Microencapsulated pheromone preparations

Abstract

This specification describes compositions containing microencapsulated pheromones. It also describes methods for producing compositions containing microencapsulated pheromones. Furthermore, it describes methods for controlling pests using these compositions.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Cross - reference to Related Applications This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 471,198, filed on June 5, 2023, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] What is described herein is a composition comprising microencapsulated pheromone. Also, what is described herein is a method for producing a composition comprising microencapsulated pheromone. Also, what is described herein is a method for controlling pests using this composition.

Background Art

[0003] Formulating pheromone compositions is difficult for many reasons, such as reaction with other components within the formulation matrix, degradation of the pheromone over time, and an undesirable release rate of the pheromone from the formulation. This is particularly true when the pheromone is an agrochemical active ingredient and must be delivered at a specific release rate over time. Thus, there is a technical need for compositions containing pheromones with improved release rates and degradation characteristics.

Summary of the Invention

Problems to be Solved by the Invention

[0004] Microencapsulation provides a means of formulating pheromones for application over a wide area in the control of insect populations by disrupting pheromone - mediated communication. Microencapsulation also helps to control the volatility of pheromones. However, although the microencapsulation of pheromones has already been demonstrated, there remains a need for improved formulations containing microencapsulated pheromones.

[0005] This disclosure provides formulations containing microencapsulated pheromones. These formulations retain improved properties compared to conventional formulations containing microencapsulated pheromones. This disclosure enables the formulation of pheromones that can be used in sprayable pesticide formulations. Such sprayable formulations are essential for row crop applications.

[0006] The formulations containing microencapsulated pheromones according to this disclosure can be manufactured by known interfacial polymerization methods and are widely applicable using conventional spraying equipment. These retain many variables that can be manipulated to control release characteristics (capsule wall composition, capsule wall thickness, capsule size, and internal composition). [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a composition comprising a microcapsule comprising a core containing an antifreeze, a pheromone, and a solvent, and a shell that encapsulates the core, wherein the shell comprises a polymer produced by the autopolymerization of monomers, and the microcapsule has a d90 value of less than about 40 μm.

[0008] In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for producing a composition comprising forming a mixture comprising a core containing an antifreeze, a pheromone, and a solvent, and a microcapsule comprising a shell that encapsulates the core, wherein the shell comprises a polymer produced by the autopolymerization of monomers, and the microcapsule has a d90 value of less than about 40 μm.

[0009] In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for controlling pests, comprising contacting the pest or its environment with a biologically effective amount of a composition comprising a core containing an antifreeze, a pheromone, and a solvent, and a microcapsule comprising a shell that encapsulates the core, wherein the shell comprises a polymer produced by the autopolymerization of monomers, and the microcapsule has a d90 value of less than about 40 μm. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0010] This specification uses examples to illustrate the disclosure, including the best mode, and to enable those skilled in the art to implement the disclosure, such as creating and using any composition or system, and carrying out any incorporated method. The patentable scope of the disclosure is defined by the claims and may include other examples that those skilled in the art can imagine. Such other examples are intended to be within the claims if they do not have elements different from the literal language of the claims, or if they contain equivalent elements that are substantially different from the literal language of the claims.

[0011] As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains,” “containing,” “characterized by,” or any other variation thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions subject to any expressly suggested limitations. For example, a composition, mixture, process or method containing a list of elements is not necessarily limited to those elements alone and may include other elements not expressly described in or inherent to such composition, mixture, process or method.

[0012] The transitional clause "consists of" excludes any elements, processes, or components not explicitly stated. In the case of claims, this excludes any materials other than those described, except for impurities that typically accompany them. If this clause "consists of" appears in a clause of the main body of the claims rather than immediately following the preamble of the claims, it limits only the elements described in that clause, and does not exclude other elements as a whole from the claims.

[0013] The transitional phrase “essentially consisting of” is used to define a composition or method that includes materials, processes, features, components, or elements in addition to those literally disclosed, provided that these additional materials, processes, features, components, or elements do not substantially affect the fundamental and novel characteristics of the claimed invention. The term “essentially consisting of” occupies an intermediate position between “comprising” and “consisting of.” The use of “essentially consisting of” herein allows the applicant to define the claimed invention as a lexicographer by excluding any materials, processes, features, etc. that the applicant considers irrelevant to the claimed invention. However, these materials, processes, features, etc. may be publicly known in the prior art, and otherwise may be included in the claimed invention, whether or not their inclusion or exclusion is explicitly described herein. Any exclusion of any materials, processes, features, etc. by the applicant may be made solely for the purpose of excluding prior art elements that would affect the novelty and therefore patentability of the claimed invention. Therefore, the use of “essentially consisting of” in this specification does not require any express support from this specification to exclude any elements of the prior art from the claimed invention if the inclusion of such elements would impair the patentability of the claimed invention.

[0014] If the present invention or any part thereof is defined in an unrestricted term such as “comprising,” it should be readily apparent that (unless otherwise indicated) the description should be interpreted as also describing such invention using the terms “essentially consisting of” or “consisting of.”

[0015] Furthermore, unless explicitly stated otherwise, "or" refers to an inclusive "or" rather than an exclusive "or". For example, condition A or B satisfies one of the following: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist), A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists), and both A and B are true (or exist).

[0016] Furthermore, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” preceding the elements or components of the present invention are intended to be non-limiting with respect to the number of instances (i.e., occurrences) of that element or component. Therefore, “a” and “an” should be read as including one or at least one, and the singular form of the element or component also includes the plural form unless it is clearly meant that the number is singular.

[0017] As used herein, depending on the context in which it is used, the term “about” provides an estimate of a value relating to the invention as described in the claims, and the estimate is reasonable considering the context of the description of the invention and the fact that such information is publicly known from information available to the public, which a person skilled in the art would understand or interpret. Generally, as used herein, the term “about” means that the estimate falls within plus or minus 10% of the value relating. The term “about” may be further defined by context, and it is within the scope of the applicant’s right as a lexicographer to define how “about” should be interpreted in the particular context in which it is used when describing the invention.

[0018] As used herein, "wt%" refers to the weight percentage of the listed ingredient relative to the total weight of the listed composition.

[0019] As used herein, “substantially absent” generally refers to 2 wt% or less. In some embodiments, “substantially absent” refers to 1.5 wt% or less, 1.0 wt% or less, 0.5 wt% or less, or 0.1 wt% or less.

[0020] As used herein, "d10 value" means that the proportion of particles having a diameter smaller than this value is 10%.

[0021] As used herein, "d50 value" means that the proportion of particles having a diameter smaller than this value is 50%.

[0022] As used herein, "d90 value" means that the proportion of particles having a diameter smaller than this value is 90%.

[0023] Particle size measurement can be performed using a variety of methods, techniques, and apparatuses. As described in the present disclosure, the particle size is not limited by any measurement method, technique, or apparatus. In some embodiments, the particle size is measured using a technique selected from light scattering, static light scattering, dynamic light scattering, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the particle size is measured using a particle size analyzer. In some embodiments, the particle size is measured using a particle size analyzer configured to calculate the particle size using the Fraunhofer approximation of light scattering. In some embodiments, the particle size is measured using a particle size analyzer selected from Malvern MasterSizer 2000, Malvern MasterSizer 3000, HELOS / BR Sucell, and combinations thereof.

[0024] As used herein, "antifreeze" refers to a substance that can be added to water or an aqueous mixture to lower the freezing point of the water or aqueous mixture.

[0025] In the context of the present disclosure, "invertebrate pest control" means inhibiting the growth of invertebrate pests (including death, reduced feeding, and / or mating inhibition), and related expressions are defined similarly.

[0026] As referred to in the present disclosure, the term "invertebrate pest" includes arthropods, gastropods, nematodes, and helminths that are economically important as pests. The term "arthropod" includes insects, mites, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, pill bugs, and symphylans. The term "gastropod" includes snails, slugs, and other stylommatophorans. The term "nematode" includes members of the phylum Nematoda such as phytophagous nematodes and helminth nematodes that parasitize animals. The term "helminth" includes all parasitic helminths such as roundworms (phylum Nematoda), canine filarial worms (phylum Nematoda, class Diplogasterida), trematodes (phylum Platyhelminthes, class Trematoda), acanthocephalans (phylum Acanthocephala), and cestodes (phylum Platyhelminthes, class Cestoda).

[0027] The term "agronomic" refers to in the field, the production of agricultural crops such as food and fiber, including the cultivation of corn or maize, soybeans and other legumes, rice, grains (e.g., wheat, oats, barley, rye, and rice), leafy vegetables (e.g., lettuce, cabbage, and other crops of the entire Brassicaceae family), fruiting vegetables (e.g., tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, Brassicaceae plants, and cucurbitaceae plants), potatoes, sweet potatoes, grapes, cotton, fruit trees (e.g., pome fruits, stone fruits, and citrus fruits), small fruits (e.g., berries and cherries), and other specialty crops (e.g., canola, sunflowers, olives).

[0028] The term "non - agronomic" refers to applications to things other than agricultural crops, such as horticultural crops (e.g., greenhouse plants not cultivated in the field, nursery stock, or ornamental plants), residential structures, agricultural structures, commercial structures, and industrial structures, turf (e.g., turf farms, pastures, golf courses, lawns, sports fields, etc.), wood products, stored products, forestry agriculture and vegetation management, public health (i.e., humans), and animal health (e.g., domestic animals such as pets, livestock, and poultry, and non - domesticated animals such as wildlife).

[0029] The term "crop vitality" refers to the rate of crop growth or biomass accumulation. "Increased vitality" refers to an increase in crop growth or biomass accumulation compared to an untreated control crop. The term "crop yield" refers to the return on crop material, both in terms of quantity and quality, obtained after harvesting. "Increased crop yield" refers to an increase in crop yield compared to an untreated control crop.

[0030] The term "biologically effective dose" refers to the amount of a bioactive compound that, when applied (i.e., in contact) to an invertebrate pest being controlled or its environment, or to a plant, the seeds on which the plant grows, or the location of the plant (e.g., the growing medium), is sufficient to produce a desired biological effect, such as protecting the plant from damage caused by an invertebrate pest or for other desired effects (e.g., increased plant vitality).

[0031] Non-agricultural applications include protecting animals from invertebrate parasitic pests by administering to the protected animal an effective (i.e., biologically effective) amount of the bioactive compounds of this disclosure, typically in the form of compositions formulated for veterinary use. As referenced in this disclosure and claims, the terms “antiparasitic” and “antiparasitic” refer to observable effects against invertebrate parasitic pests that provide protection of animals from the pests. Antiparasitic effects typically relate to reducing the occurrence or activity of the targeted invertebrate parasitic pest. Such effects against pests include necrosis, death, delayed growth, reduced mobility or ability to remain on or in a host animal, reduced feeding and inhibition of reproduction. These effects against invertebrate parasitic pests provide control (including prevention, reduction, or elimination) of parasitic reproduction or infection in animals.

[0032] This specification reveals, surprisingly, that significant improvements in controlling the volatility of pheromone compositions can be achieved by compositions comprising an antifreeze and microcapsules, wherein the microcapsules are relatively small and contain co-encapsulated pheromones and solvents. The most significant improvements were observed with microcapsules having a shell containing a polymer produced by the autopolymerization of monomers and with a d90 value of less than approximately 40 μm.

[0033] In some embodiments, as described herein, the composition comprises a core containing an antifreeze, a pheromone, and a solvent, and microcapsules containing a shell that encapsulates the core. The shell comprises a polymer produced by the autopolymerization of monomers, and the microcapsules have a d90 value of less than about 40 μm.

[0034] Generally, the compositions according to this disclosure may include microcapsules of any suitable size known in the art that facilitate the compositions described herein. The size of the microcapsules influences various characteristics of the encapsulation medium, as its size suggests the amount of carrier material on which the encapsulation medium is constructed. Reactivity and stability are directly related to the size of the microcapsules. Another important characteristic affected by the size of the resulting microcapsules is sedimentation of the product during application in the dispersion. Surprisingly, the formulations according to this disclosure exhibit good pheromone release rate characteristics, and the capsules do not sediment in accelerated storage stability tests.

[0035] In some embodiments, the microcapsules have a d90 value in the range of about 10 μm to about 40 μm. In some embodiments, the microcapsules have a d90 value in the range of about 10 μm to about 25 μm.

[0036] In some embodiments, the microcapsules have a d90 value of at least 10 μm, at least 11 μm, at least 12 μm, at least 13 μm, at least 14 μm, at least 15 μm, at least 16 μm, at least 17 μm, at least 18 μm, at least 19 μm, at least 20 μm, at least 21 μm, at least 22 μm, at least 23 μm, at least 24 μm, at least 25 μm, at least 26 μm, at least 27 μm, at least 28 μm, at least 29 μm, at least 30 μm, at least 31 μm, at least 32 μm, at least 33 μm, at least 34 μm, at least 35 μm, at least 36 μm, at least 37 μm, at least 38 μm, or at least 39 μm. In some embodiments, the microcapsules have a d90 value of up to 11 μm, up to 12 μm, up to 13 μm, up to 14 μm, up to 15 μm, up to 16 μm, up to 17 μm, up to 18 μm, up to 19 μm, up to 20 μm, up to 21 μm, up to 22 μm, up to 23 μm, up to 24 μm, up to 25 μm, up to 26 μm, up to 27 μm, up to 28 μm, up to 29 μm, up to 30 μm, up to 31 μm, up to 32 μm, up to 33 μm, up to 34 μm, up to 35 μm, up to 36 μm, up to 37 μm, up to 38 μm, up to 39 μm, or up to 40 μm.

[0037] In some embodiments, the microcapsules have a d50 value in the range of about 5 μm to about 25 μm. In some embodiments, the microcapsules have a d50 value in the range of about 5 μm to about 24 μm.

[0038] In some embodiments, the microcapsules have a d10 value in the range of about 1 μm to about 10 μm.

[0039] Generally, the compositions according to this disclosure may include any suitable auxiliaries known in the art that facilitate the compositions described herein. The compositions may include encapsulated and / or unencapsulated auxiliaries. In some embodiments, the compositions include at least one auxiliary. In some embodiments, the compositions include at least two auxiliaries. In some embodiments, the compositions include at least three auxiliaries. In some embodiments, the compositions include at least four auxiliaries.

[0040] In some embodiments, the auxiliary agent is selected from dispersants, surfactants, emulsifiers, wetting agents, biocides, defoamers, antifreezes, rheological modifiers, solvents, stabilizers, UV stabilizers, UV absorbers, salts, excipients, antioxidants, and combinations thereof.

[0041] In some embodiments, the auxiliary agents include xanthan gum (e.g., Rhodopol 23, Kelzan S), clay, smectite clay, bentonite clay, hectorite clay, magnesium aluminosilicate clay (e.g., Actigel 208, Veegum R), organically modified hectorite clay (e.g., Bentone LF), silica (e.g., Aerosil 200), hydrophobic modified ethoxylated urethane (HEUR), hydrophobic modified anionic polyacrylate copolymer (HASE), anionic polyacrylate copolymer (ASE), rheological modifiers useful in aqueous systems (e.g., Rheovis rheological modifiers), and rheological modifiers selected from combinations thereof.

[0042] Generally, the compositions according to this disclosure may include any suitable pheromone known in the art that facilitates the compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the pheromone is selected from aldehyde pheromones, acetate pheromones, alcohol pheromones, ketone pheromones, epoxide pheromones, hydrocarbon pheromones, ester pheromones, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the pheromone does not include aldehyde pheromones. Examples of pheromones include formaldehyde; 2,2-dibromoacetaldehyde; acetaldehyde; 2-methyl-2-propenal; 2-methylpropanal; 2-propenal; 3,3-dibromo-2-propenal; propanal; 2-butenal; 2-methyl-2-butenal; 2-methylbutanal; 2-methylenebutanal; 3-methyl-2-butenal; 3-methyl-3-butenal; 3-methylbutanal; butanal (E)-2-pentenal; 2-methylenepentanal; 2-pentenal; 3-methyl-1-(vinyloxy)-butane; 4-methylpentanal; 4-pentenal; 5-methylfurfural; furan-2-carbaldehyde; pentanal; (E)-2-hexenal; (E)-2-methyl-2-hexenal; (E)-3-hexenal; (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal; (E,E)-2,4-dimethyl-2,4 -Hexadienal; (E,E)-2,4-Hexadienal; (Z)-2-Hexenal; (Z)-3-Hexenal; (Z)-4-Oxo-2-Hexenal; 1-Hexenal; 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde; 2-Hexenal; 3-((E)-2-Hexenoxy)-Hexanal; 3,5-Dimethylhexanal; 3-Ethoxyhexanal; 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde; 3-Hydroxyhexanal; 4 -Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde; 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde; 5-Methylhexanal; Hexanal; (1R,2S,5R)-2-methyl-5-((R)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-cyclopentanecarbaldehyde; (1R,2S,5S)-2-methyl-5-((R)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-cyclopentanecarbaldehyde; (1R,5S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1] Hepta-2-en-2-carbaldehyde; (1S,2S,5R)-2-methyl-5-((R)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-cyclopentanecarbaldehyde; (3S,8R)-2-methyl-5-(1-formylethyl)-1-cyclopentene-1-carbaldehyde; (3S,8S)-2-methyl-5-(1-formylethyl)-1-cyclopentene-1-carbaldehyde; (5S,8S)-2-methyl-5-(1-formylethyl)-1-cyclopentene-1 -Carbaldehyde; (E)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-6-methyl-2,5-heptadienal; (E)-2-(2-hydroxyethylidene)-6-methyl-5-heptenal; (E)-2-heptenal; (E)-2-isopropyl-5-methyl-2-hexenal; (E)-2-methyl-2-heptenal; (E,Z)-2,4-heptadienal; (R)-2,6-dimethyl-5-heptenal; (S)-4-(propa-1-en-2-yl)-cyclohex S-1-encarbaldehyde; (Z)-2-isopropyl-5-methyl-2-hexenal; (Z,Z)-2,4-heptadienal; 2-(3-methylcyclopentyl)-propanal; 2-(3-methylcyclopentyl)-propanal; 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde; 2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde; 2,6-dimethyl-5-heptenal; 2-methoxybenzaldehyde; 2-methyl-1-cyclo Lopentenecarboxaldehyde; 2-methyl-2-heptenal; 2-methyl-5-(1-oxopropan-2-yl)-cyclopentanecarbaldehyde; 2-methylcyclopenta-1-encarbaldehyde; 3,3-dimethyl-5-oxo-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-1-carbaldehyde; 3,4-dimethylbenzaldehyde; 3,5-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde; 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde; 3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde; 3-hydroxybenzene-1,2-dicarbaldehyde; 3-methylbenzaldehyde; 4-(heptyloxy)butanal; 4-methoxybenzaldehyde; 5-(1-formylethyl)-2-methyl-2-cyclopentene-1-carbaldehyde; 6-methyl-5-heptenal; 6-methylheptanal; benzaldehyde; cartilagineal; cyclohexanedial ;Heptanal;Taxifolial D;(1R,2S)-cis-2-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclobutanethanal;(1S,2R,3S)-2-(1-formylvinyl)-5-methylcyclopentanecarbaldehyde;(1S,2S,3S)-2-(1-formylvinyl)-5-methylcyclopentanecarbaldehyde;(2Z,6E)-8-chloro-6-chloromethyl-2-methyl-2,6-octadienal;(4S)-(3-oxopropane-1-en-2-yl)-cyclohexa-1-encarbaldehyde;(E)-(3,3-dimethicone (E)-Cyclohexylideneacetaldehyde; (E)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-acetaldehyde; (E)-2-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-butanedial; (E)-2-(4-methyl-3-pentenylidene)-butanedial; (E)-2,7-octadienal; (E)-2-methyl-2-octenal; (E)-2-methyl-5-(3-furyl)-2-pentenal; (E)-2-octenal; (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal; (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal (E)-3-octenal; (E)-4-oxo-2-octenal; (E)-7-methyl-2-octenal; (E,E)-2,4-octadienal; (E,E)-2,6-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-2,6-octadienal; (E,E)-2,6-octadienal; (E,E)-2,6-octadienedial; (E,Z)-2,4-octadienal; (E,Z)-2,6-octadienal; (R)-1,2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclopentylacetaldehyde; (R)-3,7-dimethyl-6-octenal;(Z)-(3,3-dimethyl)-cyclohexylideneacetaldehyde; (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-acetaldehyde; (Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal; (Z,E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal; 1-octenal; 2-(1-formylvinyl)-5-methylcyclopentanecarbaldehyde; 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoacetaldehyde; 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carbaldehyde; 2-ethyloctanal; 2-hydroxy C-6-methylbenzaldehyde; 2-methylbenzaldehyde; 2-methyl-5-(1-formylethyl)-1-cyclopentene-1-carbaldehyde; 2-octenal; 2-phenylacetaldehyde; 2-phenylpropenal; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglyoxal; 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenal; 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; 3-ethylbenzaldehyde; 3-isopropyl-6-methylbenzaldehyde; 3-octenal; 3-oxo-4-isopropylpyridene-1-cyclohexene-1-carbox Cialdehyde; 4-ethylbenzaldehyde; 4-hydroxy-2-methylbenzaldehyde; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde; 4-isopropenyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carbaldehyde; 4-isopropenyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxyaldehyde; 4S-4-isopropenyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxyaldehyde; 5-ethylcyclopenta-1-ene-carbaldehyde; 6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hepta-2-ene-2-carbaldehyde; 6-methylocta Nar; 7-methyloctanal; anisomorphal; cis-2-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclobutaneethanal; octanal; perfasmal; (1R,2S,6R)-2,6-dimethyl-3-oxabicyclo[4.2.0]octane-2-carbaldehyde; (E)-2-methyl-2-nonenal; (E)-2-nonenal; (E)-3-phenyl-2-propenal; (E)-4,8-nonadienal; (E)-8-methyl-2-nonenal; (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal; (E,E,E)-2,4,6-nonatrienal;(E,E,Z)-2,4,6-nonatrienal; (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal; (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-nonatrienal; (Z)-2-methyl-2-nonenal; (Z)-3-nonenal; (Z)-4,8-nonadienal; (Z)-4-nonenal; (Z)-8-methyl-2-nonenal; 2,6-nonadienal; 2-formyl-3-methylcyclopenteneacetaldehyde; 2-nonenal; 2-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenal; 3,5-di-tert-butenal 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; 3-phenyl-2-propenal; 3-phenylpropanal; 6-ethylbenzaldehyde; 7,7-dimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-3-ene-3-carbaldehyde; 7-methylnonanal; 8-methylnonanal; 9-acetyloxynonanal; gibepyrone C; nonanal; (4R,8R)-4,8-dimethyldecanal; (4R,8S)-4,8-dimethyldecanal; (E)-17,18,19,20-tetranorlova-8,10,13(15)-triene-16-arl; (E)-2,9-decadienal; (E)-2-decenal; (E)-2-methyl-2-decenal; (E)-2-methyl-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-propenal; (E)-4-oxo-2-decenal; (E)-8-hydroxy-4,8-dimethyl-4,9-decadienal; (E)-9-methyl-2-decenal; (E,E)-2,4-decadienal; (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal; (Z)-4-decenal; (Z)-5-decenal; (Z)-9-methyl-2-decenal; (Z,Z) -2,4-decadienal; 1-decenal; 2-decenal; 2-ethyldecanal; 3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropanal; 4,5-dimethyldecanal; 4,8-dimethyldecanal; karaibical; decanal; rhodioral; (2E,4E)-2,6,10-trimethylundeca-2,4,9-trienal; (2E,4E,7Z)-2,6,10-trimethylundeca-2,4,7,9-tetraenal; (5E)-2,6,10-trimethylundeca-5,9-dienal; ( E)-2-Undecenaal; (E)-6-Ethyl-2,10-dimethyl-5,9-Undecadienal; (Z)-4-Undecenaal; 10-Undecenaal; 2-Butyl-2-Octenal; 2-Undecenaal; 3-Isopropyl-6-Methyl-10-Oxoundeca-2,6-Dienal; 5-Methyl-2-Phenyl-2-Hexenal; 8-Isopropyl-5-Methyl-3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-Octahydronaphthalene-2-Caraldehyde; Austrodral; Oxytocin 1; Syn-4,6-Dimethylundecana Taxifolial A; Taxifolial B; Taxifolial C; Undecanal; (1R,6R,7S,10R)-1-hydroxy-4-cadinene-15-R; (2R,7S,11R)-7-acetoxy-2-hydroxynaldosin-1(10)-ene-12-R; (3R,5R,9R)-3,5,9-trimethyldodecanal; (3S,6E)-7-ethyl-3,11-dimethyldodeca-6,10-dienal; (9R)-3,5,9-trimethyldodecanal; (E)-10-dodecenal; (E)-2-dodecenal;(E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-6,10-dodecadienal; (E)-5-dodecenal; (E)-6-dodecenal; (E)-7-dodecenal; (E)-8-dodecenal; (E)-9,11-dodecadienal; (E)-9-dodecenal; (E,E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienal; (E,E)-7-ethyl-3,11-dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienal; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienal; (E,E,E)-3,7-dimethyl-8,11-dioxo-2,6,9-dodecatrienal (E,E,Z)-3,7-dimethyl-8,11-dioxo-2,6,9-dodecadienal; (E,Z)-2,6-dodecadienal; (E,Z)-5,7-dodecadienal; (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadienal; (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadienal; (R)-10-oxo-isodauca-3-en-15-ar; (S,E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-6,10-dodecadienal; (Z)-2-methyl-5-((1R,5R,6S)-2,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hepta-2-en-6-yl)-penta-2-e NAAL; (Z)-5-dodecenal; (Z)-7-dodecenal; (Z)-9,11-dodecadienal; (Z)-9-dodecenal; (Z,E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienal; (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienal; (Z,E)-7-ethyl-3,11-dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienal; (Z,E)-8,10-dodecadienal; (Z,Z)-5,7-dodecadienal; 10-methyldodecanal; 2,10-dibromo-3-chloro-7-camigren; 2-dodecenal; 2-ethyldodecanal Lu; 2-Formylguaiazulene; 3,7,11-Trimethyl-(E)-6,10-Dodecadienal; 5-Hydroxy-8-Methoxycalamene-15-R; 5-Hydroxy-8-Methoxycalamene-15-R; Apprisinal; Debromoapprisinal; Dodecanal; Parahigginol D; Polygodial; Sclerospolar; Synuketal; Syn-4,6-Dimethyldodecanal; Trans-Calamenene-13-R; (3R,5S,9R,7E,11E)-3,5,9,11-Tetramethyl-7,11-Tridecadienal;(3S,4R,6E,10Z)-3,4,7,11-tetramethyl-6,10-tridecadienal; (E,E)-3,5,9,11-tetramethyltrideca-7,11-dienal; (Z)-4-tridecenal; 13,14,15,16-tetranorcleroda-3-en-12-ar; 13-acetyloxytridecanal; 4,6-bis(4-methylpenta-3-en-1-yl)-6-methylcyclo-1,3-hexadienecarbaldehyde; acanthodoral; ancyst Logial; sespitulin F; isoacanthoral; tridecanal; (E)-11,13-tetradecadienal; (E)-11-tetradecenal; (E,E)-8,10-tetradecadienal; (E,Z)-4,9-tetradecadienal; (E,Z)-8,10-tetradecadienal; (Z)-11,13-tetradecadienal; (Z)-11-tetradecenal; (Z)-5-tetradecenal; (Z)-7-tetradecenal; (Z)-8-tetradecenal; (Z)-9,13-tetradecadien-11-inal; (Z)-9-tetradecenal; (Z,E)-9,11,13-tetradecatrienal; (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienal; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal; (Z,Z)-5,8-tetradecadienal; (Z,Z)-8,10-tetradecadienal; (Z,Z)-9,11-tetradecadienal; 10,12-tetradecadienal; 2,4-tetradecadienal; 2-ethyltetradecanal; 3-oxo-13-tetradecenal; 3-oxo-teto Radicanal; 5,8-Tetradecadienal; 5-Tetradecenal; Norasperenal A; Norasperenal B; Norasperenal C; Norasperenal D; Sargasar I; Sargasar II; Tetradecanal; (6R)-6-Acetoxydichotoma-3,14-diene-1,17-dial; (6R)-6-Hydroxydichotoma-3,14-diene-1,17-dial; (E,E)-3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-6,10,14-Hexadecatrienal; (E,Z)-6,8-Pentadecadienal; (E,Z)-9,11-Pentadecadienal Decadienal; (E,Z,Z)-2,6,9-pentadecadienal; (Z)-10-pentadecenal; (Z)-2-chloropentadeca-2-enal; (Z)-6,14-pentadecadienal; (Z,Z)-6,9-pentadecadienal; (Z,Z)-9,11-pentadecadienal; 2-hexyl-2-decenal; Azamial A; Azamial B; Isopaquidicthiolar; Pentadecanal; Synurariaal A; Umbellacin A; Xeniaphalaunor A; (1R)-pimalal; (E)-10-hexadecenal; (E)-1 1-Hexadecenal; (E)-14-Hexadecenal; (E)-14-Methyl-8-Hexadecenal; (E)-3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-Hexadecenal; (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal; (E,E)-10,14-Hexadecadienal; (E,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienal; (E,E)-9,11-Hexadecadienal; (E,E,E)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienal; (E,E,E)-3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2,6,10,14-Hexadecatetraenal;(E,E,Z)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienal; (E,E,Z)-4,6,11-Hexadecatrienal; (E,E,Z,Z)-4,6,11,13-Hexadecatetetraenal; (E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienal; (E,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienal; (E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadienal; (E,Z)-6,11-Hexadecadienal; (E,Z)-8,11-Hexadecadienal; (E,Z)-9,11-Hexadecadienal; (R)-(E)-14-Methyl-8-Hexadecenal; ( R)-(Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal;(S)-(E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal;(S)-(Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal;(Z)-10-hexadecenal;(Z)-11-hexadecenal;(Z)-12-hexadecenal;(Z)-13-hexadecene-11-inal;(Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal;(Z)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenal;(Z)-3-oxo-9-hexadecenal;(Z)-7-hexadecenal;(Z)-9-hexadecenal Lu; (Z,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal; (Z,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienal; (Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadienal; (Z,E)-9,11-Hexadecadienal; (Z,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienal; (Z,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienal; (Z,Z)-7,10-Hexadecadienal; (Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadienal; (Z,Z)-9,11-Hexadecadienal; (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-Hexadecatrienal; 11-Hexadecenal; 11-Hex Sadecinal; 13(16),14-Spongiadiene-19-R; 2-Methylhexadecanal; 7-Hexadecenal; 9-Hexadecenal; Deacetyl-Dihydro-Nor-Sligironal; Dicthiodial A; Dihydro-Nor-Sligironal; Hexadecanal; Kaykipucalido A; Kaykipucalido B; Kaykipucalido C; Kaykipucalido D; Kaykipucalido E; Nor-Sligironal; Pseudoplexaural; Pucalidoaldehyde; Sanadaol; (E)-2-Tridecyl-2-Heptadecenal; (Z)-9-Heptadecenal;1-Heptadecenal; 2-Heptadecenal; Globosteretin C; Globosteretin D; Heptadecanal; (E)-11-Octadecenal; (E)-13-Octadecenal; (E)-14-Octadecenal; (E)-2-Octadecenal; (E)-6-Octadecenal; (E,E)-11,14-Octadecadienal; (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienal; (E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienal; (E,Z)-6,11-Octadecadienal; (Z)-11-Octadecenal; (Z)-13-Octadecanal (Z)-9-octadecenal; (Z,E)-13,15-octadecadienal; (Z,Z)-11,13-octadecadienal; (Z,Z)-13,15-octadecadienal; (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadienal; (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienal; (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecaterianal; 11-octadecenal; 13,15-octadecadienal; 13-octadecenal; 16-methyloctadecanal; 1-octadecenal; 3,6-dihydroxy-24-nor-9-oxo-9 ,11-Secocolesta-7,22-diene-11-al;9-Octadecenal;Methyloctadecanal;Octadecanal;Paniceine B2;Paniceine B3;Paniceine C;(Z)-10-Nonadecenal;(Z)-9-Nonadecenal;9(11)-Parguelen-16-al;Hirthiosal;Nonadecenal;(2E,6Z,9Z)-2-Methyl-2,6,9-Eicosatrienal;(Z)-11-Eicocenal;11-Eicocenal;12,18-Di-Episcalararadial;12b-(3'b-Hydroxybutanoyloxy) -20,24-dimethyl-24-oxo-scalara-16-en-25-arl; 12b-(3'b-hydroxypentanoyloxy)-20,24-dimethyl-24-oxo-scalara-16-en-25-arl; 12-deacetoxy-12-oxo-scalararadial; 12-episcalararadial; 15-eicocenal; 1-eicocenal; 3-deacetyl-22,23-dihydro-24,28-dehydrolfastosterol B; 3-deacetyllfastosterol B; 9-eicocenal; anthogorgien B; deacetylscalararadial;This includes eicosadienal; eicosadin; morolaben A; morolaben B; scalarradial; and combinations thereof.

[0043] Notable pheromones include (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, dodecanyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-10-dodecenyl acetate, 11-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9,11-dodecadienyl acetate, (E)-9,11-dodecadienyl acetate, (Z)-11-tridecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tridecenyl acetate, tetradecanyl acetate, (E)-7-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)- 8-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-8-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-10-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-10-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate, (E)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate, Hexadecanyl acetate, (Z)-7-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate, (E)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate, Octadecanyl acetate, (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadie acetate Nyl, (Z,E)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-9,12-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,E )-7,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, Decanol, (Z)-6-Nonenool, (E)-6-Nonenool, Dodecanol, (Z)-5-Decenol, 11-Dodecenol, (Z)-7-Dodecenol, (E)-7-Dodecenol, (Z)-8-Dodecenol, (E)-8-Dodecenol, (E)-9-Dodecenol, (Z)-9-Dodecenol, (E)-9,11-Dodecadienol, (Z)-9,11-Dodecadienol, (Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienol, (E,E)-5,7-Dodecadienol, (E,E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienol, (Z,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienol, (Z,E)-8,10-Dodecadienol, (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienol, (Z,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienol, (E)-5-Tetradecenol, (Z)-8-Tetradecenol, (Z)-9-Tetradecenol, (E)-9-Tetradecenol, (Z)-10-Tetradecenol, ( (Z)-11-tetradecenol, (E)-11-tetradecenol, (Z)-11-hexadecenol, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienol, (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienol, (Z,Z)-9,12-tetradecadienol, (Z,Z)-10,12-tetradecadienol, (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienol, (Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienol, (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecene-1-ol, (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecene-1-ol, (E,E)-10,12-hexadeca Dienol, (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienol, dodecanal, (Z)-9-dodecanal, tetradecenal, (Z)-7-tetradecenal, (Z)-9-tetradecenal, (Z)-11-tetradecenal, (E)-11-tetradecenal, (E)-11,13-tetradecadienal, (E,E)-8,10-tetradecadienal, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienal, (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal, hexadecanal, (Z)-8-hexadecenal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z) -10-Hexadecenal, (E)-10-Hexadecenal, (Z)-11-Hexadecenal, (E)-Hexadecenal, (Z)-12-Hexadecenal, (Z)-13-Hexadecenal, (Z)-14-Methyl-8-Hexadecenal, (E)-14-Methyl-8-Hexadecenal, (Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadienal, (Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadienal, (Z,E)-9,11-Hexadecadienal, (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal, (E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienal, (Z,It contains E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, (Z,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal, (Z,Z)-11,13-hexadecadienal, octadecenal, (Z)-11-octadecenal, (E)-13-octadecenal, (Z)-13-octadecenal, 3-methylbutanoic acid (Z)-5-decenyl, and (+)cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane.

[0044] Other notable pheromones include citral; geranial; neral; tetradecane-1-ar; pentadecane-1-ar; pentadecene-1-ar; hexadecane-1-ar; (Z)-9-hexadecene-1-ar; (Z)-11-hexadecene-1-ar; (7E,9E)-undeca-7,9-diene-1-ar; (11Z,13Z)-hexadecadien-1-ar; (9Z,12E)-tetradecadien-1-ar; (8E,10E)-dodecadien-1-ar This includes (11Z)-hexadecadiene-1-arl, (9Z)-tetradecene-1-arl, 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadiene-2-ol, (6E)-7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene, [1S-(1a,2b,5a)]-4,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]hepta-3-en-2-ol, 10-hexadecenal, (Z)-10-hexadecenal, (E)-10-hexadecenal, and combinations thereof.

[0045] In some embodiments, the pheromone is (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, dodecanyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-10-dodecenyl acetate, 11-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9,11-dodecadienyl acetate, (E)-9,11-dodecadienyl acetate, (Z)-11-tridecenyl acetate, (E)- 7-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-8-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-10-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-10-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate, (E)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate, Hexadecanyl acetate, (Z)-7-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate, (E)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate Octadecanyl acetate, (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-9,12-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-7,1 Selected from 1-hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate, (Z)-5-decenyl methylbutanoate, (+)cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane, (E,Z)-2,4-methyldecadienate, methyl 2,6,10-trimethyltridecanoate, and combinations thereof.

[0046] In some embodiments, the pheromone loading level for the entire formulation is in the range of approximately 5 wt.% to approximately 30 wt.%. In some embodiments, the pheromone loading level for the entire formulation is in the range of approximately 5 wt.% to approximately 15 wt.%. The loading level is achieved by in-situ autopolymerization of isocyanate monomers that form a polymer film.

[0047] In some embodiments, the pheromone loading level for the total formulation is at least about 5 wt.%, at least about 6 wt.%, at least about 7 wt.%, at least about 8 wt.%, at least about 9 wt.%, at least about 10 wt.%, at least about 11 wt.%, at least about 12 wt.%, at least about 13 wt.%, at least about 14 wt.%, at least about 15 wt.%, at least about 16 wt.%, at least about 17 wt.%, at least about 18 wt.%, at least about 19 wt.%, at least about 20 wt.%, at least about 21 wt.%, at least about 22 wt.%, at least about 23 wt.%, at least about 24 wt.%, at least about 25 wt.%, at least about 26 wt.%, at least about 27 wt.%, at least about 28 wt.%, or at least about 29 wt.%. In some embodiments, the pheromone loading level for the total formulation is up to approximately 6 wt.%, up to approximately 7 wt.%, up to approximately 8 wt.%, up to approximately 9 wt.%, up to approximately 10 wt.%, up to approximately 11 wt.%, up to approximately 12 wt.%, up to approximately 13 wt.%, up to approximately 14 wt.%, up to approximately 15 wt.%, up to approximately 16 wt.%, and up to approximately 17 wt.%. The maximum wt.% is approximately 18 wt.%, 19 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 21 wt.%, 22 wt.%, 23 wt.%, 24 wt.%, 25 wt.%, 26 wt.%, 27 wt.%, 28 wt.%, 29 wt.%, or 30 wt.%.

[0048] In some embodiments, the proportion of pheromones in the organic phase is in the range of approximately 10 wt.% to approximately 100 wt.%. In some embodiments, the proportion of pheromones in the organic phase is in the range of approximately 50 wt.% to approximately 100 wt.%. In some embodiments, the proportion of pheromones in the organic phase is in the range of approximately 70 wt.% to approximately 100 wt.%.

[0049] In some embodiments, the proportion of pheromones in the organic phase is at least about 10 wt.%, at least about 15 wt.%, at least about 20 wt.%, at least about 25 wt.%, at least about 30 wt.%, at least about 35 wt.%, at least about 40 wt.%, at least about 45 wt.%, at least about 50 wt.%, at least about 55 wt.%, at least about 60 wt.%, at least about 65 wt.%, at least about 70 wt.%, at least about 75 wt.%, at least about 80 wt.%, at least about 85 wt.%, at least about 90 wt.%, or at least about 95 wt.%. In some embodiments, the proportion of pheromones in the organic phase is up to about 10 wt.%, up to about 15 wt.%, up to about 20 wt.%, up to about 25 wt.%, up to about 30 wt.%, up to about 35 wt.%, up to about 40 wt.%, up to about 45 wt.%, up to about 50 wt.%, up to about 55 wt.%, up to about 60 wt.%, up to about 65 wt.%, up to about 70 wt.%, up to about 75 wt.%, up to about 80 wt.%, up to about 85 wt.%, up to about 90 wt.%, up to about 95 wt.%, or up to about 100 wt.%.

[0050] In some embodiments, the ratio of the wall material (e.g., isocyanate) to the organic phase is in the range of about 5 wt.% to about 20 wt.%. In some embodiments, the ratio of the wall material (e.g., isocyanate) to the organic phase is in the range of about 7 wt.% to about 15 wt.%. In some embodiments, the ratio of the wall material (e.g., isocyanate) to the organic phase is in the range of about 10 wt.% to about 16 wt.%. In some embodiments, the ratio of the wall material (e.g., isocyanate) to the organic phase is in the range of about 8 wt.% to about 12 wt.%.

[0051] In some embodiments, the ratio of the wall material (e.g., isocyanate) to the organic phase is at least about 3 wt.%, at least about 4 wt.%, at least about 5 wt.%, at least about 6 wt.%, at least about 7 wt.%, at least about 8 wt.%, at least about 9 wt.%, at least about 10 wt.%, at least about 11 wt.%, at least about 12 wt.%, at least about 13 wt.%, at least about 14 wt.%, at least about 15 wt.%, at least about 16 wt.%, at least about 17 wt.%, at least about 18 wt.%, or at least about 19 wt.%. In some embodiments, the ratio of the wall material (e.g., isocyanate) to the organic phase is up to about 4 wt.%, up to about 5 wt.%, up to about 6 wt.%, up to about 7 wt.%, up to about 8 wt.%, up to about 9 wt.%, up to about 10 wt.%, up to about 11 wt.%, up to about 12 wt.%, up to about 13 wt.%, up to about 14 wt.%, up to about 15 wt.%, up to about 16 wt.%, up to about 17 wt.%, up to about 18 wt.%, up to about 19 wt.%, or up to about 20 wt.%.

[0052] Generally, compositions according to this disclosure may contain any suitable solvent known in the art that facilitates the compositions described herein. The solvent may be a single solvent or a mixture of solvents. In some embodiments, the solvent is selected from hydrophobic solvents including high flash point solvents, methylated seed oils, methyl methyl oleate oils, methyl methyl linoleate oils, mineral oils, paraffin oils, tall oil fatty acid solvents, aromatic solvents (e.g., Aromatic 200, Aromatic 200ND), aromatic ester solvents, polybutenes, fatty acid methyl esters, tributyl citrate 2-acetate, alkylamides (e.g., Agnique AMD10), benzyl acetate, wax esters, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent includes methyl methyl oleate oil and methyl methyl linoleate oil. In some embodiments, the solvent includes methyl methyl oleate oil and methyl methyl linoleate oil, and the solvent is selected from hydrophobic solvents including high flash point solvents, methylated seed oils, mineral oils, paraffin oils, tall oil fatty acid solvents, aromatic solvents, aromatic ester solvents, polybutenes, fatty acid methyl esters, tributyl citrate 2-acetate, alkylamides, benzyl acetate, wax esters, and combinations thereof.

[0053] In some embodiments, the pheromone and the solvent are encapsulated separately. In some embodiments, the pheromone and the solvent are co-encapsulated. In some embodiments, the pheromone and the solvent are co-encapsulated with at least one auxiliary agent.

[0054] Generally, the compositions according to this disclosure may include any suitable antifreeze known in the art that facilitates the compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the antifreeze is selected from propylene glycol, glycerin, glycol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the antifreeze is not encapsulated. In some embodiments, a portion of the antifreeze is encapsulated.

[0055] In many embodiments, the shell comprises polyurea, isocyanate, and / or polyisocyanate. Suitable isocyanates include polyisocyanates and polyisocyanate prepolymers such as polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate (e.g., PAPI 27), polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) (e.g., Rubinate M or Suprasec 5025), Takenate® 500 (XDI), Takenate® 600 (hydrogenated XDI), Takenate® D-110N (adduct of XDI with trimethylolpropane), Takenate® D-131N (XDI trimer), and Takenate® D-120 (adduct of hydrogenated XDI with trimethylolpropane), polyisocyanate-polyol adducts, and polyfunctional aliphatic isocyanates. In these embodiments, the shell is formed without further additional amines. In some embodiments, the shell is formed via in-situ autopolymerization. If the shell contains polyurea, the polyurea is formed from the in-situ autopolymerization of isocyanate monomers. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is thought that isocyanate monomers can react with water in the aqueous phase to form carbamic acid, which is then converted to an amine and carbon dioxide. This amine then reacts with the isocyanate monomer to form polyurea.

[0056] In some embodiments, the composition is a pesticide composition. In some embodiments, the composition is in a form selected from a premix and a tank mix. In some embodiments, the composition is a sprayable composition.

[0057] The compositions according to this disclosure are any suitable form of compositions known in the art that facilitate the compositions described herein. Particularly preferred formulations of the compositions according to this disclosure are capsule suspension concentrates (CS), mixed formulations (ZC) comprising a mixture of a suspension concentrate (SC) and a capsule suspension concentrate (CS), mixed formulations (ZW) comprising a mixture of an oil-in-water emulsion (EW) and a capsule suspension concentrate (CS), and mixed formulations (ZE) comprising a mixture of a suspension emulsion (SE) and a capsule suspension concentrate (CS).

[0058] In some embodiments, the composition is in the form of a CS formulation, a ZC formulation, a ZW formulation, or a ZE formulation.

[0059] Sprayable formulations are typically spread in a suitable medium before spraying. Such formulations are formulated to be easily diluted in a spray medium, usually water, but in some cases, another suitable medium such as aromatic hydrocarbons, paraffinic hydrocarbons, or vegetable oils. Spray rates can range from approximately 1 liter to several thousand liters per hectare, but more typically from approximately 10 liters to several hundred liters per hectare. Sprayable formulations can be tank-mixed with water or another suitable medium for foliar treatment by aerial or ground spraying, or for application to the growing medium of plants. Formulations can also be metered and supplied directly to drip irrigation systems or metered and supplied to furrows during planting. Formulations can be applied to crop seeds and other desirable plants as a seed treatment before planting to protect growing roots and other underground parts and / or foliage of plants through systemic absorption.

[0060] The compositions described herein are delivered by an autonomous vehicle, which is a ground vehicle. The autonomous vehicle is capable of operating during the day and / or at night.

[0061] The compositions according to this disclosure can be sprayed from the air. The compositions according to this disclosure can be delivered by unmanned vehicles or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The compositions according to this disclosure can be delivered by helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft.

[0062] Generally, the compositions described herein can be manufactured according to any suitable method known in the art that facilitates the composition described herein.

[0063] In some embodiments, those described herein are methods for producing compositions, comprising forming a mixture comprising a core containing an antifreeze, a pheromone, and a solvent, and microcapsules comprising a shell that encapsulates the core. The shell comprises a polymer produced by the autopolymerization of monomers, and the microcapsules have a d90 value of less than about 40 μm.

[0064] In some embodiments, the method further includes encapsulating the pheromone and solvent in microcapsules before forming the mixture. In these embodiments, the microcapsules are added to the mixture.

[0065] In some embodiments, the method involves encapsulating a pheromone and a solvent in microcapsules within a mixture. In these embodiments, the microcapsules are formed in situ within the mixture by known interfacial polymerization methods. Microencapsulated formulations prepared by interfacial polymerization are beneficial for at least three reasons: i) they can be easily manufactured on a large scale using known techniques; ii) they can be easily applied to a wide range of conventional spraying equipment; and iii) they retain a number of manipulable variables for controlling release characteristics (e.g., capsule wall thickness, capsule wall composition, capsule size, and internal composition).

[0066] Generally, the compositions described herein can be used in accordance with any suitable purpose known in the art that facilitates the compositions described herein.

[0067] In some embodiments described herein, a method for controlling pests is provided, comprising contacting the pest or its environment with a biologically effective amount of a composition comprising a core containing an antifreeze, a pheromone, and a solvent, and a shell enclosing the core. The shell comprises a polymer produced by the autopolymerization of monomers, and the microcapsules have a d90 value of less than about 40 μm.

[0068] The compositions of this disclosure are useful for controlling a wide range of invertebrate pests. These pests include invertebrates that inhabit a wide variety of environments, such as plant leaves and roots, soil, harvested crops or other foods, building structures or animal hides. These pests include invertebrates that feed on leaves (including leaves, stems, flowers and fruits), seeds, wood, textile fibers or animal blood or tissue, thereby causing damage or harm to, for example, crops growing or stored, forests, greenhouse crops, ornamental plants, nursery crops, stored foods or textile products, or houses or other structures or their contents, or are harmful to animal health or public health. Those skilled in the art will recognize that not all compositions are equally effective against all stages of growth of all pests.

[0069] Therefore, these compositions are useful agriculturally for protecting crops from herbivorous invertebrate pests, and also non-agriculturally for protecting other horticultural crops and plants from herbivorous invertebrate pests. This practicality includes protecting crops and other plants (i.e., both agricultural and non-agricultural) that contain genetic material introduced by genetic engineering (i.e., gene transfer) or modified by mutagenesis to confer advantageous traits. Examples of such traits include tolerance to herbicides, resistance to herbivorous pests (e.g., insects, mites, aphids, spiders, nematodes, snails, plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria, and viruses), improved plant growth, increased tolerance to unfavorable growing conditions such as high or low temperatures, low or high soil moisture, and high salinity, increased flowering or fruiting, increased yield, faster maturation, improved quality and / or nutritional value of harvested produce, or improved storage or processing properties of harvested produce. Transgenic plants can be modified to express multiple traits. Examples of plants containing traits conferred by genetic engineering or mutagenesis include varieties of corn, cotton, soybeans, and potatoes expressing insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis toxins such as YIELD GARD®, KNOCKOUT®, STARLINK®, BOLLGARD®, NuCOTN®, NEWLEAF®, and INVICTA RR2 PRO®, as well as herbicide-resistant varieties of corn, cotton, soybeans, and rapeseed such as ROUNDUP READY®, LIBERTY LINK®, IMI®, STS®, and CLEARFIELD®. Similarly, crops expressing N-acetyltransferase (GAT) that confers resistance to glyphosate herbicides, or crops containing HRA genes that confer resistance to herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS).This composition may exhibit enhanced effects with traits introduced by genetic engineering or modified by mutagenesis, thereby enhancing the phenotypic expression or efficacy of these traits, or increasing the effectiveness of this compound and composition in controlling invertebrate pests. In particular, this composition may exhibit enhanced effects with the phenotypic expression of proteins or other natural products toxic to invertebrate pests, potentially providing control that exceeds the additive effect against these pests.

[0070] The compositions of the present disclosure may optionally contain phytonutrients, for example, fertilizer compositions containing at least one phytonutrient selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, boron, manganese, zinc, and molybdenum. Notably, compositions containing at least one fertilizer composition containing at least one phytonutrient selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, and magnesium. The compositions of the present disclosure further containing at least one phytonutrient may take the form of a liquid or a solid. Notably, solid formulations in the form of granules, small sticks, or tablets. Solid formulations containing fertilizer compositions may be prepared by mixing the compositions of the present disclosure and fertilizer compositions with their respective components, and then formulating the formulation by methods such as granulation or extrusion. Alternatively, solid formulations may be prepared by spraying a solution or suspension of the compositions of the present disclosure in a volatile solvent onto a fertilizer composition pre-prepared in the form of a dimensionally stable mixture, for example, granules, small sticks, or tablets, and then evaporating the solvent.

[0071] Non-agricultural uses refer to the control of invertebrate pests in areas other than crop fields. Non-agricultural uses of this composition include the control of invertebrate pests in stored grains, legumes and other foods, as well as in textiles such as clothing and carpets. Non-agricultural uses of this composition also include the control of invertebrate pests in ornamental plants, forests, gardens, roadsides and railway land, as well as in turf such as lawns, golf courses and pastures. Non-agricultural uses of this composition also include the control of invertebrate pests in houses and other buildings that may be occupied by humans and / or companion animals, farm animals, ranch animals, zoo animals or other animals. Non-agricultural uses of this composition also include the control of pests such as termites that may damage wood and other structural materials used in buildings.

[0072] Non-agricultural uses of this composition include protecting human and animal health by controlling parasitic or disease-carrying invertebrate pests. Control of animal parasites includes controlling ectoparasites that infest the surface of the host animal's body (e.g., shoulders, armpits, abdomen, inner thighs) and endoparasites that infest the inside of the host animal's body (e.g., stomach, intestines, lungs, veins, subcutaneous tissue, lymphatic tissue). Exoparasites or disease-carrying pests include, for example, chiggers, mites, lice, mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and fleas. Endoparasites include heartworms, hookworms, and helminths. The compositions of this disclosure are suitable for systemic and / or non-systemic control of ectoparasitism or infection by animal parasites. The compositions of this disclosure are suitable for controlling ectoparasites or disease-carrying pests. The compositions of this disclosure are suitable for eliminating parasites that ectoparasitize farm animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, donkeys, camels, buffalo, rabbits, hens, turkeys, ducks, geese, and bees; pet animals and livestock such as dogs, cats, birds, and ornamental fish; and so-called laboratory animals such as hamsters, guinea pigs, rats, and mice. Eliminating these parasites reduces mortality and performance degradation (in terms of meat, milk, wool, leather, eggs, honey, etc.), and therefore, applying the compositions of this disclosure enables more economical and convenient animal husbandry.

[0073] Examples of agricultural and non-agricultural invertebrate pests include army worms, cutworms, inchworms, and heliothin moths belonging to the order Lepidoptera, such as the family Noctuidae, such as the pink stem worm (Sesamia inferens Walker), the cornstoke worm (Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre), the southern army worm (Spodoptera eridania Cramer), the fall army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda JESmith), and the beet army worm (Spodoptera exigua hubner). Hubner's worm (Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval), Yellow-striped army worm (Spodoptera ornithogalli Guenee), Tamana moth (Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel), Velvet bean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner), Green fruit worm (Lithophane antennata Walker), Cabbage army worm (Barathra brassicae Linnaeus), Soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens Walker), Cabbage Trooper (Trichoplusia ni Hubner), Tobacco Budworm (Heliothis virescens fabricius)Fabricius); Pyralid moth borers, casebearers, webworms, cornworms, cabbage worms and skeletonizers (e.g., European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner), navel orange worm (Amyelois transitella Walker), corn root webworm (Crambus caliginosellus Clemens), sod webworm (Pyralid moth: Crambinae subfamily), sod worm (Herpetogramma licarsisalis Walker), sugar cane stem borer (Chilo infuscatellus Snellen), Tomato Smallballer (Neoleucinodes elegantalis Guenee), Green Leaf Roller (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee), Grape Leaf Folder (Desmia funeralis Hubner), Pickle Worm (Diaphania nitidalis Stoll), Cabbage Centergrab (Hellula hydralis Guenee), Yellow Stem Baller (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker), White Stem Baller (Scirpophaga innotata Walker) Walker), Top Shootballer (Scirpophaga nivella Fabricius), Dark-Headed Riceballer (Chilo polychrysus Meyrick), Strip Riceballer (Chilo suppressalis Walker)(Suppressalis Walker), cabbage cluster caterpillar (Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller); leaf rollers, larvae, seedworms and fruitworms of the Tortricidae family (e.g., codlinga (Cydia pomonella Linnaeus), grapeberry moss (Paralobesia viteana Clemens), pear fruit moth (Grapholita molesta Busck), Citrus pseudocodlinga (Cryptophlebia leucotreta Meyrick), citrus baller (Gymnandrosoma aurantianum Lima), red banded leaf roller (Argyrotaenia velutinana Walker), oblique banded leaf roller (Choristoneura rosaceana Harris), light brown apple moss (Epiphyas postvittana Walker), European grapeberry moss (Eupoecilia ambiguella Hubner), applebud moss (Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott), Omniborus Leaf Roller (Platynota stultana Walsingham), Bird Flute Tree Tortrix (Pandemis cerasana Hubner), Apple Brown Tortrix (Pandemis heparana Denis & Schiffermuller));In addition, many other economically important lepidopterans (e.g., diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella Linnaeus), cotton beetle (Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders), gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar Linnaeus), peach flute borer (Carposina niponensis Walsingham), peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella Zeller), potato tuber worm (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller), spotted teniform leaf miner (Phyllonorycter blanccaldera fabricius) Eggs, larvae, and adults of *Blancardella Fabricius*, *Asiatic Appleleaf Minor* (Lithocolletis ringoniella Matsumura), *Riceleaf Folder* (Lerodea eufala Edwards), and *Appleleaf Minor* (Leucoptera scitella Zeller).Cockroaches belonging to the families Blattidae and Blattidae (e.g., the short-winged cockroach (Blatta orientalis Linnaeus), the Asian cockroach (Blatella asahinai Mizukubo), the German cockroach (Blatella germanica Linnaeus), the brown cockroach (Supella longipalpa Fabricius), the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana Linnaeus), the brown cockroach (Periplaneta brunnea Burmeister), and the Madeira cockroach (Leucophaea maderae) Eggs, nymphs, and adults of cockroaches, including Blattodea fabricius, Oriental cockroach (Periplaneta fuliginosa Serville), German cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae Fabr.), Grey cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea Olivier), and Slender cockroach (Symploce pallens Stephens); Weevils belonging to the families Curculionidae, Fabaceae, and Curculionidae (for example, the cotton flower weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman), the rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel), the granaria weevil (Sitophilus granarius Linnaeus), the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus), the annual bluegrass weevil (Listronotus maculicollis Dietz), and the bluegrass weevil (Sphenophorus parvulus) Eggs, leaf-feeding, fruit-feeding, root-feeding, seed-feeding, and vesicular-feeding larvae and adults of the Coleoptera order, including Gyllenhal, the grass weevil (Sphenophorus venatus vestitus Chittenden), and the Rocky Mountain weevil (Sphenophorus cicatristriatus Fahraeus); Chrysomelidae flea beetles, cucumber beetles, root worms, leaf beetles, potato beetles, and leaf miners (e.g., Colorado leaf beetle (Leptinotarsa ​​decemlineata Say), Western root worm (Diabrotica virgifera LeConte));Scarabaeidae beetles and other beetles (e.g., Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman), spotted beetle (Anomala orientalis Waterhouse), northern masked chafer (Cyclocephala borealis Arrow), southern masked chafer (Cyclocephala immaculata Olivier or C. lurida Bland), dung beetles and ground beetles (species of the genus Ataenius), black turfgrass athenius (Ataenius spretulus Haldemann) This includes Haldeman's beetle (Cotinis nitida Linnaeus), the green June beetle (Maladera castanea Arrow), the May / June beetle (Phyllophaga species), and the European scarab beetle (Rhizotrogus majalis Razoumowsky); carpet beetles belonging to the family Dermestidae; horsehair worms belonging to the family Elateridae; bark beetles belonging to the family Barkworms; and confused flour beetles belonging to the family Tenebrionidae.

[0074] Furthermore, agricultural and non-agricultural pests include eggs, adults, and larvae of Dermestidae, including earwigs belonging to the family Dermestidae (e.g., the European earwig (Forficula auricularia Linnaeus) and the black earwig (Chelisoches morio Fabricius)); green bugs belonging to the family Miridae; cicadas belonging to the family Cicadidae; leafhoppers belonging to the family Cicadidae (e.g., species of the genus *Cimex*); and bed bugs belonging to the family Cicadidae (e.g., *Cimex lectularius*). Linnaeus), the long-tailed dung beetle belonging to the families Lyophyllidae and Planthoppers, treehoppers belonging to the family Cicadidae, psyllids belonging to the families Liviidae, Psyllidae, and Psyllidae, scale insects belonging to the family Diptera, aphids belonging to the family Aphididae, phylloxera belonging to the family Neaphiidae, mealybugs belonging to the family Mealybugs, scale insects belonging to the families Coccidae, Coccidae, and Euphyllidae, lace bugs belonging to the family Lace bugs, stink bugs belonging to the family Pentatomidae, and kinch bugs belonging to the family Lycaenidae (for example, the American long-winged stink bug (Blissus leucopterus hirtus montandon) This includes eggs, immature, adult and nymphal stages of Hemiptera, such as Montandon's stink bug and the short-winged long-winged stink bug (Blissus insularis Barber) and other seed bugs, spittlebugs belonging to the family Aesculidae, squash bugs belonging to the family Coreidae, and red bugs and cottonstainers belonging to the family Pentatomidae.

[0075] Agricultural and non-agricultural pests include spider mites and red mites belonging to the family Miridae (e.g., apple spider mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch), two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch), McDaniel's spider mite (Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor)); and flat mites belonging to the family Miridae (e.g., greenhouse spider mite (Brevipalpus lewisi)). McGregor); Rust and budmite belonging to the family Leiomycotidae, as well as other leaf-feeding mites and mites important to human and animal health, namely dust mites belonging to the family Acromiidae, folicle mites belonging to the family Demodecticidae, and grain mites belonging to the family Myxomycetes; ticks belonging to the family Ixodes, commonly known as hard ticks (e.g., diatick (Ixodes scapularis Say), Australian paralytic tick (Ixodes holocyclus Neumann), American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis Say), Lonestar tick (Amblyomma americanum Linnaeus)); and ticks belonging to the family Ixomycetes, commonly known as soft ticks (e.g., relapsing fever tick (Ornithodoros turicata duges)). Duges), common foultices (Argas radiatus Raillet); eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults of mites (Acaria) such as Sarcoptes scabiei belonging to the families Acanthidae, Acanthidae and Sarcoptesidae; Orthoptera, including grasshoppers, locusts and crickets (e.g., migratory grasshoppers (e.g., Melanoplus sanguinipes Fabricius, M. differentialaris Thomas (M.(differentis Thomas), American grasshopper (e.g., Schistocerca americana Drury), desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsskal), migratory locust (Locusta migratoria Linnaeus), bush locust (species of the genus Zonoceros), house cricket (Acheta domesticus Linnaeus), mole cricket (e.g., towny mole cricket (Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder)) and southern mole cricket (Scapteriscus borellii ziliotos) Eggs, adults, and immature stages of Giglio-Tos; Diptera including leafminers (e.g., species of the genus Liriomyza such as tomato leafminer (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard)), midges, fruit flies (Tephritidae), fritflies (e.g., Oscinella frit Linnaeus), soil maggots, houseflies (e.g., Musca domestica Linnaeus), lesser houseflies (e.g., Fannia canicularis Linnaeus, F. femoralis stein (F.Femoralis Stein), stubble flies (e.g., Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus), face flies, horn flies, blow flies (e.g., species of the genera *Euocephalus*, *Euocephalus*), and other muscoid fly plagues, horse flies (e.g., species of the genera *Tabanus*), bottle flies (e.g., species of the genera *Pterocarya*, *Euocephalus*), cuttle grubs (e.g., species of the genera *Calopteryx*), deer flies (e.g., species of the genera *Euocephalus*), keds (e.g., *Melophagus ovinus Linnaeus*), and other flies, mosquitoes (e.g., species of the genera *Aedes*, *Anopheles*, *Culex*), black flies (e.g., species of the genera *Euocephalus*, *Euocephalus*), etc. Eggs, adults, and immature stages of midges, sandflies, thrips, and other thrips; eggs, adults, and immature stages of thrips including onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman), flower thrips (species of the genus Frankliniera), and other leaf-feeding thrips; Florida carpenter ant (Camponotus floridanus Buckley), red carpenter ant (Camponotus ferrugineus Fabricius), black carpenter ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus De Geer), whitefoot ant (Technomyrmex albipes F. smith) F.Smith), Pheidole ants (a species of the genus Pheidole), Ghost ants (Tapinoma melanocephalum Fabricius);Pharaoh ant (Monomorium pharaonis Linnaeus), Little fire ant (Wasmannia auropunctata Roger), Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis geminata Fabricius), Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren), Argentine ant (Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr), Crazy ant (Paratrechina longicornis Latreille), Pavement ant (Tetramorium caespitum Linnaeus), Cornfield ant (Lasius alienus Förster) This also includes Hymenoptera pests, including ants of the Formicidae family, such as Forster's ant and Odra's house ant (Tapinoma sessile Say); other Hymenoptera, such as honeybees (including carpenter bees), hornets, yellowjackets, wasps, and sawflies (species of the genus Neodyprion; species of the genus Cephus);Termites belonging to the family Termitidae (e.g., a species of the genus Odontotermes obesus Rambur), the family Drywood Termitidae (e.g., a species of the genus Coptotermes), and the family Rhizophoridae (e.g., a species of the genus Reticulitermes, a species of the genus Coptotermes tenuis Hagen), Eastern subterranean termites (Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar), Western subterranean termites (Reticulitermes hesperus Banks), and Formosanus subterranean termites (Coptotermes formosanus Pests of the order Termitae, including arboreal termites such as Shiraki, West Indian drywood termite (Incisitermes immigrans Snyder), powderpost termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker), drywood termite (Incisitermes snyderi Light), Southeastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermes virginicus Banks), Western drywood termite (Incisitermes minor Hagen), and species of the genus Nastitermes, as well as other economically important termites; silverfish (Lepisma saccharina lineus) Thrombus-tailed insects such as Linnaeus and spotted silverfish (Thermobia domestica Packard);Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer), body lice (Pediculus humanus Linnaeus), chicken lice (Menacanthus stramineus Nitzsch), dog lice (Trichodectes canis De Geer), small chicken lice (Goniocotes gallinae De Geer), sheep lice (Bovicola ovis) Pests of the orders Ciliformes and Lice, including Ciliformes (Schrank), Short-nosed Ciliformes (Haematopinus eurysternus Nitzsch), Long-nosed Ciliformes (Linognathus vituli Linnaeus), and other blood-sucking, chewing parasitic lice that attack humans and animals; Flea pests include the Oriental mouse flea (Xenopsylla cheopis Rothschild), the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis Bouche), the dog flea (Ctenocephalides canis Curtis), the chicken flea (Ceratophyllus gallinae Schrank), the chicken flea (Echidnophaga gallinacea Westwood), the human flea (Pulex irritans Linnaeus), and other fleas that parasitize mammals and birds. Furthermore, the target arthropod pests include spiders belonging to the order Araneae, such as the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa Gertsch & Mulaik) and the black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans Fabricius), as well as centipedes belonging to the order Scutigera, such as the house centipede (Scutigera coleoptrata Linnaeus).

[0076] Examples of invertebrate pests of stored grains include the large grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus Horn), the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius), the grain weevil (Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus), the grain weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky), the four-spotted bean weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius), and the confused flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum herbst). This includes Herbst), granaria weevil (Sitophilus granarius Linnaeus), Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella Hubner), Mediterranean flower beetle (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller), and grain rust beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus Stephens).

[0077] The compositions of this disclosure include members of the phyla Nematoda, class Cetocora, class Trematoda, and phyla Acanthocephalida, including economically important members of the orders Nematodea, Corniida, Pinnatida, Rhabdophida, Aniura, and Enopluta, for example, but not limited to, economically important agricultural pests (i.e., root-knot nematodes belonging to the genus *Nematoda*, root-lesion nematodes belonging to the genus *Nematoda*, and spiny nematodes belonging to the genus *Trichodorus*), as well as animal and human health pests (i.e., all economically important trematodes, tapeworms, and roundworms, for example, *Strongylus vulgaris* of horses, *Toxocara canis* of dogs, *Haemonchus contortus* of sheep, and *Dirofilaria immitis* of dogs). It is useful for controlling Leidy, the horse Anoplocephala perfoliata, and the ruminant Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, among others.

[0078] The compositions disclosed herein include Lepidoptera (e.g., Alabama argillacea Hubner (cotton leaf worm), Archips argyrospila Walker (fruit tree leaf roller), A. rosana Linnaeus (European leaf roller) and other Tortricidae species, Chilo suppressalis Walker (rice leaf borer), Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee (rice leaf florer), Crambus caliginosellus Clemens (corn root web worm), Crambus teterrellus Zinken) Zincken (Bluegrass Webworm), Cydia pomonella Linnaeus (Codlinga), Earias insulana Boisduval (Spinny Ball Worm), Earias vittella Fabricius (Spotted Ball Worm), Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Old World Tobacco Moth), Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Corn Ear Worm), Heliothis virescens Fabricius (Tobacco Bud Worm), Herpetogramma licarsisalis Walker (Sodoweb Worm), Lobesia botrana Denis & Schiffermuller (Grapeberry Worm), Pectinophora gossypiella (Sound Worm)Saunders (pink ball worm), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (citrus leafminer), Pieris brassicae Linnaeus (large white butterfly), Pieris rapae Linnaeus (small white butterfly), Plutella xylostella Linnaeus (diamondback moth), Spodoptera exigua Hubner (beet army worm), Spodoptera litura Fabricius (tobacco cut worm, cluster caterpillar), Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. smith It is useful for controlling the pests of JESmith (fall army worm), Trichoplusia ni Hubner (cabbage looper), and Tuta absoluta Meyrick (tomato leaf miner).

[0079] The compositions disclosed herein include Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (pea aphid), Aphis craccivora Koch (bean aphid), Aphis fabae Scopoli (bean black aphid), Aphis gossypii Glover (cotton aphid, melon aphid), Aphis pomi De Geer (apple aphid), Aphis spiraecola Patch (spirea aphid), and Aulacorthum solani Kaltenbach (Foxglove Aphid), Chaetosiphon fragaefolii Cockerell (Strawberry Aphid), Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov / Mordvilko (Russian Wheat Aphid), Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Rosy Apple Aphid), Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann (Apple Cottony Aphid), Hyalopterus pruni Geoffroy (Peach Aphid), Lipaphis pseudobrassicae Davis Davis (false radish aphid), Metopolophium dirrhodum Walker (rose grain aphid), Macrosiphon euphorbiae Thomas (potato aphid), Myzus persicaeSulzer (Peach-potato aphid, Green peach aphid), Nasonovia ribisnigri Mosley (Lettuce aphid), species of Penfig (Root aphid and Gold aphid), Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch (Cornleaf aphid), Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus (Bird cherry aphid), Schizaphis graminum Rondani (Green bug), Sitobion avenae Fabricius (English grain aphid), Therioaphis maculata Buckton Buckton (Spotted Alfalfa Aphid), Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe (Black Citrus Aphid), and Toxoptera citricidus Kirkaldy (Brown Citrus Aphid); species of the Adelges genus; Phylloxera devastatrix Pergande (Pecan Phylloxera); Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Tobacco Whitefly, Sweet Potato Whitefly), Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Silverleaf Whitefly), Dialeurodes citri Ashmead (Citrus Whitefly) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Greenhouse Whitefly); Empoasca Fabae HarrisPotato leaf hopper (Fabae Harris), Laodelphax striatellus Fallen (Smaller brown plant hopper), Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes (Aster leaf hopper), Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler (Green rice leaf hopper), Nephotettix nigropictus Stal (Rice leaf hopper), Nilaparvata lugens Stal (Brown plant hopper), Peregrinus maidis Ashmead (Corn plant hopper), Sogatella furcifera Horvath (White-backed plant hopper), Tagosodes orizicolus Muir (Rice delfaciid), Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee (White apple leaf hopper), species of Erythronia (Grape leaf hopper); Magicidada septendecim Linnaeus (Periodic cicada); Icerya purchasi Maskell (Cotton cushion scale), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock (San Jose scale); Planococcus citri Risso (Citrus Marybug); species of the genus Pseudococcus (other Marybug complex); Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster (Peapsila), Trioza diospyriIt is useful for controlling members of the order Hemiptera, including Ashmead (Persimmonpusilla).

[0080] The compositions disclosed herein include Acrosternum hilare Say (green stink bug), Anasa tristis De Geer (squash bug), Blissus leucopterus leucopterus Say (kinch bug), Cimex lectularius Linnaeus (bed bug), Corythucha gossypii Fabricius (cotton lace bug), Cyrtopeltis modesta Distant (tobacco bug), and Dysdercus suturellus Herrich-Schaffer (cotton stainer), Euschistus servus Say (brown stink bug), Euschistus variolarius Palisot de Beauvois (one-spotted stink bug), Graptosthetus species (seed bug aggregates), Halyomorpha halys Stal (brown stink bug), Leptoglossus corculus Say (leaf-footed pine seed bug), Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois (tranished plant bug), Nezara viridula Linnaeus (Southern Green Stinkbug), Oebalus pugnax Fabricius (Rice Stinkbug), Oncopeltus fasciatus DallasIt is useful for controlling members of the order Hemiptera, including Dallas (large milkweed bug) and Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Reuter (cotton free hopper). Other insect orders controlled by the compositions herein include thrips (e.g., Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Western flower slip), Scirtothrips citri Moulton (Citrus slip), Scirtothrips variabilis Beach (Soybean slip), and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Onion slip)); and beetles (e.g., Leptinotarsa ​​decemlineata Say (Colorado leaf beetle), Epilachna varivestis This includes the mulligan (a type of beetle) and wireworms belonging to the genera Agriotis, Athos, or click beetles.

[0081] In some embodiments, the pests are selected from the group consisting of invertebrate pests, insects, arthropods, and combinations thereof.

[0082] In some embodiments, the environment is selected from a group consisting of fields, orchards, forests, and combinations thereof.

[0083] Embodiments of the compositions of this disclosure can be combined in any way with embodiments of the methods of this disclosure. Similarly, embodiments of the methods of this disclosure can be combined in any way. Therefore, the following embodiments should be construed as illustrative only and should not limit this disclosure in any way.

[0084] The aspects of this disclosure are provided by the following subjects:

[0085] 1. A composition, Antifreeze and, Pheromones, and solvent Cores including, A shell that encapsulates the core Microcapsules containing Includes, The shell contains a polymer produced by the autopolymerization of monomers. The microcapsules have a d90 value of less than approximately 40 μm. composition.

[0086] 2. The composition described in the preceding item, wherein the microcapsules have a d90 value in the range of approximately 5 μm to approximately 40 μm.

[0087] 3. The composition according to any of the preceding items, wherein the microcapsules have a d90 value in the range of approximately 5 μm to approximately 25 μm.

[0088] 4. The composition according to any of the preceding items, wherein the microcapsules have a d50 value in the range of approximately 5 μm to approximately 25 μm.

[0089] 5. The composition according to any of the preceding items, wherein the microcapsules have a d10 value in the range of approximately 1 μm to approximately 10 μm.

[0090] 6. A composition according to any of the preceding items, further comprising a dispersant, surfactant, emulsifier, wetting agent, biocide, defoamer, antifreeze, rheological modifier, solvent, stabilizer, UV stabilizer, UV absorber, salt, excipient, antioxidant, and auxiliary agents selected from combinations thereof.

[0091] 7. A pesticide composition, as described in any of the preceding items.

[0092] 8. A composition according to any of the preceding items, which is in a form selected from premixes and tank mixes.

[0093] 9. The composition described in any of the preceding items, in the form of a CS formulation or a ZC formulation.

[0094] 10. A composition according to any of the preceding items, wherein the shell comprises a polyurea, an isocyanate, and / or a polyisocyanate.

[0095] 11. A composition according to any of the preceding items, wherein the pheromone is selected from aldehyde pheromones, acetate pheromones, alcohol pheromones, ketone pheromones, epoxide pheromones, hydrocarbon pheromones, and combinations thereof.

[0096] 12. A composition according to any of the preceding items, wherein the pheromone does not contain an aldehyde pheromone.

[0097] 13. Pheromones include (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, dodecanyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-10-dodecenyl acetate, 11-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9,11-dodecadienyl acetate, (E)-9,11-dodecadienyl acetate, (Z)-11-tridecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tridecenyl acetate, tetradecanyl acetate, acetic acid (E)-7-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-8-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-10-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-10-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-12-pentadecenyl acetate, (E)-12-pentadecenyl acetate, hexadecanyl acetate, (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, vinegar Acid (E)-11-hexadecenyl, octadecanyl acetate, (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-9,12-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-7 ,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-7,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (Z)-5-Decenyl 3-Methylbutanoate, (+)cis-7,8-Epoxy-2-Methyloctadecane, (E,Z)-2,4-Decadienoate Methyl, 2,6,10-Methyltrimethyltridecanoate, citral, geranial, neral, tetradecane-1-R, pentadecane-1-R, pentadecene-1-R, hexadecane-1-R, (Z)-9-hexadecene-1-R, (Z)-11-hexadecene-1-R, (7E,9E)-undeca-7,9-diene-1-R, (11Z,13Z)-hexadecadiene-1-R, (9Z,12E)-tetradecadiene-1-R, (8E,10E)-dodecadiene-1-R, (11Z)- Compositions described in any of the preceding items, selected from xadecadiene-1-R, (9Z)-tetradecene-1-R, 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-ol, (6E)-7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene, [1S-(1a,2b,5a)]-4,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]hepta-3-en-2-ol, 10-hexadecenal, (Z)-10-hexadecenal, (E)-10-hexadecenal, and combinations thereof.

[0098] 14. A composition according to any of the preceding items, wherein the antifreeze is selected from propylene glycol, glycerin, glycol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and combinations thereof.

[0099] 15. A composition according to any of the preceding items, wherein the solvent is selected from hydrophobic solvents, high flash point solvents, methylated seed oils, methyl methyl oleate oils, methyl methyl linoleate oils, mineral oils, paraffin oils, tall oil fatty acid solvents, aromatic solvents, aromatic ester solvents, polybutenes, fatty acid methyl esters, tributyl 2-citrate acetate, alkylamides, benzyl acetate, wax esters, and combinations thereof.

[0100] 16. A method for producing a composition, Antifreeze and, Pheromones, and solvent Cores including, A shell that encapsulates the core Microcapsules containing The process involves forming a mixture containing the following: The shell contains a polymer produced by the autopolymerization of monomers. The microcapsules have a d90 value of less than approximately 40 μm. method.

[0101] 17. The method according to the preceding item, further comprising encapsulating the pheromone and solvent in microcapsules before forming a mixture.

[0102] 18. A method for controlling pests, which involves controlling the pest or its environment. Antifreeze and, Pheromones, and solvent Cores including, A shell that encapsulates the core Microcapsules containing This includes contacting a biologically effective amount of a composition containing the following: The shell contains a polymer produced by the autopolymerization of monomers. The microcapsules have a d90 value of less than approximately 40 μm. method.

[0103] 19. The method described in any of the preceding items, wherein the pest is selected from invertebrate pests, insects, arthropods, and combinations thereof.

[0104] 20. The method described in any of the preceding items, wherein the environment is selected from fields, orchards, forests, and combinations thereof.

[0105] Without further details, those skilled in the art will likely be able to make the most of the present invention using the above description. Therefore, the following examples should be construed as merely illustrative and will not limit the present disclosure in any way. [Examples]

[0106] Solvent screening. Chemists prepared aqueous emulsion (EW) formulations containing Z9-14 acetate pheromone using different solvents. For control, solvent-free EW formulations were also prepared and evaluated. Table 1 summarizes the volatility and chemical stability of the EW formulations, with results listed sorted by best performance according to the best volatility control. EW formulations using Steposol ME (methyl oleate / methyl linoleate oil from Stepan) performed better than other EW formulations in this series. The solvent-free formulations showed the worst performance.

[0107] To measure chemical stability, the EW formulation was placed in a sealed scintillation vial, and then the vial was placed in an oven heated to 60°C for 4 hours. The amount of Z9-14 acetate pheromone remaining in each vial was quantified. Because the scintillation vial was sealed, the loss of Z9-14 acetate pheromone was related to chemical degradation. Chemical stability was measured as the wt.% of remaining Z9-14 acetate pheromone.

[0108] To measure volatility, the EW formulation was placed in unsealed vials, and then the vials were placed in an oven and heated to 60°C for 4 hours. The amount of Z9-14 acetate pheromone remaining in each vial was quantified. Since the scintillation vial was unsealed, the Z9-14 acetate pheromone was able to evaporate. Volatility was measured as the wt.% of the remaining Z9-14 acetate pheromone.

[0109] [Table 1] [Examples]

[0110] Volatility control of unencapsulated water emulsion (EW) pheromone formulations. To prepare an aqueous emulsion (EW) formulation, pheromones (Z-11-16 aldehyde and Z-11-16 acetate), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and 1,6-hexanediol were dissolved in a solvent (Steposol ME) and combined with an oil-soluble emulsifier (Atlox 4916). In a separate container, water was combined with a water-soluble emulsifier (Toximul SEE 340 with Toximul 8320 added, or Atlas G5000) to create an aqueous phase. The organic phase was then gradually added to the aqueous phase, followed by a high-shear step to create a concentrated emulsion. In the final step, a biocide, rheological modifier, and antifreeze were added.

[0111] The volatility control data for the prepared EW formulations are shown in the table below. The volatility of the final formulation was examined in a dark room with high airflow.

[0112] The samples were diluted to the appropriate concentration. An appropriate amount of HPLC-grade water was added to form a 1000 ppm spray solution. For the initial (0 hour) sample, 3.0 ml of acetone was added to a scintillation vial, followed by 30 microliters of the 1000 ppm spray solution. For the remaining time samples (24 hours, 48 ​​hours), 30 microliters of the 1000 ppm solution were spotted onto German glass coverslips of 24-well Falcon plates. These were placed in an environmental chamber at 25°C and 50% humidity. The samples were extracted by sonication on ice for two 30-minute cycles using a glass slip placed in a scintillation vial containing 3 ml of acetone. The extracts were then transferred to autosampler vials. These were analyzed by GC-FID using a DB5ms column with a splitless injection volume of 2 microliters.

[0113] Volatility control for these unencapsulated pheromones proved insufficient.

[0114] [Table 2] [Examples]

[0115] Volatility control of microencapsulated Z9-14 acetate formulations. Pheromone encapsulation was achieved by forming a microcapsule shell using only isocyanate monomers without the addition of amines. The isocyanate monomers underwent autopolymerization. Capsules with different particle sizes were prepared (d90 range from 14 to 50 microns).

[0116] The volatility control data for the prepared formulations are given in the table below. The volatility control of pheromones in the CS formulations was measured as follows: In the photodegradable PEACH drop method, an aqueous spray solution of the prepared material was applied as a droplet onto glass. After passing the glass through simulated sunlight for a predetermined period (0-99 hours), the glass was extracted with a solvent. The amount of pheromone remaining on the glass was analyzed by GC of the extract. T24hr, T44hr, T46hr, and T99hr represent 24 hours, 44 hours, 46 hours, and 99 hours of continuous irradiation in a simulated sunlight room, respectively. 24 hours of simulated sunlight is equivalent to 2.5 days of sunlight.

[0117] Encapsulation was found to improve the volatility control of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl pheromone. The best volatility control was achieved with a formulation containing capsules with a d90 value of approximately 14.5 μm.

[0118] [Table 3] [Examples]

[0119] Volatility control of microencapsulated Z11-16 acetate formulations. Pheromone encapsulation was achieved by forming a microcapsule shell using only isocyanate monomers without the addition of amines. The isocyanate monomers underwent autopolymerization. Capsules with different particle sizes were prepared (d90 in the range of 19 to 38 microns).

[0120] The volatility control data for the prepared formulations are shown in the table below. The volatility control of pheromones in the CS formulations was measured as described above.

[0121] Encapsulation was found to improve the volatility control of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl pheromone. The best volatility control was achieved with a formulation containing capsules with a d90 value of approximately 19.7 μm.

[0122] [Table 4] [Examples]

[0123] Volatility control of microencapsulated mixed pheromone formulations. Pheromone encapsulation was achieved by forming microcapsule shells using only isocyanate monomers without the addition of amines. The isocyanate monomers underwent autopolymerization. Capsules with different particle sizes were prepared (d90 range from 9 to 34 microns).

[0124] The volatility control data for the prepared formulations are shown in the table below. The volatility control of pheromones in the CS formulations was measured in a dark room with high airflow.

[0125] It was found that encapsulation improved the control of the volatility of a mixture of acetate(Z)-11-tetradecenylpheromone and acetate(Z)-11-hexadecenylpheromone.

[0126] [Table 5] [Examples]

[0127] Volatility control of microencapsulated Z11-16 aldehyde formulations. Pheromone encapsulation was achieved by forming a microcapsule shell using only isocyanate monomers without the addition of amines. The isocyanate monomers underwent autopolymerization. The d90 of the formulation was measured to be 20 microns.

[0128] The volatility control data for the prepared formulations are shown in the table below. The volatility control of the pheromone in the CS formulation was measured as described above. It was found that encapsulation improved the volatility control of the (Z)-11-hexadecenal pheromone.

[0129] [Table 6] [Examples]

[0130] Chemical stability of microencapsulated Z-11-16 aldehyde formulations. Pheromone encapsulation was achieved by forming a microcapsule shell using only isocyanate monomers without the addition of amines. The isocyanate monomers underwent autopolymerization. The d90 of the formulation was measured to be 20 microns.

[0131] The formulations and corresponding assays for preparations containing 10-11 wt% Z-11-hexadecenal in the CS formulation are shown in the table below. It was found that microencapsulation using isocyanate autopolymerization does not degrade the aldehyde pheromone.

[0132] [Table 7] [Examples]

[0133] Chemical stability of microencapsulated Z-11-16 aldehyde formulations. Pheromone encapsulation was achieved by forming a microcapsule shell using only isocyanate monomers without the addition of amines. The isocyanate monomers underwent autopolymerization.

[0134] The formulations and corresponding assays for preparations containing 5-6 wt% Z-11-hexadecenal in the CS formulation are shown in the table below. It was found that microencapsulation using isocyanate autopolymerization does not degrade the aldehyde pheromone.

[0135] [Table 8] [Examples]

[0136] Chemical stability of microencapsulated Z-11-16 aldehyde formulations for comparison. The Z-11-16 aldehyde pheromone was encapsulated by using isocyanate monomers and adding amines to form a microcapsule shell. The formulations and corresponding assays for the preparations before and after a 2-week incubation period at 54°C are shown in the table below. Up to 60% of the Z-11-16 aldehyde pheromone was found to be lost during sample preparation. A further 10-30% of the pheromone was lost over time. These unexpected results highlight the advantages of preparing aldehyde pheromone-containing microcapsules using autopolymerization of isocyanate monomers.

[0137] [Table 9]

[0138] This specification has surprisingly found that significant improvements in controlling the volatility of pheromone compositions can be achieved by compositions comprising an antifreeze and microcapsules, wherein the microcapsules are relatively small and contain co-encapsulated pheromones and solvents. The most significant improvements were observed with microcapsules having a shell containing a polymer produced by the autopolymerization of monomers and with a d90 value of less than approximately 40 μm.

[0139] Furthermore, surprisingly, it was found that by preparing microcapsules using the autopolymerization of isocyanate monomers, a significant improvement in the chemical stability of the encapsulated aldehyde pheromone could be achieved.

Claims

1. A composition, Antifreeze and, Pheromones, and solvent Cores including, A shell that encapsulates the core Microcapsules containing Includes, The shell contains a polymer produced by the autopolymerization of monomers. The microcapsules have a d90 value of less than approximately 40 μm. composition.

2. Microcapsules A d90 value in the range of approximately 5 μm to approximately 40 μm, preferably in the range of approximately 5 μm to approximately 25 μm. d50 values ​​in the range of approximately 5 μm to approximately 25 μm, and / or d10 values ​​in the range of approximately 1 μm to approximately 10 μm The composition according to claim 1, having the following characteristics.

3. The composition according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising a dispersant, surfactant, emulsifier, wetting agent, biocide, defoamer, antifreeze, rheological modifier, solvent, stabilizer, UV stabilizer, UV absorber, salt, excipient, antioxidant, and auxiliary agents selected from combinations thereof.

4. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, which is a pesticide composition, preferably in a form selected from a premix and a tank mix.

5. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, in the form of a CS formulation or a ZC formulation.

6. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the shell comprises a polyurea, an isocyanate, and / or a polyisocyanate.

7. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the pheromone is selected from aldehyde pheromones, acetate pheromones, alcohol pheromones, ketone pheromones, epoxide pheromones, hydrocarbon pheromones, and combinations thereof.

8. The pheromone is composed of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, dodecanyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-10-dodecenyl acetate, 11-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9,11-dodecadienyl acetate, (E)-9,11-dodecadienyl acetate, (Z)-11-tridecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tridecenyl acetate, tetradecanyl acetate, and (E) acetate. -7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z), 8-tetradecenyl acetate (E), 8-tetradecenyl acetate, 9-tetradecenyl acetate, 9-tetradecenyl acetate, 10-tetradecenyl acetate, 10-tetradecenyl acetate, 11-tetradecenyl acetate, 11-tetradecenyl acetate, 12-pentadecenyl acetate, 12-pentadecenyl acetate, hexadecanyl acetate, 7-hexadecenyl acetate, 11-hexadecenyl acetate, acetic acid ( E)-11-hexadecenyl, octadecanyl acetate, (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-9,12-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-7, 11-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-7,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (Z)-5-Decenyl 3-Methylbutanoic acid, (+) cis-7,8-Epoxy-2-Methyloctadecane, (E,Z)-2,4-Decadienoate methyl, 2,6,10-Methyltrimethyltridecanoate, citral, geranial, neral, tetradecane-1-R, pentadecane-1-R, pentadecene-1-R, hexadecane-1-R, (Z)-9-hexadecene-1-R, (Z)-11-hexadecene-1-R, (7E,9E)-undeca-7,9-diene-1-R, (11Z,13Z)-hexadecadiene-1-R, (9Z,12E)-tetradecadiene-1-R, (8E,10E)-dodecadiene-1-R, (11Z)-hex A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, selected from sadecadiene-1-R, (9Z)-tetradecene-1-R, 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadiene-2-ol, (6E)-7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene, [1S-(1a,2b,5a)]-4,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]hepta-3-en-2-ol, 10-hexadecenal, (Z)-10-hexadecenal, (E)-10-hexadecenal, and combinations thereof.

9. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the antifreeze is selected from propylene glycol, glycerin, glycol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and combinations thereof.

10. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the solvent is selected from hydrophobic solvents, high flash point solvents, methylated seed oils, methyl methyl oleate oils, methyl methyl linoleate oils, mineral oils, paraffin oils, tall oil fatty acid solvents, aromatic solvents, aromatic ester solvents, polybutenes, fatty acid methyl esters, tributyl 2-citrate acetate, alkylamides, benzyl acetate, wax esters, and combinations thereof.

11. A method for producing a composition, Antifreeze and, Pheromones, and solvent Cores including, A shell that encapsulates the core Microcapsules containing The process involves forming a mixture containing the following: The shell contains a polymer produced by the autopolymerization of monomers. The microcapsules have a d90 value of less than approximately 40 μm. method.

12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising encapsulating the pheromone and solvent in microcapsules before forming a mixture.

13. A method for controlling pests, which involves controlling the pest or its environment. Antifreeze and, Pheromones, and solvent Cores including, A shell that encapsulates the core Microcapsules containing This includes contacting a biologically effective amount of a composition containing the following: The shell contains a polymer produced by the autopolymerization of monomers. The microcapsules have a d90 value of less than approximately 40 μm. method.

14. The method according to claim 14, wherein the pest is selected from invertebrate pests, insects, arthropods, and combinations thereof.

15. The method according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the environment is selected from fields, orchards, forests, and combinations thereof.

Images