Precision ferrite-based electromagnetic signal circulator for quantum computing systems

Abstract

This disclosure relates to waveguide assemblies in non-reciprocal electronic devices (e.g., circulators). Waveguide assemblies may include ferrite members, magnetic members, and pole assemblies. The pole assemblies, in combination with at least the ferrite members and magnetic members, form a magnetic circuit. The pole assemblies have a spatial variation in magnetoresistance. This spatial variation in magnetoresistance of the pole assemblies results in improved uniformity of magnetic flux across the entire volume of the ferrite member. This improved uniformity of magnetic flux across the entire volume of the ferrite member enhances the non-reciprocal properties of the electronic device.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Claim of Priority This application claims priority based on U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 18 / 332,455, filed on June 9, 2023, and the entire disclosure of that application is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to quantum computing systems, and more particularly to precision ferrite-based microwave and high-frequency signal circulators that can be used in quantum computing systems.

Background Art

[0003] Quantum computing is a computing method that utilizes quantum effects such as superposition and entanglement of ground states to perform certain calculations more efficiently than classical digital computers. In contrast to digital computers that store and manipulate information in the form of bits, such as "1" or "0", quantum computing systems can manipulate information using quantum bits ("qubits"). A qubit can refer to a quantum device that enables superposition of data in multiple states, such as both the "0" and "1" states, and / or the superposition of data in multiple states itself. According to conventional terminology, the superposition of the "0" and "1" states in a quantum system can be expressed as, for example, a|0〉 + b|1〉. The "0" and "1" states of a digital computer are respectively similar to the |0〉 and |1〉 ground states of a qubit.

Summary of the Invention

[0004] Aspects and advantages of embodiments of the present disclosure are set forth in part in the following description, or may be apparent from the description, or may be learned through practice of the embodiments.

[0005] An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a waveguide assembly in a non-reciprocal electronic device (e.g., a circulator). The waveguide assembly may include a ferrite member, a magnetic member, and a pole assembly. The pole assembly, in combination with at least the ferrite member and the magnetic member, forms a magnetic circuit. The pole assembly has a spatial variation in magnetoresistance. The spatial variation in magnetoresistance of the pole assembly results in improved uniformity of magnetic flux across the entire volume of the ferrite member. This improved uniformity of magnetic flux across the entire volume of the ferrite member enhances the non-reciprocal properties of the electronic device.

[0006] Other aspects of this disclosure cover a variety of systems, methods, apparatus, non-temporary computer-readable media, computer-readable instructions, and computing devices.

[0007] These features, aspects, and advantages of various embodiments of this disclosure, as well as other features, aspects, and advantages, will be better understood by referring to the modes for carrying out the invention and the appended claims below. The appended drawings incorporated herein and constituting part thereof illustrate exemplary embodiments of this disclosure and, together with the modes for carrying out the invention, illustrate the relevant principles.

[0008] A detailed description of embodiments for those skilled in the art is provided herein with reference to the following attached drawings. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0009] [Figure 1] An exemplary quantum computing system is shown according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 2A] A schematic diagram of an exemplary circulator including a waveguide assembly according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. [Figure 2B] Figure 2A shows an exploded view of the waveguide assembly according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3A]Exemplary embodiments of pole assemblies and pole members are shown, having discontinuous and continuous spatial variations in thickness and permeability, which are illustrative but not limiting. [Figure 3B] Exemplary embodiments of pole assemblies and pole members are shown, having discontinuous and continuous spatial variations in thickness and permeability, which are illustrative but not limiting. [Figure 3C] Exemplary embodiments of pole assemblies and pole members are shown, having discontinuous and continuous spatial variations in thickness and permeability, which are illustrative but not limiting. [Figure 3D] Exemplary embodiments of pole assemblies and pole members are shown, having discontinuous and continuous spatial variations in thickness and permeability, which are illustrative but not limiting. [Figure 3E] Exemplary embodiments of pole assemblies and pole members are shown, having discontinuous and continuous spatial variations in thickness and permeability, which are illustrative but not limiting. [Figure 3F] Exemplary embodiments of pole assemblies and pole members are shown, having discontinuous and continuous spatial variations in thickness and permeability, which are illustrative but not limiting. [Figure 4A] Exemplary embodiments of pole assemblies and pole members are shown, having discontinuous and continuous spatial variations in thickness and permeability, which are illustrative but not limiting. [Figure 4B] Exemplary embodiments of pole assemblies and pole members are shown, having discontinuous and continuous spatial variations in thickness and permeability, which are illustrative but not limiting. [Figure 4C] Exemplary embodiments of pole assemblies and pole members are shown, having discontinuous and continuous spatial variations in thickness and permeability, which are illustrative but not limiting. [Figure 5A] Exemplary embodiments of pole assemblies and pole members are shown, having discontinuous and continuous spatial variations in thickness and permeability, which are illustrative but not limiting. [Figure 5B]Exemplary embodiments of pole assemblies and pole members are shown, having discontinuous and continuous spatial variations in thickness and permeability, which are illustrative but not limiting. [Figure 6A] Exemplary embodiments of pole assemblies and pole members are shown, having discontinuous and continuous spatial variations in thickness and permeability, which are illustrative but not limiting. [Figure 6B] Exemplary embodiments of pole assemblies and pole members are shown, having discontinuous and continuous spatial variations in thickness and permeability, which are illustrative but not limiting. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0010] Exemplary embodiments of this disclosure relate to precision ferrite-based circulators for microwave signals and / or high-frequency electromagnetic (EM) signals. The precision circulators of the embodiments may be used in quantum computing systems. More specifically, the circulators may be used to route and / or isolate microwave (μ-wave) signals and / or high-frequency (RF) signals (e.g., qubit control signals and / or qubit readout signals) generated in quantum computing systems. The precision circulators of the embodiments may be operable in cryogenic systems (e.g., cryogenic systems within quantum computers) or in other μ-wave or RF systems that require a circulator for signal routing and / or signal isolation. One common characteristic of the circulators of the embodiments is non-reciprocal signal routing and isolation. Such non-reciprocal devices introduce asymmetry in the direction of EM signal flow. Asymmetry in directional signal flow results in precise signal routing and isolation.

[0011] At least some of the embodiments relate to ferrite-based circulators. As discussed below, ferrite-based circulators achieve non-reciprocal routing and / or isolation of input signals (e.g., μ-waves or RF waves) through EM interactions between the input signal and a substantially constant and uniform magnetic field within the circulator. As discussed below, deviations from the uniformity of the magnetic field can degrade the performance of the circulator. As used herein, a uniform magnetic field refers to the (at least approximate) spatial uniformity of the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field throughout the ferrite members of the circulator.

[0012] Therefore, the embodiments address the precise control of the shape and / or uniformity of the magnetic field within a circulator. Conventional methods for controlling the uniformity and shape of the magnetic field within a circulator may fail to meet the requirements of some μ-wave or RF-wave systems (e.g., cryogenic systems and / or quantum computing systems). In the embodiments, the waveguide assembly included in the circulator comprises a magnetic circuit having one or more magnetic members, one or more pole assemblies, and one or more ferrite members. A magnetic field is generated throughout the magnetic circuit, including within one or more ferrite members, via one or more magnetic members. The magnetic field within the ferrite members functions to polarize (or bias) the ferrite members. The embodiments include precisely controlling the shape and / or uniformity of the magnetic field within the magnetic circuit, including one or more ferrite members, by varying the magnetoresistance depending on the position within one or more pole assemblies. That is, in the embodiments, the uniformity of the magnetic flux density throughout the ferrite members is improved by the design and arrangement of the pole assemblies. More specifically, the improvement of magnetic flux density uniformity (within the ferrite member) is achieved by spatially varying the magnetoresistance within the pole assembly. This spatial variation of magnetoresistance within the pole assembly is primarily achieved by spatially varying the magnetoresistance of one or more pole members included in the pole assembly.

[0013] A pole assembly may include one or more pole members. A pole member may be a 3D object, such as, for example, a cylindrical disk (e.g., cylindrical or elliptical). While embodiments are not thus limited, other 3D features may be envisioned for pole members, such as, for example, a sphere, an ellipsoid, a parallelepiped, or other such features. A pole member may have an irregular shape. The aspect ratio of a cylindrical (cylindrical or elliptical) disk may be defined as the ratio of the vertical height (or thickness) of the cylindrical disk to its diameter (or the major or minor axis of an elliptical disk). In various embodiments, a cylindrical disk may have an aspect ratio of less than 1.0. In some embodiments, the aspect ratio of a cylindrical disk may be significantly less than 1.0.

[0014] Changes in the magnetoresistance of a pole assembly can be achieved by spatially varying at least one of the shape or permeability of the pole member, depending on its position on the surface of the pole member. For example, the shape of a cylindrical disk pole member (e.g., the shape measured from the side contour) can be changed by varying the thickness (e.g., height) of the pole member, depending on its position on the upper (or bottom) surface. The thickness of the pole member can be measured in the vertical direction. Note that in various embodiments, the vertical direction can be defined as substantially parallel to the primary direction of the magnetic field (generated by the magnetic member) penetrating the volume of the pole member. That is, the vertical direction defining the thickness of the pole member is primarily aligned with the magnetic dipole of the magnetic member when both the magnetic member and the pole member are placed in the magnetic circuit of a waveguide. The thickness (or shape) of the pole member can be changed by various discrete objects contained on the upper and / or bottom of the pole member, e.g., voids (e.g., perforations), etchings, depressions, protrusions, etc., on one or more surfaces of the pole member, without limitation. For example, the thickness of the pole member may be 0.0 in the location of a void (e.g., a hole), while the thickness of the pole member may be non-zero in the location of no void. Etching may be produced via an electrochemical etching process. Various discrete objects may have uniform or non-uniform geometric shapes. The patterning of the discrete object may be regular and / or symmetrical around one or more axes of rotation and / or reflection. In other embodiments, the patterning of the discrete object may be irregular and / or asymmetrical. In some embodiments, the thickness may vary at least to some extent continuously due to a continuous gradient in the thickness of the pole member.

[0015] The magnetic susceptibility of the pole member can similarly change discretely and / or continuously. For example, the pole member can be composed of a plurality of materials each having a distinct magnetic susceptibility. By changing the various arrangements of the distinct materials, the magnetic susceptibility of the pole member can vary according to the position within the pole member. A pole member composed of a plurality of materials can be referred to as a composite pole member. Similar to the spatial variation in the shape of the pole member, the spatial variation in the magnetic permeability of the pole member can be symmetric or asymmetric. The spatial variations in both the shape (e.g., thickness) and magnetic permeability can be combined within a single pole member.

[0016] Spatially varying the shape and / or magnetic permeability of the pole member can be described as a gradient in the pole member. The gradient can be a thickness gradient in that the thickness of the pole member varies spatially. The gradient can be a magnetic permeability gradient in that the thickness of the pole member varies spatially. Note that both the thickness gradient and the magnetic permeability gradient can be continuous gradients or discontinuous gradients. Examples of discontinuous gradients can include, for example and without limitation, various discrete objects such as voids, indentations, and protrusions on one or more surfaces of the pole member.

[0017] By spatially varying the magnetic resistance of the pole member, the non-uniformities associated with one or more magnets (of a magnetic circuit) can be compensated for. That is, the deviation from the magnetic field non-uniformity can be compensated for by the spatial variation in the magnetic permeability and / or shape (e.g., thickness) of the pole member. When there is a pole member in which the magnetic permeability and / or thickness varies spatially, the non-uniform magnetic field generated by one or more magnets is shaped to be sufficiently uniform across the entire ferrite member, and signal routing and / or insulation becomes accurate.

[0018] The circulator of the embodiment includes a waveguide assembly that functions as a waveguide having non-reciprocal behavior. The waveguide assembly includes at least one magnet (e.g., a magnetic member), at least one pole assembly (e.g., including at least one pole member), and at least one ferrite member. The magnet, pole assembly, and ferrite member form a magnetic circuit within the waveguide assembly. When the magnetic field of the magnet is applied, the ferrite member is polarized (or biased). When an input EM signal interacts with the polarized ferrite member, the signal is affected by Faraday rotation. Faraday rotation essentially rotates the polarization plane of the EM signal (e.g., a 45° rotation). Through the waveguide (e.g., a resonator, or a transmission line, etc.) and the rotation of the polarization plane, the circulator provides non-reciprocal transmission of the EM signal. Due to the deviation from a uniform magnetic field, the ability of the ferrite material to cause an accurate Faraday rotation with respect to the polarization plane of the EM signal is reduced. Thus, the non-reciprocal signal routing and signal insulation capabilities of the circulator are reduced by the non-uniform magnetic field.

[0019] The pole member (or pole piece) is included in one or more pole assemblies. The one or more pole assemblies are disposed near one or more magnets (e.g., permanent magnets) within the waveguide assembly. The pole member is composed of a high-permeability material that helps to shape the magnetic field generated by the magnet. To accurately control the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field within the ferrite member and throughout the magnetic circuit, and to ensure the desired shape and / or uniformity of the magnetic field, the shape and / or permeability of the pole assembly can be spatially varied. By spatially varying the shape and / or permeability of the pole member, when the pole assembly is disposed within the magnetic circuit, the magnetic resistance within the pole member (and thus the pole assembly) can vary spatially. By spatially varying the magnetic resistance of one or more member pieces by the pole assembly (depending on the position), the resulting shape and / or uniformity of the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field can be accurately controlled within the magnetic circuit including within the ferrite member.

[0020] Generally, a circulator is a passive electronic device with three (or more) signal ports (or signal terminals). A circulator is designed to deterministically route an input electromagnetic signal (e.g., a μ-wave signal or RF signal) from one of its ports to another. Circulators typically operate on the principle of non-reciprocity, meaning the signal flow is asymmetrical between ports. For example, in a three-port (or three-terminal) circulator, the ports may be labeled port 1, port 2, and port 3. When a signal is assigned to port 1, the circulator allows the signal to pass through port 2, but maintains high isolation between port 2 and port 3. This means the signal can flow from port 1 to port 2, but is effectively blocked from reaching port 3. When a signal is assigned to port 2, the circulator routes the signal to port 3 while maintaining high isolation between port 1 and port 3. Thus, the signal can proceed from port 2 to port 3, but is isolated and prevented from reaching port 1. A key characteristic of a circulator is its ability to provide isolation between ports. This means that signals entering one port are virtually prevented from leaking into other ports or interfering with other signals. The degree of isolation determines the effectiveness of signal isolation. The circulators of the embodiments can be used in quantum computing systems. However, embodiments are not limited in this way, and the circulators disclosed herein can be used in a variety of applications, including, for example, radar systems, telecommunications networks, satellite communications, and other RF and / or μ-wave systems. The various circulators disclosed herein help control the flow of signals, prevent signal reflections, and improve the overall performance of the system by reducing interference and isolating various components within the system. While the overall discussion focuses on three-port circulators, embodiments are not limited in this way and can be easily extended to circulators having four or any number of ports.

[0021] The embodiment relates to a ferrite circulator. A ferrite circulator requires a uniform magnetic field to provide accurate signal routing and signal isolation. The presence of a uniform magnetic field is essential for the ferrite material to function within the circulator. The ferrite component is composed of a ferrite material, such as an iron oxide compound, for example, not limited to this. The ferrite material may exhibit a property known as "rotational magnetic resonance" or "ferrimagnetic resonance." That is, the ferrite material can absorb and emit microwave energy under the influence of a magnetic field. To enable the aforementioned non-reciprocal behavior of the circulator, a bias magnetic field is applied to the ferrite material within the circulator. The bias magnetic field may be provided by a magnetic component. This magnetic field aligns the magnetic moments within the ferrite component, enabling the desired rotational magnetic resonance behavior. The uniformity of this magnetic field is crucial for the consistent, predictable, non-reciprocal behavior of the circulator.

[0022] When an EM signal enters the waveguide assembly of the circulator, the signal interacts with the ferrite material (via EM force). A uniform magnetic field allows the ferrite material to absorb some of the signal's energy and re-emit it in a specific direction (e.g., via Faraday rotation of the signal's polarization plane). Non-reciprocal behavior ensures that the signal is routed to a suitable output port while minimizing reflections and interference between multiple signals to and / or provided by various ports. The pole members of the embodiment control the distribution of the magnetic field (e.g., shape and uniformity). That is, by spatially varying the shape and permeability of the pole members, the pole members shape and concentrate the magnetic field within the ferrite material.

[0023] Aspects of this disclosure offer several technical effects and advantages. For example, pole members (pole members with varying gradients) help direct and focus the magnetic field within the ferrite material. This can lead to the magnetic field being concentrated in a desired region, resulting in optimized circulator performance. The pole members of the embodiments provide improved signal isolation. By spatially varying the shape and / or permeability of the pole members, the pole members can enhance the isolation between the input and output ports of the circulator. By directing the magnetic field in a specific way, the pole members suppress undesirable signal reflections and improve the insulation performance of the circulator. The pole members of the embodiments help reduce magnetic field leakage, which can lead to losses in the circulator. By shaping and inducing the magnetic field, the pole members help reduce or minimize magnetic field leakage to the outside of the ferrite material, resulting in reduced insertion losses and improved overall efficiency. By spatially varying the shape and / or permeability of the pole members, the operating bandwidth of the circulator can be increased (or decreased as needed within a particular application of the circulator). Therefore, the pole members of the embodiment improve the performance characteristics of the circulator (and other non-reciprocal devices), such as insulation, insertion loss, efficiency, and bandwidth, for example, not limited to these.

[0024] Figure 1 shows an exemplary quantum computing system 100. System 100 is an embodiment of a system of one or more classical computers and / or quantum computing devices in one or more locations, and the embodiment may implement the systems, components, and techniques described below. Those skilled in the art will understand that other quantum computing devices or systems can be used with the disclosures provided herein without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0025] System 100 includes quantum hardware 102 that communicates data with one or more classical processors 104. The classical processors 104 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in one or more memory devices to perform operations such as any of the operations described herein. The quantum hardware 102 includes components for performing quantum computation. For example, the quantum hardware 102 includes a quantum system 110, a control device(s) 112, and a readout device(s) 114 (e.g., a readout resonator(s)). The quantum system 110 may include one or more multi-level quantum subsystems, such as registers for qubits (e.g., qubit 120). In some embodiments, the multi-level quantum subsystems may include superconducting qubits such as flux qubits, charge qubits, transmon qubits, gmon qubits, and spin-based qubits.

[0026] The type of multi-level quantum subsystem used by system 100 can vary. For example, in some cases it may be convenient to include one or more superconducting qubits, e.g., transmon, fluxmon, zemon, xmon, or one or more readout devices 114 assigned to other qubits. In other cases, ion traps, photon devices, or superconducting cavities (e.g., states that can be prepared without requiring qubits) may be used. Further examples of realizations of multi-level quantum subsystems include fluxmon qubits, silicon quantum dots, or phosphorus impurity qubits.

[0027] A quantum circuit can be constructed and applied to the registers of qubits contained in the quantum system 110 via a plurality of control lines connected to one or more control devices 112. Exemplary control devices 112 acting on the qubit registers may be used to implement quantum gates, or quantum circuits having multiple quantum gates, such as Pauli gates, Hadamard gates, controlled NOT (CNOT) gates, controlled phase gates, T gates, multi-qubit quantum gates, or coupler quantum gates. One or more control devices 112 may be configured to act on the quantum system 110 via one or more respective control parameters (e.g., one or more physical control parameters). For example, in some embodiments, the multi-level quantum subsystem may be superconducting qubits, and the control device 112 may be configured to provide control pulses to the control lines that generate a magnetic field to adjust the frequency of the qubits.

[0028] The quantum hardware 102 may further include a readout device 114 (e.g., a readout resonator). Measurement results 108 obtained via the measurement device may be provided to a classical processor 104 for processing and analysis. In some embodiments, the quantum hardware 102 may include quantum circuits, and control devices 112 and readout devices 114 may implement one or more quantum logic gates, which are actuated to the quantum system 110 by physical control parameters (e.g., microwave pulses) transmitted via wires included in the quantum hardware 102. A further embodiment of the control device includes an arbitrary waveform generator, and a DAC (digital-to-analog converter) generates the signal.

[0029] The readout device(s) 114 may be configured to perform quantum measurements in the quantum system 110 and transmit the measurement results 108 to the classical processor 104. Furthermore, the quantum hardware 102 may be configured to receive data from the classical processor 104 specifying physical control qubit parameter values ​​106. The quantum hardware 102 may use the received physical control qubit parameter values ​​106 to update the actions of the control device(s) 112 and readout device(s) 114 to the quantum system 110. For example, the quantum hardware 102 may receive data specifying a new value representing the voltage intensity of one or more DACs contained within the control device 112, and update the action of the DACs to the quantum system 110 accordingly. The classical processor 104 may be configured to initialize the quantum system 110 to an initial quantum state by, for example, transmitting data to the quantum hardware 102 specifying an initial set of parameters 106.

[0030] In some embodiments, the readout device(s) 114 may measure the state of an element (e.g., a qubit) by utilizing the impedance difference between the |0〉 and |1〉 states of an element of a quantum system, such as a qubit. For example, due to the nonlinearity of the qubit, the resonant frequency of the readout resonator may be different when the qubit is in state |0〉 or state |1〉. Thus, the microwave pulses reflected from the readout device(s) 114 transmit amplitude and phase shifts corresponding to the qubit state. In some embodiments, a parcel filter may be used in conjunction with the readout device(s) 114 to obstruct microwave propagation at the qubit frequency.

[0031] In some embodiments, the quantum system 110 may include a plurality of qubits 120 arranged, for example, in a two-dimensional grid 122. For clarity, the two-dimensional grid 122 depicted in Figure 1 includes 4x4 qubits, but in some embodiments, the quantum system 110 may include fewer or more qubits. In some embodiments, the plurality of qubits 120 may interact via a plurality of qubit couplers, for example, a qubit coupler 124. The qubit coupler can define the nearest neighbor interaction between the plurality of qubits 120. In some embodiments, the strength of the plurality of qubit couplers is a tunable parameter. In some cases, the plurality of qubit couplers included in the quantum computing system 100 may be couplers with a fixed coupling strength.

[0032] In some embodiments, the multiple qubits 120 may include data qubits such as qubit 126 and measurement qubits such as qubit 128. Data qubits are qubits involved in calculations performed by the system 100. Measurement qubits are qubits that can be used to determine the results of calculations performed by the data qubits. That is, during calculations, the unknown state of the data qubits is communicated to the measurement qubits using appropriate physical calculations and measured by appropriate measurement calculations performed on the measurement qubits.

[0033] In some embodiments, each of the multiple qubits 120 may operate using its own operating frequency, such as an idling frequency and / or interaction frequency and / or read frequency and / or reset frequency. The operating frequency may vary from qubit to qubit. For example, each qubit may idle at a different operating frequency. The operating frequency of qubit 120 may be selected before the calculation is performed.

[0034] Figure 1 shows an example of a quantum computing system that may be used to carry out the methods and operations according to exemplary embodiments of this disclosure. Other quantum computing systems may be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0035] Figure 2A shows schematic diagrams of exemplary circulators 200 according to various embodiments. The diagram of the circulator 200 in Figure 2A is a top view. The circulator includes a first terminal 202 (or first port), a second terminal 204 (or second port), and a third terminal 206 (or third port), as well as a waveguide assembly 210. Details of the waveguide assembly 210 will be discussed in conjunction with Figure 2B. However, briefly stated here, the waveguide assembly 210 is constructed to produce non-reciprocal behavior of the circulator 200.

[0036] The clockwise arrows in Figure 2A are provided to illustrate the non-reciprocal behavior of the circulator 200. The non-reciprocal behavior of the circulator 200 includes the second terminal 204 supplying the first signal as an output signal in response to the first signal being supplied as an input signal to the first terminal 202. The non-reciprocal behavior of the circulator 200 further includes the third terminal 206 supplying the first signal as an output signal in response to the first signal being supplied as an input signal to the second terminal 204. Furthermore, the non-reciprocal behavior of the circulator 200 includes the first terminal 202 supplying the first signal as an output signal in response to the first signal being supplied as an input signal to the third terminal 206.

[0037] Figure 2B shows exploded views of the waveguide assembly 210 of Figure 2A according to various embodiments. The exploded views of the waveguide assembly 210 in Figure 2B are side views (for example, side views rotated 90° from the top view of Figure 2A). The waveguide assembly 210 includes an upper waveguide subassembly 220, a lower waveguide subassembly 240, and a waveguide member 226 (e.g., a strip wire) positioned between the upper waveguide subassembly 220 and the lower waveguide subassembly 240. An upper shield 212 is positioned above the upper waveguide subassembly 220. A lower shield 214 is positioned below the lower waveguide subassembly 240. The upper shield 212 and the lower shield 214 may be magnetic shields.

[0038] The upper waveguide subassembly 220 includes an upper magnet 222 (e.g., an upper magnetic member), an upper ferrite member 224, and an upper pole assembly 230 positioned perpendicularly between the upper magnet 222 and the upper ferrite member 224. Similarly, the lower waveguide subassembly 240 may include a lower magnet 242 (e.g., a lower magnetic member), a lower ferrite member 244, and a lower pole assembly 250 positioned perpendicularly between the lower magnet 242 and the lower ferrite member 244. Thus, the waveguide assembly 210 may exhibit perpendicular symmetry when reflecting off the plane of the waveguide member 226. In some embodiments, the upper magnet 222 and the lower magnet 242 may be permanent magnets. In other embodiments, the upper magnet 222 and the lower magnet 242 may be electromagnets.

[0039] Various embodiments of the upper pole assembly 230 and the lower pole assembly 250 consist of one or more pole members. In the non-limiting embodiment shown in Figure 2B, each of the upper magnet 222, upper pole assembly 230, upper ferrite member 224, lower ferrite member 244, lower pole assembly 250, and lower magnet 242 may be described as a cylindrical disk. Thus, in addition to symmetry with respect to the horizontal plane, the waveguide assembly may have overall rotational symmetry with respect to a perpendicular dashed line. However, as will be discussed below, the pole members may not have rotational symmetry due to their shape (e.g., thickness) and / or permeability.

[0040] Figures 3A to 6B show various embodiments of the pole assembly and pole members. However, briefly, the pole member may be a cylindrical disk (or other such shape) made of one or more high-permeability materials. In some embodiments, the shape of one or more pole members may vary spatially (e.g., one or more disturbances from the cylindrical disk). For example, the thickness of the pole member may vary depending on its position on the upper (or lower) surface of the cylindrical disk. Additionally and / or alternatively, the magnetic susceptibility of the pole member may vary depending on its position on the upper (or lower) surface of the cylindrical disk. Spatial variation of the pole member can be achieved by manufacturing the pole member, such as a composite pole member, from multiple materials with different permeability.

[0041] A spatial variation in the shape (e.g., thickness) of an electrode member can be a shape / thickness gradient, while a spatial variation in the permeability of an electrode member can be a permeability gradient. The gradient can be continuous or discontinuous. Some gradients may include a regular pattern and / or have one or more directions of symmetry (e.g., a symmetric gradient). Other gradients may be irregular and / or asymmetric. None of the spatial variations (or gradients) of shape / thickness and / or permeability shown in Figures 3A to 6B are intended to be limiting. One or more electrode members can be manufactured to essentially have any spatial variation (or gradient) of thickness and / or permeability necessary to increase the uniformity of a particular magnetic field.

[0042] Figures 3A to 3F show top views of various pole members according to embodiments. Figure 3A shows a pole assembly 300 with a pole member 302 according to various embodiments. The pole assembly 300 may be analogous to the upper pole assembly 230 and / or lower pole assembly 250 in Figure 2B. In non-limiting embodiments, the pole member 302 may be molded as a cylindrical (cylindrical or elliptical) cylinder with a relatively low aspect ratio (for example, the aspect ratio of the pole member 302 may be significantly less than 1.0). The pole member 302 may be made of a material with relatively high magnetic permeability. Figure 3A may be a top view (or bottom view) of the pole member 302. The pole member 302 contains a plurality of voids (or holes), such as void 304, through the volume of the pole member 302. The voids (or holes) may include perforations through the volume of the pole member 302. Voids can be boreholes on the upper (or lower) surface of the pole member 302. The patterning of multiple voids shown in Figure 3A is for illustrative purposes only. Depending on the characteristics of the non-uniform magnetic field being formed and / or focused, the shape, size, arrangement, and number of voids may differ from those shown in Figure 3A. Note that Figure 3A is not limiting, and the size of the voids does not need to be uniform. Furthermore, the patterning of the voids (e.g., holes or perforations) may, but does not need to be, symmetrical. Note that the shape of the pole member 302 is spatially varied in that some parts have a positive (finite) thickness, while other parts (e.g., voids 304) have a thickness of 0.0. In Figure 3A, the spatial variation in thickness is depicted discontinuously, but in other embodiments, the spatial variation may be at least somewhat continuous. For example, to create a gradient in the thickness forming the voids, the sidewalls of the voids may be inclined inward or outward.

[0043] Figure 3B shows other pole members 312 according to various embodiments. The pole member 312 may be included in the upper pole assembly 230 and / or lower pole assembly 250 of Figure 2B. The pole member 312 may be similar to the pole member 302 of Figure 3A. However, the pole member 312 has multiple depressions (e.g., depressions 314) rather than multiple voids (e.g., boreholes or perforations). The depressions may be similar to voids, except that they have a depth shorter than the finite vertical thickness of the pole member 312. The depressions may be etched on one or more surfaces of the pole member 312. The etching may be produced via an electrochemical etching process. As with the discussion of Figure 3A, Figure 3B is non-limiting, and the shape, size, arrangement, and configuration of the depressions may differ from those depicted in Figure 3B. For example, the side walls of the depressions may be inclined to provide a gradient in the thickness of the pole member 312. The different styles of line shadows shown in the recesses indicate that the depths of the recesses may vary. Also, in at least some embodiments, one or more of the recesses may be "plugged" with inserts (or plugs) of a material having a different permeability than the material constituting the cylindrical disk (or other 3D shape) of the pole member 312.

[0044] Figure 3C shows yet another pole member 322 according to various embodiments. The pole member 322 may be included in the upper pole assembly 230 and / or lower pole assembly 250 of Figure 2B. The pole member 322 may be analogous to the pole member 302 of Figure 3A and / or the pole member 312 of Figure 3B. However, the pole member 322 does not have voids (e.g., voids in pole member 302) or depressions (e.g., depressions in pole member 312), but rather has a radial gradient 324 depending on the radial component (e.g., polar coordinate system given to the upper surface of pole member 322), as indicated by different styles of line shadows. In some embodiments, the radial gradient 324 may be the radial gradient of the thickness of pole member 322. In other embodiments, the radial gradient 324 may be the radial gradient of the permeability of pole member 322. For example, pole member 322 may be a composite pole member consisting of multiple materials having multiple permeabilities. In some embodiments, the radial gradient 324 is a gradient of both thickness and permeability. The gradient profile of the thickness gradient does not need to be the same as the gradient profile of the permeability gradient. Figure 3C shows discrete leaps in the radial gradient 324, but in other embodiments, the gradient may be at least somewhat continuous.

[0045] Figure 3D shows yet another pole member 332 according to various embodiments. The pole member 332 may be similar to the pole member 322 in Figure 3C. However, the pole member 332 may have an azimuthal gradient 334 with respect to at least one of the thickness or permeability of the pole member 332, rather than a radial contour. In some embodiments, the gradient of the pole member may depend on both the radial and azimuthal components of the polar coordinate system. Figure 3E shows another pole member 342 having a helical gradient 344, the helical gradient 344 with respect to at least one of the thickness and / or permeability of the pole member 342. Figure 3F shows yet another pole member 352 having an asymmetrical gradient 354, the asymmetrical gradient 354 with respect to at least one of the thickness and / or permeability of the pole member 352.

[0046] In contrast to the top views of various embodiments of the pole member shown in Figures 3A to 3F, Figures 4A to 4C show further various embodiments of the pole member from side views rotated 90 degrees from the top views. Figure 4A shows another pole member 402 according to various embodiments. The pole member 402 includes a plurality of protrusions (e.g., protrusions 404) on its upper and lower surfaces. In other embodiments, the protrusions may be included only on either the upper or lower surface of the pole member 402. In Figure 4A, the protrusions are shown in a regular shape, but the protrusions may be irregular in shape and do not need to be uniform. In some embodiments, the side walls of the protrusions may be inclined inward or outward. In various embodiments, the protrusions may be made from the same (or similar) material as the cylindrical disk body of the pole member 402, so that the permeability of the cylindrical disk body and the permeability of the protrusions are the same (or at least similar). In other embodiments, the materials of the protrusions and the cylindrical disk may differ so that the permeability of the protrusions and the permeability of the cylindrical disk are not similar. In yet another embodiment, the material (and therefore the permeability) may vary from protrusion to protrusion. For example, the first protrusion (e.g., protrusion 404) may be made of a different material than the second protrusion.

[0047] Figures 4B and 4C show side views of various continuous thickness gradients of the pole members according to the embodiment. The thickness gradients shown in Figures 4B and 4C are not intended to be limiting, and the pole members may be constructed with other thickness gradients. More specifically, Figure 4B shows side views of various convex pole members according to the embodiment. Figure 4B shows a double convex pole member 412, a plano-convex pole member 422, and a convex meniscus pole member 432. Figure 4C shows side views of various concave pole members according to the embodiment. Figure 4C shows a double concave pole member 442, a plano-concave pole member 452, and a concave meniscus pole member 462.

[0048] Figure 5A shows a pole assembly 500 including a plurality of pole members according to various embodiments. Figure 5A shows an exploded view of the off-angle of the pole assembly 500. More specifically, the pole assembly 500 includes a first pole member 502 and a second pole member 504. In Figure 5A, the first pole member 502 and the second pole member 504 are shown to be similar to the pole member 302 of Figure 3A, but embodiments are not limited in this way, and each of the first pole member 502 and the second pole member 504 may be any of the pole members intended herein. The first pole member 502 may include a first spatial variation in at least one of its shape or permeability. The second pole member 504 may include a second spatial variation in at least one of its shape or permeability. In some embodiments, the first spatial change of the first pole member 502 may be equivalent to (or at least similar to) the second spatial change of the second pole member 504. In other embodiments, the first spatial change of the first pole member 502 may be different from the second spatial change of the second pole member 504.

[0049] As shown in the exploded view of Figure 5A, in the pole assembly 500, the first pole member 502 and the second pole member 504 can be stacked vertically. At least one of the first pole member 502 or the second pole member 504 can be configured to rotate about a vertical rotation axis 506. By changing the relative angle between the first pole member 502 and the second pole member 504 about the rotation axis 506, the spatial variation in the magnetoresistance of the pole assembly 500 can be changed. Thus, by "adjusting" (e.g., rotating) the relative angle between the first pole member 502 and the second pole member 504, the spatial variation in the magnetoresistance of the pole assembly 500 can be "adjusted". Therefore, the pole assembly 500 can be adjusted for specific non-uniformities in the magnetic circuit within the circulator. A circulator including a pole assembly 500 can be calibrated after manufacturing to enable accurate signal routing and isolation by allowing relative rotation of the first pole member 502 and the second pole member 504. In some embodiments, calibration or adjustment of a precision circulator may be performed in situ within a cryogenic chamber. It is not limited to including two pole members in a single pole assembly, and various pole assemblies may include three or more pole members. Such pole assemblies may allow relative rotation between each pair of pole members included in the pole assembly. For example, a pole assembly including two or more pole members, such as pole assembly 500, may be referred to as a composite pole assembly.

[0050] Figure 5B shows various pole assemblies that result in adjustable spatial variations in the magnetic resistance of the pole assembly according to various embodiments. More specifically, Figure 5B shows a first pole assembly 510, a second pole assembly 520, and a third pole assembly 530. Each of the first pole assembly 510, the second pole assembly 520, and the third pole assembly 530 is a composite pole assembly. That is, each of the first pole assembly 510, the second pole assembly 520, and the third pole assembly 530 includes at least a first pole member and a second pole member. Each of the first and second pole members of the pole assembly may be similar to the pole member 302 in Figure 3A in that each pole member may include a plurality of voids (e.g., perforations and / or boreholes). Embodiments are not limited in this way, but as discussed in conjunction with Figure 5A, a composite pole assembly can be constructed with any combination of any pole members among the pole members contemplated herein.

[0051] The pole assembly in Figure 5B is shown in a top view, similar to the pole member diagrams provided in Figures 3A to 3F. Thus, in the top view of Figure 5B, the second pole member in each of the pole assemblies is located below (and therefore barely visible) in Figure 5B. However, as shown in Figure 5A, the spatial variation of the magnetoresistance of the composite pole assembly can be regulated by the relative rotation between the two pole members. Although not clearly shown in Figure 5B, the spatial variation of the permeability of the composite pole assembly can also be regulated through a similar relative rotation of the pole members.

[0052] Figure 6A shows a top view of another pole member 602 having multiple voids. Thus, pole member 602 may be similar to pole member 302 in Figure 3A. However, the voids in Figure 6A may be radial fins (e.g., radial notches), as opposed to bore holes. Figure 6B shows composite pole assemblies according to various embodiments. More specifically, Figure 6B shows a first pole assembly 610 and a second pole assembly 620. Each of the first pole assembly 610 and the second pole assembly 620 may be a composite pole assembly consisting of a first pole member and a second pole member similar to pole member 602 in Figure 6B. As shown in Figure 6B, spatial variation in the thickness of the pole member combination can be adjusted by relative rotation between the pole members.

[0053] Additional Embodiments Some embodiments include a waveguide assembly within a non-reciprocal electronic device. The waveguide assembly may include, for example, a ferrite member, a magnetic member, and a pole assembly, as shown in Figure 2B. The pole assembly, in combination with at least the ferrite member and the magnetic member, forms a magnetic circuit. The pole assembly has a spatial variation in magnetoresistance. This spatial variation in magnetoresistance of the pole assembly results in improved uniformity of magnetic flux across the entire volume of the ferrite member. This improved uniformity of magnetic flux enhances the non-reciprocal properties of the electronic device.

[0054] The electronic device may include, for example, a waveguide assembly, a first port, a second port, and a third port, as shown in Figure 2A. The non-reciprocal characteristic of the electronic device may include the second port supplying the first signal as an output signal in response to the first signal being supplied as an input signal to the first port. The non-reciprocal characteristic of the electronic device may further include the third port supplying the first signal as an output signal in response to the first signal being supplied as an input signal to the second port. The non-reciprocal characteristic of the electronic device may also include the first port supplying the first signal as an output signal in response to the first signal being supplied as an input signal to the third port.

[0055] In some embodiments, the pole assembly includes a first pole member. The first pole member may have spatial variations (e.g., discontinuous or continuous gradients), which result in spatial variations in the magnetoresistance of the pole assembly. Spatial variations in the first pole member may include spatial variations in at least one of the shape (e.g., thickness) or permeability of the first pole member.

[0056] In some non-limiting embodiments, the spatial variation in the shape of the first electrode member includes a plurality of voids located within the volume of the first electrode member (see, for example, Figure 3A). The plurality of voids located within the volume of the first electrode member may include a plurality of perforations across the entire surface of the first electrode member. In some other embodiments, the plurality of voids located within the volume of the first electrode member may include a plurality of depressions located on the surface of the first electrode member, for example, as shown in Figure 3B. In various embodiments, the spatial variation in the shape of the first electrode member includes a plurality of etchings located on the surface of the first electrode member. The plurality of etchings located on the surface of the first electrode member may be generated via an electrochemical etching process.

[0057] In further embodiments, the spatial variation in the shape of the first pole includes, for example, a plurality of protrusions arranged on the surface of the first pole member, as shown in Figure 4. The spatial variation in the shape of the first pole member includes a gradient in the thickness of the first pole member. The gradient in the thickness of the first pole member includes a gradient along the radial direction of the first pole member. The gradient in the thickness of the first pole member may include a gradient along the radial direction of the first pole member, as shown in Figure 3C, for example. The gradient in the thickness of the first pole member may additionally and / or alternatively include a gradient in the thickness along the azimuthal direction of the first pole member, as shown in Figure 3D, for example. In some embodiments, the first pole member is a composite pole member composed of a plurality of materials having distinct permeability. The variation in the permeability of the first pole member is brought about by arranging each of the plurality of materials within the volume of the first pole member.

[0058] In some embodiments, the first pole member is a first cylindrical disk. The spatial variation of the first pole member is a first spatial variation. The pole assembly further comprises a second pole member, which is a second cylindrical disk positioned above the first pole member, as shown, for example, in Figure 5A. The first and second pole members have a common vertical axis of rotation, and the second pole member has a second spatial variation. The first pole member can rotate about the common vertical axis of rotation at a first angle relative to the second pole member. For example, as shown in Figures 5B and 6B, the combination of the first spatial variation of the first pole member and the second spatial variation of the second pole member results in improved uniformity of magnetic flux across the entire volume of the ferrite member. The first pole member can rotate in situ in a cryogenic chamber housing an electronic device.

[0059] Other embodiments include a quantum computing system. The quantum computing system may include a plurality of qubits, a quantum logic circuit (QLC), and a circulator device. The QLC is capable of performing a set of quantum operations on the plurality of qubits. The circulator device is capable of non-reciprocal routing of signals associated with the set of quantum operations. The circulator device may include a ferrite member, a magnetic member, and a pole assembly. The pole assembly, in combination with at least the ferrite member and the magnetic member, forms a magnetic circuit. The pole assembly has a spatial variation in magnetoresistance. The spatial variation in magnetoresistance of the pole assembly results in improved uniformity of magnetic flux across the entire volume of the ferrite member. This improved uniformity of magnetic flux enhances the non-reciprocal properties of the circulator device. The quantum computing system may further include a cryogenic chamber. The plurality of qubits, the QLC, and the circulator device may be arranged within the cryogenic chamber.

[0060] Further embodiments relate to cryogenic systems. A cryogenic system may include a cryogenic chamber and a circulator device disposed within the cryogenic chamber. The circulator device may include a ferrite member, a magnetic member, and a pole assembly. The pole assembly, in combination with at least the ferrite member and the magnetic member, forms a magnetic circuit. The pole assembly has a spatial variation in magnetoresistance. The spatial variation in magnetoresistance of the pole assembly results in improved uniformity of magnetic flux across the entire volume of the ferrite member. This improved uniformity of magnetic flux enhances the non-reciprocal properties of the circulator device. A quantum computing system may further include a cryogenic chamber. Multiple qubits, QLCs, and a circulator device may be disposed within the cryogenic chamber.

[0061] The digital, classical, and / or quantum subjects, as well as embodiments of digital functional operations and quantum operations, described herein may be implemented in digital electronic circuits, appropriate quantum circuits, or, more generally, in quantum computing systems, in tangible implemented digital and / or quantum computer software or firmware, in digital and / or quantum computer hardware including the structures disclosed herein and their structural equivalents, or in one or more combinations thereof. The term “quantum computing system” may include, but is not limited to, quantum computers / computing systems, quantum information processing systems, quantum cryptography systems, or quantum simulators.

[0062] Embodiments of the digital and / or quantum subject matter described herein may be implemented as one or more digital and / or quantum computer programs, i.e., as one or more modules of digital and / or quantum computer program instructions encoded on a tangible, non-temporary storage medium for execution by a data processing device or for controlling the operation of a data processing device. The digital and / or quantum computer storage medium may be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a random or serial access memory device, one or more qubit / qubit structures, or one or more combinations thereof. Alternatively or additionally, the program instructions may be encoded into artificially generated propagating signals (e.g., machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signals) capable of encoding digital and / or quantum information, such propagating signals are generated to encode the digital and / or quantum information for transmission to a suitable receiving device for execution by a data processing device.

[0063] The terms quantum information and quantum data refer to information or data transmitted by and held or stored within a quantum system, the smallest non-trivial system being a qubit, i.e., a system that defines the unit of quantum information. It will be understood that the term “qubit” encompasses all quantum systems that can be appropriately approximated as two-level systems in the corresponding context. Such quantum systems may include, for example, multi-level systems having two or more levels. Examples of such systems may include atoms, electrons, photons, ions, or superconducting qubits. In many embodiments, the computational ground state is identified by the ground state and the first excited state, but it will be understood that other configurations are possible in which the computational state is identified by a higher-level excited state (e.g., a qubit).

[0064] The term “data processing device” refers to digital and / or quantum data processing hardware and encompasses all kinds of devices, machines, and equipment for processing digital and / or quantum data, including, for example, programmable digital processors, programmable quantum processors, digital computers, quantum computers, or multiple digital and quantum processors or computers, and combinations thereof. A device may also be, or further include, a dedicated logic circuit, e.g., an FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array), or an ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit), or a quantum simulator, i.e., a quantum data processing device designed to simulate or generate information about a particular quantum system. Specifically, a quantum simulator is a dedicated quantum computer that does not have the ability to perform general-purpose quantum computations. A device may optionally include, in addition to hardware, code that constructs an execution environment for digital and / or quantum computer programs, e.g., processor firmware, protocol stacks, database management systems, operating systems, or one or more combinations thereof.

[0065] Digital or classical computer programs, which may also be called or described as programs, software, software applications, modules, software modules, scripts, or code, may be written in any form of programming language, including compiled languages ​​or interpreted languages, or declarative languages ​​or procedural languages, and such computer programs may be deployed in any form, including as standalone programs, or as modules, components, subroutines, or other units suitable for use in a digital computing environment. Quantum computer programs, which may also be called or described as programs, software, software applications, modules, software modules, scripts, or code, may be written in any form of programming language, including compiled languages ​​or interpreted languages, or declarative languages ​​or procedural languages, and converted into a suitable quantum programming language, or may be written in a quantum programming language, such as QCL, Quipper, or Cirq.

[0066] Digital and / or quantum computer programs may, but do not necessarily, correspond to files in a file system. A program may be stored in a single file dedicated to the program, as part of a file holding one or more scripts stored in other programs or data, such as a markup language document, or in multiple collaborative files, such as a file containing one or more modules, subprograms, or parts of code. Digital and / or quantum computer programs may be deployed to run on a single digital computer or a single quantum computer, on multiple digital and / or quantum computers located in one place, or on multiple digital and / or quantum computers distributed across multiple locations and interconnected by a digital and / or quantum data communication network. A quantum data communication network is understood to be a network capable of transmitting quantum data using quantum systems, such as qubits. Generally, digital data communication networks cannot transmit quantum data, while quantum data communication networks can transmit both quantum and digital data.

[0067] The processes and logic flows described herein may be carried out by one or more programmable digital and / or quantum computers working with one or more digital and / or quantum processors to execute one or more digital and / or quantum computer programs that function by performing operations on input digital and quantum data to generate outputs as needed. The processes and logic flows may also be carried out by a combination of one or more programmed digital and / or quantum computers and dedicated logic circuits or quantum simulators, such as FPGAs or ASICs, and the apparatus may be implemented in this manner.

[0068] For a system consisting of one or more digital and / or quantum computers or processors to be “configured” or “operable” to perform a particular operation or action means that software, firmware, hardware, or a combination thereof is installed on the system that causes the system to perform that operation or action when it is in operation. For one or more digital and / or quantum computer programs to be configured to perform a particular operation or action means that one or more programs include instructions that, when executed by a digital and / or quantum data processing device, cause the device to perform that operation or action. A quantum computer may receive instructions from a digital computer, and when executed by a quantum computing device, causes the device to perform an operation or action.

[0069] A digital and / or quantum computer suitable for executing digital and / or quantum computer programs may be based on a general-purpose or dedicated digital and / or quantum microprocessor, or both, or any other type of central digital and / or quantum processing unit. Generally, the central digital and / or quantum processing unit receives instructions and digital and / or quantum data from read-only memory, or random-access memory, or a quantum system suitable for transmitting quantum data such as photons, or a combination thereof.

[0070] Some exemplary components of a digital and / or quantum computer are a central processing unit for executing or running instructions, and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and digital and / or quantum data. The central processing unit and memory may be complemented by or incorporated into dedicated logic circuits or quantum simulators. Generally, a digital and / or quantum computer also includes one or more mass storage devices for storing digital and / or quantum data, such as magnetic disks, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks, or quantum systems suitable for storing quantum information, or is operablely connected to receive digital and / or quantum data from or transfer digital and / or quantum data to or both. However, a digital and / or quantum computer is not required to have such devices.

[0071] Digital and / or quantum computer-readable media suitable for storing digital and / or quantum computer program instructions and digital and / or quantum data include all forms of non-volatile digital and / or quantum memory, media, and memory devices, which include, for example, semiconductor memory devices (e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices), magnetic disks (e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks), magneto-optical disks, CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks, and quantum systems (e.g., trapped atoms or trapped electrons). Quantum memory is understood to be a device capable of storing quantum data for long periods with high fidelity and efficiency, such as an optical-matter interface that uses light for transmission and matter for storing and preserving quantum features of quantum data, such as superposition or quantum coherence.

[0072] Control of the various systems or parts thereof described herein may be implemented in digital and / or quantum computer program products, which include instructions stored in one or more tangible, non-temporary, machine-readable storage media and executable on one or more digital and / or quantum processing devices. The systems or parts thereof described herein may each be implemented as apparatus, methods, or electronic systems that include one or more digital and / or quantum processing devices and a memory for storing executable instructions for performing the operations described herein.

[0073] This specification includes details of many specific embodiments, but these should not be construed as limiting the scope of claims, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to a particular embodiment. Certain features described herein in the context of a separate embodiment may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments, separately or in any preferred partial combination. Furthermore, features described above as functioning in a particular combination may even be initially claimed as such, but one or more features in the claimed combination may be removed from the combination in some cases, and the claimed combination may cover a partial combination or a variation of a partial combination.

[0074] Similarly, while the diagrams show operations in a specific order, this should not be understood as meaning that such operations must be performed in a specific or sequential order shown, or that all exemplified operations must be performed, in order to achieve the desired result. In certain situations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Furthermore, the separation of various system modules and components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as meaning that such separation is necessary in all embodiments, and the described program components and systems may typically be integrated into a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.

[0075] Specific embodiments of the subject matter have been described. Other embodiments are also within the scope of the claims below. For example, the actions enumerated in the claims can still achieve the desired results even if they are performed in a different order. As an example, the process depicted in the accompanying drawings does not necessarily require the specific order or sequence shown to achieve the desired results. In some cases, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous.

Claims

1. A waveguide assembly in a non-reciprocal electron device, wherein the waveguide assembly is Ferrite material and Magnetic material and Pole assembly and The pole assembly is combined with at least the ferrite member and the magnetic member to form a magnetic circuit, and the pole assembly has a spatial variation in magnetoresistance that results in improved uniformity of magnetic flux throughout the entire volume of the ferrite member, and the improvement in the uniformity of magnetic flux results in non-reciprocal behavior of the electronic device. Waveguide assembly.

2. The aforementioned electronic device The waveguide assembly and, The first port and The second port and The third port and The electronic device is equipped with the non-reciprocal behavior of the electronic device, In response to the first signal being supplied as an input signal to the first port, the second port supplies the first signal as an output signal, In response to the supply of the first signal as an input signal to the second port, the third port supplies the first signal as an output signal, In response to the supply of the first signal as an input signal to the third port, the first port supplies the first signal as an output signal, A waveguide assembly according to claim 1, comprising:

3. The waveguide assembly according to claim 1, wherein the pole assembly comprises a first pole member having a spatial variation that causes the spatial variation in the magnetoresistance of the pole assembly.

4. The waveguide according to claim 3, wherein the spatial change of the first pole member includes a spatial change in at least one of the shape or permeability of the first pole member.

5. The waveguide assembly according to claim 4, wherein the spatial variation in the shape of the first electrode member includes a plurality of voids arranged within the volume of the first electrode member.

6. The waveguide assembly according to claim 5, wherein the plurality of voids arranged within the volume of the first electrode member include a plurality of perforations extending across the entire surface of the first electrode member.

7. The waveguide assembly according to claim 5, wherein the plurality of voids arranged within the volume of the first electrode member include a plurality of depressions arranged on the surface of the first electrode member.

8. The waveguide assembly according to claim 4, wherein the spatial variation in the shape of the first electrode member includes a plurality of etchings arranged on the surface of the first electrode member.

9. The waveguide assembly according to claim 8, wherein the plurality of etchings arranged on the surface of the first electrode member are generated by an electrochemical etching process.

10. The waveguide assembly according to claim 4, wherein the spatial variation in the shape of the first pole includes a plurality of protrusions arranged on the surface of the first pole member.

11. The waveguide assembly according to claim 4, wherein the spatial variation in the shape of the first pole member includes a gradient in the thickness of the first pole member.

12. Waveguide assembly according to claim 11, wherein the gradient of the thickness of the first pole member includes a gradient along the radial direction of the first pole member.

13. Waveguide assembly according to claim 11, wherein the gradient of the thickness of the first pole member includes a gradient of the thickness along the azimuthal direction of the first pole member.

14. The waveguide assembly according to claim 4, wherein the first pole member is a composite pole member composed of a plurality of materials having different permeability, and the change in the permeability of the first pole member is brought about by arranging each of the plurality of materials within the volume of the first pole member.

15. The first pole member is a first cylindrical disk, the spatial variation of the first pole member is a first spatial variation, and the pole assembly is further, The present invention comprises a second pole member, the second pole member being a second cylindrical disk positioned on the first pole member such that the first pole member and the second pole member share a common vertical axis of rotation, and the second pole member has a second spatial variation. Waveguide assembly according to claim 4.

16. Waveguide assembly according to claim 15, wherein the first pole member rotates at a first angle with respect to the second pole member about a common vertical axis of rotation such that the combination of the first spatial change of the first pole member and the second spatial change of the second pole member results in the improvement of the uniformity of the magnetic flux over the entire volume of the ferrite member.

17. The waveguide assembly according to claim 16, wherein the first electrode member rotates in situ within a cryogenic chamber housing the electronic device.

18. A quantum computing system, Multiple qubits, A quantum logic circuit (QLC) capable of executing a set of quantum operations on the plurality of qubits, A circulator capable of non-reciprocally routing signals related to the aforementioned set of quantum operations, The circulator device is equipped with, Ferrite material and Magnetic material and Pole assembly and The pole assembly is combined with at least the ferrite member and the magnetic member to form a magnetic circuit, and the pole assembly has a spatial variation in magnetoresistance that results in improved uniformity of magnetic flux throughout the entire volume of the ferrite member, and the improvement in the uniformity of magnetic flux results in non-reciprocal behavior of the circulator device. Quantum computing system.

19. The quantum computing system according to claim 18, further comprising a cryogenic chamber, wherein the plurality of qubits, the QLC, and the circulator device are arranged within the cryogenic chamber.

20. It is a cryogenic system, Cryogenic chamber and A circulating device placed inside the cryogenic chamber, The circulator device is equipped with, Ferrite material and Magnetic material and Pole assembly and The pole assembly is combined with at least the ferrite member and the magnetic member to form a magnetic circuit, and the pole assembly has a spatial variation in magnetoresistance that results in improved uniformity of magnetic flux throughout the entire volume of the ferrite member, and the improvement in the uniformity of magnetic flux results in non-reciprocal behavior of the circulator device. Cryogenic systems.

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