Method and system for timing synchronization in a cellular network - Patents.com

Abstract

An aggregation cell of a cellular network includes multiple distributed modular cells. The modular cells each include a cellular radio and collectively perform the functions of a cellular base station. A distributed clock is established by transmitting a timing beacon from one or more of the modular cells. Each modular cell receives the timing beacon. Each modular cell that transmits the timing beacon provides a transmit timestamp to a cell controller. Each modular cell that receives the timing beacon provides a receive timestamp to the cell controller. The cell controller schedules signal transmissions from the modular cells based on the transmit and receive timestamps.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to the field of cellular communication systems. [Background technology]

[0002] A cellular communication network typically includes multiple cells. Each cell corresponds to a geographic area. Each cell typically includes a base station. The base station includes a cellular radio. Macrocellular radios are typically mounted outdoors at high locations, such as on the rooftops of buildings. Small cellular radios are typically mounted indoors or at opportunistic mounting locations. The base station provides cellular communication services to user equipment, such as mobile phones, within the geographic area of ​​the cell. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In one embodiment, the method includes transmitting a first timing beacon from a first primary modular cell of the aggregation cell and transmitting a second timing beacon from a second primary modular cell of the aggregation cell. The method includes receiving the first timing beacon at the second primary modular cell and receiving the second timing beacon at the first primary modular cell. The method includes providing a transmission timestamp of the first timing beacon by the first primary modular cell, a transmission timestamp of the second timing beacon by the second primary modular cell, a reception timestamp of the first timing beacon by the second primary modular cell, and a reception timestamp of the second timing beacon by the first primary modular cell to a cell controller of the aggregation cell. The method includes scheduling, with the cell controller, cellular transmissions from the first and second primary modular cells to the user equipment based on the transmission timestamp and the reception timestamp.

[0004] In one embodiment, a method includes managing an aggregation cell including a primary modular cell and a plurality of secondary modular cells with a cell controller and receiving an out-of-band timing signal with the primary modular cell. The method includes transmitting a timing beacon from the primary modular cell including a transmit timestamp indicating a transmission time of the timing beacon from the primary modular cell. The method includes receiving the timing beacon at each of a plurality of secondary cells and generating an individual receive timestamp with each secondary cell indicating a time of receipt of the timing beacon by the secondary modular cell. The method includes providing the transmit timestamp and the receive timestamp to a cell controller and calculating an individual clock offset for each secondary modular cell based on the timing stamps with the cell controller.

[0005] In one embodiment, a media receiving device includes a media receiving circuit configured to receive a media stream and a media output circuit configured to output the media stream to an electronic device for display on the electronic device. The media receiving device includes a modular cell configured to provide cellular communication services to user equipment as part of an aggregation cell. The modular cell is configured to receive a timing signal, output a timing beacon to other modular cells of the aggregation cell based on the timing signal, and provide a transmission timestamp of the timing beacon to a cell controller of the aggregation cell. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0006] [Figure 1] 1 is a block diagram of a cellular communication system according to one embodiment. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an aggregation cell according to one embodiment. [Diagram 3] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a primary modular cell according to one embodiment. [Figure 4] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a media receiving device according to one embodiment. [Diagram 5] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a cell controller according to one embodiment. [Figure 6] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a process for providing cellular communication services according to one embodiment. [Figure 7] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a process for providing cellular communication services according to one embodiment. [Figure 8] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a process for providing cellular communication services according to one embodiment. [Figure 9] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a process for providing cellular communication services according to one embodiment. [Figure 10] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a process for providing cellular communication services according to one embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0007] 1 is a block diagram of a cellular communication system 100 according to one embodiment. The cellular communication system 100 includes an aggregation cell 102, a cell controller 104, and an out-of-band timing source 106. The aggregation cell 102 includes one or more modular cells 107. There are two types of modular cells: a primary modular cell 108 and a secondary modular cell 110. The components of the cellular communication system 100 may cooperate to provide a cellular communication network. The cellular communication network may enable communication between user equipment such as mobile phones, tablets, laptop computers, and other electronic devices.

[0008] In one embodiment, the aggregation cell 102 provides cellular communication services to authorized user equipment within a geographic area covered by the aggregation cell 102. The user equipment may include mobile phones, tablets, or other cellular-enabled electronic devices. Although only a single aggregation cell 102 is illustrated in FIG. 1, in practice, the cellular communication system 100 may include multiple aggregation cells, each configured to provide cellular communication services to user equipment within a geographic area corresponding to the cell.

[0009] The aggregation cell 102 includes multiple distributed modular cells 107 each communicating with a user equipment. The modular cells 107 correspond to relatively small, low-power cellular radios compared to the cellular radios of a traditional base station. The modular cells 107 are distributed throughout the geographic area of ​​the aggregation cell 102. The modular cells 107 and the cell controller 104 collectively perform the role of a single large cellular radio of a traditional macrocell base station.

[0010] A single aggregation cell, or modular cell 107, composed of multiple smaller radios comes with various challenges. One particular challenge is managing clock distribution among the various modular cells 107. Timing of signals between the various modular cells 107 and user equipment may require timing resolution on the order of a few nanoseconds. While conventional base station radios may establish clocks based on GPS synchronized oscillators, in an aggregation cell 102, many of the secondary modular cells 110 may not have GPS receivers. Furthermore, the primary modular cell 108 may be located indoors and may not be able to reliably receive a GPS signal to synchronize its internal real-time clock.

[0011] In one embodiment, multiple modular cells 107 of an aggregation cell 102 may communicate simultaneously with a single user equipment. In particular, multiple modular cells 107 may provide the same data packet to a single user equipment to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the data packet received by the user equipment. The multiple modular cells 107 may be at various distances from the user equipment and from each other. The speed of light is approximately 0.3 m / ns. Thus, if the timing of signal arrival is expected to be accurate to within a few nanoseconds, the relative distance and timing of signal transmission greatly affect whether additive signal reception is achieved. To achieve an additive effect of the same data packet arriving at the user equipment for multiple modular cells 107, the tolerance of the timing difference in the arrival of data packets from multiple sources may be very small. For example, in a 5G cellular communication system, the tolerance of the timing difference may be on the order of tens of nanoseconds. If data packets arrive at the user equipment with a time interval greater than the tolerance, not only is the additional benefit lost, but disruptive effects may occur that may render the user equipment unable to decipher the data packets. Therefore, it is highly beneficial to schedule the transmission of data packets from multiple modular cells 107 within tight tolerances.

[0012] In one embodiment, the modular cells 107, the cell controller 104, and the out-of-band timing source 106 cooperate to establish reliable clock synchronization between the modular cells 107. One or more of the primary modular cells 108 receive a timing signal from the out-of-band timing source 106. One or more of the primary modular cells 108 issue timing beacons to the other modular cells 107 based on the timing signal. The secondary modular cells 110 may also transmit beacons, but these beacons are typically less precisely timed than the primary beacons. Each modular cell 107 that issues a timing beacon reports the time the timing beacon was issued to the cell controller 104. Each modular cell 107 that receives a timing beacon reports the time the timing beacon was received to the cell controller 104. The cell controller 104 determines the relative offset in each modular cell's internal clock based on the transmission and reception times of the timing beacons. The cell controller 104 then schedules signal transmissions from each of the modular cells 107 based on the calculated relative offsets in the internal clocks of the modular cells 107. Further details regarding the out-of-band timing source 106, the transmission and reception of timing beacons, and the functions performed by the cell controller 104 are described below.

[0013] In one embodiment, the modular cells 107 include one or more primary modular cells 108 and one or more secondary modular cells 110. The one or more primary modular cells 108 receive timing signals from an out-of-band timing source 106 and issue timing beacons to the secondary modular cells 110 and to the other primary modular cells 108. In one embodiment, the secondary modular cells 107 do not issue timing beacons. Each primary modular cell 108 reports the transmission time of its timing beacon to the cell controller 104. Each primary modular cell 108 and secondary modular cell 110 reports the reception time of the timing beacon to the cell controller 104.

[0014] In one embodiment, the aggregation cell 102 includes only a single primary modular cell 108. The primary modular cell 108 receives a timing signal from an out-of-band timing source 106 (described in more detail below). The primary modular cell 108 transmits a timing beacon to the secondary modular cells 110. The timing beacon includes a transmission timestamp indicating the time the timing beacon was transmitted. The timestamp is based on the primary modular cell 108's internal clock, which is synchronized with the out-of-band timing source 106. The timing beacon may also include other information about the primary modular cell 108 that transmitted the timing beacon. For example, the timing beacon may include an identification code that identifies the primary modular cell. The timing beacon may include the location of the primary modular cell.

[0015] The primary modular cell 108 may transmit timing beacons in-band or out-of-band. In-band transmission corresponds to transmitting a timing beacon in a frequency band that the aggregation cell 102 uses to communicate with user equipment. Out-of-band transmission corresponds to transmitting a timing beacon on a frequency outside of the frequency band that the aggregation cell 102 uses to communicate with user equipment. More details regarding in-band and out-of-band transmission are provided below.

[0016] After the primary modular cell 108 transmits the timing beacon, the primary modular cell 108 provides metadata to the cell controller 104. The metadata includes a transmission timestamp of the timing beacon, an identification of the primary modular cell 108, and a location of the primary modular cell 108.

[0017] The secondary modular cells 110 receive the timing beacon from the primary modular cell 108. The secondary modular cells 110 may receive the timing beacon in-band or out-of-band. When the secondary modular cells 110 receive the timing beacon, they each provide metadata to the cell controller 104. The metadata may include a receipt timestamp of the timing beacon and an identification of the secondary modular cell 110. The receipt timestamp is based on the internal clock of the secondary modular cell 110.

[0018] The cell controller 104 utilizes the metadata received from the primary modular cell 108 and the secondary modular cell 110 to establish coordinated timing between the primary modular cell 108 and the secondary modular cell 110. In particular, the cell controller 104 may utilize the transmit and receive timestamps associated with the timing beacons to calculate signal latency between the primary modular cell 108 and the secondary modular cell 110. The signal latency may indicate how far apart the primary modular cell 108 and the secondary modular cell 110 are. This information may be utilized by the cell controller 104 to schedule signals from the primary modular cell 108 and the secondary modular cell 110. Thus, the cell controller 104 utilizes the transmit and receive timestamps associated with the timing beacons to establish timing synchronization between the primary modular cell 108 and the secondary modular cell 110.

[0019] In one embodiment, the aggregation cell 102 includes multiple primary modular cells 108 and multiple secondary modular cells 110. The first primary modular cell 108 receives a timing signal from an out-of-band timing source 106. The first primary modular cell 108 transmits a timing beacon to the secondary modular cells 110 and to the other primary modular cells 108 of the aggregation cell 102. The timing beacon includes a transmission timestamp indicating the time the timing beacon was transmitted. The timestamp is based on an internal clock of the first primary modular cell 108 synchronized with the out-of-band timing source 106. The timing beacon may also include other information about the first primary modular cell 108 that transmitted the timing beacon. For example, the timing beacon may include an identification code that identifies the first primary modular cell. The timing beacon may include the location of the first primary modular cell.

[0020] After the first primary modular cell 108 transmits the timing beacon, the first primary modular cell 108 provides metadata to the cell controller 104. The metadata includes a transmission timestamp of the timing beacon, an identification of the first primary modular cell 108, and a location of the first primary modular cell 108.

[0021] The secondary modular cell 110 and the other primary modular cells 108 receive the timing beacon from the first primary modular cell 108. The secondary modular cell 110 and the other primary modular cells 108 may receive the timing beacon in-band or out-of-band. When the secondary modular cell 110 and the other primary modular cells 108 receive the timing beacon, the secondary modular cell 110 and the other primary modular cells 108 each provide metadata to the cell controller 104. The metadata may include a receipt timestamp of the timing beacon, an identification of the secondary modular cell 110 or primary modular cell 108 that receives the timing beacon, and an identification of the first primary modular cell that transmitted the timing beacon. The receipt timestamp is based on an internal clock of the secondary modular cell 110 or primary modular cell 108 that received the timing beacon.

[0022] The second primary modular cell 108 transmits a timing beacon based on the timing signal received from the out-of-band timing source 106. The timing beacon transmitted by the second primary modular cell 108 includes a transmission timestamp based on the internal clock of the second primary modular cell and the out-of-band timing source 106. The timing beacon transmitted by the second primary modular cell 108 may include the same types of data as the timing beacon transmitted by the first primary modular cell 108. The second primary modular cell 108 also provides metadata to the cell controller 104, including the timing beacon transmission timestamp and other types of data, as described above in connection with the first primary modular cell 108.

[0023] The secondary modular cell 110 and the other primary modular cells 108, including the first primary modular cell 108, receive the timing beacon from the second primary modular cell 108. The secondary modular cell 110 and the other primary modular cells 108 each provide metadata to the cell controller 104, including a receipt timestamp and other data as described above in connection with the timing beacon transmitted by the first primary modular cell 108.

[0024] The remaining primary modular cells 108 also transmit timing beacons and provide metadata to the cell controller 104 in the same manner as described above in connection with the first and second primary modular cells 108. All primary modular cells 108 and secondary modular cells 110 that receive the timing beacons provide metadata to the cell controller 104 in the same manner as described above in connection with the first and second primary modular cells.

[0025] The secondary modular cells 110 optionally transmit timing beacons and provide metadata to the cell controller 104 in the same manner as described above in connection with the first and second primary modular cells 108. All primary modular cells 108 and secondary modular cells 110 that receive the timing beacons provide metadata to the cell controller 104 in the same manner as described above in connection with the first and second primary modular cells.

[0026] The cell controller 104 utilizes metadata associated with the transmission and reception of timing beacons to synchronize timing between the primary modular cell 108 and the secondary modular cell 110. The cell controller 104 analyzes the transmission and reception timestamps associated with the timing beacons transmitted from the various primary modular cells 108 to determine the timing offset and relative positions between the various modular cells 107 of the aggregation cell 102. Based on the transmission and reception timestamps associated with the various timing beacons, the cell controller 104 can determine whether and how much the internal clocks of the various secondary modular cells 110 are out of sync with the internal clock of the primary cell 108. Based on the transmission and reception timestamps associated with the various timing beacons, the cell controller 104 can precisely determine the positions of each of the primary modular cell 108 and the secondary modular cell 110. The cell controller 104 can then utilize this information to schedule data transmissions by each of the modular cells 107 to user equipment.

[0027] The cell controller 104 controls overall communications between the modular cells 107 and the user equipment 112 based on timing and location data obtained based on transmission and reception timestamps associated with the timing beacons. The cell controller 104 may determine which modular cells 107 should communicate with the various user equipment 112. For example, if multiple modular cells 107 in an aggregation cell 102 receive signals from a user equipment 112, the cell controller 104 may determine the location of the user equipment 112 and determine which modular cell 107 or modular cells 107 should communicate with the user equipment 112.

[0028] The cell controller 104 controls the timing of signals transmitted by the various modular cells 107. The cell controller 104 may determine that multiple modular cells 107 should transmit the same data packet to a single user equipment 112 in the additive manner described above. The cell controller 104 uses the knowledge gained about the clock offsets of the various modular cells 107 and the relative positions of the various modular cells 107 to schedule the correct transition times of the data packets from each modular cell 107 based on their internal clocks so that the data packets arrive at the user equipment 112 at substantially the same time. Thus, even if the internal clocks of the various modular cells 107 are not synchronized with each other, the cell controller 104 knows the offset between the internal clocks of the various modular cells 107 and takes this into account when providing the transmission times to each modular cell 107 for the data packets. In this way, the cell controller 104 may ensure that an effective cellular communication service is provided to all user equipment 112 communicating with the aggregation cell 102.

[0029] In one embodiment, the cell controller 104 is implemented in a cloud computing environment. Thus, the cell controller 104 may include physical and virtual processing, memory, and data transmission resources that are located or implemented remotely from the modular cells 107 of the aggregation cell 102. The cloud-based cell controller 104 may communicate with the modular cells 107 via the Internet or other networks in conjunction with the cellular communication services provided by the aggregation cell 102.

[0030] In one embodiment, the cell controller 104 is implemented at least in part with computing resources associated with one or more of the modular cells 107. While each modular cell 107 may include one or more transceivers, memory resources, processing resources, and other computing resources associated with cell-to-network communications, at least one of the modular cells 107 may include additional computing resources for implementing the cell controller 104. The computing resources of the cell controller 104 may be housed with other computing resources associated with the cellular communication resources of the modular cells 107. The computing resources of the cell controller 104 may be physically separate from the computing resources associated with the cellular communication resources of the modular cells 107.

[0031] In one embodiment, the cell controller 104 is distributed among multiple modular cells 107. In this case, the computing resources of the cell controller 104 may be distributed among multiple modular cells 107. Further, in one embodiment, the computing resources associated with the cell controller 104 may be distributed between cloud computing resources and computing resources associated with one or more of the modular cells 107. In one embodiment, the cell controller 104 may be implemented with computing resources that are physically located within a geographic area associated with an aggregation cell 102, but are located separately from all of the modular cells 107. Those skilled in the art will recognize in light of this disclosure that there are many ways to implement the cell controller 104 in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

[0032] In one embodiment, the out-of-band timing source 106 is a GPS-based timing source. A GPS-based timing source includes a GPS satellite that issues a timing signal. Thus, the primary modular cell 108 may be positioned to receive timing signals from one or more GPS satellites. The primary modular cell 108 calibrates or synchronizes its internal clock with the timing signal from the GPS satellite. The primary modular cell 108 may then transmit its timing beacon with a timestamp based on the timing signal from the GPS satellite. Multiple primary modular cells 108 may transmit timing beacons based on the GPS timing signal. In this example, the primary modular cell 108 may be positioned outdoors. Alternatively, the primary modular cell 108 may be positioned indoors but coupled to one or more antennas positioned outdoors to receive the GPS timing signal.

[0033] In one embodiment, the out-of-band timing source 106 is a media stream timing source. The media stream timing source may include an MPEG-2 television stream. The MPEG-2 television stream includes highly accurate timing signals for controlling the start and end times of television programs and the start and end times of commercial breaks within the television programs. One or more primary modular cells 108 may be configured to receive timing data from the MPEG-2 television stream and may synchronize their internal clocks with the timing data from the MPEG-2 television stream. In one embodiment, the MPEG transport demultiplexer listens for data with a specific packet identifier (PID). At regular intervals, the headend places MPEG private data on that PID. The interval is, in one example, one second, but other intervals may be used. Because all of the modular cell 107 receivers in an aggregation cell get the data at exactly the same time, the system may tolerate some inaccuracy in the interval, plus or minus a small offset due to time of flight. The transport demultiplexer places the I / Q values ​​of the specified PID in memory along with a timestamp from the internal clock 134. The MPEG decoder recognizes the private data and signals to the FPGA where the I / Q values ​​from the MPEG private data are in memory. The FPGA finds the exact start and end of the MPEG private data in memory and therefore the exact time the private data arrived at the receiver. The modular cells send the exact arrival time of the private data to the cell controller 104. The cell controller 104 may use the arrival time from each modular cell 107 to calculate the relative time offset of each modular cell 107. Other types of television stream timing sources may be utilized without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0034] 2 is a block diagram of a geographical region 118 in which an aggregation cell 102 is implemented according to one embodiment. A number of buildings 120a-120f are located within the geographical region 118. Each building 120a-120f includes a respective media receiving device 122a-b. Each media receiving device 120a-120f includes either a primary modular cell 108a, 108b or a secondary modular cell 110a-110d. The primary modular cells 108a, 108b and the secondary modular cells 110a-110d constitute an aggregation cell 102 that provides cellular communication services to user equipment, such as user equipment 112a, 112b.

[0035] In one embodiment, the media receiving devices 122a-122f are configured to provide video and audio media to residents of the buildings 120a-120f or individuals visiting the buildings 120a-120f. The media receiving devices 122a-122f may provide a television feed, a video streaming feed, an audio streaming feed, a digital recording feed, or other type of audio or video media. The media receiving devices 122a-122f may be coupled via wireless or wired connections to one or more electronic devices including a display, such as a television, a computer monitor, a tablet, a desktop computer, a smartphone, a laptop computer, or other type of electronic device including a display. Alternatively or additionally, the media receiving devices 122a-122f may include their own display. The media receiving devices 122a-122f may provide video media to a display.

[0036] In one embodiment, the media receiving devices 122a-122f are part of a satellite television system. In this case, a separate satellite receiver may be mounted on the exterior of each building 120a-120f. The satellite receiver may be coupled to the media receiving devices 122a-122f by a wired or wireless connection. The satellite receiver may receive satellite television streams from one or more satellites. The satellite receiver provides the satellite television streams to the media receiving devices 122a-122f. The media receiving devices 122a-122f provide content from the satellite television streams to electronic devices that display the media content.

[0037] In one embodiment, the media receiving devices 122a-122f are part of a cable television system. Each of the media receiving devices 122a-122f receives a cable television stream from the cable television system. The media receiving devices 122a-122f provide content from the cable television stream to electronic devices that display the media content.

[0038] In one embodiment, the media receiving devices 122a-122f are set-top boxes of a television provider system or other media provider system.

[0039] Each media receiving device 122a-122f includes a modular cell 107. The modular cells 107 provide cellular communication services to user equipment 112a in the geographic region 118. The modular cells 107 each include one or more cellular radios configured to transmit and receive cellular signals in one or more frequency bands assigned to the aggregation cell 102. The modular cells 107 each include memory and processing resources for providing the cellular communication services. Thus, the media receiving devices 122a-122f include not only computing resources for receiving, processing, and outputting media content, but also the hardware and software resources of the modular cell 107. In one embodiment, each media receiving device 122a-122f may include hardware and software resources that are shared to provide traditional media receiving device functionality and modular cell functionality.

[0040] In the example of FIG. 2, the media receiving devices 122a, 122f include primary modular cells 108a, 108b. The media receiving devices 122b-122e include secondary modular cells 110a-110d. The primary modular cells 108a, 108b function in the manner described for the primary modular cell 108 in relation to FIG. 1. The secondary modular cells 122b-122d function in the manner described for the secondary modular cell 110 in relation to FIG. 1. Although FIG. 2 illustrates an aggregation cell 102 having six modular cells 107, in practice the aggregation cell 102 may include fewer or more than six modular cells. In some cases, the aggregation cell 102 may include more than 100 modular cells 107. 2 illustrates each building including a single media receiving device 122 with a modular cell 107, in reality a single building may include multiple media receiving devices each including a modular cell of the aggregation cell 102. Other buildings within the geographic area 118 may not include any media receiving devices 122 with modular cells 107.

[0041] As described in connection with FIG. 1, the primary modular cells 108a and 108b each receive a timing signal from an out-of-band timing source 106 (see FIG. 1) and broadcast a timing beacon. Each primary modular cell receives the timing beacon broadcast by the other (or others, if there are more than two primary modular cells 108). Each secondary modular cell 110a-110d receives the timing beacon broadcast by the primary modular cells 108a and 108b. The primary modular cells 108a and 108b provide metadata to the cell controller 104 indicating the timestamps at which they broadcast their respective timing beacons. The primary modular cells 108a and 108b, as well as the secondary modular cells 110a-110d provide metadata to the cell controller 104 indicating, among other things, the timestamps at which they received the timing beacons.

[0042] The cell controller 104 uses the timing beacon transmission and reception timestamps, geographic data, and identification data contained in the metadata to determine the relative positions of all of the modular cells 107 and the offsets of their internal clocks. The cell controller 104 uses this information to schedule packet transmissions from the modular cells 107 to the user equipment 112a, 112b.

[0043] In one embodiment, the user equipment 112a and the user equipment 112b are mobile phones carried by users. The mobile phones are configured to receive cellular communication services from the aggregation cell 102. The mobile phones broadcast a signal that can be received by the modular cells 107 of the aggregation cell 102. The signal broadcast by the mobile phones may indicate the identity of the mobile phones and the location of the mobile phones. The modular cells 107 provide this data received from the mobile phones to the cell controller 104. The cell controller 104 may then determine which modular cells 107 should provide cellular communication services to the various mobile phones.

[0044] In one example, the cell controller 104 may determine that the primary modular cell 108a and the secondary modular cell 110c should provide cellular communication services to the user equipment 112a. The cell controller 104 schedules the primary modular cell 108a and the secondary modular cell 110c to provide the same data packets to the user equipment 112. The cell controller 104 schedules each of the primary modular cell 108a and the secondary modular cell 110c with timing selected to ensure that the data packets arrive at the user equipment 112 substantially simultaneously within a timing tolerance. The simultaneous reception of data packets from multiple modular cells 107 increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the data packets received by the user equipment 112a. As a result, fewer data packets will be lost by the user equipment 112a.

[0045] In one example, the cell controller 104 may determine that the primary modular cell 108b and the secondary modular cell 110b should provide cellular communication services to the user equipment 112b. The cell controller 104 may schedule the primary modular cell 108b and the secondary modular cell 110b to provide the same data packets to the user equipment 112b. The cell controller 104 schedules the primary modular cell 108b and the secondary modular cell 110b at a timing selected to ensure that the data packets arrive at the user equipment 112b substantially simultaneously within a timing tolerance. The simultaneous reception of data packets from multiple modular cells 107 increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the data packets received by the user equipment 112b. As a result, fewer data packets will be lost by the user equipment 112b.

[0046] As individuals carrying user equipment 112a, 112b move through a geographic region 118, the cell controller 104 may dynamically update which primary modular cell 107 communicates with each user equipment depending on the location of the user equipment 112a, 112b. Furthermore, in practice, there may be more than two user equipments in the geographic area 118 of the aggregation cell 102 at any given time. The cell controller 104 may manage communications between the modular cells 107 of the aggregation cell 102 and the various user equipments 112 within the geographic area 118 of the aggregation cell 102.

[0047] In one embodiment, the primary modular cells 108 will share a common out-of-band timing or clock source that may have local differences driven by cable lengths, multipath propagation, network topology, and other sources of fixed offsets in the time-of-flight of the clocks and timing signals. In one embodiment, the modular cells 107 and cell controllers 104 calibrate out these local effects on the clocks.

[0048] The out-of-band timing source 106 may include one or more of a GPS, a local atomic clock, a Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS), or other source that provides a clock to one or more primary modular cells. The secondary modular cells 107 receive the timing beacons and set their local internal clocks.

[0049] In one embodiment, when a primary modular cell 108 receives a timing beacon from another primary modular cell, the primary modular cell 108 can calculate the difference between its internal clock and the internal clock of the other primary modular cell. This offset is sent to the cell controller 104 to identify fixed and variable clock offsets between various elements of the aggregation cells 102. The cell controller 104 then configures the offsets into each internal clock. This offset is sent in a timing beacon from each primary modular cell. The secondary modular cells can then use the timing beacon or beacons to set their internal clocks with high fidelity.

[0050] In one embodiment, if there are several primary modular cells 108 in an aggregation cell 102, there is a possibility of collisions when they transmit timing beacons. If the primary modular cells 108 are within a certain distance of each other, and all of their clocks are tightly synchronized, and they transmit their timing beacons at exactly the same time, the secondary modular cells 110 will be able to receive the resulting timing beacons with an increased signal-to-noise ratio. This has a great advantage in determining exactly when the pulses arrive, and therefore in the clock fidelity of the secondary modular cells. Conversely, if the primary modular cells 108 cannot transmit packets at the same time, these packets will interfere with each other. The cell controller 104 has the necessary information to determine whether several timing beacons should be transmitted simultaneously or in a staggered manner. If the timing beacons should be transmitted in a staggered manner, the cell controller 104 may apply a hash value to each primary modular cell 108 in the aggregation cell 102. This hash will configure each primary modular cell source with the exact frequency, modulation and probability of transmitting a timing beacon.

[0051] 3 is a block diagram of the primary modular cell 108 according to one embodiment. The primary modular cell 108 includes an in-band transceiver 130 that transmits and receives cellular communication signals in one or more frequency bands assigned to the aggregation cell 102 of which the primary modular cell 108 is a part. The cellular communication signals may include signals transmitted and received to initially establish communication with the user equipment 112. The cellular communication signals may include data packets transmitted and received to and from the user equipment 112. The data packets may include text data packets, voice data packets, image data packets, audio data packets, video data packets, and other types of data packets typically transmitted over a cellular communication network.

[0052] In one example, the primary modular cell 108 is part of a NewRadio (NR) fifth generation (5G) network operating according to 3GPP standards. In this case, the primary modular cell 108 may be designated to communicate in a frequency band centered at 850 MHz with a bandwidth of 10 MHz. In this case, the in-band transceiver 130 is configured to transmit and receive cellular signals in a frequency band of 10 MHz bandwidth around 850 MHz. Other frequency bands and bandwidths may be utilized without departing from the scope of this disclosure. In one example, the frequency band is centered at 600 MHz.

[0053] In one embodiment, the primary modular cell 108 is configured to transmit and receive a time beacon via the in-band receiver 130. Timing beacons are described in relation to Figures 1 and 2. The primary modular cell 108 may transmit the timing beacon using the in-band transceiver 130 in a frequency band designated for cellular communications within the aggregation cell 102.

[0054] In one embodiment, the primary modular cell 108 includes a cell controller communication module 133. The cell controller communication module 133 is configured to communicate with the cell controller 104. The cell controller communication module 133 may provide data to the cell controller 104 including timing beacon transmission timestamps, timing beacon reception timestamps, identification data associated with the primary modular cell 108, timestamps and identification data associated with the user equipment 112, and implementation scheduling data. The cell controller communication module 133 may also receive packet scheduling data from the cell controller 104 indicating when the primary modular cell 108 should transmit data packets to the various user equipment 112 in communication with the primary modular cell 108. The cell controller communication module 133 may transmit and receive other types of data to and from the cell controller 104. In one example, the secondary modular cell 110 may also transmit timing beacons.

[0055] In one embodiment, the primary modular cell 108 includes an out-of-band transceiver 132. The out-of-band transceiver 132 is configured to transmit and receive radio signals in a frequency band not designated for cellular communications of the aggregation cell 102. In one embodiment, the out-of-band transceiver 132 is configured to transmit and receive timing beacons as previously described in connection with Figures 1 and 2. In one embodiment, the out-of-band transceiver 132 is configured to transmit timing signals in a frequency band that has a longer range than the frequency band of the in-band transceiver 130. This ensures that the timing beacons from the primary modular cell 108 reach all of the other primary modular cells 108 and secondary modular cells 110 of the aggregation cell 102.

[0056] In one embodiment, the out-of-band transceiver 132 transmits and receives signals in a frequency band designated for Long Range Low Power Wireless Area Network (LoRaWAN) communications. For example, the out-of-band transceiver 132 may be configured to transmit and receive signals in a frequency band centered around 915 MHz. Such a frequency band may reliably carry timing beacons to all modular cells 107 within the aggregation cell 102. The out-of-band transceiver 132 may be configured to transmit timing beacons in the LoRaWAN protocol. The out-of-band transceiver 132 may also be configured to receive timing beacons from other primary modular cells 108 in the LoRaWAN protocol and frequency band.

[0057] In one embodiment, the primary modular cell may periodically transmit LoRaWAN packets on a configurable set of frequencies. These frequencies may be in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands or in private bands. These downstream packets may roughly correspond to LoRaWAN beacons. These beacons may contain the same timing metadata as described above, including the exact time the packet was transmitted. The beacons may also contain the exact location of the sender.

[0058] In one embodiment, using LoRaWAN to distribute small cell clocks can be accomplished with extensions used to carry fine-grained transmit times and algorithms used to schedule LoRaWAN packets to ensure that all of the modular cells 107 can hear the beacons. LoRaWAN Class B beacons are typically transmitted on "downstream" ISM frequencies.

[0059] The LoRaWAN standard incorporates a mechanism for extending the beacon, but the specific use of this extension mechanism is not described in the standard. Bytes 3-127 of a standard LoRaWAN beacon are reserved for future use. The primary modular cell 108 may use two bytes of the reserved area for a precise timestamp of when the packet was sent by the transmitter. The timestamp may be a few nanoseconds from the current second when the packet was sent. When a modular cell 107 sends timestamp information to the cell controller 104, the timestamp may include a triplet of its internal clock time, the fine-grained received time of its local clock, and a timestamp included in the timing message. This allows the cell controller 104 to calculate the relative clock offset of each device.

[0060] In one embodiment, each modular cell 107 includes a LoRaWAN client and gateway chip. In this case, the modular cells 107 may use a modified LoRaWAN Class B beacon method to distribute the clock. When a given primary modular cell transmits its beacon, other client chips receiving the modular cell 107 will receive the beacon as normal.

[0061] In one embodiment, the primary modular cell 108 may use a half-duplex gateway chip and may program the gateway to listen for timing beacons from other modular cells 107 whenever the gateway is not configured to transmit timing beacons. This may be accomplished using a field programmable gate array (FPGA) that performs fine-grained time stamping on LoRaWAN packets.

[0062] In one embodiment, the primary modular cell 108 may use a client chipset and may transmit a timing beacon on an upstream frequency. The other modular cells 107 may listen for timing beacons whenever they are not configured to transmit timing beacons. The chipset may only support one frequency at a time. The modular cells 107 may need to be configured with a time-based shared algorithm that generates the pseudo-random frequency to use. All devices in the aggregation cell 102 may use the same algorithm and therefore get the same pseudo-random frequency for each beacon.

[0063] In one embodiment, the secondary modular cell 110 may send upstream packets to the gateway. These upstream packets may include the free-running clock of the secondary modular cell 110. The primary modular cell 108 may receive the upstream packets and accurately timestamp them. The primary modular cell may send two timestamps to the cell controller 104. The cell controller 104 may be able to calculate the drift of the secondary modular cell's clock and send a message to the secondary modular cell to adjust its clock.

[0064] In one embodiment, the cell controller 104 may modify the frequency at which data is transmitted by the secondary modular cells to balance the number of packets transmitted and the target clock accuracy.

[0065] In one embodiment, the primary modular cell 108 includes an internal clock 134 and a timing signal receiver 136. The internal clock 134 includes a very fine resolution real-time clock. The internal clock 134 may include one or more oscillators. The timing signal receiver 136 receives a timing signal from the out-of-band timing source 106. The internal clock 134 utilizes the out-of-band timing signal in conjunction with the one or more oscillators to maintain an accurate real-time clock. The timestamp from the internal clock 134 is used to timestamp all data sent and received by the primary modular cell 108. The speed at which the internal clock 134 runs is periodically adjusted by the cell controller 104 to account for variations in the internal clock 134 and the out-of-band timing source 106.

[0066] In an example where the out-of-band timing source 106 is a GPS timing source, the timing signal receiver 136 is configured to receive GPS signals that include the timing signal. The timing signal receiver 136 may include one or more GPS transceivers or receivers positioned to receive the GPS timing signals. Alternatively, the timing signal receiver 136 may be communicatively coupled to a GPS transceiver and receive the timing signals via the GPS transceiver.

[0067] In an example where the out-of-band timing source 106 is a video stream timing source, the timing signal receiver 136 is configured to receive the instantaneous stream and timing signals derived from the media stream. In an example where the primary modular cell is part of a media receiving device that receives a satellite or cable media stream, the media stream passes through the timing signal receiver 136. The timing signal receiver 136 is configured to extract the timing signal from the cable or satellite media stream. In one example, the media stream is an MPEG-2 transport stream.

[0068] In one embodiment, primary modular cell 108 includes processing resources 140 and memory resources 142. Memory resources 142 include one or more computer-readable media that store software instructions for providing cellular communication services associated with aggregation cell 102. Memory resources 142 may include software instructions for performing various functions associated with primary modular cell 108 as described herein. Processing resources 140 execute instructions stored in one or more computer-readable media of memory resources 142. One or more of the components of primary modular cell 108 may include or be implemented in conjunction with processing resources 140 and memory resources 142.

[0069] In one embodiment, the primary modular cell 108 includes a receiver controller 131 that controls the in-band receiver 130 and other components and functions of the primary modular cell 108. The primary modular cell 108 may also include a packet scheduler 133. Some packet scheduling may be determined by the cell controller 104 and other packet scheduling is determined by the packet scheduler of the primary modular cell 108.

[0070] 3, the secondary modular cell 110 may include the same components, modules, and functions as the primary modular cell 108. However, the secondary modular cell 110 differs from the primary modular cell 108 in that the secondary modular cell 110 does not generate a primary timing beacon, and thus the secondary modular cell 110 may not have a timing signal receiver. However, in some embodiments, the secondary modular cell 110 may also generate a timing beacon.

[0071] 4 is a block diagram of a media receiving device 122 according to one embodiment. The media receiving device 122 includes a media receiving circuit 144, a media processing circuit 146, a media output circuit 148, and a modular cell 107. The media receiving device 122 may further include processing and memory resources separate or distributed from the various components of the aggregation cell.

[0072] The media receiving circuit 144 may include circuitry for receiving an instantaneous stream. The media receiving circuit 144 may include one or more ports for receiving a wired connection that delivers the media stream to the media receiving device 122. The media receiving circuit 144 may include one or more wireless transceivers configured to wirelessly receive the media stream. The media receiving circuit 144 may include a digital signal processor, a digital-to-analog converter, an analog-to-digital converter, or other circuitry that may assist in receiving the media stream. The media stream may include a video stream, an audio stream, a combination of a video stream and an audio stream, a text stream, or other types of streams. The media receiving circuit 144 may include processing, memory, and data transmission resources. The media receiving circuit 144 may include functionality to timestamp the incoming stream in memory, recognize that a trigger has been received, and subsequently examine low-level signals in memory to find the exact start / end of the trigger.

[0073] The media processing circuitry 146 may include circuitry and other computing resources for processing the media streams received by the media receiving circuitry 144. The media processing circuitry 146 may include software and circuitry for converting, compressing, decompressing, or otherwise processing the media streams. The media processing circuitry 146 may include circuitry for extracting timing signals or timing data from the media streams. The media processing circuitry 146 may include processing, memory, and data transmission resources.

[0074] The media output circuit 148 is configured to output the processed media stream. The media output circuit 148 may output the processed media stream to an electronic device external to the media receiving device 122. The media output circuit 148 may include one or more ports for outputting the media stream to an external electronic device via a wired connection. The media output circuit 148 may include one or more wireless transceivers configured to transmit the media stream to the external electronic device. The media output circuit 140 may include a display configured to display the media stream. The media output circuit 148 may include processing, memory, and data transmission resources.

[0075] Modular cell 107 may be a primary modular cell 108 or a secondary modular cell 110 as described in connection with Figures 1-3. Modular cell 107 may receive a timing signal extracted by media processing circuitry 146. Alternatively, modular cell 107 may extract the timing signal from the media stream or from a separate out-of-band timing source 106.

[0076] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a cell controller 104 according to one embodiment. The cell controller 104 includes a modular cell interface 150. The modular cell interface is configured to interface with modular cells 107, such as the primary modular cell 108 and the primary modular cell 110 described in connection with FIGS. 1-4. The modular cell interface 150 may receive metadata from the modular cells 107. The metadata may include schedules for receiving timestamps, timings for transmitting timestamps, geolocation data, device identification codes, or other types of data. The modular cell interface 150 may provide transmission or packet scheduling data or commands to the modular cells 107. Thus, the modular cell interface 150 facilitates communication between the cell controller 104 and the modular cells 107 of the aggregation cells 102.

[0077] In one embodiment, the cell controller 104 includes an analysis system 152. The analysis system 152 analyzes receive timestamps, transmit timestamps, and other types of metadata or data received from the modular cells 107 via the modular cell interfaces 150. In particular, the analysis system 152 may determine the internal clock offsets between the various modular cells 107. The analysis system 152 may determine the relative distances between the various modular cells 107 and the user equipment 112. The analysis system 152 may determine the precise locations of the modular cells 107 and the user equipment. The analysis system 152 may determine the length of the cable connecting the satellite receiver to the modular cell 107 based on the timing offsets, locations, and signal latencies associated with the various modular cells 107.

[0078] In one embodiment, the cell controller 104 includes a packet scheduler 154. The packet scheduler 154 schedules the transmission of packets from the various modular cells 107 to the various user equipment 112 within the geographic area of ​​the aggregation cell 102. The packet scheduler 154 schedules and transmits packets based on timing offsets, signal latencies, distances, geographic locations, and other factors derived by the analysis system 152. The packet scheduler 154 may determine whether multiple modular cells 107 transmit the same data packet to a single user equipment 112 for additive effects. The packet scheduler 154 may schedule other types of transmissions from the modular cells 107. The packet scheduler 154 may also determine which modular cells 107 communicate with which user equipment 112.

[0079] In one embodiment, the cell controller 104 includes an inter-cell communication manager 155 that communicates with neighboring aggregation cells and manages handoffs between the aggregation cells 102 and neighboring aggregation cells. Thus, the inter-cell communication manager 155 manages the transfer of cellular communication services for user equipment entering the geographic area of ​​the aggregation cell 102 from a neighboring aggregation cell or for user equipment exiting the geographic area of ​​the aggregation cell 102 to a neighboring aggregation cell.

[0080] In one embodiment, the primary modular cell 108 includes processing resources 156 and memory resources 158. The memory resources 158 include one or more computer readable media that store software instructions for providing cellular communication services associated with the aggregation cell 102. The memory resources 158 may include software instructions for performing various functions associated with the primary modular cell 108 as described herein. The processing resources 156 execute instructions stored in the one or more computer readable media of the memory resources 158. One or more of the components of the primary modular cell 108 may include or be implemented in conjunction with the processing resources 156 and the memory resources 158. The cell controller 104 may be implemented in the cloud. The cell controller 104 may include virtual processing and memory resources. Alternatively, the controller 104 may be implemented in hardware within the geographic location of the aggregation cell 102.

[0081] Figure 6 is a flow diagram of a method 600 for providing cellular communication services according to one embodiment. Various aspects of the method 600 may be utilized using any of the components, processes, methods, and functions described in connection with Figures 1-5. Additionally, the systems, components, and devices described in connection with Figures 1-5 may utilize the processes described in connection with the method 600.

[0082] At 602, the primary modular cell receives an out-of-band timing signal from an out-of-band timing source. The primary modular cell may generate timing beacon intervals according to a selected protocol. For example, the primary modular cell may transmit one timing beacon every second.

[0083] At 604, the primary modular cell reads its local configuration to determine the transmission timing of the timing beacon. In one example, the transmission time of the timing beacon is at the exact end of the out-of-band timing signal. In one example, the transmission time of the timing beacon is at the time of the in-interval signal. In one example, the transmission time of the timing beacon is at a fixed offset from the out-of-band timing signal or the in-interval signal.

[0084] In one embodiment, at 606, the primary modular cell configures its transceiver to idle at approximately the time of the next timing beacon.

[0085] In one embodiment, the primary modular cell places timing beacon data in the transceiver at the scheduled time, at 608. In one embodiment, the primary modular cell utilizes a fixed duration logic to trigger the transmission of the timing beacon. The timing beacon may include the exact time of transmission, the Mac address of the primary modular cell, the exact location of the primary modular cell, the length of the cable connected to the primary modular cell, and the exact location of the primary modular cell's transceiver antenna.

[0086] In one embodiment, at 610, the secondary modular cell and other primary cells receive the timing beacon. The secondary modular cell and other primary cells may receive the timing beacon through a general packet processing path. All I / Q symbols may include a timestamp. The I / Q symbols are held in memory until a process identifies whether they are timing beacons or not. If a timing beacon is found, a second pass is made through the I / Q symbols looking for a specific portion of the packet, usually the end of the preamble, to read the timestamp associated with the I / Q value and know exactly when the packet was received.

[0087] In one embodiment, at 610, the primary and secondary modular cells send timestamps to the cell controller. The cell controller can associate the time the pulses were sent with the time they were received by each of the primary and secondary modular cells. Using this knowledge in combination with metadata about location and cable length, the cell controller can configure clock offsets in each of the primary and secondary modular cells. The cell controller can also track errors in the clock synchronization of each of the components. The cell controller can determine what level of cell edge control is appropriate.

[0088] Figure 7 is a flow diagram of a method 700 for providing cellular communication services according to one embodiment. Various aspects of the method 700 may be utilized using any of the components, processes, methods, and functions described in connection with Figures 1-6. Additionally, the systems, components, processes, and devices described in connection with Figures 1-6 may utilize the processes described in connection with the method 700.

[0089] At 702, the method 700 includes managing an aggregation cell including a primary modular cell and a plurality of secondary modular cells with a cell controller. At 704, the method 700 includes receiving an out-of-band timing signal with the primary modular cell. At 706, the method 700 includes transmitting a timing beacon from the primary modular cell including a transmit timestamp indicating a transmission time of the timing beacon from the primary modular cell. At 708, the method 700 includes receiving the timing beacon at each of the plurality of primary and secondary cells. At 710, the method 700 includes generating an individual receive timestamp with each modular cell indicating a reception time of the timing beacon by the secondary modular cell. At 712, the method 700 includes providing the transmit timestamp and the receive timestamp to a cell controller. At 714, the method 700 includes calculating an individual clock offset for each secondary modular cell based on the timing timestamps with the cell controller.

[0090] Figure 8 is a flow diagram of a method 800 for providing cellular communication services according to one embodiment. Various aspects of the method 800 may be utilized using any of the components, processes, methods, and functions described in connection with Figures 1-7. Additionally, the systems, components, processes, and devices described in connection with Figures 1-7 may utilize the processes described in connection with the method 800.

[0091] At 802, the method 800 includes transmitting a first timing beacon from a first primary modular cell of the aggregation cell. At 804, the method 800 includes transmitting a second timing beacon from a second primary modular cell of the aggregation cell. At 806, the method 800 includes receiving the first timing beacon at the second primary modular cell. At 808, the method 800 includes receiving the second timing beacon at the first primary modular cell. At 810, the method 800 includes providing a transmission timestamp of the first timing beacon by the first primary modular cell, a transmission timestamp of the second timing beacon by the second primary modular cell, a reception timestamp of the first timing beacon by the second primary modular cell, and a reception timestamp of the second timing beacon by the first primary modular cell to a cell controller of the aggregation cell. At 804, the method 800 includes scheduling, with the cell controller, cellular transmissions from the first and second primary modular cells to the user equipment based on the transmit timestamp and the receive timestamp.

[0092] Figure 9 is a flow diagram of a method 900 for providing cellular communication services according to one embodiment. Various aspects of the method 900 may be utilized using any of the components, processes, methods, and functions described in connection with Figures 1-8. Additionally, the systems, components, processes, and devices described in connection with Figures 1-8 may utilize the processes described in connection with the method 900.

[0093] At 902, the method 900 includes managing an aggregation cell including a primary modular cell and a plurality of secondary modular cells with a cell controller. At 904, the method 900 includes configuring the primary modular cell to receive an out-of-band timing signal. At 906, the method 900 includes configuring the primary modular cell to transmit a timing beacon including a transmit timestamp indicating a transmission time of the timing beacon from the primary modular cell. At 908, the method 900 includes configuring each secondary modular cell of the plurality of secondary modular cells to receive the timing beacon. At 910, the method 900 includes configuring each secondary modular cell of the plurality of secondary modular cells to generate an individual receive timestamp indicating a reception time of the timing beacon by the secondary modular cell. At 912, the method 900 includes receiving the transmit timestamp and the receive timestamp at the cell controller. At 914, the method 900 includes calculating, with the cell controller, an individual clock offset for each secondary modular cell of the plurality of secondary modular cells based on the timing timestamp.

[0094] Figure 10 is a flow diagram of a method 1000 for providing cellular communication services according to one embodiment. Various aspects of the method 900 may be utilized using any of the components, processes, methods, and functions described in connection with Figures 1-9. Additionally, the systems, components, processes, and devices described in connection with Figures 1-9 may utilize the processes described in connection with the method 1000.

[0095] At 1002, the method 1000 includes listening with a transport demultiplexer of the modular cell for a selected packet identifier that includes MPEG private data. At 1004, the method 1000 includes locating an I / Q value of the selected packet identifier in a memory along with a timestamp from an internal clock of the modular cell for each symbol. At 1006, the method 1000 includes notifying a field programmable gate array with an MPEG decoder of the modular cell that an I / Q value from the MPEG private data is in the memory. At 1008, the method 1000 includes identifying a start and an end of the MPEG private data in the memory with the field programmable gate array. At 1010, the method 1000 includes transmitting an exact time of arrival of the private data with the modular cell to a cell controller of the aggregation cell. At 1012, the method 1000 includes determining with the cell controller the time of arrival from the modular cell relative to an offset.

[0096] The various embodiments described above may be combined to provide further embodiments. Aspects of the embodiments may be modified, if necessary, to employ concepts from the various patents, applications, and publications to provide still further embodiments.

[0097] These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but rather to include all possible embodiments, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Thus, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.

[0098] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 16 / 938,624, filed July 24, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Claims

1. Managing an aggregation cell including a primary modular cell and a plurality of secondary modular cells using a cell controller; configuring the primary modular cell to receive an out-of-band timing signal; configuring the primary modular cell as a master timing cell to transmit a timing beacon including a transmission timestamp indicating a transmission time of the timing beacon from the primary modular cell; configuring each secondary modular cell of the plurality of secondary modular cells to receive the timing beacon; configuring each secondary modular cell of the plurality of secondary modular cells to generate an individual receipt timestamp indicating a time of receipt of the timing beacon by the secondary modular cell; receiving, at the cell controller, the transmit timestamp and the receive timestamp from the primary modular cell; calculating, with the cell controller, an individual clock offset for each secondary modular cell of the plurality of secondary modular cells based on the transmit timestamp and the receive timestamp; The method includes:

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing cellular communication services to a user equipment using the primary modular cell and the secondary modular cell.

3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising: scheduling, with the cell controller, data transmissions from the primary modular cell and the secondary modular cell to the user equipment based on the respective clock offsets.

4. transmitting a data packet from each of a plurality of secondary modular cells to a same user equipment; scheduling, using the cell controller, transmission of data packets from the plurality of secondary modular cells that are additionally received by the user equipment based on a location of the user equipment and the respective clock offsets of the secondary modular cells; The method of claim 1 further comprising:

5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising receiving the timing signal from a GPS signal.

6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising receiving the timing signal from a television stream.

7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising transmitting the timing beacon in a frequency band of the aggregation cell.

8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising transmitting the timing beacon outside a frequency band of the aggregation cell.

9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising transmitting the timing beacon using a low power wide area network protocol.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the primary modular cell is a media receiving device.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the media receiving device is a satellite television set-top box coupled to a satellite receiver.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the timing beacon includes a location of the primary modular cell.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the timing beacon includes a MAC address of the primary modular cell.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aggregation cell is a 5G cellular communication cell.

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