Agricultural land environmental impact visualization system

Abstract

We provide a system that visualizes various environmental loads on farmland. [Solution] The agricultural land environmental load visualization system of the present invention comprises a target information acquisition unit that acquires target information that is the subject of environmental load visualization, a spectral information acquisition unit that acquires a time series spectrum, a weather information acquisition unit that acquires weather information, a characteristic information estimation unit that estimates characteristic information including a photosynthetic pigment index and a surface soil moisture index based on the time series spectrum, a growth information estimation unit that estimates growth information in an evaluation area, a cultivation information estimation unit that estimates cultivation information in the evaluation area, a soil information estimation unit that estimates soil information in the evaluation area, an environmental load information estimation unit that estimates environmental load information in the evaluation area based on the weather information, growth information, soil information and cultivation information, and an output unit that visualizes and displays the calculated environmental load information.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to an environmental load visualization system for farmland. [Background technology]

[0002] Background of this technical field is JP2023-511926A (Patent Document 1). This publication states that "a method, an apparatus, and a computer program product for estimating a crop type and / or a sowing date are provided. In some embodiments, a past crop growth time series and a plurality of simulated crop growth time series are determined, and the past time series are matched with each simulated time series to determine an estimated crop type and / or a sowing date" (see Abstract). [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] Special Publication No. 2023-511926 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] The above-mentioned Patent Document 1 describes a mechanism by which one simulated time series can be determined for each combination of crop type / sowing date in a set of one or more crop types and one or more sowing dates based on past crop data. However, Patent Document 1 does not consider a system for visualizing various environmental loads on agricultural land. Therefore, the present invention provides a system for visualizing various agricultural environmental loads. [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] In order to solve the above problems, for example, the configurations described in the claims are adopted. Effect of the Invention

[0006] According to the present invention, a system for visualizing various environmental loads on farmland can be provided. Problems, configurations and effects other than those described above will become apparent from the following description of the embodiments. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0007] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is an example of a configuration diagram of an environmental load visualization system. [Diagram 2] 2A and 2B are diagrams illustrating an example of the multispectral characteristics of a cultivation area and a soil area, respectively. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 shows an example of a hardware configuration of the management server. [Figure 4] Fig. 4A is a diagram showing an example of a satellite image, and Fig. 4B is a diagram showing an example of multispectral information obtained from the satellite image. [Diagram 5] Fig. 5A is a diagram showing an example of feature information, and Fig. 5B is a diagram showing an example of reference information. [Figure 6] Fig. 6A is a diagram showing an example of cultivation information, and Fig. 6B is a diagram showing an example of growth information. [Figure 7] Fig. 7A is a diagram showing an example of soil information, and Fig. 7B is a diagram showing an example of environmental load information. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of an input information acquisition flow for acquiring information from an external source. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of a visualization flow of environmental information. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a flow of estimating characteristic information. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a flow of estimating reference information. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an example of a flow of estimating cultivation information. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of a flow of estimating growth information. [Figure 14] FIG. 14 is a diagram showing an example of a flow of estimating soil information. [Figure 15] FIG. 15 is a diagram showing an example of a flow of estimating environmental load information. [Figure 16] FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware configuration of a user terminal. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0008] <1. Overall system configuration> Fig. 1 is an example of a configuration diagram of an environmental load visualization system 1 (hereinafter, also referred to as environmental load visualization system 1 or simply system 1). An overview of the representative functions of system 1 will be described. System 1 has a function of acquiring time-series multispectral information (multispectral ground surface reflectance data) for an area to be evaluated, and estimating various pieces of information required for field management using the characteristics of the information.

[0009] The system 1 identifies an area to be evaluated, such as a vegetation area, from the acquired multispectral information. The multispectral information acquired from the field has the following characteristics. 1) Periods of vegetation and periods of bare soil occur repeatedly throughout the year. 2) The vegetation period and the soil exposure period within the area generally begin and end at the same time. 3) In areas where the same crop is cultivated, the multispectral reflectance characteristics and growth rate are relatively uniform. Using these characteristics, the system 1 identifies the vegetation type, cultivation state, growth state, soil state, and environmental load state in the evaluation area. Note that information about the sections of the evaluation area is stored in advance.

[0010] The area where crops are grown in the evaluation area has the following spectral characteristics. That is, the concentration of pigment molecules with characteristic light absorption characteristics, such as chlorophyll and carotenoids, which are used for photosynthesis in the plant's growth process, and the coverage rate of the plant's ground surface increase. An example of the multispectral characteristics at this time will be described.

[0011] Figure 2A is a diagram showing an example of the multispectral characteristics of a cultivation area. In this graph, the horizontal axis represents wavelength and the vertical axis represents reflectance for the multispectral reflectance observed from the vegetation area on three different days, and the reflectance value for each wavelength is shown. As shown in Figure 2A, the multispectral characteristics of the vegetation area show a characteristic tendency due to the absorption characteristics of molecules that contribute to the growth activity of plants as described above.

[0012] Specifically, in the graph shown in FIG. 2A, the blue reflectance (B2) and the red reflectance (B4) drop significantly, the green reflectance (B3) and the near-infrared reflectance (B8) increase significantly, and the near-infrared reflectance (B9) becomes flat. That is, the curves of B2 to B4 are convex upwards significantly, the curves of B3 to B5 are convex downwards significantly, and the curves of B6 to B8 are convex upwards significantly. This tendency is common to three different days. Therefore, when similar multispectral characteristics are confirmed for the multispectral information acquired from a specific evaluation area, it can be estimated that the area is a vegetation area where crops are cultivated. Details of the estimation process will be described later.

[0013] On the other hand, the areas of the evaluation area where the soil is exposed show different multispectral characteristics. FIG. 2B is a diagram showing an example of the multispectral characteristics of a soil area. In this graph, the multispectral reflectance observed from the soil area on three different days is plotted on the horizontal axis with wavelength and on the vertical axis with reflectance, showing the reflectance value for each wavelength. As shown in FIG. 2B, the multispectral characteristics of the soil area show a relatively flat tendency at all wavelengths.

[0014] In other words, the multispectral characteristics of reflectance are mainly determined by the amount of iron and manganese oxides, the amount of humus generated during the decomposition of organic matter, the amount of moisture, etc., but because soil is composed of a wide variety of substances, bias in reflectance between wavelengths is unlikely to occur. This tendency is common across three different days. Therefore, when relatively flat characteristics without any significant absorption bands such as vegetation are confirmed for the multispectral information obtained from a specific evaluation area, the area can be estimated as an area where soil is exposed. Details of the estimation process will be described later.

[0015] In the system 1, the multispectral characteristics to be evaluated are extracted from the multispectral information, and the cultivation information, vegetation information, soil information, and environmental load information are estimated. The configuration of the system 1 will be described in detail below.

[0016] 1, the environmental load visualization system 1 includes a plurality of user terminals 102 and a management server 103, and each of the user terminals 102 is connected to the management server 103 via a network. Note that the network may be wired or wireless, and each terminal can transmit and receive information via the network.

[0017] Each terminal of the environmental load visualization system 1 and the management server 103 may be, for example, a portable terminal (mobile terminal) such as a smartphone, tablet, mobile phone, or personal digital assistant (PDA), or may be a wearable terminal such as glasses, wristwatch, or clothing. They may also be stationary or portable computers, or servers located on the cloud or network. In terms of functionality, they may be a VR (Virtual Reality) terminal, an AR (Augmented Reality) terminal, or an MR (Mixed Reality) terminal. Or they may be a combination of a plurality of these terminals. For example, a combination of one smartphone and one wearable terminal may function logically as one terminal. They may also be other information processing terminals.

[0018] The management server 103 and terminals of the environmental load visualization system 1 each include a processor that executes an operating system, applications, programs, etc., a main storage device such as a RAM (Random Access Memory), an auxiliary storage device such as an IC card, a hard disk drive, an SSD (Solid State Drive), a flash memory, etc., a communication control unit such as a network card, a wireless communication module, a mobile communication module, etc., an input device such as a touch panel, a keyboard, a mouse, a voice input, a camera unit, etc., and an output device such as a monitor or a display. The output device may be a device or terminal that transmits information to be output to an external monitor, display, printer, equipment, etc.

[0019] The main memory stores various programs and applications (also called modules or processing units), and the processor executes these programs and applications to realize each functional element of the overall system. Each of these modules (processing units) may be implemented in hardware by integration or the like. Each module may be an independent program or application, or may be implemented as a subprogram or function within a single integrated program or application.

[0020] In this specification, each module is described as an entity (subject) that performs processing, but in reality, a processor that processes various programs, applications, etc. (modules) executes the processing. Various databases (DB) are stored in the auxiliary storage device. A "database" is a functional element (storage unit) that stores a data set so that it can handle any data operation (e.g., extraction, addition, deletion, overwriting, etc.) from a processor or an external computer. There are no limitations on the method of implementing the database, and it may be, for example, a database management system, spreadsheet software, or a text file such as XML or JSON.

[0021] <2. User terminal configuration> Next, a description will be given of the configuration of the user terminal 102. Fig. 16 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of the user terminal 102. The user terminal 102 is, for example, a terminal device such as a smartphone, a tablet terminal, a notebook PC, or a desktop PC.

[0022] 16, the main memory device 201 of the user terminal 102 stores programs and applications such as a target area evaluation module 211 and a server cooperation module 212. The processor 203 executes these programs and applications to realize each functional element of the user terminal 102.

[0023] The target area evaluation module 211 cooperates with the server cooperation module 212 to realize a function of outputting evaluation results such as environmental load for an area specified by a user. The server cooperation module 212 cooperates with other servers such as the management server 103 to obtain the evaluation results of the environmental load and the like for an area specified by the user. The specific processing performed by each of these modules will be described later.

[0024] <3. Configuration of Management Server 103> FIG. 3 shows an example of the hardware configuration of the management server 103. As shown in FIG. The management server 103 is configured, for example, by a server placed on a cloud. The main memory device 301 stores the following programs and applications, and the processor 203 executes these programs and applications to realize the various functional elements of the management server 103. Input information acquisition unit 311 Target information acquisition unit 312 Weather Information Acquisition Unit 313 Spectral information acquisition unit 314 Feature information estimation unit 315 ·Reference information estimation unit 316 ·Cultivation information estimation department 317 ·Growth information estimation section 318 ·Soil Information Estimation Division 319 ·Environmental load information estimation unit 320 Output section 321 The function of each of these functional elements is described below.

[0025] <3-1. Overview of the functions of each module> Next, the functions of the functional elements stored in the main memory device 301 will be outlined in order.

[0026] (Input information acquisition unit 311) The input information acquisition unit 311 acquires various pieces of information input by the user. The user inputs actual values ​​and planned values ​​for the cultivation information, growth information, and soil information. Although this information may be subject to estimation by the system, the user may provide the information as external input to correct the estimation results and improve the accuracy. The input information acquisition unit 311 acquires the input information and records it in each data table, which will be described later. The details of the input information acquisition process will be described later.

[0027] (Target information acquisition unit 312) The target information acquisition unit 312 acquires information input by the user regarding the period and area to be evaluated by the system 1. The target information acquisition unit 312 records the acquired target information in the auxiliary storage device 302. Details of the target information will be described later.

[0028] (Weather information acquisition unit 313) The weather information acquisition unit 313 acquires the temperature, solar radiation, precipitation, and humidity for a specified area and a specified period from the weather DB. Details of the weather information will be described later.

[0029] (Spectral information acquisition unit 314) The spectral information acquisition unit 314 acquires spectral information including time-series multispectral earth surface reflectance. The data acquisition means for acquiring the time-series multispectral earth surface reflectance may be any of an Earth observation optical satellite, a drone, an aircraft, and a fixed-point camera that can take images under the same conditions in time series. The time resolution (data observation frequency) of the multispectral earth surface reflectance data must be sufficiently short (for example, one week or less) relative to the cultivation period of the agricultural crops (several weeks). The spatial resolution must be sufficiently short (for example, 20 m or less) relative to the size of the cultivation area of ​​the agricultural crops (tens of meters to several thousand meters). The time range to be acquired must be sufficiently long (for example, several years) relative to the cultivation period.

[0030] (Feature information estimation unit 315) The characteristic information estimation unit 315 estimates and acquires unknown characteristic information indicating the growth conditions and soil characteristics in the target area based on the time-series multispectral information of the target area acquired by the spectral information acquisition unit 314. Specifically, it calculates vegetation indices such as the photosynthetic pigment index (CSI) and extracts, for each growth stage, the spectral characteristics and further the time points that satisfy certain criteria as characteristic periods. The feature information estimation unit 315 records the index values, spectral characteristics, and period information thus obtained in the auxiliary storage device 302. Details of the method of calculating the multispectral index and the conditions for extracting the period will be described later.

[0031] (Reference information estimation unit 316) The reference information estimation unit 316 estimates and acquires unknown reference information such as a reference spectrum or a reference growth period for each vegetation type or vegetation history based on the acquired characteristic information or actual measurement information. It is also possible to acquire known reference information input by a user, such as actual measurement values ​​for each vegetation type or vegetation history provided by a research institute, an experimental farm, or the like. The reference information is various information indicating typical spectral characteristics of the vegetation and soil in the evaluation area, the cultivation period, the production volume, and the like. Furthermore, the reference information estimation unit 316 estimates a standard characteristic value for at least one type of information of the vegetation type, the fertilization type, and the vegetation history in the evaluation area. The reference information estimation unit 316 records the acquired reference information in the auxiliary storage device 302. The specific contents of the reference information and the estimation method will be described in detail later.

[0032] (Cultivation Information Estimation Department 317) The cultivation information estimation unit 317 estimates and acquires unknown cultivation information based on the acquired characteristic information or other information. The cultivation information estimation unit 317 can also acquire known cultivation information input by a user. The cultivation information is various information related to cultivation activities related to vegetation in the evaluation area. The cultivation information estimation unit 317 records the acquired cultivation information in the auxiliary storage device 302. Details of the cultivation information and the cultivation information estimation process will be described later.

[0033] (Growth information estimation section 318) The growth information estimation unit 318 estimates and acquires unknown growth information based on the acquired characteristic information or other information. The growth information estimation unit 318 can also acquire known growth information input by a user. The growth information is various information related to the growth state of vegetation in the evaluation area. The growth information estimation unit 318 records the acquired growth information in the auxiliary storage device 302. Details of the growth information and the growth information estimation process will be described later.

[0034] (Soil information estimation unit 319) The soil information estimation unit 319 estimates and acquires unknown soil information based on the estimated cultivation information and growth information. The soil information estimation unit 319 can also acquire known soil information input by the user. The soil information is various information related to the condition of the soil in the evaluation area. The soil information estimation unit 319 records the acquired soil information in the auxiliary storage device 302. Details of the soil information and the soil information estimation process will be described later.

[0035] (Environmental load information estimation unit 320) The environmental load information estimation unit 320 estimates and acquires unknown environmental load information based on the estimated growth information and soil information. The environmental load information is various information that indicates the level of environmental load in the evaluation area. The environmental load information estimation unit 320 records the acquired environmental load information in the auxiliary storage device 302. Details of the environmental load information and the environmental load information estimation process will be described later.

[0036] (Output unit 321) The output unit 321 aggregates and outputs various information acquired by each of the above-mentioned modules based on at least one of conditions by area, by vegetation type, and by period. The output unit 321 visually displays the calculated environmental load information on a map in association with geographic information. Here, the vegetation type is information for uniquely linking vegetation information indicating the characteristics of vegetation. The vegetation type may be any of items (paddy rice, wheat, soybeans, root vegetables, etc.), varieties (Koshihikari, Yumechikara, etc.), classification by light use efficiency (C4 plants, C3 plants, etc.), and classification by part of the harvested crop (root vegetables, leafy stem vegetables, root vegetables, etc.). The vegetation type is identified by vegetation information, vegetation characteristic information, and vegetation determination information. The output unit 321 can display or output various types of information not only on a map but also in various data formats and display formats.

[0037] <3-2. Details of each information> Next, the various types of information stored in the auxiliary storage device 302 will be described in detail in order. (Target information) The target information includes, for example, the evaluation area and evaluation period. Each of these items will be described in turn below.

[0038] [Evaluation Area] In this specification, an evaluation area is information for uniquely identifying an area where farmland or vegetation exists. Specific examples include an evaluation area ID, center coordinates, latitude and longitude range (latitude of the north and south ends, longitude of the east and west ends), boundary information based on polygonal shape, and area. When dividing an area into smaller sections, multispectral information may be managed for each minimum section (area division ID). The area division ID may be set with one pixel unit of the observed image of the ground surface reflectance as the smallest division. The evaluation area is registered in a database on the auxiliary storage device 302 based on the geographic coordinates and administrative district information input from the user terminal 102.

[0039] [Evaluation period] In the present invention, the period is a value indicating the start of the period for which vegetation is evaluated, the end of the period, and the unit of the period. The unit of the period may be any of hours, days, weeks, months, and years. The start and end of the period may be in either the Gregorian or Japanese calendar.

[0040] (Weather Information) Next, the weather information includes, for example, temperature, amount of solar radiation, amount of precipitation, and humidity. Each of these items will be described in turn below.

[0041] [temperature] Temperature is the time series information of the air temperature near the ground in a specified evaluation area. The resolution of temperature can be any of hour, day, week, month, and year. The unit of temperature can be any of absolute temperature K, Fahrenheit F, and Celsius ℃.

[0042] [Solar radiation] The amount of solar radiation is time-series information on the solar energy reaching the ground surface of a specified evaluation area. Specifically, it includes the energy of direct light and the energy of scattered light. The time resolution of the amount of solar radiation may be any of hour, day, week, month, and year. The unit of solar radiation may be any unit that indicates the amount of energy per unit area per unit time. For example, J / m2 / h, W / m2, etc. Note that it is also possible to take into account cases where direct light is blocked by undulations on the ground surface and only scattered light energy is present. In addition, it is also possible to take into account the energy of light reflected by buildings.

[0043] [Precipitation] Precipitation is time-series information on the amount of water that has fallen from the atmosphere to the ground in a specified evaluation area. The resolution of precipitation may be any of hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, and annual. The unit of precipitation may be any that indicates the amount of water per unit area per unit time. For example, the unit may be mm / h.

[0044] [Humidity] Humidity is time series information on the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere near the ground surface in a specified evaluation area. The resolution of humidity may be any of hour, day, week, month, and year. The unit of humidity may be any unit that indicates the amount of water vapor relative to the amount of saturated water vapor. The unit may be, for example, %.

[0045] (Spectral information) Next, the multispectral information will be described. Fig. 4A is a diagram showing an example of a satellite image. Fig. 4B is a diagram showing an example of multispectral information acquired from the satellite image. As shown in Fig. 4A, a satellite image of a farm field in an evaluation area is captured. The reflectance for each wavelength in the multispectral ground surface reflectance (hereinafter, in this specification, even when simply referred to as "spectrum" it means multispectral reflectance) contained in this image is obtained as shown in Fig. 4B, for example.

[0046] As shown in Fig. 4B, the spectral information is specifically information that records the solar reflectance (amount of reflected solar light / amount of incident solar light) of the earth's surface (soil surface or plant surface) at multiple wavelengths. The spectral information is time-series information that changes over time. That is, the spectral information in this description is treated as time-series data that includes a certain time-series element.

[0047] As shown in FIG. 4B, in this description, the wavelengths of each band are classified and expressed as follows: ·Wavelength B2: 490nm (visible light: blue) Wavelength B3: 560nm (visible light: green) ·Wavelength B4: 665nm (visible light: red) ·Wavelength B5: 704nm (RedEdg1) ·Wavelength B6: 740nm (RedEdg2) ·Wavelength B7: 783nm (RedEdg3) ·Wavelength B8: 842nm (near infrared 1) ·Wavelength B8a: 865nm (near infrared 2)

[0048] It should be noted that this wavelength division is merely a matter of convenience, and the wavelength division can be selected arbitrarily. That is, in the illustrated example, the spectrum information in a specific area is recorded in chronological order for each of eight wavelengths, but is not limited to this classification. Specifically, the wavelengths to be recorded are generally several wavelengths in the visible light region (450nm to 680nm), several wavelengths in the boundary region between visible light and near infrared (680nm to 780nm), and several wavelengths in the near infrared region (780nm to 900nm), but any wavelength division may be used to record the wavelengths as long as at least four wavelengths are included: blue wavelength (480nm to 490nm), green wavelength (540nm to 570nm), red wavelength (650nm to 680nm), Red Edge (700nm to 780nm), and near infrared wavelength (790nm to 900nm).

[0049] As shown in FIG. 4B, eight bands are illustrated in this embodiment, but the present invention is not limited to this configuration. The observation platform (artificial satellite, drone, aircraft, fixed camera, etc.), the number of bands, and the spectral range can be flexibly selected according to the farmland and the observation purpose. By utilizing multiple bands in the visible to near-infrared range, the characteristics of the soil and vegetation can be captured more accurately. When the observation platform is a satellite, it is necessary to highly accurately correct for scattering and absorption caused by atmospheric molecules and particles such as aerosols in order to calculate the Earth's surface reflectance. The effect of atmospheric particles such as aerosols is about 10%, but it is desirable to improve this to 3% or less by estimating the aerosol optical depth with high accuracy.

[0050] (Feature information) Next, the feature information will be described. The feature information is information that extracts the features (index, spectrum, period information) of vegetation or soil based on the time-series multispectral reflectance.

[0051] 5A is a diagram showing an example of feature information 500. As shown in FIG 5A, the feature information multispectral characteristics is configured by, for example, the following data table. ·Feature Index Table Spectral feature table Features period table The feature information may be configured using other data tables. Details of each of these data tables will be described in order.

[0052] [Characteristic Index Table] The characteristic multispectral index table stores index values ​​that represent the characteristics of the multispectral spectrum when vegetation is present and when there is no vegetation. These index values ​​are used to determine the cultivation information and growth information. The following indices are associated with each area ID in the Features Multispectral Index Table. ·Photosynthetic pigment index Surface soil moisture index Each of these items will be discussed in turn below.

[0053] <Photosynthetic pigment index> The "Photosynthetic Pigment Index" is a value that is an index of the photosynthetic pigment density of vegetation in the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID. The photosynthetic pigment index is calculated from the multispectral earth surface reflectance by utilizing the fact that chlorophyll and carotenoids, which are photosynthetic pigments of terrestrial plants, have distinct absorption spectrum characteristics. Generally, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is used as a photosynthetic pigment index, but NDVI has problems in that it is easily affected by the background soil spectrum in areas with low photosynthetic pigment density, and its value is easily saturated in areas with high density. Therefore, in this invention, a photosynthetic pigment index that compensates for these problems is adopted, the details of which will be described later.

[0054] <Surface soil moisture index> The "surface soil moisture index" is a value that is an index of the surface soil moisture content in the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID. The surface soil moisture index is calculated from the multispectral ground surface reflectance by utilizing the fact that the multispectral reflectance is low when the surface moisture content is high. The characteristic information estimation unit 315 calculates the surface soil moisture index by linearly interpolating the observed time series spectrum between the dry soil spectrum and the wet soil spectrum.

[0055] [Spectral Feature Table] The following spectra are linked to the characteristic spectrum table. Maximum covering period spectrum Minimum covering period spectrum Spectrum at the end of vegetation -Increased coverage spectrum - Coverage reduction period spectrum Soil spectrum Dry Soil Spectrum Flooded soil spectrum Moist Soil Spectrum Each of these items will be discussed in turn below.

[0056] <Maximum covering period spectrum> The "maximum coverage spectrum" is the spectrum at the time when the photosynthetic pigment index is at its maximum, and is the spectrum when the vegetation coverage rate is at its maximum. The maximum coverage spectrum is used as the basis for estimating the vegetation type and calculating the vegetation coverage rate.

[0057] <Minimum covering period spectrum> The "minimum coverage spectrum" is the spectrum at the point when the photosynthetic pigment index increases from the minimum value and exceeds 0.1, which is the spectrum before organs such as leaves and stems start to grow. The minimum coverage spectrum is used as the basis for estimating vegetation type and calculating vegetation coverage rate.

[0058] <Spectrum at the end of vegetation> The "spectrum at the end of vegetation" is the spectrum at the point when the photosynthetic pigment index decreases from its maximum value and falls below 0.5, which is the spectrum at the stage when vegetation ends due to harvesting, etc. The spectrum at the end of vegetation is used as the basis for estimating vegetation type and calculating vegetation period.

[0059] <Spectrum during the period of increased coverage> The "spectrum of increasing coverage" is the spectrum at the point when the photosynthetic pigment index increases from the bottom value and reaches about 50% of the peak value, and is the spectrum at the stage when organs such as leaves and stems grow rapidly. The spectrum of increasing coverage is used as the calculation standard for vegetation type. The coverage increasing period spectrum may be subdivided into 25%, 50%, 75% of the peak value, and so on.

[0060] <Spectrum of the decreasing coverage period> The "spectrum of the period of decreasing coverage" is the spectrum at the point when the photosynthetic pigment index decreases from its peak value to about 50% of the peak value, and is the spectrum at the stage when reproductive organs such as flowers and fruits are formed and chlorophyll decreases. The spectrum of the period of decreasing coverage is used as the basis for calculating vegetation types. The coverage decreasing period spectrum may be subdivided into 25%, 50%, 75% of the peak value, and so on.

[0061] <Soil spectrum> A "soil spectrum" is the spectrum of the ground surface when there is no vegetation, and is the spectrum when the photosynthetic pigment index is below 0.0. Multiple soil spectra are extracted.

[0062] <Dry soil spectrum> A "dry soil spectrum" is a soil spectrum in which no water has entered the voids between soil particles. Of the multiple spectra extracted as soil spectra, this is the spectrum with the highest average reflectance across all wavelengths. It can be estimated that a dry soil spectrum is a spectrum in which there is almost no moisture in the voids between soil particles.

[0063] <Flooded soil spectrum> A "flooded soil spectrum" is a soil spectrum when there is a layer of water on the ground surface. Of the multiple soil spectra extracted, the spectrum in which the drop in near-infrared reflectance is more than twice the drop in blue reflectance compared to the dry soil spectrum is extracted as the flooded soil spectrum. This makes use of the fact that when there is a layer of liquid water on the soil surface, the liquid water is affected by its absorption band in the red to near-infrared range, and that the reflection of sky scattered light from the water surface adds blue wavelengths.

[0064] <Wet soil spectrum> A "wet soil spectrum" is a soil spectrum in which water has entered the voids in the soil particles. From the multiple soil spectra extracted, excluding the waterlogged soil spectrum, the one with the lowest average reflectance is extracted as the wet soil spectrum.

[0065] [Feature Period Table] In the feature period table, the following information spectrum is linked to each area ID. Vegetation period Increased coverage period - Coverage reduction period Each of these items will be discussed in turn below.

[0066] <Vegetation period> "Vegetation period" is the period during which vegetation is cultivated. It is the period from when the photosynthetic pigment index increases from the minimum value and exceeds 0.1 to when the photosynthetic pigment index decreases from the maximum value and falls below 0.5. The vegetation period is used to estimate the vegetation type.

[0067] <Increased coverage period> "Period of increased coverage" is a period during which the coverage of vegetation is increasing. The period from when the photosynthetic pigment index increases from its minimum value and exceeds 0.1 to when it reaches its maximum value is extracted as the period of increased coverage. The period of increased coverage is used to estimate the vegetation type.

[0068] <Period of reduced coverage> "Period of decreasing coverage" is a period during which the coverage of vegetation is decreasing. The period from when the photosynthetic pigment index reaches its maximum value to when it decreases from its maximum value and falls below 0.5 is extracted as the period of decreasing coverage. The period of decreasing coverage is used to estimate the vegetation type.

[0069] (Standard information) Next, the reference information will be described. The reference information is various information indicating standard activity levels, growth levels, periods, etc., related to vegetation in the evaluation area. In the system 1, known reference information is acquired from input operations by the user and stored, while unknown reference information is acquired from an estimation process, which will be described later, and stored. The system 1 then uses the stored reference information in other subsequent estimation processes. That is, in the system 1, the reference information is an intermediate output value obtained during various estimation processes, and may also be the final output value.

[0070] 5B is a diagram showing an example of the reference information 500. As shown in FIG. 5B, the reference information 500 is configured, for example, by the following data table. · Reference period table Reference Spectrum Table Reference characteristic table Each of these items will be discussed in turn below.

[0071] The reference information may be configured using other information tables. Details of each of these information tables will be explained in order. Note that each item indicates a standard value for each vegetation type.

[0072] [Base period table] The reference period table stores standard information regarding various periods for each vegetation type. As shown in FIG. 5B, in the standard period table, reference values ​​for each of the following information are associated with each vegetation type. -Vegetation period by vegetation type -Period of increase in coverage rate by vegetation type - Period of decline in coverage by vegetation type Each of these items will be discussed in turn below.

[0073] <Vegetation period by vegetation type> "Vegetation period by vegetation type" is the average of vegetation periods extracted from multiple areas with known vegetation types. The vegetation period indicates the standard period from germination (or transplanting) to the end of growth, such as harvesting or death. Since the vegetation period for each vegetation type varies depending on environmental conditions such as temperature and solar radiation, it is desirable to calculate and accumulate corrected values ​​using meteorological data.

[0074] <Period of increase in coverage rate by vegetation type> The "period of increased coverage by vegetation type" is the average of periods of increased coverage extracted from multiple areas with known vegetation types. The period of increased coverage by vegetation type represents the stage when plants form vegetative organs (leaves, stems, etc.), and since it varies depending on environmental conditions such as temperature and solar radiation, it is desirable to calculate and accumulate corrected values ​​using meteorological data.

[0075] <Period of decline in coverage rate by vegetation type> The "period of reduced coverage by vegetation type" is the average of periods of reduced coverage extracted from multiple areas with known vegetation types. The period of decrease in coverage rate by vegetation type represents the stage when plants form reproductive organs such as flowers, fruits, and grains, and since it varies depending on environmental conditions such as temperature and amount of solar radiation, it is desirable to calculate and accumulate correction values ​​using meteorological data.

[0076] [Reference Spectrum Table] The reference spectrum table stores standard information (reference values) on various multispectral reflectances for each vegetation type and vegetation history. As shown in Figure 5B, the reference standard spectrum table associates the following information with the vegetation type and vegetation history. Spectrum of maximum coverage period by vegetation type -Spectrum of minimum cover period by vegetation type Spectra at the end of vegetation by vegetation type Spectrum of increasing coverage by vegetation type Spectrum of decreasing period of coverage by vegetation type Each of these items will be discussed in turn below.

[0077] <Spectrum of maximum cover period by vegetation type> The "maximum cover period spectrum by vegetation type" is the average of the maximum cover period spectra extracted from multiple areas with known vegetation types by vegetation type. The maximum cover period spectrum by vegetation type is used to estimate unknown vegetation types.

[0078] <Spectrum of minimum cover period by vegetation type> "Minimum cover period spectrum by vegetation type" is the average of minimum cover period spectra extracted from multiple areas with known vegetation types by vegetation type. The minimum cover period spectrum by vegetation type is used to estimate unknown vegetation types.

[0079] <Spectrum at the end of vegetation by vegetation type> "End spectrum by vegetation type" is the average of end spectra extracted from multiple areas with known vegetation types by vegetation type. End spectra by vegetation type are used to estimate unknown vegetation types.

[0080] <Spectrum of increasing coverage by vegetation type> The "spectrum of increasing coverage by vegetation type" is the average of the spectra of increasing coverage by vegetation type extracted from multiple areas with known vegetation types. The spectrum of increasing coverage by vegetation type is used to estimate unknown vegetation types.

[0081] <Spectrum of decreasing period of coverage by vegetation type> The "spectrum of the period of decreasing coverage by vegetation type" is the average of the spectra of the period of decreasing coverage extracted from multiple areas with known vegetation types by vegetation type. The spectrum of the period of decreasing coverage by vegetation type is used to estimate unknown vegetation types.

[0082] [Reference characteristic table] This standard characteristic table (see FIG. 5B) stores standard physiological and physical parameters for each vegetation type obtained from past experiments, field measurements, etc. Information on various standard activity amounts can be used as predicted values ​​for vegetation types estimated from multispectral index information, for example. Furthermore, in the system 1, these predicted values ​​can be used in the estimation process of environmental load information, etc.

[0083] As shown in FIG. 5B, in the standard activity amount table by vegetation type, the following information is associated with each vegetation type, vegetation history, or fertilization type. -Light utilization efficiency by vegetation type - Maintenance respiration coefficient by vegetation type -Growth and respiration coefficients by vegetation type - Net primary production ratio of harvested carbon by vegetation type -Yield and carbon yield ratio by vegetation type Nitrogen use efficiency by vegetation type -Ventilation coefficient by vegetation type Vegetation type N 2 O Leaching coefficient Vegetation type N 2 O emission factor Nitrogen supply rate by fertilizer type Standard fertilizer application rates by vegetation type and fertilizer application type · Standard maximum photosynthetic pigment index by vegetation type and fertilization type ·Standard photosynthetic pigment change rate by vegetation type and fertilization type -Standard oxygen supply by vegetation history -Standard moisture content by vegetation history Soil organic carbon by vegetation history Aerobic decomposition rate according to vegetation history Anaerobic decomposition rate according to vegetation history -Nitrification and denitrification rates according to vegetation history Below, we will provide an overview of these items and their roles in this system.

[0084] <Light utilization efficiency by vegetation type> "Light use efficiency (LUE) by vegetation type" is an index that shows the efficiency with which plants convert absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) into carbon fixation. It is calculated by dividing the amount of carbon fixed per unit time by the amount of PAR absorbed. Each functional module of the system 1 can refer to the corresponding light use efficiency by vegetation type based on the vegetation type to be evaluated and use it for subsequent processing.

[0085] <Maintenance respiration coefficient by vegetation type> The "maintenance respiration coefficient by vegetation type" is the amount of respiration required by plants for cellular maintenance and basal metabolism divided by the plant's carbon weight (cumulative value of net primary production). Since the maintenance respiration rate differs depending on growth conditions such as temperature, a statistically processed standard value is set for each vegetation type. Each functional module of the system 1 can refer to the corresponding maintenance respiration coefficient for each vegetation type based on the vegetation type to be evaluated, and use it for subsequent processing.

[0086] <Growth and respiration coefficients by vegetation type> The "growth and respiration coefficient by vegetation type" is the value obtained by dividing the amount of respiration required for plant growth by the total primary production of the plant. Since the respiration rate differs depending on the growth stage, such as temperature, the growth and respiration coefficient by vegetation type is set as a standard value that is statistically processed for each vegetation type. Each functional module of the system 1 can refer to the corresponding growth and respiration coefficient by vegetation type based on the vegetation type to be evaluated and use it for subsequent processing.

[0087] <Ratio of harvested carbon to net primary production by vegetation type> "Ratio of harvested carbon to net primary production by vegetation type" is the value obtained by dividing the amount of carbon contained in the harvested crop by the net primary production (total primary production - respiration). Since the harvested parts of each crop (grain, fruit, roots, leaves, etc.) are different, the ratio of harvested carbon to net primary production varies widely. Each functional module of the system 1 can refer to the corresponding ratio of harvested carbon to net primary production by vegetation type based on the vegetation type to be evaluated and use it for subsequent processing.

[0088] <Yield and carbon yield ratio by vegetation type> "Yield-to-carbon ratio by vegetation type" is the value obtained by dividing the yield (weight of the harvested crop) by the amount of harvested carbon. It varies depending on the protein content and water content. Each functional module of the system 1 can refer to the corresponding yield-to-carbon ratio by vegetation type based on the vegetation type being evaluated and use it for subsequent processing.

[0089] <Nitrogen use efficiency by vegetation type> "Nitrogen use efficiency by vegetation type" is the value obtained by dividing net primary production (NPP) by the amount of nitrogen used by plants. Since the amount of nitrogen required varies depending on the type of crop and its physiological characteristics (protein content, metabolic pattern, etc.), standard values ​​are set for each vegetation type. Each functional module in System 1 can refer to the corresponding nitrogen use efficiency by vegetation type based on the vegetation type to be evaluated and use it for subsequent processing.

[0090] <Ventilation coefficient by vegetation type> The "Vegetation Type Aeration Coefficient" refers to the amount of N generated in the soil. 2 The proportion of N released to the ground surface via the aerenchyma of vegetation in O 2 Each functional module of the system 1 can refer to the corresponding vegetation type-specific aeration tissue coefficient based on the vegetation type to be evaluated and use it for subsequent processing.

[0091] <N2O leaching coefficient by vegetation type> "Vegetation type N 2 The "O leaching coefficient" is the ratio of the amount of ammonium ion and nitrate ion in the soil that are not absorbed by vegetation, dissolved in water, run off, and directly released into the atmosphere. Each functional module in System 1 is based on the vegetation type to be evaluated and is used to calculate the corresponding vegetation type-specific N 2 The O leaching coefficient can be used as a reference for subsequent treatment.

[0092] <Vegetation Type N 2 O Emission Factor> "Vegetation type N 2 The "nitrous oxide emission factor" is the ratio of nitrous oxide emissions to the total amount of nitrification of ammonia and denitrification of nitrate. Each functional module of System 1 calculates the corresponding nitrous oxide emission factor by vegetation type based on the vegetation type to be evaluated. 2 The O emission factor can be used for subsequent treatment.

[0093] <Nitrogen supply rate by fertilizer type> "Nitrogen supply rate by fertilizer type" is the standard ratio of the amount of nitrogen supplied per unit time of ammonium ion and nitrate ion supplied to the soil relative to the amount of nitrogen applied. Since this value is highly dependent on soil temperature, it is desirable to store it by temperature or in a format that can be used after temperature correction. Each functional module of the system 1 can refer to the corresponding nitrogen supply rate by fertilizer type based on the fertilizer type to be evaluated and use it for subsequent processing.

[0094] <Standard fertilizer amounts by vegetation type and fertilizer type> "Standard amount of fertilizer by vegetation type and fertilizer application type" refers to the standard amount of fertilizer by vegetation type recorded by fertilizer application type. The standard fertilizer application rates for each vegetation type and fertilizer application type may differ depending on the region, such as country or administrative division, and may be stored by region. Each functional module of the system 1 can refer to the corresponding standard fertilizer application rate for each vegetation type and fertilizer application type based on the vegetation type and fertilizer application type to be evaluated and use it for subsequent processing.

[0095] <Standard maximum photosynthetic pigment index by vegetation type and fertilization type> The "standard maximum photosynthetic pigment index by vegetation type and fertilization type" is the maximum photosynthetic index shown at the peak of standard growth by vegetation type, recorded by fertilization type. The standard maximum photosynthetic pigment index by vegetation type and fertilization type may differ depending on the region, such as country or meteorological division, so it may be stored by region. Each functional module of the system 1 can refer to the corresponding standard maximum photosynthetic pigment index by vegetation type and fertilization type based on the vegetation type and fertilization type to be evaluated and use it for subsequent processing.

[0096] <Standard photosynthetic pigment change rate by vegetation type and fertilization type> "Standard photosynthetic pigment change rate by vegetation type and fertilization type" is the standard photosynthetic pigment change rate by vegetation type recorded by fertilization type. The standard photosynthetic pigment change rates by vegetation type and fertilization type may differ by region, such as country or meteorological zone, and may be stored by region. Each functional module of the system 1 can refer to the standard photosynthetic pigment change rate for each vegetation type and fertilization type based on the vegetation type and fertilization type to be evaluated and use it for subsequent processing.

[0097] <Standard oxygen supply by vegetation history> The "standard oxygen supply amount by vegetation history" is a value that records the standard oxygen supply amount by vegetation type history (crop rotation such as rice > wheat > rice). Each functional module of the system 1 can refer to the corresponding standard oxygen supply amount by vegetation history based on the vegetation history to be evaluated and use it for subsequent processing.

[0098] <Standard moisture content by vegetation history> "Standard moisture content by vegetation history" is a value that records the standard moisture content by vegetation type history (crop rotation such as rice > wheat > rice). Each functional module of the system 1 can refer to the corresponding standard moisture content by vegetation history based on the vegetation history to be evaluated and use it for subsequent processing.

[0099] <Soil organic carbon by vegetation history> "Soil organic carbon by vegetation history" is a value that records the standard organic carbon amount by vegetation type history (crop rotation such as rice > wheat > rice). Each functional module of the system 1 can refer to the corresponding soil organic carbon amount by vegetation history based on the vegetation history to be evaluated and use it for subsequent processing.

[0100] <Aerobic decomposition rate according to vegetation history> "Aerobic decomposition rate by vegetation history" is a value that records the standard aerobic decomposition rate by vegetation type history (crop rotation such as rice > wheat > rice). Each functional module of the system 1 can refer to the corresponding aerobic decomposition rate by vegetation history based on the vegetation history to be evaluated and use it for subsequent processing.

[0101] <Anaerobic decomposition rate according to vegetation history> "Anaerobic decomposition rate by vegetation history" is a value that records the standard aerobic decomposition rate by vegetation type history (crop rotation such as rice > wheat > rice). Each functional module of the system 1 can refer to the corresponding anaerobic decomposition rate by vegetation history based on the vegetation history to be evaluated and use it for subsequent processing.

[0102] <Nitrification and denitrification rates according to vegetation history> "Nitrification and denitrification rates by vegetation history" refers to the standard nitrification and denitrification rates recorded for each vegetation type history (crop rotations such as rice > wheat > rice). Each functional module in System 1 can refer to the corresponding nitrification and denitrification rates by vegetation history based on the vegetation history to be evaluated and use them for subsequent processing.

[0103] (Cultivation information) Next, the cultivation information will be described. The cultivation information is various information related to cultivation management in the evaluation area. In the system 1, known cultivation information is acquired from input operations by the user and stored, and unknown cultivation information is acquired and stored by an estimation process described below. Then, in the system 1, the accumulated cultivation information is used in other subsequent estimation processes. That is, in the system 1, the cultivation information is an intermediate output value obtained during various estimation processes, and also serves as a final output value.

[0104] 6A is a diagram showing an example of cultivation information. As shown in FIG. 6A, the cultivation information is composed of, for example, the following information tables. Cultivation information table The cultivation information may be configured using other information tables. Details of the cultivation information tables will be described in order.

[0105] [Cultivation information table] In the cultivation information table, the following items are linked to the area ID. Cultivation type Vegetation period Soil exposure period -Plowing date ·Flooding day Fertilization type ·Amount of fertilizer applied ·Crop residue amount Each of these items and the estimation process thereof will be described below in order. In addition to the estimation process described below, the value of each item is also recorded when an actual value or a planned value is input by the user.

[0106] <Cultivation type> The cultivation type is a classification of the cultivation management method of the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID using the following cultivation parameters, and includes no-till cultivation, conservation tillage cultivation, natural cultivation, organic cultivation, conventional cultivation, flooded cultivation, etc. The cultivation parameters were plowing date, flooding date, soil exposure period, nitrogen fertilization type, and nitrogen fertilization rate.

[0107] <Vegetation period> The "vegetation period" is the period during which plants are cultivated and inhabit the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID.

[0108] <Soil exposure period> "Soil exposed" refers to the period during which no plants are cultivated or inhabiting the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID.

[0109] <Plowing date> "Plowing date" refers to the date on which plowing was performed in the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID. In this specification, information on the plowing depth is not used, but the plowing date and the plowing depth may be recorded in combination and used.

[0110] <Flooding day> "Flooded days" is time series data showing the days when the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID is in a flooded state with a layer of water on the ground surface. Although the name "flooded days" is used in this specification, in reality, various forms of water management can be determined from this time series of flooded days, such as a period when the flooded state continues continuously (continuous flooding), a period of intermittent irrigation in which water is drained periodically or irregularly, and a period of mid-season drying in rice cultivation, etc.

[0111] <Fertilization type> "Fertilization type" refers to the type of fertilizer containing nitrogen in the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID. Specific examples include chemical fertilizer, slow release chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, compost, green manure, etc.

[0112] <Amount of fertilizer applied> "Amount of fertilizer applied" is the nitrogen equivalent weight contained in the fertilizer applied from the previous observation date to the current observation date in the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID.

[0113] <Amount of crop residue> "Crop residue amount" is the amount of vegetation carbon remaining unharvested in the evaluation area for the area ID.

[0114] (Growth information) Next, the growth information will be described. Growth information is various information related to the growth state of vegetation in the evaluation area. In the system 1, known growth information is acquired from input operations by the user and stored, and unknown growth information is acquired and stored through an estimation process described below. The system 1 then uses the accumulated growth information in other subsequent estimation processes. That is, in the system 1, the growth information is both an intermediate output value obtained during various estimation processes and a final output value.

[0115] 6B is a diagram showing an example of the growth information 6. As shown in FIG. 6B, the growth information is configured by, for example, the following information table. Growth information table The growth information may be configured using other information tables. Details of each of these information tables will be described in order.

[0116] [Growth information table] In the growth information table, the following items are linked to the area ID. Vegetation type Vegetation coverage rate Gross Primary Production (GPP) Net Primary Production (NPP) -Vegetation respiration Vegetation carbon weight - Carbon harvested ·yield Nitrogen demand of plants Each of these items will be described in turn below. In addition to the estimation process described below, the value of each item is also recorded when an actual value or a planned value is input by the user.

[0117] <Vegetation type> "Vegetation type" refers to the classification of plants cultivated or living in the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID. For example, it includes classification based on photosynthetic pathway (C3, C4, CAM), leaf morphology (grass, broadleaf, etc.), harvested part (leafy vegetables, root vegetables, fruit vegetables, etc.), crop type (rice, wheat, corn, etc.), variety, etc.

[0118] <Vegetation coverage rate> "Vegetation coverage" refers to the ratio of the area covered by vegetation to the ground surface in the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID. The value is expressed as 0 to 1 or as a percentage. For example, if the area of ​​soil and vegetation is 1:1, it is 50%. It can also be estimated from the leaf area index (LAI).

[0119] <Gross Primary Production (GPP)> "Gross Primary Production (GPP)" refers to the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere by photosynthesis in the assessment area corresponding to the area ID. 2 It is an index that shows the amount of newly fixed carbon from the atmosphere over time. The unit is gC / m 2 / day or g-CO 2 / m 2 You can use / day etc.

[0120] <Net Primary Production (NPP)> "Net Primary Production (NPP)" is an index that shows the net carbon accumulation over time, calculated by subtracting the respiration rate of vegetation (autotroph) from GPP. It represents the amount of carbon actually accumulated in plants and soil, and is expressed in gC / m. 2 / day or g-CO 2 / m 2 You can use / day etc.

[0121] <Vegetation respiration> "Vegetation respiration (autotrophic respiration)" is the amount of CO released into the atmosphere by plants growing in the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID through respiration (maintenance respiration, growth respiration, etc.). 2 The time resolution can be daily or hourly, and the unit is g-CO 2 or gC(CO 2 Conversion) can be used.

[0122] <Vegetation carbon weight> "Vegetation carbon weight" is information that holds the amount of carbon equivalent to the accumulation of net primary production (NPP), which is calculated by subtracting vegetation respiration from photosynthesis (GPP), in the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID, as time-series data. The time resolution can be daily or hourly.

[0123] <Amount of carbon harvested> "Harvested carbon amount" refers to the amount of carbon in the biomass of plants cultivated in the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID that is removed from the farmland by harvesting, calculated as CO 2 The converted values ​​are stored as time-series data. For example, in the case of fruit, the weight increase from flowering / fruiting to the harvest date is the target. The time resolution can be in days or hours, and the unit is g-CO 2 or gC(CO 2 Conversion) can be used.

[0124] <Yield> "Yield" refers to the mass of the harvestable parts of the crops grown in the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID. The target is the weight of the edible or usable parts obtained by harvesting, and depending on the item, this may include grains, fruits, roots, etc.

[0125] <Nitrogen demand by plants> "Vegetation nitrogen demand" is information that holds the amount of nitrogen required for the growth and maintenance of plants growing in the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID as time-series data. The time resolution can be daily or hourly.

[0126] (Soil information) Next, the soil information will be described. The soil information is various information related to the condition of the soil in the evaluation area. In the system 1, known soil information is acquired from an input operation by the user and stored, and unknown soil information is acquired and stored by an estimation process described below. Then, in the system 1, the accumulated soil information is used in other subsequent estimation processes. That is, in the system 1, the soil information is both an intermediate output value obtained during various estimation processes and a final output value.

[0127] Fig. 7A is a diagram showing an example of soil information. As shown in Fig. 7A, the soil information is made up of, for example, the following information tables. Soil Information Table The soil information may be configured using other information tables. Details of each of these information tables will be described in order.

[0128] [Soil Information Table] In the soil information table, the following items are linked to each area ID. Vegetation history Soil temperature - Soil oxygen supply Soil moisture content Soil nitrogen supply Excess nitrogen Soil organic carbon content Soil organic matter decomposition rate Aerobic decomposition rate Anaerobic decomposition rate ·Nitrification and denitrification rate Each of these items will be described in turn below. In addition to the estimation process described below, the value of each item is also recorded when an actual value or a planned value is input by the user.

[0129] <Vegetation history> "Vegetation history" is information showing the transition of vegetation types cultivated and living in the evaluation area corresponding to the area ID. This makes it possible to comprehensively express the history of crop rotation, double cropping, cover plants, and other cropping patterns and vegetation management.

[0130] <Soil temperature> "Soil temperature" is information that holds the average soil temperature of the evaluation area corresponding to the evaluation ID as a time-series value. The time resolution may be either daily or hourly.

[0131] <Soil oxygen supply> "Soil oxygen supply" is information that indicates the amount of oxygen supplied to the soil in a chronological order in the evaluation area corresponding to the evaluation ID. The time resolution can be set arbitrarily to days, hours, etc., and the unit is gO 2 / m 2 / day or LO 2 / m 2 / day, etc. This can also be used as an indicator to estimate whether the soil is in an aerobic or anaerobic state.

[0132] The aerobic and anaerobic conditions in actual soil depend on many factors, such as soil porosity, permeability, groundwater level, redox potential (Eh), pH, etc. In this embodiment, the oxygen diffusion amount is approximately calculated based on the plowing date, flooding date, vegetation coverage rate, etc., but if the user adds soil texture and groundwater level information, it is also possible to model the redox potential (Eh).

[0133] <Soil moisture content> "Soil moisture content" is information that indicates the amount of moisture in the soil in a chronological order in the evaluation area corresponding to the evaluation ID. The time resolution can be set arbitrarily to days or hours, and the main sources of moisture are rainfall and plowing.

[0134] <Soil nitrogen supply> "Soil nitrogen supply" is information that indicates the total amount of ammonium ions and nitrate ions supplied to the soil by fertilization, organic matter decomposition, nitrogen fixation, etc. in the evaluation area corresponding to the evaluation ID in chronological order. The time resolution can be set arbitrarily to days, hours, etc., and the unit is gN / m 2 The amount of ammonium ion or nitrate ion can be calculated by converting the amount of nitrogen into the weight of ammonia, if necessary.

[0135] <Excess nitrogen amount> "Excess nitrogen amount" is information that shows the amount of ammonium ion and nitrate ion supplied to the soil (from fertilization, organic matter decomposition, nitrogen fixation, etc.) in the evaluation area corresponding to the evaluation ID, minus the amount estimated to be absorbed or used by plants, in chronological order. The time resolution can be set arbitrarily, such as by day or hour.

[0136] <Soil organic carbon content> "Soil organic carbon amount" is information that indicates, in chronological order, the total amount of organic carbon accumulated in the soil of the evaluation area corresponding to the evaluation ID.

[0137] <Soil organic matter decomposition amount> "Soil organic matter decomposition amount" is information that indicates the amount of carbon dioxide emitted as a result of organic matter decomposition by the activity of soil microorganisms in the evaluation area corresponding to the evaluation ID. The time resolution can be set arbitrarily, such as daily or hourly. Soil microbial respiration amount

[0138] <Aerobic decomposition rate> "Aerobic decomposition rate" is the rate at which aerobic microorganisms in the soil decompose organic matter in the evaluation area corresponding to the evaluation ID. The time resolution can be set to any value, such as days or hours. The activity of aerobic microorganisms varies depending on conditions such as soil temperature, soil oxygen supply, soil moisture, and soil nitrogen.

[0139] <Anaerobic decomposition rate> "Anaerobic decomposition rate" is the rate at which anaerobic microorganisms in the soil decompose organic matter in the evaluation area corresponding to the evaluation ID. The time resolution can be set to any value, such as days or hours. The activity of anaerobic microorganisms varies depending on conditions such as soil temperature, soil oxygen supply, soil moisture, and soil nitrogen.

[0140] <Nitrification and denitrification rate> "Nitrification and denitrification rate" is the rate at which aerobic microorganisms in the soil nitrify and denitrify ammonia and nitrate in the evaluation area corresponding to the evaluation ID. The time resolution can be set to any value, such as days or hours. The activity of anaerobic microorganisms varies depending on conditions such as soil temperature, soil oxygen supply, soil moisture, and soil nitrogen.

[0141] (Environmental load information) Next, the environmental load information will be described. Here, the "environmental load information" refers to information that indicates the degree of impact on the environment, such as greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon stock fluctuations in the evaluation area, and includes values ​​that are ultimately output by the present system 1 after performing estimation processing. That is, the present system 1 has a function of acquiring unknown environmental load information through an estimation process described later, and accumulating and visualizing it for each evaluation area. This environmental load information is obtained as the final output of a series of estimation processes in the present system 1.

[0142] Fig. 7B is a diagram showing an example of the environmental load information As shown in Fig. 7B, the environmental load information is configured, for example, by the following data table. ·Environmental Impact Information Table The environmental load information table may be composed of other data tables. Details of each of these data tables will be explained in order.

[0143] [Environmental Impact Information Table] In the environmental load information table, the following items are associated with each area ID. CO 2 emissions N 2 O emissions ·CH4 emissions Each of these items will be discussed in turn below.

[0144] <CO 2 Emissions> "CO 2 "Emissions" refers to the change in soil organic carbon stock in the assessment area corresponding to the assessment ID, expressed as CO 2 When emissions into the atmosphere exceed absorption (carbon fixation), the value is positive (net emissions), and when absorption exceeds emissions, the value is negative (net absorption).

[0145] <N 2 O emissions> "N 2 "O emissions" refers to the amount of N emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere in the assessment area corresponding to the assessment ID. 2 Indicates the amount of O.

[0146] <CH 4 Emissions> "CH 4 "Emissions" refers to the CH4 emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere in the assessment area corresponding to the assessment ID. 4 Indicates the amount of.

[0147] CO 2 Emissions, N 2 O emissions, CH 4 By evaluating the three emissions together, it is possible to grasp the overall picture of GHG emissions on a farmland basis. The estimated results are output as a map or a numerical list using the visualization function of System 1, and are used as indicators for reducing GHG emissions and improving cultivation management.

[0148] <4. System 1 Processing> Next, a description will be given of the processing performed by the system 1. First, a description will be given of the processing performed to acquire various pieces of information input by the user.

[0149] <4-1. Information acquisition flow> FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an example of an input information acquisition flow 800 for acquiring information from an external source. As shown in Fig. 8, in the input information acquisition flow, first, the management server 103 receives an input operation of various information from the user terminal 102 (step S810). Specifically, the user inputs known information from among the target information, reference information, cultivation information, growth information, and soil information from the user terminal 102. The various information input to the user terminal 102 is transmitted to the management server 103. For example, for the cultivation information, growth information, and soil information, the user can input actual values ​​or planned values ​​for each item from the user terminal 102.

[0150] After step S810, the management server 103 acquires the received information (step S820). Specifically, the input information acquisition unit 311 of the management server 103 records each piece of received information in a corresponding data table in the auxiliary storage device 302 according to its type. The process of acquiring input information is repeated every time an input operation is performed by the user, and a new record is recorded in each data table in the auxiliary storage device 302.

[0151] In the input information acquisition flow 800, the management server 103 acquires information from an external device (step S830). Specifically, the weather information acquisition unit 313 of the management server 103 acquires weather information from an external weather information DB based on a preset sampling rate. In addition, the spectrum information acquisition unit 314 of the management server 103 periodically acquires multispectral information from a multispectral acquisition means such as an artificial satellite.

[0152] After step S830, the management server 103 records the acquired information (step S840). Specifically, the weather information acquisition unit 313 of the management server 103 stores the acquired weather information in the auxiliary storage device 302. In addition, the spectrum information acquisition unit 314 of the management server 103 stores the acquired multispectral information in the auxiliary storage device 302. These processes are repeatedly executed every time each piece of information is acquired, and a new record is recorded in each data table in the auxiliary storage device 302.

[0153] <4-2. Environmental information visualization flow> Next, a description will be given of a visualization flow of the environmental information, which is the entire estimation process performed by the system 1. Fig. 9 is a diagram showing an example of a visualization flow of the environmental information.

[0154] 9, in the environmental information visualization flow, first, the management server 103 accepts designation of target information from the user (step S910). Specifically, the management server 103 accepts an input operation to the user terminal 102 regarding an evaluation area and an evaluation period for which the user desires the system 1 to perform estimation processing.

[0155] After step S910, the management server 103 estimates the characteristic information (step S920). The process of estimating the spectrum information by the management server 103 will be described later with reference to FIG.

[0156] After step S920, the management server 103 estimates the reference information (step S930). The estimation process of the reference information by the management server 103 will be described later with reference to FIG.

[0157] After step S930, the management server 103 estimates the cultivation information (step S940). The cultivation information estimation process by the management server 103 will be described later with reference to FIG.

[0158] After step S940, the management server 103 estimates the growth information (step S950). The growth information estimation process by the management server 103 will be described later with reference to FIG.

[0159] After step S950, the management server 103 estimates soil information (step S960). The soil information estimation process by the management server 103 will be described later with reference to FIG.

[0160] After step S960, the management server 103 estimates the environmental load information (step S970). The process of estimating the environmental load information by the management server 103 will be described later with reference to FIG.

[0161] After step S970, the management server 103 outputs the estimated information (step S980). Specifically, the output unit 321 of the management server 103 outputs various pieces of information that have been estimated in the processes up to this point, among the information desired by the user, to the user terminal 102. The output mode of the estimation process will be described later. Next, the details of the estimation process for each piece of information will be described in order.

[0162] <4-3. Feature information estimation flow> Fig. 10 is a diagram showing an example of a characteristic information estimation flow. As shown in Fig. 10, in the characteristic information estimation flow, first, the management server 103 acquires the evaluation area and evaluation period specified by the user (step S1010). Specifically, the target information acquisition unit 312 of the management server 103 acquires the evaluation area and evaluation period input by the user.

[0163] After step S1010, the management server 103 acquires multispectral information for the evaluation area and evaluation period (step S1020). Specifically, the spectral information acquisition unit 314 of the management server 103 refers to the auxiliary storage device 302 to acquire the multispectral information for the evaluation area and evaluation period designated by the user, which was acquired in step S1010.

[0164] After step S1020, the management server 103 estimates the characteristic information (step S1030). Specifically, the characteristic information estimation unit 315 of the management server 103 estimates the characteristic information by using the information acquired in step S1020. The specific estimation process by the characteristic information estimation unit 315 will be described below in order for each item of the characteristic information.

[0165] [Calculation of photosynthetic pigment index] The feature information estimation unit 315 Obtain the green reflectance (B3), red reflectance (B4), and near-infrared reflectance (B8) of the time-series multispectral ground surface reflectance of the evaluation area, Obtain the central wavelengths of each band: B3: 0.56 μm, B4: 0.665 μm, B8: 0.842 μm. The photosynthetic pigment index is calculated as follows: Photosynthetic pigment index = (near-infrared reflectance B8 - red reflectance B4) / (central wavelength B8 - central wavelength B4) - red reflectance B4 - green reflectance B3) / (central wavelength B4 - central wavelength B3).

[0166] That is, the characteristic information estimation unit 315 calculates the photosynthetic pigment index by subtracting the value obtained by subtracting the green reflectance from the red reflectance from the value obtained by subtracting the green central wavelength from the red central wavelength, from the value obtained by subtracting the red reflectance from the near-infrared reflectance divided by the value obtained by subtracting the red central wavelength from the near-infrared central wavelength. The value obtained by subtracting the red central wavelength from the near-infrared central wavelength and the value obtained by dividing the value obtained by subtracting the green central wavelength from the red central wavelength are adjustable within the range of positive numbers. In other words, the characteristic information estimation unit 315 calculates the photosynthetic pigment index by using the green reflectance, red reflectance, and near-infrared reflectance included in the time-series spectrum, based on the value obtained by subtracting the value obtained by multiplying the difference between the red reflectance and the green reflectance by the second positive coefficient from the value obtained by multiplying the difference between the near-infrared reflectance and the red reflectance by the first positive coefficient.

[0167] [Calculation of surface soil moisture index] The feature information estimation unit 315 Obtain a time series spectrum of the evaluation area, Obtain the dry soil spectrum and wet soil spectrum contained in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, Surface soil reflectance, The surface soil moisture index is calculated using the linear interpolation formula: (average reflectance of dry soil - average reflectance at observation time) / (average reflectance of dry soil - average reflectance of wet soil). The reflectance of surface soil decreases linearly up to a moisture content of approximately 0 to 0.3, but changes little at all around 0.5. Therefore, the relationship between reflectance (vertical axis) and moisture content (horizontal axis) is a downward convex hyperbola, with an asymptote near 0.5. If necessary, nonlinear interpolation such as a hyperbola can be used.

[0168] [Maximum covering period spectrum] The feature information estimation unit 315 Obtain a time series spectrum of the evaluation area, Obtain the time series photosynthetic pigment index included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, The spectrum at the time when the time series photosynthetic pigment index shows its peak value when it changes from an increase to a decrease (the spectrum when the photosynthetic pigment index is at its maximum) is extracted as the maximum cover period spectrum. However, depending on the vegetation type, when the sowing or transplanting density is low (for example, when the spacing between rows of outdoor vegetables or the spacing between fruit trees is wide), the coverage rate may not reach 100% even at peak times, so a configuration may be adopted in which the user or system sets a maximum coverage rate (e.g., 80 to 100%) for each vegetation type and normalizes and handles the peak value. That is, the characteristic information estimation unit 315 extracts a maximum covering period spectrum that indicates the spectrum when the photosynthetic pigment index is at its maximum based on the photosynthetic pigment index from the time series spectrum of the evaluation area.

[0169] [Minimum covering period spectrum] The feature information estimation unit 315 Obtain a time series spectrum of the evaluation area, Obtain the time series photosynthetic pigment index included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, The spectrum at the point when the time series photosynthetic pigment index increases from the minimum value and exceeds 0.1 is extracted as the minimum cover period spectrum. That is, the characteristic information estimation unit 315 extracts, from the time-series spectrum of the evaluation area, a minimum coverage period spectrum that indicates a spectrum in which the photosynthetic pigment index has increased slightly from the minimum value based on the photosynthetic pigment index.

[0170] [Spectrum at the end of vegetation] The feature information estimation unit 315 Obtain a time series spectrum of the evaluation area, Obtain the time series photosynthetic pigment index included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, The spectrum at the point when the time series photosynthetic pigment index decreases from its peak value and falls below 0.5 is extracted as the spectrum at the end of vegetation.

[0171] [Spectrum during the period of increased coverage] The feature information estimation unit 315 Obtain a time series spectrum of the evaluation area, Obtain the time series photosynthetic pigment index included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, The spectrum at the point where the photosynthetic pigment index in the time series increases from the bottom value and reaches about 50% of the peak value is extracted as a representative spectrum during the period of increased coverage. Multiple spectra may be extracted, such as 75%, 50%, and 25% of the peak value.

[0172] [Spectrum during the period of reduced coverage] The feature information estimation unit 315 Obtain a time series spectrum of the evaluation area, Obtain the time series photosynthetic pigment index included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, The multispectrum at the point when the time-series photosynthetic pigment index decreases from its peak value and falls to about 50% of the peak value is extracted as a representative spectrum during the period of decreasing coverage. Multiple spectra can be extracted, such as 75%, 50%, and 25% of the peak value. The spectrum when the photosynthetic pigment index is decreasing corresponds to the spectrum during the ripening period in grain cultivation, and is used to estimate the vegetation type. That is, the characteristic information estimation unit 315 extracts a coverage decreasing period spectrum that indicates a spectrum when the photosynthetic pigment index is decreasing from the time series spectrum of the evaluation area.

[0173] [Soil spectrum] The feature information estimation unit 315 Obtain a time series spectrum of the evaluation area, Obtain the time series photosynthetic pigment index included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, Spectra obtained at observation points where the time series photosynthetic pigment index is 0.0 or less and the influence of vegetation is extremely small are extracted as soil spectra. That is, the characteristic information estimation unit 315 extracts the soil spectrum from the time series spectrum based on the photosynthetic pigment index.

[0174] [Dry soil spectrum] The feature information estimation unit 315 Obtain a time series spectrum of the evaluation area, Obtain the time series photosynthetic pigment index included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, Among the multiple spectra extracted as soil spectra, the spectrum with the highest average reflectance across all wavelengths is extracted as the dry soil spectrum. That is, the characteristic information estimation unit 315 extracts the dry soil spectrum from the soil spectrum based on the average reflectance across all wavelengths.

[0175] [Waterlogged soil spectrum] The feature information estimation unit 315 Obtain a time series spectrum of the evaluation area, Acquire the time series photosynthetic pigment index and dry soil spectrum included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, Among the multiple spectra extracted as soil spectra, the spectrum in which the decrease in near-infrared reflectance is more than twice the decrease in blue reflectance compared to the dry soil spectrum is extracted as the flooded soil spectrum. That is, the characteristic information estimation unit 315 extracts the wet soil spectrum from the soil spectrum based on the average reflectance across all wavelengths.

[0176] If SWIR (short-wave infrared) data is available, it is possible to improve accuracy by using a water region determination algorithm in combination.

[0177] [Wet soil spectrum] The feature information estimation unit 315 Obtain a time series spectrum of the evaluation area, Obtain the time series photosynthetic pigment index and flooded soil spectrum included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, From the multiple spectra extracted as soil spectra, excluding the flooded soil spectrum, the spectrum with the lowest average reflectance across all wavelengths is extracted as the wet soil spectrum. Note that it is also possible to extract from all soil spectra without excluding the flooded soil spectrum from the soil spectrum. In other words, the characteristic information estimation unit 315 extracts the wet soil spectrum from the soil spectrum based on the average reflectance across all wavelengths.

[0178] [Vegetation period] The feature information estimation unit 315 Obtain a time series spectrum of the evaluation area, Obtain the time series photosynthetic pigment index included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, The period from when the time-series photosynthetic pigment index increases from its minimum value and exceeds 0.1 to when it decreases from its maximum value and falls below 0.5 is extracted as the vegetation period.

[0179] Since the optimal threshold value may vary depending on the crop type and the characteristics of the observation satellite sensor, this system is equipped with an interface that allows users to set the threshold value as they wish.

[0180] [Period of increased coverage] The feature information estimation unit 315 Obtain the time series photosynthetic pigment index included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, The period from when the time-series photosynthetic pigment index increases from the minimum value and exceeds 0.1 to when the photosynthetic pigment index reaches its maximum value (the period from when the photosynthetic pigment index reaches its minimum value to its maximum value) is extracted as the coverage increase period. The coverage increase period often corresponds to the vegetative growth period of vegetation. In other words, the characteristic information estimation unit 315 extracts the coverage increase period based on the photosynthetic pigment index.

[0181] [Period of reduced coverage] The feature information estimation unit 315 Obtain the time series photosynthetic pigment index included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, The period from when the time-series photosynthetic pigment index reaches its maximum value to when the photosynthetic pigment index decreases from its maximum value and falls below 0.5 (the period when the photosynthetic pigment index decreases from its maximum value) is extracted as the coverage decrease period. The coverage decrease period often corresponds to the reproductive growth period of vegetation. In other words, the characteristic information estimation unit 315 extracts the coverage decrease period based on the photosynthetic pigment index.

[0182] <4-4. Estimation flow of reference information> Fig. 11 is a diagram showing an example of a reference information estimation flow. As shown in Fig. 11, in the reference information estimation flow, first, the management server 103 acquires the evaluation area and evaluation period specified by the user (step S1110). Specifically, the target information acquisition unit 312 of the management server 103 acquires the evaluation area and evaluation period input by the user.

[0183] After step S1110, the management server 103 acquires information necessary for the estimation process (step S1120). Specifically, the reference information estimation unit 316 of the management server 103 identifies the item of the reference information that is requested to be estimated in this process, and acquires the information necessary for the estimation. For example, when an estimation of the reference vegetation period for a specific vegetation type is requested, the cultivation information table included in the cultivation information is referenced, and all the actual values ​​of the vegetation period corresponding to the type are acquired.

[0184] After step S1120, the management server 103 estimates the reference information (step S1130). Specifically, the reference information estimation unit 316 of the management server 103 estimates the reference information using the information acquired in step S1120. For example, when an estimation of a reference vegetation period for a specific vegetation type is requested, the average value of all acquired vegetation results is calculated and estimated as the reference period for that vegetation type. The estimated reference information is recorded as a new record in the vegetation type-specific reference period table in the auxiliary storage device 302.

[0185] [Vegetation period by vegetation type] The reference information estimation unit 316 Obtain the vegetation period included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area where the vegetation type is known, Obtaining the temperature, solar radiation, etc., contained in the meteorological information for the evaluation area where the vegetation type is known, The vegetation period by vegetation type is calculated by calculating the average value of the extracted vegetation period for each vegetation type. The average value may be calculated after correcting the acquired vegetation period by comparing the acquired temperature and solar radiation with a standard temperature and solar radiation.

[0186] [Period of increase in coverage rate by vegetation type] The reference information estimation unit 316 Obtain the period of increase in coverage included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area where the vegetation type is known, Obtaining the temperature, solar radiation, etc., contained in the meteorological information for the evaluation area where the vegetation type is known, The period of increased coverage by vegetation type is calculated by calculating the average period of increased coverage. The obtained temperature and amount of solar radiation may be compared with a standard temperature and amount of solar radiation to correct the obtained period of increased coverage and then calculate the average value.

[0187] [Period of decline in coverage by vegetation type] The reference information estimation unit 316 Obtain the period of decline in coverage included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area where the vegetation type is known, Obtaining the temperature, solar radiation, etc., contained in the meteorological information for the evaluation area where the vegetation type is known, The period of reduced coverage by vegetation type is calculated by calculating the average period of reduced coverage by vegetation type. The obtained temperature and solar radiation amount may be compared with a standard temperature and solar radiation amount to correct the obtained period of reduced coverage and then calculate the average value.

[0188] [Spectrum of maximum cover period by vegetation type] The reference information estimation unit 316 Obtain a time series spectrum for the evaluation area with known vegetation types; Obtain the maximum cover period spectrum, which is included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area where the vegetation type is known, Obtaining the temperature, solar radiation, etc., contained in the meteorological information for the evaluation area where the vegetation type is known, The maximum cover period spectrum by vegetation type is calculated by calculating the average value of the extracted maximum cover period spectrum for each vegetation type.

[0189] [Spectrum at the end of vegetation by vegetation type] The reference information estimation unit 316 Obtain a time series spectrum for the evaluation area with known vegetation types; Obtain a vegetation end spectrum, which is included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area where the vegetation type is known, Obtaining the temperature, solar radiation, etc., contained in the meteorological information for the evaluation area where the vegetation type is known, The vegetation end spectrum for each vegetation type is calculated by calculating the average value for each vegetation type of the extracted vegetation end spectrum.

[0190] [Spectrum of increasing coverage period by vegetation type] The reference information estimation unit 316 Obtain a time series spectrum for the evaluation area with known vegetation types; Obtain the coverage increase period spectrum included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area where the vegetation type is known, Obtaining the temperature, solar radiation, etc., contained in the meteorological information for the evaluation area where the vegetation type is known, The average of the extracted spectra for the period of increased coverage for each vegetation type is calculated to calculate the spectrum for the period of increased coverage for each vegetation type.

[0191] [Spectrum of decreasing period of coverage by vegetation type] The reference information estimation unit 316 Obtain a time series spectrum for the evaluation area with known vegetation types; Obtain the coverage reduction period spectrum included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area where the vegetation type is known, Obtaining the temperature, solar radiation, etc., contained in the meteorological information for the evaluation area where the vegetation type is known, The average of the extracted spectra for the increasing period of coverage is calculated for each vegetation type to calculate the spectra for the decreasing period of coverage by vegetation type.

[0192] [Maintenance respiration coefficient by vegetation type] The reference information estimation unit 316 calculates the maintenance respiration coefficient by vegetation type by calculating the average value for each vegetation type of the maintenance respiration rate and vegetation carbon weight that are actually measured in an area where the vegetation type is known.

[0193] [Growth respiration coefficient by vegetation type] The reference information estimation unit 316 calculates the growth respiration coefficient by vegetation type by calculating the average value of the growth respiration rate and the total primary production rate that are actually measured in an area where the vegetation type is known.

[0194] [Ratio of harvested carbon to net primary production] The reference information estimation unit 316 calculates the harvest carbon volume / net primary production ratio by vegetation type by calculating the average value of the carbon amount contained in the harvest volume and the net primary production volume actually measured in areas where the vegetation type is known.

[0195] [Yield and carbon yield ratio by vegetation type] The reference information estimation unit 316 calculates the yield / carbon harvest ratio by vegetation type by calculating the average values ​​of the actually measured yield and carbon harvest from areas where the vegetation type is known.

[0196] [Nitrogen use efficiency by vegetation type] The reference information estimation unit 316 calculates the nitrogen use efficiency by vegetation type by calculating the average values ​​of the nitrogen demand and net primary production that are actually measured in areas where the vegetation types are known. Since the nitrogen utilization efficiency by vegetation type changes depending on the growth stage of the vegetation, the nitrogen utilization efficiency by vegetation type is calculated as time series data.

[0197] [Light use efficiency by vegetation type] The reference information estimation unit 316 calculates the light use efficiency by vegetation type by calculating the average value of the actually measured light use efficiency from areas where the vegetation type is known.

[0198] [Ventilation system coefficient by vegetation type] The reference information estimation unit 316 calculates the amount of N generated in the soil from actual measurements in past tests. 2 The proportion of N released to the ground surface via the aerenchyma of vegetation in O 2 Record the standard ratio of O.

[0199] [Vegetation Type N 2 O Leaching coefficient] The reference information estimation unit 316 records the standard ratio of the amount of ammonium ions and nitrate ions in the soil that have not been absorbed by vegetation and that run off in water or are directly released into the atmosphere, calculated from actual measurements from past tests.

[0200] [Vegetation Type N 2 Emission factor] The reference information estimation unit 316 records the standard ratio of the amount of nitrous oxide emissions to the total amount of emissions from the nitrification process of ammonia and the denitrification of nitrate, calculated from actual measurements in past tests.

[0201] [Nitrogen supply rate by fertilizer type] The reference information estimation unit 316 records the standard ratio of the amount of ammonium ion and nitrate ion supplied to the soil per unit time relative to the amount of fertilizer applied, calculated from actual measured values ​​in past tests.

[0202] [Standard fertilizer application rates by vegetation type and fertilizer application type] The reference information estimation unit 316 records standard values ​​of standard fertilizer amounts for each vegetation type calculated from past surveys and recorded for each fertilizer type. Standard values ​​for standard fertilizer application rates by vegetation type and fertilizer application type may vary by region, such as country or administrative division, and may therefore be recorded by region.

[0203] [Standard maximum photosynthetic pigment index by vegetation type and fertilization type] The reference information estimation unit 316 records the standard value of the standard maximum photosynthetic index for each vegetation type, calculated from past estimation results, for each fertilization type. The standard maximum photosynthetic pigment index by vegetation type and fertilization type may vary by region, such as by country or administrative division, and may therefore be recorded by region.

[0204] [Standard photosynthetic pigment change rate by vegetation type and fertilization type] The reference information estimation unit 316 records the standard values ​​of the standard photosynthetic pigment change rates for each vegetation type for each fertilization type, calculated from past estimation results. The standard photosynthetic pigment change rates for each vegetation type and fertilization type may differ by region, such as country or meteorological zone, so they may be recorded by region.

[0205] [Standard oxygen supply by vegetation history] The reference information estimation unit 316 records standard values ​​of soil oxygen supply calculated from actual measurements in past tests for each vegetation type history (crop rotation history, such as paddy rice>wheat>paddy rice).

[0206] [Standard moisture content by vegetation history] The reference information estimation unit 316 records standard values ​​of soil moisture content calculated from actual measurements in past tests for each vegetation type history (crop rotation history, such as paddy rice>wheat>paddy rice).

[0207] [Soil organic carbon by vegetation history] The reference information estimation unit 316 records standard values ​​of soil organic carbon content calculated from actual measurements in past tests for each vegetation type history (crop rotation history, such as paddy rice>wheat>paddy rice).

[0208] [Aerobic decomposition rate by vegetation history] The reference information estimation unit 316 records the aerobic decomposition rate values ​​under standard temperature conditions calculated from actual measurements in past tests for each vegetation type history (crop rotation history, such as paddy rice>wheat>paddy rice).

[0209] [Anaerobic decomposition rate by vegetation history] The reference information estimation unit 316 records values ​​of anaerobic decomposition rates under standard temperature conditions calculated from actual measurements in past tests for each vegetation type history (crop rotation history, such as paddy rice>wheat>paddy rice).

[0210] <4-5. Cultivation information estimation flow> Fig. 12 is a diagram showing an example of a cultivation information estimation flow. As shown in Fig. 12, in the cultivation information estimation flow, first, the management server 103 acquires an evaluation area and an evaluation period designated by a user (step S1210). Specifically, the target information acquisition unit 312 of the management server 103 acquires the evaluation area and evaluation period input by the user.

[0211] After step S1210, the management server 103 acquires information necessary for the estimation process (step S1220). Specifically, the cultivation information estimation unit 317 of the management server 103 identifies the cultivation information item requested to be estimated in this process, and acquires the information necessary for the estimation. For example, when the cultivation information requests estimation of the vegetation type in a specific evaluation area, the cultivation information estimation unit 317 acquires the photosynthetic pigment index from the characteristic information of the evaluation area.

[0212] After step S1220, the management server 103 estimates the cultivation information (step S1230). Specifically, the cultivation information estimation unit 317 of the management server 103 estimates the cultivation information using the information acquired in step S1220. The specific estimation process by the cultivation information estimation unit 317 will be described below in order for each item of cultivation information.

[0213] The cultivation information estimation unit 317 and the growth information estimation unit 318 are Obtain the spectrum of the coverage increase period, the spectrum of the coverage decrease period, and the spectrum of the maximum coverage period included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, Obtain the spectrum of the increasing period of coverage by vegetation type, the spectrum of the decreasing period of coverage by vegetation type, and the spectrum of the maximum coverage period by vegetation type, which are included in the standard information for the evaluation area, Based on the degree of match between these extracted characteristic spectra and pre-stored reference spectra, the vegetation type in the evaluation area may be estimated. The spectrum match and the period match may also be combined to estimate the vegetation type in the evaluation area. That is, the characteristic information estimation unit 315 extracts a characteristic spectrum including a maximum coverage period spectrum and a coverage rate decreasing period spectrum, and the growth information estimation unit 318 can estimate the vegetation type in the evaluation area based on the degree of match between the extracted characteristic spectrum and a pre-stored standard spectrum for each vegetation type.

[0214] [Estimated plowing date] The cultivation information estimation unit 317 is Obtain the amount of solar radiation, precipitation, and humidity contained in the weather information for the evaluation area, Obtain the time series surface soil moisture index included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, The cultivation date is estimated as the time when the amount of change in the extracted surface soil moisture index over time exceeds the amount of change in the surface soil moisture index estimated based on the amount of precipitation and solar radiation since the previous observation. The cultivation information estimation unit 317 may further estimate the cultivation date using humidity. Furthermore, the day of plowing may be estimated as the point when the time series change in the spatial distribution of the surface soil moisture index exceeds the expected change in the surface soil moisture index estimated based on the amount of precipitation, humidity, and solar radiation from the previous observation. This utilizes the phenomenon that plowing changes the spatial distribution of pores in the soil surface, and the amount of moisture from the lower layer that reaches the surface changes due to the pore structure, resulting in a change in the spatial distribution of the surface soil moisture index.

[0215] [Estimated days of flooding] The cultivation information estimation unit 317 is Obtain a time series spectrum of the evaluation area, Obtain the dry soil spectrum included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, The timing when the near-infrared reflectance of the observed time series spectrum becomes 1 / 2 or less compared to the near-infrared reflectance of the dry soil spectrum is determined as a waterlogging day. This utilizes the fact that the incident reflected light has a red to near-infrared band due to liquid water above the soil surface. The cultivation information estimation unit 317 may also calculate the rate of decrease in near-infrared reflectance and the rate of decrease in blue reflectance of the observed time series spectrum relative to the dry soil spectrum, and estimate the time when the ratio of the rate of decrease in near-infrared reflectance to the rate of decrease in blue reflectance is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold value as a waterlogging day. The predetermined threshold value is a value obtained from actual measurements.

[0216] [Estimation of nitrogen fertilization type] The cultivation information estimation unit 317 is Obtain the amount of solar radiation and temperature contained in the weather information for the evaluation area, Obtain the time series photosynthetic pigment index included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, - Acquire the vegetation type included in the growth information of the evaluation area, Obtain the standard photosynthetic pigment index change rate by vegetation type and fertilization type included in the standard information for the evaluation area, The maximum time series rate of change of the photosynthetic pigment index was corrected for solar radiation and temperature to calculate the maximum photosynthetic pigment index rate of change. The maximum rate of change of the corrected photosynthetic pigment index is compared with the standard rate of change of the photosynthetic pigment index by vegetation type and fertilization type, and the fertilization type is estimated based on the degree of agreement. In other words, the cultivation information estimation unit 317 corrects the maximum value of the time-series change rate of the photosynthetic pigment index by the amount of solar radiation and temperature to calculate the maximum photosynthetic pigment index change rate, and estimates the fertilization type based on the degree of agreement between the maximum photosynthetic pigment index change rate and the standard photosynthetic pigment index change rate for each vegetation type and fertilization type.

[0217] [Estimation of nitrogen fertilizer amount] The cultivation information estimation unit 317 is Obtain the amount of solar radiation and temperature contained in the weather information for the evaluation area, Obtain the time series photosynthetic pigment index included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, - Acquire the vegetation type and fertilization type contained in the growth information of the evaluation area, Obtain the standard maximum photosynthetic index and standard fertilizer amount for each vegetation type and fertilizer type included in the standard information for the evaluation area, The maximum photosynthetic index in time series is corrected for solar radiation and temperature. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer is estimated based on the ratio of the corrected maximum photosynthetic index to the standard maximum photosynthetic index for each vegetation type and fertilization type multiplied by the standard fertilizer amount for each vegetation type and fertilization type. In other words, the cultivation information estimation unit 317 corrects the maximum value of the photosynthetic pigment index using the amount of solar radiation and temperature to calculate the maximum photosynthetic pigment index, and estimates the amount of fertilizer based on the ratio between the maximum photosynthetic pigment index and the standard maximum photosynthetic index for each vegetation type and fertilization type.

[0218] [Estimation of crop residue volume] The cultivation information estimation unit 317 is Acquire the vegetation carbon weight and harvested carbon amount included in the growth information for the evaluation area, The amount of crop residue is estimated by subtracting the amount of harvested carbon from the amount of vegetation carbon.

[0219] <4-6. Estimation flow of growth information> Fig. 13 is a diagram showing an example of a growth information estimation flow. As shown in Fig. 13, in the growth information estimation flow, first, the management server 103 acquires an evaluation area and an evaluation period designated by a user (step S1310). Specifically, the target information acquisition unit 312 of the management server 103 acquires the evaluation area and evaluation period input by the user.

[0220] After step S1310, the management server 103 acquires information necessary for the estimation process (step S1320). Specifically, the growth information estimation unit 318 of the management server 103 identifies the item of growth information that is requested to be estimated in this process, and acquires the information necessary for the estimation. For example, when an estimation of the vegetation coverage rate in a specific evaluation area is requested as the growth information, the growth information estimation unit 318 acquires the photosynthetic pigment index and the maximum coverage period spectrum and the minimum coverage period spectrum from the characteristic information of the evaluation area.

[0221] After step S1320, the management server 103 estimates the growth information (step S1330). Specifically, the growth information estimation unit 318 of the management server 103 estimates the growth information using the information acquired in step S1320. The specific estimation process by the growth information estimation unit 318 will be described below in order for each item of growth information.

[0222] [Estimation of vegetation type] The cultivation information estimation unit 317 and the growth information estimation unit 318 are Acquire and extract characteristic spectra, including the maximum coverage period spectrum and the coverage rate decreasing period spectrum, contained in the characteristic information of the evaluation area; Acquire characteristic periods, including periods of increased coverage and periods of decreased coverage, contained in the characteristic information of the evaluation area; The vegetation type is estimated based on the degree of match between the extracted characteristic spectrum and the pre-stored reference spectrum for each vegetation type, and the degree of match between the extracted characteristic period and the pre-stored reference period for each vegetation type. That is, the characteristic information estimation unit 315 extracts a characteristic period including a period of increased coverage rate and a period of decreased coverage rate based on the photosynthetic pigment index of the evaluation area, and the growth information estimation unit 318 estimates the vegetation type in the evaluation area based on the degree of correspondence between the extracted characteristic period and a reference period for each vegetation type stored in advance. The growth information estimation unit 318 may estimate the vegetation type in the evaluation area based only on the degree of coincidence between the extracted characteristic spectrum and a pre-stored reference spectrum for each vegetation type. Alternatively, the growth information estimation unit 318 may estimate the vegetation type in the evaluation area based only on the degree of coincidence between the extracted characteristic period and a pre-stored reference characteristic period for each vegetation type.

[0223] [Estimation of vegetation coverage] The growth information estimation unit 318 is Obtain the maximum coverage period spectrum and the minimum coverage period spectrum included in the characteristic information of the evaluation area, The vegetation coverage rate in the evaluation area is calculated by linearly interpolating the observed multispectral reflectance (spectral value) between the maximum coverage period spectrum and the minimum coverage period spectrum that have been extracted in advance.

[0224] [Estimate of total primary production] The growth information estimation unit 318 is Obtain the amount of solar radiation, temperature, and precipitation contained in the weather information for the evaluation area, - Acquire the vegetation type and vegetation coverage rate included in the growth information of the evaluation area, Obtain the light utilization efficiency by vegetation type included in the standard information for the evaluation area, Calculates the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) from the amount of solar radiation. The absorbed photosynthetically active radiation is calculated by multiplying the calculated photosynthetically active radiation by the vegetation coverage rate and correcting the result by the maximum value of the time-series photosynthetic pigment index. The total primary production is calculated by multiplying the calculated absorbed photosynthetically active radiation by the light use efficiency for each vegetation type and integrating the result over the evaluation period.

[0225] [Estimation of vegetation respiration] The growth information estimation unit 318 is Obtain the temperature, which is included in the weather information for the evaluation area, - Acquire the vegetation type, total primary production, and vegetation carbon weight contained in the growth information for the evaluation area, - Acquire the growth respiration coefficient by vegetation type and the maintenance respiration coefficient by vegetation type included in the standard information for the evaluation area, - Calculate growth respiration by multiplying gross primary production (GPP) and growth respiration coefficient by vegetation type. - Calculate the maintenance respiration volume by multiplying the vegetation carbon weight by the maintenance respiration coefficient for each vegetation type. - Calculate vegetation respiration by adding growth respiration and maintenance respiration. The maintenance respiration rate and growth respiration rate may be corrected by temperature.

[0226] [Estimate of net primary production] The growth information estimation unit 318 is - Acquire the total primary production and vegetation respiration contained in the growth information for the evaluation area, Net primary production is estimated by subtracting vegetation respiration from gross primary production.

[0227] [Estimation of harvested carbon] The growth information estimation unit 318 is - Acquire the vegetation type and net primary production contained in the growth information of the evaluation area, Obtain the yield index by vegetation type included in the standard information for the evaluation area, - Calculate the amount of harvested carbon by multiplying the net primary production by a yield index for each vegetation type (such as the Harvest Index) and integrating the result over the relevant period.

[0228] [Yield Estimation] The growth information estimation unit 318 is - Acquire the vegetation type and harvested carbon amount contained in the growth information of the evaluation area, Obtain the yield and carbon yield ratio by vegetation type included in the standard information for the assessment area, The yield of the crop is estimated by multiplying the obtained harvested carbon by the yield-harvested carbon ratio by vegetation type.

[0229] [Estimation of vegetation nitrogen demand] The growth information estimation unit 318 is - Acquire the vegetation type and net primary production contained in the growth information of the evaluation area, - Obtain the nitrogen use efficiency by vegetation type included in the standard information for the evaluation area, - Calculate vegetation nitrogen demand by dividing net primary production (NPP) by nitrogen use efficiency by vegetation type.

[0230] [Estimation of vegetation carbon mass] The growth information estimation unit 318 is - Acquire the vegetation coverage rate and net primary production contained in the growth information of the evaluation area, -The vegetation carbon mass in the area is estimated by integrating the net primary production over the observation period from the point where vegetation coverage is at a minimum.

[0231] <4-7. Soil information estimation flow> Fig. 14 is a diagram showing an example of a soil information estimation flow. As shown in Fig. 14, in the soil information estimation flow, first, the management server 103 acquires an evaluation area and an evaluation period designated by a user (step S1410). Specifically, the target information acquisition unit 312 of the management server 103 acquires the evaluation area and evaluation period input by the user.

[0232] After step S1410, the management server 103 acquires information necessary for the estimation process (step S1420). Specifically, the soil information estimation unit 319 of the management server 103 identifies the soil information item that is requested to be estimated in this process, and acquires the information necessary for the estimation. For example, when an estimation of the soil temperature in a specific evaluation area is requested as the soil information, the soil information estimation unit 319 acquires information on the vegetation coverage rate from the growth information of the evaluation area, and the temperature, solar radiation, and humidity from the weather information of the evaluation area.

[0233] After step S1420, the management server 103 estimates the soil information (step S1430). Specifically, the soil information estimation unit 319 of the management server 103 estimates the soil information using the information acquired in step S1420. The specific estimation process by the soil information estimation unit 319 will be described below in order for each item of soil information.

[0234] [Soil temperature estimation] The soil information estimation unit 319 is Obtain the temperature, solar radiation, and humidity contained in the weather information for the evaluation area, - Obtain the vegetation coverage rate included in the growth information of the evaluation area, - Estimating soil temperature changes based on a numerical model with temperature, solar radiation, humidity, and vegetation coverage as input variables; The soil temperature is calculated by adding the calculated soil temperature change to the previous soil temperature. The reason for adding the vegetation coverage rate as an input variable is to reflect the fact that when the proportion of land covered by vegetation is high (when the vegetation coverage rate is high), it is difficult for solar radiation energy to reach the soil, making it difficult for the temperature to rise. A specific example of a numerical model is to multiply the air temperature by a value proportional to the amount of solar radiation and a value inversely proportional to the vegetation coverage rate.

[0235] [Estimation of soil oxygen supply] The soil information estimation unit 319 is - Obtain the weather information for the evaluation area, - Acquire the vegetation type and vegetation coverage rate included in the growth information of the evaluation area, Obtain the plowing date and watering date included in the cultivation information for the evaluation area, Obtain the standard oxygen supply amount by vegetation history included in the standard information for the evaluation area, The soil information estimation unit 319 estimates the soil oxygen supply amount by adding the physical oxygen supply amount due to tillage and the oxygen supply amount associated with vegetation cover to the standard oxygen supply amount by vegetation history, which is set from the history of vegetation types cultivated in the past.

[0236] In addition, soil texture (clay content, permeability), groundwater level, evapotranspiration, soil aggregate structure, etc. are also major influencing factors. If these additional data (such as soil classification information and groundwater level data) can be obtained, it is possible to model the soil oxygen supply more precisely.

[0237] [Estimation of soil moisture content] The soil information estimation unit 319 is Obtain the amount of precipitation and solar radiation contained in the weather information for the evaluation area, - Acquire the vegetation coverage rate included in the growth information of the evaluation area, Obtain the standard moisture content by vegetation history included in the standard information for the evaluation area, - Calculate the amount of moisture supply based on a numerical model with precipitation, solar radiation, humidity, and vegetation coverage as input variables. - Soil moisture content is calculated by adding the amount of moisture supplied to the standard moisture content by vegetation history.

[0238] Furthermore, soil moisture content is greatly affected by factors such as soil texture (sand, clay, loam, etc.), permeability, groundwater level, etc. In this embodiment, a field is provided where the user can register soil classification and groundwater level information, and it is also possible to implement a model that uses this information to correct the soil moisture retention curve and drainage coefficient.

[0239] [Estimation of soil nitrogen supply] The soil information estimation unit 319 is Obtain the temperature and solar radiation contained in the weather information for the evaluation area, - Acquire the fertilization type and amount included in the cultivation information for the evaluation area, Obtain the soil moisture content contained in the soil information for the evaluation area, - Acquire the nitrogen supply ratio by fertilizer type included in the standard information for the evaluation area, The nitrogen supply ratio by fertilizer type was corrected for temperature and soil moisture content, and the time-series nitrogen supply ratio was estimated. The amount of nitrogen supply is estimated based on the value obtained by multiplying the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied and the time-series nitrogen supply ratio.

[0240] [Estimation of soil organic carbon] The soil information estimation unit 319 is - Obtain the net primary production, harvested carbon, and soil organic matter decomposition amount contained in the growth information for the evaluation area, Obtain the soil organic carbon content at the previous point in time contained in the soil information for the evaluation area, Obtain soil organic carbon by vegetation history included in the standard information for the assessment area, The change in soil organic carbon was calculated by subtracting the amount of harvested carbon and the amount of soil organic matter decomposition from the net primary production. - Calculate soil organic carbon by adding the change in soil organic carbon to the soil organic carbon from the previous point in time. If there is no value for soil organic carbon from the previous time point, calculate soil organic carbon by adding the change in soil organic carbon to the soil organic carbon by vegetation history.

[0241] [Estimation of aerobic decomposition rate] The soil information estimation unit 319 is Obtain the temperature and solar radiation contained in the weather information for the evaluation area, Obtain the soil oxygen supply, soil moisture, and soil temperature contained in the soil information for the evaluation area. Obtain the aerobic decomposition rate by vegetation history included in the standard information for the evaluation area, The aerobic decomposition rate of each vegetation type is estimated by correcting it for the soil oxygen supply, soil moisture content, soil temperature, and soil nitrogen supply.

[0242] [Estimation of anaerobic decomposition rate] The soil information estimation unit 319 is Obtain the temperature and solar radiation contained in the weather information for the evaluation area, Obtain the soil oxygen supply, soil moisture, and soil temperature contained in the soil information for the evaluation area. Obtain the anaerobic decomposition rate by vegetation history included in the standard information for the evaluation area, Anaerobic decomposition rates are estimated by correcting the anaerobic decomposition rates of each vegetation type for soil oxygen supply, soil moisture content, soil temperature, and soil nitrogen supply.

[0243] [Estimation of nitrification / denitrification rates] The soil information estimation unit 319 is Obtain the temperature and solar radiation contained in the weather information for the evaluation area, Obtain the soil oxygen supply, soil moisture, and soil temperature contained in the soil information for the evaluation area. - Obtain the nitrification and denitrification rates by vegetation history included in the standard information for the evaluation area, The nitrification and denitrification rates are estimated by correcting the anaerobic decomposition rates of each vegetation type for the soil oxygen supply, soil moisture content, soil temperature, and soil nitrogen supply.

[0244] [Estimation of soil organic matter decomposition amount] The soil information estimation unit 319 is Obtain soil organic carbon content, aerobic decomposition rate, and anaerobic decomposition rate contained in the soil information for the evaluation area, The amount of soil organic matter decomposition is calculated by multiplying the soil organic carbon amount by the aerobic decomposition rate and adding the value obtained by multiplying the soil organic carbon amount by the aerobic decomposition rate.

[0245] [Estimation of excess nitrogen in soil] The soil information estimation unit 319 is - Acquire the amount of vegetation nitrogen demand contained in the growth information of the evaluation area, Obtain the soil nitrogen supply amount contained in the soil information for the evaluation area, - Calculate the amount of soil surplus nitrogen by subtracting the amount of vegetation nitrogen demand from the amount of soil nitrogen supply.

[0246] <4-8. Estimation flow of environmental impact information> Fig. 15 is a diagram showing an example of an estimation flow of environmental load information. As shown in Fig. 15, in the estimation flow of environmental load information, first, the management server 103 acquires the evaluation area and evaluation period specified by the user (step S1510). Specifically, the target information acquisition unit 312 of the management server 103 acquires the evaluation area and evaluation period input by the user.

[0247] After step S1510, the management server 103 acquires information necessary for the estimation process (step S1520). Specifically, the environmental load information estimation unit 320 of the management server 103 identifies the item of environmental load information that is requested to be estimated in this process, and acquires the information necessary for the estimation. For example, when an estimation of the SOC increase or decrease in a specific evaluation area is requested as the environmental load information, the environmental load information estimation unit 320 acquires the total primary production, harvested carbon volume, and vegetation respiration volume included in the growth information of the evaluation area, and the soil organic matter decomposition volume included in the soil information.

[0248] After step S1520, the management server 103 estimates the environmental load information (step S1530). Specifically, the environmental load information estimation unit 320 of the management server 103 estimates the environmental load information using the information acquired in step S1520. The specific estimation process by the environmental load information estimation unit 320 will be described below in order for each item of the environmental load information.

[0249] [CO 2 Emissions Estimation The environmental load information estimation unit 320 - Acquire the total primary production and vegetation respiration contained in the growth information for the evaluation area, Obtain the harvested carbon amount included in the cultivation information of the evaluation area, Obtain the amount of soil organic matter decomposition contained in the soil information for the evaluation area, Get The total amount of vegetation respiration, soil organic matter decomposition, and harvested carbon is added together, and the total amount of primary production is subtracted from the sum. The CO 2 Calculate emissions.

[0250] [N 2 Estimation of O emissions The environmental load information estimation unit 320 - Acquire the vegetation type and vegetation nitrogen demand contained in the growth information of the evaluation area, Obtain the soil nitrogen supply amount and nitrification / denitrification rate contained in the soil information for the evaluation area, Based on the vegetation type, the N by vegetation type included in the standard information for the evaluation area 2 O Leaching coefficient, N by vegetation type 2 Obtain the O emission factor, - Calculate the amount of excess nitrogen by subtracting the amount of vegetation nitrogen demand from the amount of soil nitrogen supply, -N by vegetation type for the calculated excess nitrogen amount 2 The N concentration was calculated based on the integrated value of the O leaching coefficient over the evaluation period. 2 Calculate indirect O emissions, The calculated excess nitrogen amount was compared with the nitrification / denitrification rate and N by vegetation type. 2 By multiplying the O emission coefficient and integrating it over the evaluation period, N 2 Calculate the O direct emissions, Calculated N 2 O direct emissions to N 2 Adding O indirect emissions, N 2 Calculate O emissions. That is, the environmental load information estimation unit 320 calculates the amount of excess nitrogen by subtracting the amount of vegetation nitrogen demand from the amount of soil nitrogen supply, and calculates the amount of excess nitrogen based on the value obtained by multiplying the amount of excess nitrogen by the nitrification / denitrification rate. 2 Estimate O emissions.

[0251] [CH 4 Emissions Estimation The environmental load information estimation unit 320 - Acquire the vegetation type included in the growth information of the evaluation area, - Obtain the amount of crop residue contained in the cultivation information for the evaluation area, Obtain the anaerobic and aerobic decomposition rates contained in the soil information for the evaluation area, Based on the vegetation type, obtain the ventilation system coefficient by vegetation type included in the standard information for the evaluation area, The amount of decomposed crop residue is calculated by multiplying the amount of crop residue by the aerobic decomposition rate. - Calculate the amount of undecomposed crop residue by subtracting the amount of decomposed crop residue from the amount of crop residue, - The amount of undecomposed crop residue is multiplied by the anaerobic decomposition rate to obtain CH 4 Calculate the amount produced, Calculated CH 4 The CH4 generated was multiplied by the aerial tissue coefficient for each vegetation type to calculate the CH4 transport through the aerial tissue. 4 Calculate emissions, Calculated CH 4 CH4 via aerenchyma from the amount produced 4 The value after subtracting the emission amount was multiplied by the aerobic decomposition rate to calculate CH 4 Calculate the amount of oxidation and CH 4 From the amount produced, CH 4 The CH 4 Calculate emissions. That is, the environmental load information estimation unit 320 calculates the amount of undecomposed crop residue by subtracting a value obtained by multiplying the amount of crop residue by the aerobic decomposition rate from the amount of crop residue, and calculates the CH 4 Estimate emissions.

[0252] Thus, the present invention is a farmland environmental load visualization system, a target information acquisition unit that acquires target information including an evaluation period and an evaluation area that are targets of environmental load visualization; A spectral information acquisition unit that acquires a time series spectrum including a time series multispectral ground surface reflectance; a weather information acquisition unit for acquiring weather information including an amount of solar radiation, a temperature, and an amount of precipitation; a characteristic information estimation unit that estimates characteristic information including a photosynthetic pigment index indicating a photosynthetic pigment density in the evaluation area and a surface soil moisture index indicating a moisture amount of the ground surface in the evaluation area based on the time series spectrum; a growth information estimation unit that estimates growth information indicating a growth state of vegetation in the evaluation area based on the characteristic information; a cultivation information estimation unit that estimates cultivation information indicating a cultivation state of vegetation in the evaluation area based on the characteristic information; a soil information estimation unit that estimates soil information indicating a state of soil in the evaluation area based on the characteristic information; Based on at least one of meteorological information, growth information, soil information, and cultivation information, 2 Emissions, N 2 O emissions, CH 4 an environmental load information estimation unit that estimates environmental load information including at least one of an amount of emission; and an output unit that visualizes and displays the calculated environmental load information. In this way, the system 1 can visualize various environmental loads of agriculture. Furthermore, it is not limited to environmental load information, but can estimate various types of information necessary for farm field management.

[0253] The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and includes various modified examples. For example, the above-described embodiments have been described in detail to clearly explain the present invention, and the present invention is not necessarily limited to those including all of the configurations described. It is also possible to replace a part of the configuration of one embodiment with the configuration of another embodiment, and it is also possible to add the configuration of another embodiment to the configuration of one embodiment. It is also possible to add, delete, or replace a part of the configuration of each embodiment with another configuration.

[0254] In addition, the above-mentioned configurations, functions, processing units, processing means, etc. may be realized in part or in whole by hardware, for example, by designing them as integrated circuits. In addition, the above-mentioned configurations, functions, etc. may be realized in software by a processor interpreting and executing a program that realizes each function. Information such as the program, table, file, etc. that realizes each function can be stored in a memory, a recording device such as a hard disk or SSD (Solid State Drive), or a recording medium such as an IC card, SD card, or DVD.

[0255] In addition, the control lines and information lines shown are those that are considered necessary for the explanation, and not all control lines and information lines in the product are necessarily shown. In reality, it can be considered that almost all components are connected to each other. The above-described embodiments disclose at least the configurations described in the claims. [Explanation of symbols]

[0256] 1...environmental load visualization system, 103...management server, 311...input information acquisition unit, 312...target information acquisition unit, 313...weather information acquisition unit, 314...spectrum information acquisition unit, 315...characteristic information estimation unit, 316...reference information estimation unit, 317...cultivation information estimation unit, 318...growth information estimation unit, 319...soil information estimation unit, 320...environmental load information estimation unit, 321...output unit

Claims

1. A farmland environmental load visualization system, a target information acquisition unit that acquires target information including an evaluation period and an evaluation area that are targets of environmental load visualization; A spectral information acquisition unit that acquires a time series spectrum including a time series multispectral ground surface reflectance; a weather information acquisition unit for acquiring weather information including an amount of solar radiation, a temperature, and an amount of precipitation; a characteristic information estimation unit that estimates characteristic information including a photosynthetic pigment index indicating a photosynthetic pigment density in the evaluation area and a surface soil moisture index indicating a moisture amount of the ground surface in the evaluation area based on the time series spectrum; a growth information estimation unit that estimates growth information indicating a growth state of vegetation in the evaluation area based on the characteristic information; a cultivation information estimation unit that estimates cultivation information indicating a cultivation state of vegetation in the evaluation area based on the characteristic information; a soil information estimation unit that estimates soil information indicating a state of the soil in the evaluation area based on the characteristic information; Based on at least one of the meteorological information, the growth information, the soil information, and the cultivation information, ２ Emissions, N ２ O emissions, CH ４ an environmental load information estimation unit that estimates environmental load information including at least one of an amount of emission; An output unit that visualizes and displays the calculated environmental load information.

2. The farmland environmental load visualization system according to claim 1, The feature information estimation unit is Using the green reflectance, red reflectance, and near-infrared reflectance contained in the time series spectrum, An agricultural land environmental load visualization system, characterized in that the photosynthetic pigment index is calculated based on a value obtained by multiplying the difference between the near-infrared reflectance and the red reflectance by a first positive coefficient minus a value obtained by multiplying the difference between the red reflectance and the green reflectance by a second positive coefficient.

3. The farmland environmental load visualization system according to claim 1, The feature information estimation unit is Extracting a soil spectrum from the time series spectrum based on the photosynthetic pigment index; Extracting a dry soil spectrum and a wet soil spectrum from the soil spectrum based on average reflectance across wavelengths; A system for visualizing environmental load on agricultural land, characterized in that the surface soil moisture index is calculated by linearly interpolating the observed time series spectrum between the dry soil spectrum and the wet soil spectrum.

4. The farmland environmental load visualization system according to claim 1, The feature information estimation unit is A maximum cover period spectrum indicating a spectrum when the photosynthetic pigment index is maximum from the time series spectrum of the evaluation area; extracting a characteristic spectrum including a coverage reduction period spectrum indicating a spectrum when the photosynthetic pigment index is decreasing from the time series spectrum of the evaluation area; The growth information estimation unit includes: An environmental load visualization system for agricultural land, characterized in that the vegetation type in the evaluation area is estimated based on the degree of similarity between the extracted characteristic spectrum and a pre-stored standard spectrum for each vegetation type.

5. The farmland environmental load visualization system according to claim 1, The feature information estimation unit is Extracting a characteristic period including a period of increased coverage and a period of decreased coverage based on the photosynthetic pigment index of the evaluation area; The growth information estimation unit includes: An environmental load visualization system for agricultural land, characterized in that the vegetation type in the evaluation area is estimated based on the degree of correspondence between the extracted characteristic period and a pre-stored reference period for each vegetation type.

6. The farmland environmental load visualization system according to claim 1, The feature information estimation unit is A maximum coverage period spectrum and a minimum coverage period spectrum are estimated from the time series spectrum of the evaluation area; The growth information estimation unit estimates the vegetation coverage rate by linearly interpolating the observed spectral value between the maximum coverage period spectrum and the minimum coverage period spectrum.

7. The farmland environmental load visualization system according to claim 1, The cultivation information estimation unit is A system for visualizing the environmental impact of agricultural land, characterized in that the system estimates the plowing date as the point at which the time-series change in the surface soil moisture index exceeds the change in the surface soil moisture index estimated from the precipitation and solar radiation.

8. The farmland environmental load visualization system according to claim 1, The feature information estimation unit is extracting a dry soil spectrum indicating a spectrum at a minimum time of the surface soil moisture index based on the surface soil moisture index from the time series spectrum; The cultivation information estimation unit is A system for visualizing the environmental load on agricultural land, characterized in that the system calculates the rate of decrease in near-infrared reflectance and the rate of decrease in blue reflectance of the observed time series spectrum relative to the dry soil spectrum, and estimates the day of flooding as the time when the ratio of the rate of decrease in near-infrared reflectance to the rate of decrease in blue reflectance becomes equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold value.

9. The farmland environmental load visualization system according to claim 1, The growth information estimation unit estimates total primary production, vegetation respiration, and harvested carbon amount, The soil information estimation unit estimates an amount of soil organic matter decomposition, The environmental load information estimation unit Based on the value obtained by adding the amount of vegetation respiration to the amount of soil organic matter decomposition and the amount of harvested carbon, and subtracting the total amount of primary production, CO ２ A system for visualizing the environmental impact of farmland that estimates emissions.

10. The farmland environmental load visualization system according to claim 1, The growth information estimation unit estimates vegetation nitrogen demand, The soil information estimation unit estimates soil nitrogen supply and nitrification / denitrification rate, The environmental load information estimation unit Calculate the amount of excess nitrogen by subtracting the vegetation nitrogen demand from the soil nitrogen supply; Based on the value obtained by multiplying the amount of excess nitrogen by the nitrification / denitrification rate, N ２ A system for visualizing the environmental impact of farmland, characterized by estimating O emissions.

11. The farmland environmental load visualization system according to claim 1, The cultivation information estimation unit estimates a crop residue amount, The soil information estimation unit estimates an anaerobic decomposition rate and an aerobic decomposition rate, The environmental load information estimation unit Calculate the amount of undecomposed crop residue by subtracting the value obtained by multiplying the amount of crop residue by the aerobic decomposition rate from the amount of crop residue; Based on the value obtained by multiplying the amount of undecomposed crop residue by the anaerobic decomposition rate, ４ A system for visualizing the environmental impact of farmland that estimates emissions.

12. The farmland environmental load visualization system according to claim 1, An agricultural land environmental load visualization system, further comprising a standard information estimation unit that estimates standard characteristic values ​​for at least one type of information of vegetation type, fertilization type, and vegetation history in the evaluation area.

13. The farmland environmental load visualization system according to claim 12, The growth information estimation unit estimates the vegetation type and the vegetation coverage rate, The reference information estimation unit acquires light use efficiencies by vegetation type based on the vegetation type, The growth information estimation unit calculates photosynthetically available radiation based on the amount of solar radiation, Calculating absorbed photosynthetically active radiation based on a value obtained by multiplying the photosynthetically active radiation by the vegetation coverage rate and correcting the result by the maximum value of a time-series photosynthetic pigment index; A system for visualizing the environmental load on agricultural land, characterized in that total primary production is calculated by multiplying the absorbed photosynthetically active radiation by the light utilization efficiency by vegetation type and integrating the result over the evaluation period.

14. The farmland environmental load visualization system according to claim 12, The growth information estimation unit estimates the vegetation type, the total primary production, and the vegetation carbon weight, The reference information estimation unit acquires a growth respiration coefficient by vegetation type and a maintenance respiration coefficient by vegetation type based on the vegetation type, The growth information estimation unit includes: Calculating the growth respiration rate based on the value obtained by multiplying the total primary production rate by the growth respiration coefficient by vegetation type; Calculate the maintenance respiration amount based on the value obtained by multiplying the vegetation carbon weight by the maintenance respiration coefficient by vegetation type; A system for visualizing environmental load on farmland, characterized in that a vegetation respiration rate is estimated based on a value obtained by adding the maintenance respiration rate to the growth respiration rate.

15. The farmland environmental load visualization system according to claim 12, The growth information estimation unit estimates the vegetation type, The reference information estimation unit acquires a standard photosynthetic pigment index change rate by vegetation type and fertilization type based on the vegetation type, The cultivation information estimation unit corrects the maximum value of the time-series change rate of the photosynthetic pigment index by the amount of solar radiation and the air temperature to calculate a maximum photosynthetic pigment index change rate, An environmental load visualization system for agricultural land, characterized in that the fertilization type is estimated based on the degree of agreement between the maximum photosynthetic pigment index change rate and the standard photosynthetic pigment index change rate for each vegetation type and fertilization type.

16. The farmland environmental load visualization system according to claim 12, The growth information estimation unit estimates the vegetation type, The cultivation information estimation unit estimates the fertilization type, The reference information estimation unit acquires a standard maximum photosynthetic index by vegetation type and fertilization type based on the vegetation type and the fertilization type, The cultivation information estimation unit corrects the maximum value of the photosynthetic pigment index using the amount of solar radiation and the temperature to calculate a maximum photosynthetic pigment index, A system for visualizing the environmental load on agricultural land, characterized in that the amount of fertilizer application is estimated based on the ratio between the maximum photosynthetic pigment index and the standard maximum photosynthetic index for each vegetation type and fertilization type.

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