Apparatus and method for dispensing cryogenic fluids

Abstract

To provide an apparatus and method for dispensing a cryogenic fluid.SOLUTION: An apparatus and process for dispensing a cryogenic fluid can include an apparatus and process configured for dispensing the cryogenic fluid into a fuel tank. Embodiments can be configured for dispensing liquid hydrogen into fuel tanks of vehicles, for example. The embodiments can be provided so that no pump usage is necessary for filing the fuel tank or substantially filling the fuel tank (e.g., filling the fuel tank to a level of 90% filled or a level of 95% filled) during the dispensing. Thereby, the embodiments can avoid cryogenic boil-off and fugitive emission losses, reduces power consumption and maintenance costs, and permits dispensing start-up to occur more quickly.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for dispensing cryogenic fluids (e.g., liquid hydrogen, liquid methane, etc.). [Background technology]

[0002] Examples of hydrogen generation and delivery systems are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,401,767, 6,474,078, 6,619,336, 6,708,573, 6,745,801, 6,786,245, 7,028,724, 7,328,726, 7,793,675, 7,921,883, 8,020,589, and 8,222,726. Nos. 8,6675, 8,365,777, 8,453,682, 8,899,278, 9,074,730, 9,151,448, 9,261,238, 9,279,541, 9,404,620, 9,863,583, 10,502,649, and 10,508,770.

[0003] Cryogenic fluid dispensing systems typically utilize a pump to deliver the fluid to a device for use by the device. Examples of pumps used to help facilitate cryogenic fluid dispensing can be seen in U.S. Patent No. 6,474,078 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014 / 0096540. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The inventors have determined that a new process for cryogenic fluid dispensing and a new apparatus for cryogenic fluid dispensing are needed to help minimize loss of cryogenic fluid (e.g., hydrogen) while reducing the amount of time required to initiate dispensing and reducing boil-off and other cryogenic fluid losses that can result from conventional dispensing, which may use pumps or other mechanical prime movers throughout the fuel tank filling process. Some embodiments may allow start-up times to be significantly reduced, such that there may be no or only minimal delay (e.g., less than 5 seconds, less than 10 seconds, less than 30 seconds, less than 60 seconds, etc.) in enabling a dispense operation to supply the cryogenic liquid to a vehicle fuel tank.

[0005] Embodiments may also help significantly reduce losses associated with friction and other mechanical and thermodynamic losses that may occur through the substantial use of pumps to transport the cryogenic fluid flow. For example, some embodiments may be provided such that a pump is not required to dispense the cryogenic fluid into a fuel tank for filling the fuel tank or to fill the fuel tank to a substantially full level. A substantially full level of a vehicle fuel tank may be, for example, at least 90% full but less than 100%, greater than 95% full but less than 100%, greater than 97% full but less than 100%, or other suitable fill level that substantially fills the vehicle fuel tank (e.g., a significant amount of fuel may be provided to the fuel tank without the use of a pump, such that the fuel tank can be at least 80% full to 100% full, etc.). By avoiding the use or substantial use of a pump, mechanical friction losses and other pump-related losses (e.g., fugitive vapor emissions formed from pumping the cryogenic fluid, etc.) and inefficiencies may be avoided.

[0006] Vehicles having fuel tanks that can be filled by an embodiment of our apparatus or by using an embodiment of our process can be, for example, trucks, cars, buses, boats, drones, trains, aircraft, construction and mining vehicles, or other types of vehicles. Such vehicles can be, for example, industrial vehicles or heavy transport vehicles (e.g., buses, construction vehicles, trucks for transporting goods or materials, etc.).

[0007] In a first aspect, an apparatus for cryogenic fluid dispensing includes a pressure regulation mechanism connectable to a tank configured to store a cryogenic liquid therein. The tank to which the pressure regulation mechanism is connectable can be arranged to supply the cryogenic liquid to at least one dispenser. The pressure regulation mechanism can be configured to increase the pressure of the tank from a first preselected pressure to a second preselected pressure in response to detecting that cryogenic liquid from the tank is being supplied to the at least one dispenser to fill the vehicle fuel tank, thereby allowing the cryogenic fluid to be output from the tank to the vehicle fuel tank via the dispenser. The pressure regulation mechanism can be configured to decrease the pressure of the tank from the second preselected pressure to the first preselected pressure in response to detecting that filling of the vehicle fuel tank has been stopped or completed. The pressure regulation mechanism can be configured such that decreasing the pressure of the tank from the second preselected pressure to the first preselected pressure includes withdrawing at least one cryogenic fluid from the tank and storing the withdrawn at least one cryogenic fluid as a compressed gas in a storage unit connectable to the tank. The at least one withdrawn cryogenic fluid can include a cryogenic liquid withdrawn from the tank and / or a cryogenic gas withdrawn from the tank. The pressure regulation mechanism can be configured such that increasing the pressure of the tank from a first preselected pressure to a second preselected pressure includes supplying compressed gas stored in the storage unit to the tank.

[0008] In a second aspect, the cryogenic fluid can include hydrogen or natural gas. For example, the cryogenic fluid can include hydrogen, the cryogenic liquid can consist of liquid hydrogen, and the cryogenic gas can consist of hydrogen gas. As another example, the cryogenic fluid can include methane, the cryogenic liquid can consist of liquid methane, and the cryogenic gas can consist of methane gas.

[0009] In a third aspect, the apparatus can include other elements. For example, the apparatus can include a tank and / or a dispenser. In some implementations, the dispenser can be connectable to the vehicle fuel tank such that gas from both fuel tanks can pass from the fuel tank to the storage unit during filling of the vehicle fuel tank with the cryogenic liquid.

[0010] In a fourth aspect, the pressure regulation mechanism can include an auxiliary pump connected between the tank and the storage unit, or a compressor connected between the storage unit and the tank. In some implementations, the pressure regulation mechanism can also include a vaporizer disposed between the tank and the compressor. In some embodiments, the vaporizer can also (or alternatively) be disposed between the auxiliary pump and the storage unit.

[0011] In a fifth aspect, the apparatus can include an auxiliary pump disposed between the tank and the dispenser. The auxiliary pump can be configured to transport a flow of cryogenic liquid from the tank to the dispenser after the tank is at a second preselected pressure to fill the vehicle fuel tank from a substantially full state to a fully filled state. In some implementations, the substantially full state of the vehicle fuel tank is less than 100% full and at least 90% full. In other implementations, the substantially full state of the vehicle fuel tank can be less than 100% full and at least 95% full.

[0012] In a sixth aspect, the pressure regulating mechanism can include (1) a vaporizer arranged to receive cryogenic gas and / or cryogenic liquid from the tank during a decrease in pressure of the tank from the second preselected pressure to the first preselected pressure and output heated gas; and (2) a compressor arranged to receive the heated gas, compress the heated gas to form compressed gas, and supply the compressed gas to the storage unit.

[0013] In a seventh aspect, the pressure regulating mechanism can include (1) a vaporizer arranged to receive cryogenic gas and / or cryogenic liquid from the tank and output a heated gas during a reduction in pressure of the tank from the second preselected pressure to the first preselected pressure, and (2) an auxiliary pump arranged to transport a flow of cryogenic gas and / or cryogenic liquid from the tank to the storage unit during a reduction in pressure of the tank from the second preselected pressure to the first preselected pressure, such that the cryogenic gas and / or cryogenic liquid passes through the vaporizer and is output as a heated gas.

[0014] In an eighth aspect, the device can include a controller having a processor connected to a non-transitory computer-readable medium. The controller can be communicatively connectable to the pressure adjustment mechanism.

[0015] The ninth aspect can include the first aspect with one or more features of any of the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, or eighth aspects to form a preferred embodiment that can meet specific design objectives.

[0016] In a tenth aspect, a process for cryogenic fluid dispensing is provided. The process can include, in response to detecting that vehicle fueling is occurring at a dispenser, delivering compressed gas stored in a storage unit to the tank to raise the pressure of the tank above a first preselected pressure to transport cryogenic liquid in the tank from the tank to the dispenser and deliver the cryogenic liquid to a vehicle fuel tank of the vehicle. The delivery of fluid from the tank to the vehicle fuel tank can be stopped in response to determining that the vehicle fuel tank is at a preselected fill threshold. The process can also include removing fluid from the tank to reduce the pressure to the first preselected pressure.

[0017] In an eleventh aspect, the process may include, in response to determining that the tank pressure is at the preselected second pressure and that the vehicle fuel tank is not at the preselected fill threshold, activating an auxiliary pump to transport cryogenic liquid from the tank to the vehicle fuel tank to facilitate filling the vehicle fuel tank from a substantially full state to a completely full state. In some implementations, a substantially full state of the vehicle fuel tank may be less than 100% full and at least 90% full.

[0018] In a twelfth aspect, the process may include determining, via a controller communicatively connected to the dispenser and at least one pressure sensor positioned to monitor pressure in the tank, that the pressure in the tank is at a preselected second pressure and that the vehicle fuel tank is not at a preselected fill threshold.

[0019] In a thirteenth aspect, the cryogenic liquid can be or can include liquid hydrogen. In an alternative embodiment, the cryogenic liquid can be or can include liquid methane.

[0020] In a fourteenth aspect, a process can include receiving gas from a vehicle fuel tank during refueling of the vehicle fuel tank and providing the received gas to a storage unit.

[0021] In a fifteenth aspect, removing fluid from the tank to reduce the pressure to the first preselected pressure can include at least one of (i) removing cryogenic gas from the tank and supplying the removed cryogenic gas to a storage unit, and (ii) removing cryogenic liquid from the tank and heating the removed cryogenic liquid to form a gas via a vaporizer to supply the gas to the storage unit.

[0022] In a sixteenth aspect, removing fluid from the tank to reduce the pressure of the tank to a first preselected pressure includes operating a compressor connected between the tank and the storage unit to transport a flow of gas from the tank for supply to the storage unit.

[0023] In a seventeenth aspect, the tenth aspect of the process can include one or more features from any of the other aspects discussed herein to meet a particular set of design criteria.

[0024] In some process and / or apparatus embodiments, determining or detecting that cryogenic fluid from the tank is being delivered to one or more dispensers can be detected in any of several ways. For example, a user may use a nozzle of the dispenser to facilitate vehicle fueling, use a user interface at the dispenser, detection of a demand for fluid via a sensor, or other detection mechanism may be utilized. Also, detection that filling of the vehicle fuel tank is complete can be provided in several ways. For example, a nozzle may be returned to a holder at the dispenser, a cessation of demand for fluid at the dispenser for a preselected time period detected via a sensor and / or controller, or other detection mechanism may be utilized.

[0025] It should be understood that embodiments of the apparatus may utilize embodiments of our process.

[0026] It should also be understood that process and apparatus embodiments may utilize a variety of conduit configurations and process control elements. For example, embodiments may utilize sensors (e.g., pressure sensors, temperature sensors, flow sensors, etc.), controllers, valves, and other process control elements. Some embodiments may utilize automated process control systems and / or distributed control systems (DCS). Thus, a variety of different conduit configurations and process control systems may be utilized to meet a particular set of design criteria for a particular embodiment.

[0027] Other details, objects, and advantages of our apparatus for cryogenic fluid dispensing, process for cryogenic fluid dispensing, and methods of making and using the same will become apparent as the following description of certain exemplary embodiments thereof proceeds.

[0028] Exemplary embodiments of apparatus for cryogenic fluid dispensing, processes for cryogenic fluid dispensing, and methods of making and using the same are illustrated in the drawings included herein, it being understood that like reference characters used in the drawings may identify like components. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0029] [Figure 1] 1 is a schematic block diagram of a first exemplary embodiment of a cryogenic fluid dispensing apparatus 1. An embodiment of the inventors' process for cryogenic fluid dispensing can be utilized in this embodiment of the apparatus 1.

[0030] [Figure 2] 2 is a schematic block diagram of a first exemplary implementation of a first exemplary embodiment of a cryogenic fluid dispensing apparatus, and an embodiment of our process for cryogenic fluid dispensing can be utilized in this implementation of our embodiment of apparatus 1.

[0031] [Figure 3]3 is a schematic block diagram of a second exemplary implementation of the first exemplary embodiment of cryogenic fluid dispensing apparatus 1. An embodiment of our process for cryogenic fluid dispensing can be utilized in this implementation of our embodiment of apparatus 1.

[0032] [Figure 4] 4 is a schematic block diagram of a third exemplary implementation of the first exemplary embodiment of cryogenic fluid dispensing apparatus 1. Embodiments of our process for cryogenic fluid dispensing can be utilized in this implementation of our embodiment of apparatus 1.

[0033] [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of our process for cryogenic fluid dispensing. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0034] 1-5, an apparatus 1 for dispensing a cryogenic fluid may include a tank 3 in fluid communication with a dispenser 7 for supplying a liquid-containing cryogenic fluid to the dispenser 7. The dispenser 7 may be arranged to receive the cryogenic fluid from the tank 3 for delivery to a vehicle fuel tank VT via a nozzle connected to the dispenser via a hose and a disconnect coupler 9 connected between the dispenser 7 and the nozzle. The disconnect coupler 9 may be a component of the dispenser or may be located external to the dispenser 7 to facilitate connection between the dispenser 7 and a fuel nozzle for fueling a vehicle via liquid 3L provided by the tank 3.

[0035] The disconnect coupling 9 may be a disconnect connector that may be provided to help improve the safety of the fuel dispensing operation. In some configurations, the disconnect coupling 9 may not be utilized and it is contemplated that the nozzle may be connected to a dispenser hose through which the cryogenic fluid from the dispenser 7 may be dispensed into the fuel tank VT.

[0036] In some embodiments, the cryogenic fluid stored in Tank 3 can include Liquid 3L. Liquid 3L can be, for example, liquid hydrogen. Tank 3 can also include Gas 3G that is vaporized from the cryogenic Liquid 3L when stored in Tank 3 or otherwise provided to Tank 3. Gas 3G can be, for example, hydrogen gas that is cryogenic.

[0037] Tank 3 may be a fixed horizontally elongated tank, a fixed vertically elongated tank, a mobile tank on a tanker trailer, or any other type of container for storing a cryogenic fluid within the chamber of tank 3 (e.g., it may be a horizontal tank or a vertical tank, a tank of a particular shape, a cylindrical tank, a polygonal tank, a tank on a tanker trailer that may be moved via truck, etc.). Gas 3G within tank 3 may be above a top surface of liquid 3L within tank 3. The top surface of the liquid within tank 3 may define a gas / liquid interface 3I within the tank. Gas 3G may be above interface 3I, and liquid 3L may fill the tank from interface 3I to the bottom of the tank's chamber.

[0038] Tank 3 can be configured to maintain the fluid stored within the chamber of Tank 3 at a preselected storage temperature. This temperature can be a subcooling temperature to maintain the fluid as a liquid to minimize evaporation or boiling that may occur when 3 L of liquid is stored within Tank 3. For example, if 3 L of liquid is liquid hydrogen, the preselected storage temperature can be 30 Kelvin (K), which is −243.15° C., or can be in the range of 20 K to 40 K (e.g., in the range of −253° C to −232° C.).

[0039] The tank 3 can also be connected to an auxiliary pump (auxiliary pump) disposed between the tank 3, the dispenser 7, and the vaporizer 11. The vaporizer (HX) can be a heat exchanger, an electric heater, or another type of heater capable of warming the liquid 3L from the tank 3 and vaporizing the liquid into a gas for storage in at least one storage vessel of the storage unit 13. The vaporizer 11 can also receive a gas 3G from the tank and heat the gas 3G. For example, if the vaporizer 11 is configured as a heat exchanger, the vaporizer 11 can receive a heating medium supply HMI that provides heat to warm and vaporize the liquid 3L, and then output a low-temperature heating medium HMO from the vaporizer 11. The heating medium supplied to the vaporizer 11 in such a configuration can be ambient air, compressed air, or another fluid stream for heating the liquid from the tank 3 to vaporize the liquid for supply to the storage unit 13 for storage therein.

[0040] The storage unit 13 can include one or more storage vessels capable of storing hydrogen gas, compressed hydrogen gas, or compressed hydrogen fluid. In some configurations, the storage unit 13 can include at least one tube trailer or other trailer capable of storing compressed hydrogen gas at a preselected storage pressure. Such preselected storage pressure can be a pressure between 30 MPa and 75 MPa (e.g., 45 MPa, 30 MPa and 50 MPa, etc.). In embodiments in which the storage unit 13 can include at least one tube trailer, the tube trailer can be an external tube trailer that can be arranged to be interchanged with other mobile tube trailers to accommodate storage and capacity needs at a particular location.

[0041] Apparatus 1 may also include a controller (CTRL). Controller 21 may include a processor 21 a connected to non-transitory memory 21 b. The processor may also be connected to at least one transceiver for communication connections (indicated by dashed double arrows) to various sensors, valves V, and other process control elements of apparatus 1. The controller may be connected to pressure sensors, temperature sensors, valves, and other elements to control operation of apparatus 1, for example, to dispense fuel into a vehicle fuel tank via one or more dispensers 7.

[0042] The apparatus 1 may be arranged and configured to include a tank pressure regulation mechanism 12 operable to increase the pressure in the tank 3 from a first preselected pressure to a second preselected pressure. The first preselected pressure in the tank 3 may be a preselected storage pressure that is a desired pressure in the tank when the cryogenic liquid in the tank is not being supplied to the dispenser 7 (used to supply at least one vehicle fuel tank VT during a fueling operation). The second preselected pressure may be a desired pressure in the tank 3 to facilitate supply of the cryogenic liquid in the tank 3 to the dispenser 7 such that the fuel tank VT can be completely filled or at least substantially fillable (e.g., can be filled to at least 80% of its capacity, can be filled to at least 90% of its capacity, can be filled to at least 95% of its capacity, or can be filled to at least 97% of its capacity).

[0043] The first preselected pressure can be lower than the second preselected pressure. In some embodiments, the first preselected pressure can be 0.8 MPa to 1.2 MPa lower than the second preselected pressure (e.g., the first preselected pressure can be 1.0 MPa lower than the second preselected pressure, etc.). Other embodiments may utilize other values ​​or ranges for the first and second preselected pressures.

[0044] For example, in some embodiments in which the cryogenic liquid is liquid hydrogen, the first preselected pressure can be 0.4 MPa, or a pressure in the range of 0.1 MPa to 0.5 MPa, and the second preselected pressure can be 1.293 MPa, or a pressure in the range of 0.8 MPa to 2 MPa or less. Of course, other embodiments may utilize other pressure values ​​if the 3 L of cryogenic liquid is not liquid hydrogen.

[0045] In other embodiments, where the cryogenic liquid can be liquid natural gas or liquid methane, these pressures can have different values ​​within different ranges. Preferably, the second preselected pressure of Tank 3 is selected so that the pressure in Tank 3 storing 3 L of cryogenic liquid is below the critical pressure of the cryogenic liquid. Such a setting can, for example, help improve the safe operation of the apparatus. The first preselected pressure of Tank 3 can be selected to meet a preselected set of design criteria for storing the cryogenic liquid for subsequent use in a dispensing operation.

[0046] The tank pressure adjustment mechanism 12 may include a storage unit 13. The tank pressure adjustment mechanism 12 may also include other elements in different embodiments. For example, the tank pressure adjustment mechanism 12 may also include a compressor 13C, a vaporizer 11, and / or an auxiliary pump 5. The tank pressure adjustment mechanism 12 may be external to the tank 3 to increase the pressure in the tank 3 for fuel dispensing, such that the pressure in the tank 3 increases from a first preselected pressure to a second preselected pressure, or may be positioned and configured to receive fluid from the tank 3 when the tank 3 is not being used for dispensing and reduce the pressure in the tank from the second preselected pressure to the first preselected pressure. The fluid received by the pressure adjustment mechanism 12 for depressurization may be a fluid (e.g., gas, liquid, or both liquid and gas) that is removed from the tank 3 and stored in the storage unit 13 after being output from the tank 3, for example, to reduce the pressure in the tank 3. The tank pressure regulation mechanism 12 may also be configured to supply stored fluid from the storage unit 13 to the tank 3 to increase the pressure in the tank 3 for supplying cryogenic liquid to the dispenser 7.

[0047] It is contemplated that in some embodiments, the tank pressure regulation mechanism 12 may be integrated with the tank 3 such that it cannot be separated from the tank 3. In such embodiments, the pressure of the tank 3 may be the pressure of a chamber of the tank 3 that holds the cryogenic liquid supplied to the dispenser, and the storage unit 13 may be supported by the tank housing or base and may include one or more fluid storage vessels in fluid communication with the cryogenic liquid storage chamber. In such a configuration, the storage unit 13 may still be considered external to the tank 3 because the storage of fluid in the storage unit 13 is separate from the storage of fluid in the chamber of the tank 3 in which the cryogenic liquid 3L is stored.

[0048] The pressure regulation mechanism 12 can be arranged and configured to facilitate supplying 3 L of liquid in the tank 3 to the dispenser 7 for delivery to one or more vehicle fuel tanks VT. For example, in an out-of-use state, the storage tank 3 can be at a first preselected pressure within a preselected cryogenic fluid storage pressure range. In response to a user interacting with the dispenser 7 to deliver fuel to the vehicle fuel tank VT (e.g., positioning a nozzle of the dispenser 7 connected to the dispenser 7 via the coupler 9 adjacent to or within an inlet of the vehicle fuel tank VT to deliver fuel to the fuel tank VT, interacting with the dispenser 7 to activate the dispenser 7 for a fuel delivery operation, etc.), the tank pressure regulation mechanism 12 can be actuated to deliver fluid from the storage unit 13 into the tank 3 via a storage unit output conduit 13 b disposed between the tank 3 and the storage unit 13 to deliver compressed fluid stored in at least one container of the storage unit 13 to the tank 3 to raise the pressure in the tank 3 from above the first preselected pressure. The pressure within the tank 3 can be increased by the supply of fluid from such storage unit 13 until the pressure is determined to be at a second preselected pressure. The fluid supplied to the tank 3 via the storage unit 13 can be a compressed gas or a compressed fluid that is a combination of compressed gas and liquid. The compressed fluid can be, for example, compressed hydrogen gas or a mixture of compressed hydrogen gas and hydrogen liquid.

[0049] The supply of compressed fluid from the storage unit 13 can be facilitated by adjusting at least one valve V in the storage unit output conduit 13b from a closed position to an open position. Actuation of one or more of the valves V between open and closed positions to provide the desired fluid flow into or out of the tank 3 can be facilitated by the controller 21, for example, in response to use and / or non-use of the dispenser 7 by a user.

[0050] The pressure of the compressed fluid stored in the storage vessel of storage unit 13 can be at a preselected storage pressure above the first preselected pressure of Tank 3 and can be selected to be suitable for supplying fluid from the storage vessel of storage unit 13 to Tank 3 to raise the pressure of Tank 3 to a second preselected pressure. In some embodiments, in embodiments where the cryogenic liquid 3 L in Tank 3 is liquid hydrogen and the cryogenic fluid stored in storage vessel 3 is hydrogen gas or a mixture of hydrogen gas and hydrogen liquid, this preselected storage pressure of storage unit 13 can be 1.4 MPa or greater. In some embodiments, for example, the preselected storage pressure of storage unit 13 can be 35 MPa, 50 MPa, or a pressure between 10 MPa and 75 MPa to facilitate supplying fluid from storage unit 13 to Tank 3 to raise the pressure in Tank 3 to the second preselected pressure.

[0051] In response to the pressure of the tank 3 increasing above a first preselected pressure of the tank 3 using compressed fluid in the storage unit 13, 3L of liquid from the tank 3 can be output from the tank 3 via a tank fuel supply conduit 7a connected to a dispenser supply conduit 7f for supplying the cryogenic liquid 3L to a dispenser 7 for supplying to the vehicle fuel tank VT. The tank fuel supply conduit 7a can be disposed between the dispenser supply conduit 7f and the tank 3, or can be a portion of the dispenser supply conduit 7f closest to the tank 3 for receiving the liquid 3L output from the tank 3 for supplying to the dispenser 7. At least one valve V can be adjusted between a closed position and an open position in the conduit fluidly connecting the tank 3 to the dispenser 7 to facilitate the flow of the liquid 3L from the tank 3 to the dispenser 7.

[0052] After the vehicle fuel tank VT is sufficiently filled, fuel delivery can be stopped. After fuel delivery is stopped at the dispenser (e.g., the nozzle of the dispenser 7 is returned to the retracted position of the dispenser 7, a user provides an input to the dispenser 7 indicating that fuel delivery is complete, etc.), at least one or more valves V in the storage unit output conduit 13b can be returned to a closed position to stop the delivery of fluid to the tank 3 to increase the pressure within the tank 3. Such closing of one or more valves V in the storage unit output conduit 13b can also, or alternatively, occur once the pressure in the tank 3 is determined to be at a preselected second pressure and before fuel delivery is completed. Such determination of tank pressure can be provided, for example, via the controller 21 in communication with at least one pressure sensor in the tank 3 or by a pressure sensor in the tank 3 in communication with a distributed control system for regulation of the valves V.

[0053] After the fuel supply is stopped, the pressure in the tank 3 may be reduced again to the first preselected pressure. Such reduction in pressure may be facilitated by the pressure adjustment mechanism 12. For example, to reduce the pressure in the tank to the first preselected pressure, at least one fluid output conduit connected between the tank 3 and the storage unit 13 may be utilized to facilitate fluid flow from the tank 3 to the storage unit 13. Various valves V may be adjusted between open and closed positions to facilitate fluid flow from the tank 3 to provide this reduction in pressure, while preventing fluid from being dispensed towards the dispenser 7 during the tank depressurization operation.

[0054] For example, some configurations may include a tank depressurization liquid output conduit 3r disposed between the tank 3 and the storage unit 13 for outputting the liquid in the tank to the storage unit 13. Such a conduit may provide the liquid 3L output from the tank to a vaporizer 11 for vaporizing the liquid into a gas, and then outputting the gas to the storage unit 13 via a vaporizer output conduit 13h disposed between the vaporizer 11 and the storage unit 13. A valve V in this liquid output conduit may be opened to facilitate liquid flow out of the tank for depressurization, and may be closed after the depressurization operation is complete.

[0055] The liquid output from the tank 3 to reduce the pressure can occur at the same time that the gas 3G in the tank is output from the tank to reduce the pressure in the tank. In other embodiments, no liquid may be removed to reduce the pressure in the tank 3, but only gas 3G.

[0056] For example, another fluid output conduit of the tank 3 may include a gas output conduit 5G connected between the tank 3 and the storage unit 13 for outputting gas 3G stored in a chamber of the tank 3 to the storage unit 13. For example, the gas output conduit 5G may be disposed between the auxiliary pump 5 and the tank 3 such that gas 3G stored in the tank can be output from the tank 3 to the auxiliary pump 5 to reduce the pressure of the tank to a first preselected pressure and / or maintain the pressure of the tank at the first preselected pressure. In such a configuration, the auxiliary pump 5 may be configured to pump liquid from the tank via the liquid output conduit 7b to supply liquid 3L to the dispenser 7 for fueling operations and to compress the gas 3G via the gas output conduit 5G due to the depressurization of the tank 3. One or more valves V may be adjusted between open and closed positions to facilitate this flow of gas 3G from the tank 3 to the auxiliary pump 5 and from the auxiliary pump 5 toward the storage unit 13.

[0057] For example, after suitable adjustment of one or more valves V, auxiliary pump 5 can be operated to transport a flow of gas 3G from tank 3 and output gas 3G via auxiliary pump-storage unit supply conduit 6 disposed between vaporizer 11 and auxiliary pump 5, such that gas 3G output from tank 3 via gas output conduit 5G is supplied to vaporizer 11 for undergoing further heating therein for supply to the storage unit via vaporizer output conduit 13h. Further heating of the gas that can occur via vaporizer 11 can help increase the pressure of the gas via expansion of the gas that can result from the heating for supplying the gas to storage unit 13.

[0058] A further fluid output conduit of the tank 3 may include a liquid output conduit 7b connected between the tank 3 and the storage unit 13 for outputting 3L of liquid stored in the chamber of the tank 3 to the auxiliary pump 5 and / or the storage unit 13. For example, the liquid output conduit 5L may be disposed between the auxiliary pump 5 and the tank 3 such that 3L of liquid stored in the tank can be output from the tank 3 to the auxiliary pump 5 to reduce the pressure of the tank to a first preselected pressure and / or maintain the pressure of the tank at the first preselected pressure. Auxiliary pump 5 can be operated to transport a flow of liquid from tank 3 and output 3 L of liquid via auxiliary pump-storage unit supply conduit 6 disposed between vaporizer 11 and auxiliary pump 5, such that 3 L of liquid output from tank 3 via liquid output conduit 7 b is supplied to vaporizer 11 for heating therein to form gas from the liquid, and to the storage unit via vaporizer output conduit 13 h, which can be part of storage unit supply conduit 13 f or can be connected to such conduit (e.g., via connection with compressor 13 c, as discussed herein). It should be understood that suitable adjustment of one or more valves V can occur prior to auxiliary pump 5 providing this flow of liquid 3 L from tank 3.

[0059] In some implementations, the vehicle fuel tank VT to be filled may be designed so that the fuel supplied to the fuel tank VT must be at a pressure above 1.4 MPa or other value of the second preselected pressure of the tank 3 to completely fill the vehicle fuel tank VT. In such implementations, the apparatus 1 may be configured to substantially fill the fuel tank VT such that at least 80% of the fuel tank is filled, but less than 100% of the fuel tank is filled (e.g., 80% to 97% of the fuel tank VT is filled, 85% to 98% of the fuel tank VT is filled, 93% to 97% of the fuel tank VT is filled, etc.).

[0060] The apparatus 1 may also (or alternatively) be configured such that once the storage tank 3 is at the second preselected pressure and the fuel tank VT is at a pressure at which the storage tank 3 needs to be at a pressure greater than the second preselected pressure, the auxiliary pump 5 is activated to transport a flow of liquid 3L from the tank 3 via a liquid output conduit 7b connected between the auxiliary pump 5 and the tank 3 to supply the liquid 3L and / or gas 3G to the fuel tank VT via the dispenser at a pressure greater than the second preselected pressure, so that the liquid 3L and / or gas 3G can be supplied to the fuel tank to completely fill the fuel tank VT. To provide this flow of liquid 3L and / or gas 3G from the tank 3 to the dispenser 7, one or more valves V may be adjusted between closed and open positions to facilitate operation of the auxiliary pump 5.

[0061] For example, the auxiliary pump 5 can be connected to a pump-dispenser supply conduit 7c that is connected between the dispenser 7 and the auxiliary pump 5. 3 L of liquid output from the auxiliary pump can be output to the dispenser via the pump-dispenser supply conduit 7c for transport to the dispenser 7. The pump-dispenser supply conduit 7c can be part of or connected to the dispenser supply conduit 7f for transporting 3 L of liquid from the tank 3 to the dispenser 7 via the auxiliary pump for the final stage of filling the vehicle fuel tank, from a substantially filled but not completely filled state to a completely filled state where the vehicle's fuel gauge can indicate that the vehicle fuel tank VT is full after fueling is completed.

[0062] In some implementations, the auxiliary pump 5 can also supply gas 3G from the tank 3, along with or instead of liquid 3L, to the dispenser 7 for fueling operations. This can be provided, for example, to allow the supply of fuel to the dispenser 7 to be throttled down (e.g., gas is less dense, and therefore the proportion of fluid that is gas output from the auxiliary pump 5 to the dispenser 7 reduces the overall mass flow rate to the dispenser 7, providing a smaller mass; liquid 3L is more dense than gas 3G, and therefore an increase in the proportion of fluid that is liquid output by the auxiliary pump 5 can increase the mass flow rate). This auxiliary pump 5 can adjust the proportion of gas 3G included in the fuel it supplies to the dispenser 7 from the tank 3 via valving one or more valves V in the conduits connecting the gas and liquid spaces between the tank 3 and the auxiliary pump 5 (e.g., the valve positions of valves V in the gas output conduit 5G and the liquid output conduit 7b).

[0063] In some embodiments, the preselected second pressure in the tank 3 may be at or about 1.4 MPa, and the auxiliary pump 5 may be activated to further fill the vehicle fuel tank until the pressure of the fuel in the fuel tank VT is at a preselected fill pressure level for the fuel tank. Such a pressure level may be, for example, greater than 1.4 MPa, may be 1.6 MPa, and in some embodiments may range from greater than 1.4 MPa to 1.7 MPa.

[0064] Additionally, for use in providing the final fill stage of a vehicle fuel tank as described above, the auxiliary pump 5 may also be considered a component of the tank pressure regulation mechanism 12. For example, the auxiliary pump 5 may be utilized to help reduce the pressure of the tank 3 from a preselected second pressure to a first pressure as described above. The auxiliary pump 5 may also be utilized to help maintain the pressure of the tank 3 at the first preselected pressure while the tank 3 is not being used for fueling and stores cryogenic fluid within its chamber.

[0065] For example, the auxiliary pump 5 may be configured to be periodically operated to aid in transporting fluid flow into the tank 3 via the storage unit 13, increasing pressure within the tank 3, and / or removing gas 3G and / or liquid 3L from the tank via the gas output conduit 5G and / or liquid output conduit 7b to maintain pressure within the tank. Such periodic operation of the auxiliary pump 5 may also be utilized to perform pump cooling operations to keep the auxiliary pump 5 at a temperature suitable for use in providing auxiliary fuel tank filling such that the fuel tank can be filled from a substantially full to a fully full state, as discussed above.

[0066] Embodiments of the apparatus 1 can be used to avoid loss of cryogenic fluid that may occur during filling of a vehicle fuel tank VT. For example, a fuel tank gas conduit VG can be connected between the fuel tank VT and the storage unit 13 during fueling of the vehicle. The fuel tank gas conduit VG can include a conduit within a hose connecting the dispenser 7 to a nozzle, so that gas can be output from the fuel tank VT during filling of the fuel tank with 3 L of liquid, stored therein, and then routed through the fuel tank conduit VG to the storage unit 13 for use in regulating the pressure in the tank 13.

[0067] This type of vehicle gas recovery, which can be obtained during fueling of the vehicle tank VT, can be provided by different conduit connection paths, as shown by the dashed lines in FIGS. 1 and 2. For example, the fuel tank gas conduit VG can include a dispenser conduit connection VG1a between the vehicle fuel tank VT and a dispenser. This conduit connection can be included in a hose and dispenser nozzle, which also includes a conduit for providing 3 L of liquid from the tank 3 to the vehicle fuel tank VT. Such conduits can be included, for example, in the same hose and integrated into the same nozzle configuration. As another example, the fuel tank gas conduit VG can include a separate vehicle fuel tank conduit VG1b for connecting between the dispenser 7 and the fuel tank VT, so that gas in the fuel tank VT can be replaced by 3 L of liquid provided via the dispenser 7 and output back to the dispenser 7 for provision to the storage unit 13. The separate vehicle fuel tank conduit VG1b can include, for example, a separate hose or other conduit for connecting between the dispenser 7 and the fuel tank VT to provide this flow of gas from the vehicle tank VT.

[0068] The fuel tank gas conduit VG may also include a segment VG2 connected between the dispenser 7 and the storage unit 13, so that gas output from the fuel tank VT during filling of the fuel tank with 3 L of liquid can be output from the dispenser 7 and supplied to the storage unit 13 via the fuel tank gas conduit segment VG2, which is output to the dispenser 7 via a separate vehicle fuel tank conduit VG1b or dispenser conduit connection VG1a that is integrated into the same hose or other conduit used to supply fuel to the fuel tank VT.

[0069] In some implementations, instead of using the auxiliary pump 5, gas 3G in the tank 3 can be removed from the tank 3 for delivery to one or more containers of the storage unit 13 by a compressor 13C. An example of such an embodiment is shown, for example, in FIG. 4 . For such an implementation, gas, which may include liquid vapor or other gas formed from the liquid 3L in the tank 3, can be output from the tank 3 and supplied to the compressor 13C via a compressor 13C tank gas supply conduit 5G′ disposed between the tank 3 and the compressor 13C to supply the gas 3G from within the tank 3 to the compressor 13C. The compressor 13C can compress the gas 3G and output the gas to the storage unit 13 via a compressor-storage-unit supply conduit 13f disposed between the compressor 13C and the storage unit 13C. In embodiments utilizing a compressor 13C, the compressor 13C can be considered a component of the pressure regulation mechanism 12.

[0070] Additionally, if compressor 13C is utilized, gas output from vaporizer 11 and / or fuel tank VT may also be supplied to compressor 13C for compression for supply to storage unit 13. A compressor supply conduit may be disposed between compressor 13 and vaporizer 11 to facilitate supplying gas output from vaporizer 11 to compressor 13C (e.g., this conduit may be part of or connected to vaporizer output conduit 13h). Gas from fuel tank VT may also be supplied to this conduit for supply to compressor 13C, or may be supplied to the compressor at a separate, second compressor supply inlet. Vaporizer outlet conduit 13h may, in some embodiments, be part of the compressor 13C supply conduit or connected to such a conduit.

[0071] In embodiments utilizing compressor 13C, auxiliary pump 5 may not be utilized to provide liquid 3L or gas 3G from tank 3 to storage unit 13. Instead, compressor 13C may be utilized to provide a pressure differential to transport the liquid and / or gas flow from tank 3 and to vaporizer 11 and / or compressor 13C for delivery to storage unit 13, as discussed herein. In such configurations, auxiliary pump 5 may be omitted or may be provided and used to facilitate a final fuel delivery stage for filling vehicle fuel tank VT from a substantially full level to a fully filled level, as discussed above.

[0072] In yet other embodiments, compressor 13C can be provided for use in addition to auxiliary pump 5. In such embodiments, compressor 13C can aid in transporting the flow of gas 3G from the tank 3 for reduced pressure within tank 3, while auxiliary pump 5 can be used to facilitate the output of liquid 3L and / or gas 3G from tank 3 (e.g., as discussed above).

[0073] In embodiments utilizing the auxiliary pump 5 to facilitate maintaining the tank 3 at a first pre-selected pressure and / or reducing the pressure of the tank 3 from a second pre-selected pressure to the first pre-selected pressure, the auxiliary pump 5 may include a variable flow mechanism (e.g., a variable frequency drive, etc.) to facilitate operation at different operating conditions, frequencies, or speeds to obtain different flow / pressure outputs. Such transport may be effected via the controller 21 such that the auxiliary pump 5 can operate at a first frequency or first pumping speed when reducing the pressure in the tank 3 and / or maintaining the pressure of the tank 3 at the first pre-selected pressure, and may also be actuated via the controller 21 to operate at a second frequency or second pumping speed to provide supplemental filling of the fuel tank VT from a substantially full state to a fully full state, as discussed above. In such embodiments, the second frequency or second pumping speed may be higher than the first frequency or first pumping speed such that the pressure differential generated by the auxiliary pump 5 is greater when operating at the second frequency or second operating state. It should be understood that the transport motor of the auxiliary pump 5 may be communicatively connected to the controller 21 to facilitate such actuation and operational adjustments. It should also be understood that the transport of the auxiliary pump may include two or more operating states and may be variably adjusted to other speeds, frequencies, or operating states (e.g., to a third and / or fourth operating state that may be between the first and second operating states, etc.).

[0074] The storage unit 13 may include one or more storage vessels for storing the cryogenic fluid as a compressed gas. The temperature of the gas in the storage unit may be at a preselected storage temperature or within a preselected storage temperature range. For example, the preselected storage temperature may be within a temperature range of −150° C. to −230° C. The storage unit 13 may also store the compressed gas at a preselected storage pressure within a preselected storage pressure range. For example, the preselected storage pressure may be within a preselected storage pressure range of 5 MPa to 75 MPa, or within a preselected storage pressure range of 5 MPa to 35 MPa.

[0075] 5 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a process for cryogenic fluid dispensing that can be performed by one embodiment of our apparatus 1. This can be understood, for example, from the above. Controller 21 can be configured to monitor and / or facilitate execution of the process. Such processing can be defined in code stored in memory 21b of controller 21. Controller 21 can cause its processor 21a to implement the process, for example, when apparatus 1 executes code stored in memory 21b to perform one embodiment of the process.

[0076] 5, a first step S1 of the process may include supplying stored gas into tank 3 in response to detecting that vehicle fueling is occurring at dispenser 7 to increase the pressure within tank 3 for transporting the cryogenic liquid within tank 3 to vehicle fuel tank VT via dispenser 7, thus not requiring a pump to supply 3 L of liquid to fuel tank VT. In a second step S2, the pressure or preselected fill volume of vehicle fuel tank VT may be determined to be equal to or greater than a preselected threshold, and in response to this determination, auxiliary pump 5 may be activated to facilitate full filling of the fuel tank. The preselected threshold or preselected fill volume of vehicle fuel tank VT may be determined, for example, based on determining that the pressure of vehicle fuel tank VT and / or the pressure within tank 3 is at a preselected second pressure. Operation of the auxiliary pump 5 can be performed to facilitate complementary filling of the fuel tank VT from a substantially full state to a fully filled state, as discussed above, and thus the pump is used for only a relatively small portion of the fuel supply (e.g., providing fuel supply for the last 3%-20% or 3%-5% of the fuel tank volume, etc.). It should be understood that in some embodiments of the process, this second step S2 can be omitted (e.g., where a substantial filling of the fuel tank is acceptable or the fuel tank does not require a tank pressure above the preselected second pressure for full filling of the fuel tank VT).

[0077] In a third step S3, in response to determining that the vehicle fuel tank is at a preselected fill threshold (e.g., full, or a user desires to stop fueling operations at the dispenser, etc.), fluid from tank 3 can be stopped from being provided to vehicle fuel tank VT. After the fueling process has been stopped, a fourth step S4 can include withdrawing fluid from tank 3 to a non-use tank pressure level (e.g., reducing the pressure in the tank from the second preselected pressure to the first preselected pressure, as discussed above). Such pressure reduction can be achieved via withdrawing gas 3G from tank 3 and / or outputting liquid from tank 3 using auxiliary pump 5 or compressor 13C. The withdrawn fluid can be supplied to vaporizer 11 and then to a storage unit for storage therein for subsequent use. Examples of such fluid flow from the tank to reduce the pressure in tank 3 and supply the fluid to storage unit 13 can be understood from the above.

[0078] It should be understood that embodiments of pressure regulating mechanism 12 can be configured to implement the exemplary embodiment of the process shown in FIG. 5 or other embodiments of the process. For example, embodiments of the process can include other steps. These steps can include, for example, retrofitting pressure regulating mechanism 12 into an existing system to update controller 21 and / or providing controller 21 to monitor and / or control operation of the process. Embodiments of the process can also include extracting gas from a vehicle fuel tank during refueling and directing the gas to a storage unit (e.g., via fuel tank gas conduit VG, as discussed above) or venting the gas from the vehicle fuel tank.

[0079] Embodiments of the inventors' apparatus and process can provide significant advantages. For example, embodiments can avoid the use of a pump for vehicle fueling operations, or can be configured so that only intermittent use of the auxiliary pump 5 is required for a small portion of the fueling operation (e.g., the final fueling stage of fueling). Avoiding and / or minimizing pumping can reduce maintenance needs, as pumping use can be avoided or significantly reduced. Because pumps can be avoided or utilized for only a small portion of the vehicle fuel tank's fueling operation, power consumption can also be substantially reduced, and fugitive emissions can be significantly avoided. Also, cool-down times and pressure equalization delay times for pumps and conduits for fueling can be avoided or significantly minimized. Additionally, embodiments can significantly reduce cryogenic fluid loss by enabling capture of boil-off losses during fueling and storage of the fluid in the tank 3. These improvements can provide significant operational cost savings and avoid cryogenic fluid loss and power degradation. These types of improvements can also promote more economical and environmentally friendly operation for cryogenic fluid vehicle fueling systems.

[0080] Additional advantages that can be provided include the sizing of any type of pump that may be used in the apparatus 1. The auxiliary pump 5 (for embodiments that may utilize an auxiliary pump) can be made smaller, which can significantly reduce the capital and operating costs associated with any use of a pump.

[0081] Some of the exemplary embodiments discussed herein relate to the use of hydrogen. Hydrogen suitable for fueling is relatively pure according to predefined hydrogen fueling standards. The impurity content in such hydrogen is very low according to applicable hydrogen fueling standards. Hydrogen, which can be stored for use in fueling vehicles, is one example of a cryogenic fluid. Other embodiments of the device can be utilized with other types of cryogenic fluids (e.g., cryogenic liquids and / or cryogenic gases) instead of hydrogen gas and / or liquid hydrogen. For example, Tank 3 can hold another type of cryogenic fluid (e.g., cryogenic natural gas, liquid methane, etc.). Thus, it should be understood that the exemplary embodiments of hydrogen fueling discussed herein are examples, and that other embodiments and uses are contemplated in addition to use in a hydrogen fueling station-type environment. In such non-hydrogen fueling embodiments, the preselected temperature and pressure of Tank 3 can be different to account for different cryogenic fluids, as also discussed above (e.g., the temperature can be below the boiling point of the fluid, so the fluid can be maintained as a liquid).

[0082] It should also be understood that other modifications to the embodiments explicitly shown and discussed herein can be made to meet a particular set of design objectives or a particular set of design criteria. For example, the configuration of valves, piping, and other conduit elements (e.g., conduit connections, tubing, seals, etc.) for interconnecting different units of an apparatus for fluid communication of fluid flow between the different units can be configured to meet a particular layout design that takes into account the available area for cryogenic fluid dispensing, system sizing equipment, and other design considerations. As another example, the flow rates, pressures, and temperatures of fluids passing through different elements of an apparatus, and fluids passing through other elements of an apparatus, can be varied to account for different cryogenic fluid storage, system design configurations, and other design criteria. As yet another example, the material compositions for the different structural components of an apparatus can be any type of suitable material that may be required to meet a particular set of design criteria.

[0083] As another example, it is contemplated that particular features described individually or as part of one embodiment can be combined with other individually described features or portions of other embodiments. Accordingly, elements and operations of various embodiments described herein can be combined to provide further embodiments. Thus, while certain exemplary embodiments of the inventors' apparatus for cryogenic fluid dispensing, process for cryogenic fluid dispensing, and methods of making and using the same have been shown and described above, it is to be clearly understood that the invention is not limited thereto and may be variously embodied and practiced otherwise within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. 1. An apparatus for cryogenic fluid dispensing, comprising: a pressure regulation mechanism connectable to a tank, the pressure regulation mechanism configured to store a cryogenic liquid in the tank, the tank to which the pressure regulation mechanism is connectable being arranged to supply the cryogenic liquid to at least one dispenser; the pressure regulating mechanism is configured to increase the pressure of the tank from a first preselected pressure to a second preselected pressure in response to detecting that the cryogenic liquid from the tank is being supplied to the at least one dispenser to fill the vehicle fuel tank, thereby enabling the cryogenic fluid to be output from the tank through the dispenser to the vehicle fuel tank; and the pressure regulating mechanism is configured to reduce the pressure in the tank from the second preselected pressure to the first preselected pressure in response to detecting that filling of the vehicle fuel tank has stopped or is complete; the pressure regulation mechanism is configured such that the reducing the pressure of the tank from the second preselected pressure to the first preselected pressure comprises removing at least one cryogenic fluid from the tank and storing the removed at least one cryogenic fluid as a compressed gas in a storage unit connectable to the tank, the removed at least one cryogenic fluid comprising the cryogenic liquid removed from the tank and / or the cryogenic gas removed from the tank; the pressure regulation mechanism is configured such that the increase in pressure of the tank from the first preselected pressure to the second preselected pressure includes supplying the compressed gas stored in the storage unit to the tank.

2. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the cryogenic fluid comprises hydrogen, the cryogenic liquid comprises liquid hydrogen, and the cryogenic gas comprises hydrogen gas.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 comprising the tank and the dispenser.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the pressure regulation mechanism includes an auxiliary pump connected between the tank and the storage unit, or a compressor connected between the storage unit and the tank.

5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the pressure regulation mechanism further comprises a carburetor disposed between the tank and the compressor.

6. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the pressure regulation mechanism further comprises a vaporizer disposed between the auxiliary pump and the storage unit.

7. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an auxiliary pump disposed between the tank and the dispenser, the auxiliary pump configured to transport the flow of the cryogenic liquid from the tank to the dispenser after the tank is at the second preselected pressure for filling the vehicle fuel tank from a filled condition to a fully filled condition.

8. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the filled state of the vehicle fuel tank is less than 100% full and at least 90% full.

9. The pressure adjustment mechanism includes: a vaporizer positioned to receive the cryogenic gas and / or the cryogenic liquid from the tank and output heated gas during the decrease in the pressure of the tank from the second preselected pressure to the first preselected pressure; a compressor positioned to receive the heated gas, compress the heated gas to form the compressed gas, and supply the compressed gas to the storage unit.

10. The pressure adjustment mechanism includes: a vaporizer positioned to receive the cryogenic gas and / or the cryogenic liquid from the tank and output heated gas during the decrease in the pressure of the tank from the second preselected pressure to the first preselected pressure; 2. The apparatus of claim 1, including an auxiliary pump positioned to transport a flow of the cryogenic gas and / or the cryogenic liquid from the tank to the storage unit during the reduction of the pressure in the tank from the second preselected pressure to the first preselected pressure, such that the cryogenic gas and / or the cryogenic liquid passes through the vaporizer and is output as the heated gas.

11. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising the tank and the dispenser, the dispenser connectable to the vehicle fuel tank such that gas from the vehicle fuel tank can pass from the vehicle fuel tank to the storage unit during the filling of the vehicle fuel tank with the cryogenic liquid.

12. The apparatus of claim 1 , comprising a controller having a processor connected to a non-transitory computer-readable medium, the controller communicatively connectable to the pressure adjustment mechanism.

13. 1. A process for cryogenic fluid dispensing, comprising: in response to detecting that fueling of a vehicle is occurring at a dispenser, supplying compressed gas stored in a storage unit to the tank to increase the pressure of the tank to a first preselected pressure to transport cryogenic liquid in the tank from the tank to the dispenser and deliver the cryogenic liquid to a vehicle fuel tank of the vehicle; in response to determining that the vehicle fuel tank is at a preselected fill threshold, ceasing to provide the cryogenic fluid from the tank to the vehicle fuel tank; removing the cryogenic fluid from the tank to reduce the pressure to the first preselected pressure.

14. 14. The process of claim 13, including, in response to determining that the pressure in the tank is at a second preselected pressure and the vehicle fuel tank is not at the preselected fill threshold, activating an auxiliary pump to transport the cryogenic liquid from the tank to the vehicle fuel tank to facilitate filling the vehicle fuel tank from a filled condition to a fully filled condition.

15. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the filled state of the vehicle fuel tank is less than 100% full and at least 90% full.

16. 15. The process of claim 14, including determining, via a controller communicatively connected to the dispenser and at least one pressure sensor positioned to monitor pressure within the tank, that the pressure in the tank is at the second preselected pressure and that the vehicle fuel tank is not at the preselected fill threshold.

17. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the cryogenic liquid is liquid hydrogen.

18. 14. The process of claim 13, comprising receiving gas from the vehicle fuel tank during refueling of the vehicle fuel tank and providing the received gas to the storage unit.

19. Removing the cryogenic fluid from the tank to reduce the pressure to the first preselected pressure comprises: Removing cryogenic gas from the tank and supplying the removed cryogenic gas to the storage unit; and 14. The process of claim 13, comprising at least one of: withdrawing the cryogenic liquid from the tank; and heating the withdrawn cryogenic liquid to form the gas via a vaporizer to supply the gas to the storage unit.

20. removing the cryogenic fluid from the tank to reduce the pressure in the tank to the first preselected pressure; 14. The process of claim 13, including operating a compressor connected between the tank and the storage unit to transport a flow of gas from the tank for supply to the storage unit.

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