentralized registry node 2102 to determine the access data associated with the decentralized input identifier. The decentralized network node 2104 or a decentralized data consumption network node (not shown) associated with the decentralized network node 2104 may be configured to access the input data using the respective decentralized input identifier, access data, and optionally, a decentralized participant identifier provided by the ID provider 2114 from the respective decentralized data provision network node.

[0262] In this example, decentralized network node 2104 may receive a decentralized tire identifier associated with a tire from ID provider 2114. Decentralized network node 2104 may use the decentralized tire identifier to access decentralized registry node 2102 to determine the access element associated with the decentralized tire identifier. The determined access element may include access data pointing to a decentralized data-providing network node associated with the tire data. The tire data is accessed by decentralized data-providing network node 1 9 twenty four( 2108The tire data may be stored in a storage environment associated with the tire data. The tire data may include relational datasets that show decentralized input identifiers associated with the inputs used to produce the tire (see also Figure 22). A decentralized network node 2104 or a decentralized data consumption network node associated with the decentralized network node 2104 may be configured to access relational datasets from a decentralized data provision network node 124. Access to the tire data may be authorized based on decentralized participant identifiers provided by the ID provider 2114. Access to the tire data may be authorized from the decentralized data provision network node 124 associated with the tire data. 9 This can be controlled by 24. This ensures that tire data can only be accessed by authorized stakeholders in the tire ecosystem, thus preventing uncontrolled access to tire data.

[0263] The decentralized network node 2104 may be configured to retrieve decentralized input identifiers associated with the inputs used to produce tires from the accessed relational dataset. The decentralized network node 2104 may be configured to use the determined decentralized input identifiers to access the access elements associated with the decentralized input identifiers from the decentralized registry node 2102. The decentralized network node 2104 or the decentralized data consumption network node may be configured to access relational datasets from, for example, the decentralized data provision network nodes 2108-2112 associated with the above inputs. The input data is then distributed to the decentralized data provision network node D2The data can be stored in the storage environment associated with 108-2112 (DT storage 2-4, 2116-2120). The decentralized network node 2104 or decentralized data consumption network node can be configured to access the production input data as described above.

[0264] The decentralized network node 2104 may be configured to retrieve decentralized material identifiers associated with materials used to produce production inputs such as monomers from the accessed relational dataset. The decentralized network node 2104 may be configured to use the determined decentralized identifiers to access the access elements associated with the decentralized identifiers from the decentralized registry node 2102. The decentralized network node 2104 or the decentralized data consumption network node may be configured to access the relational dataset.

[0265] Therefore, the decentralized network node 2104 may be configured to determine a bill of materials tree associated with a tire based on the accessed relational dataset and the links between decentralized identifiers of the starting materials and the resulting product / intermediate product. The bill of materials tree may represent the relationships between all the materials used to produce the tire. Thus, by recursively determining decentralized identifiers using relational representations, tire data and characteristics important for the recycling and / or reuse of used tires can be obtained.

[0266] Material data collected by the decentralized network node 2104 may be provided to the ID provider 2114. The ID provider 2114 may provide the collected data to a system configured to monitor properties important for recycling and / or reuse, and / or to a system configured to generate reuse and / or recycling orders based on the properties important for recycling and / or reuse contained in the collected tire data.

[0267] FIG. 23 shows a method for obtaining tire data based on a decentralized product identifier and relationships. This method can be implemented in a decentralized network as described in relation to, for example, FIG. 19. This method can be implemented by the system of FIG. 22.

[0268] The decentralized identifier associated with a decentralized network participant can be provided to a decentralized network node that provides access to data, such as a tire chain manufacturer, as shown in, for example, FIG. 19. The decentralized network participant can be a production participant in the tire production chain. The decentralized network participant can be any participant in the material loop shown in the example of FIG. 19 (including, for example, the production and recycling chains). The decentralized identifier associated with the decentralized network participant requesting access can include a string of characters and / or numbers. The decentralized identifier associated with the decentralized network participant requesting access can be associated with an authentication scheme, such as a private key - public key scheme. By using the decentralized identifier associated with the decentralized network participant requesting access, access to tire data can be restricted, and only defined decentralized network participants can be permitted access to such data, thus improving the security regarding access to tire data. The decentralized identifier associated with the decentralized network participant requesting access can be provided to a decentralized identifier information management access node of the decentralized network. The decentralized identifier information management access node can be configured to perform an authentication step together with the provider of the decentralized participant identifier. If the authorization is successfully executed, the decentralized identifier information management access node can provide an access token. This access token can be presented to the decentralized network node that provides access to the data. The authentication is performed using the decentralized network node requesting access tireAlternatively, ensure that the collection of data related to the production of its components can only be initiated by authenticated, decentralized network participants. This improves security by preventing an entire bill of materials tree of a product or part thereof, which may contain sensitive data about the supply chain, from being obtained by an unauthenticated entity.

[0269] A decentralized network node requesting access may obtain an access element based on a decentralized identifier associated with a tire provided to a decentralized registry node, one or more components of the tire, or a combination thereof. The decentralized registry node may store the decentralized identifier associated with the access element, as described, for example, in relation to Figure 20.

[0270] A decentralized network node requesting access may, as described in relation to Figure 22, access the decentralized registry using a decentralized identifier associated with the tire or its components to determine the access element associated with the decentralized identifier.

[0271] A decentralized network node requesting access to data may be configured to access relational datasets based on access elements obtained from a decentralized registry node, as illustrated in relation to Figure 22. A digital relational dataset may specify relationships between a tire or its components and production inputs, such as materials used to produce the tire or its components, as shown in Figure 22. Relational datasets may be directly or indirectly associated with a decentralized identifier associated with the tire or its components. This allows each relational dataset to be determined using the decentralized identifier associated with the tire or its components. A relational dataset may specify that production inputs, such as materials, were used to produce the tire or a part thereof, and / or that the tire or a part thereof was produced using materials. A relational dataset may be associated with relationships between a tire or a part thereof and each production input, such as materials used to produce the tire or a part thereof, for example, using a decentralized identifier associated with the tire and material identifiers associated with all production inputs, such as materials used to produce the tire or a part thereof. Thus, such a relational dataset may also specify the raw materials and intermediate products used in the production of the tire or a part thereof. Relational datasets can be associated with the relationships between input and output materials at a single production step or stage in a production chain. Such relationships can be linked to mirroring the entire product production chain. An example of a relational dataset that can be used to determine decentralized material identifiers is shown, for example, in Figure 22. By using relational datasets to determine decentralized identifiers associated with a tire or its components, it may be possible to construct a bill of materials tree structure for the tire or its components.

[0272] Decentralized child identifiers associated with a decentralized tire identifier can be determined based on the retrieved relational dataset. A decentralized tire identifier can be considered a decentralized parent identifier. Decentralized child identifiers may correspond to material identifiers associated with materials used to produce the tire or a part thereof. A relational dataset may contain one or more decentralized child identifiers. A relational dataset may contain a decentralized tire identifier. This allows a decentralized tire identifier to be linked to its respective child identifier.

[0273] Depending on whether a decentralized child identifier has further child identifiers, a decision may be made as to whether or not to retrieve the data associated with the decentralized child identifier. For example, if the child identifier is associated with tire data related to characteristics important for the recycling and / or reuse of tires or their components, the data may be retrieved. If the child identifier is not associated with tire data related to characteristics important for the recycling and / or reuse of tires or their components, the data will not be retrieved. The decision may be made based on data provided to the decentralized network node. For example, data associated with a defined dataset (hereinafter also called an asset) may be provided, and this data may be used to determine whether or not to retrieve further data. The dataset may be associated with tire data related to characteristics important for the recycling and / or reuse of tires or their components. The tire data may include one or more datasets related to recycling-important properties for each recycling process, recycle rate usage, and / or decentralized participant identifier associated with the data-consuming network node requesting access to the tire data. The tire data may include one or more datasets related to recycling-important properties for each reuse process and / or decentralized participant identifier associated with the data-consuming network node requesting access to the tire data. Based on such information provided to registry nodes and / or data provision network nodes, it may be determined whether or not data is provided. If tire data related to characteristics important for the recycling and / or reuse of tires or their components is obtained, the method obtains the data. Otherwise, the method proceeds to checking for decentralized child identifiers.

[0274] Based on the determined decentralized child identifier, production-related data, such as tire data, may be retrieved. Production-related data, such as tire data, may be retrieved from decentralized data provision network nodes associated with the production-related data. Each decentralized data provision network node may be determined by the decentralized network node using the determined decentralized child identifier. For example, the decentralized child identifier may be associated with access data that points to data related to production or a part thereof. The access data may correspond to an endpoint address associated with each decentralized data provision network node. The access data may be stored in a decentralized registry node and may be determined using the previously determined decentralized child identifier. The access data may be used to access tire data in the decentralized data provision network node associated with the digital representation. The decentralized data provision network node may be associated with a storage environment that stores tire data. The decentralized data provision network node may be associated with the data owner of the tire data. The decentralized data provision network node may be associated with the producer of each tire or its components. Data exchange may be performed after the respective authentication and authorization processes. Authorization may be based on decentralized participant identifiers. For example, a decentralized data-providing network node may determine whether tire data can be accessed using authorization or access rules associated with the provided decentralized participant identifier. Accessed tire data may be transferred to and stored in a storage environment associated with the decentralized network node requesting access to the data.

[0275] It can be determined whether a relationship exists for the determined decentralized child identifier. For this purpose, a decentralized network node requesting data may access a decentralized registry node and determine whether an access element associated with the determined decentralized child identifier exists in the registry. If it exists, the method proceeds to determine the child identifier. If it does not exist, the method proceeds to access and retrieve the data.

[0276] The access elements associated with the determined decentralized child identifier can be retrieved from a decentralized registry network node, as described above. The access data can be used to access the associated relational dataset, as described above. The determined decentralized child identifier can be considered a decentralized parent identifier. The method can return to such a determination and repeat the steps using the determined decentralized child identifier until no further decentralized child identifiers exist, for example, until a leaf node of the bill of materials tree is reached. By recursively determining decentralized child identifiers associated with decentralized material identifiers, a complete bill of materials tree structure associated with a tire or a part thereof can be obtained, for example, to determine the relationships between the materials used to produce the tire or a part thereof.

[0277] In the final step, the collected tire data may be provided. The collected data may include all tire data collected based on child identifiers from different participant network nodes. The collected tire data may be provided to a storage environment associated with the network node requesting the data. The network node requesting the tire data may be part of a decentralized network, for example, a decentralized data consumption network node.

[0278] This disclosure has been described in conjunction with preferred embodiments and examples. However, those skilled in the art and practitioners of the claimed invention can understand and implement other variations by examining the drawings, this disclosure, and the claims. In particular, any of the presented steps can be performed in any order; that is, the present invention is not limited to a specific order of these steps. Furthermore, it is not necessary that the different steps be performed in a specific location or on one node of a distributed system; that is, each step may be performed on a different node using different equipment / data processing units.

[0279] In both the specification and the claims, the term "includes" does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not exclude plurals. "Can" or "may" refers to optional features. A single element or other unit may perform the function of multiple entities or items mentioned in the claims. The mere fact that certain means are mentioned in different dependent claims does not mean that combinations of these means should not be used in advantageous implementations.

[0280] This disclosure has been described in conjunction with embodiments and examples. However, a person skilled in the art who practices the claimed invention will be able to understand and implement other variations by examining the drawings, this disclosure, and the claims.

[0281] Any steps presented herein can be performed in any order. The methods disclosed herein are not limited to any particular order of these steps. It is not required that different steps be performed in a specific location or on a specific computing node of a distributed system; that is, each step may be performed on a different computing node using different equipment / data processing.

[0282] As used herein, “determining” also includes “initiating or causing a decision to be made,” “generating” also includes “initiating and / or causing a generation,” and “providing” also includes “initiating a decision, generation, selection, transmission, and / or reception, or causing a decision, generation, selection, transmission, and / or reception.” “Initiating or causing the execution of an action” includes any processing signal that triggers a computing node or device to perform the respective action.

[0283] All terms and definitions used herein are understood to have a broad and general meaning.

Claims

1. A device for generating a tire passport, wherein the device is One or more computing nodes and one or more computer-readable media, which, when executed by the one or more computing nodes, perform the following steps on the device, namely, The steps include receiving a request to provide tire data and a decentralized identifier associated with the data owner, In response to the aforementioned request, the steps include generating the tire passport which includes the decentralized identifier and data related to the tire data, The steps of providing the tire passport for access by a data consumption service that is under the control of or controlled by a data provision service associated with the data owner, and One or more computer-readable media having computer executable instructions structured to cause the execution of A device equipped with the following features.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the decentralized identifier is provided by one central node or by one or more decentralized nodes.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the decentralized identifier is provided to the node that generates the tire passport and to at least one authentication data registry which is preferably accessible by the data provision service and / or the data consumption service.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the generation of the tire passport includes providing the decentralized identifier associated with the physical entity of the tire.

5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the tire passport includes one or more authentication mechanisms associated with the decentralized identifier and the tire data.

6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the tire passport relates to the decentralized identifier and one or more authorization mechanisms associated with the data relating to the tire data.

7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the data relating to the tire data includes one or more digital representations that refer to the tire data or a part thereof.

8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the tire passport is associated with data related to different classes of tire data.

9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the tire passport is associated with at least one class of tire data, including data relating to the characteristics of the tire and / or data relating to the use of the tire and / or production data.

10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the tire passport is associated with at least one class of tire data, which includes access-restricted tire data associated with the physical entity of the tire.

11. A computer implementation method for generating a tire passport, wherein the method is The steps include receiving a request to provide tire data and a decentralized identifier associated with the data owner, In response to the aforementioned request, the steps include generating the tire passport which includes the decentralized identifier and data related to the tire data, The steps of providing the tire passport for access by a data consumption service that is under the control of or controlled by a data provision service associated with the data owner, and A computer implementation method, including

12. Use of the tire passport generated by the apparatus described in any one of claims 1 to 10, in order to determine the characteristics and / or treatment of the tire associated with the tire passport.

13. A tire associated with the tire passport, wherein the tire passport, which includes the decentralized identifier and data related to the tire data, is generated according to the method of claim 11 or by the apparatus described in any one of claims 1 to 10.

14. A tire passport comprising the decentralized identifier and data relating to the tire data, wherein the tire passport is generated according to the method of claim 11 or by the apparatus described in any one of claims 1 to 10.

15. A computer program including instructions, wherein the instructions are configured to, when executed on one or more computing nodes, perform the steps of the method described in claim 11, or to be executed by the apparatus described in any one of claims 1 to 10.

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