Sub-band switching
By grouping devices in 6G networks based on criticality and determining switching delays, the sub-band switching delay issue in subNWs is addressed, improving network performance and handling extreme URLLC traffic effectively.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/109205
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-07-25
- Publication Date
- 2025-01-30
AI Technical Summary
In 6G networks, sub-networks (subNWs) face challenges with sub-band switching delays, which impact performance, especially with extreme URLLC traffic, due to hardware and signaling delays.
The solution involves grouping devices in a radio access network into groups based on criticality levels and determining switching delays for each group, allowing for efficient sub-band switching based on these delays.
This approach reduces the impact of sub-band switching delays, enhancing the performance of subNWs by optimizing switching operations based on criticality and initial switching delays.
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Figure CN2023109205_30012025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
SUB-BAND SWITCHINGFIELD
[0001] Example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communications, and in particular, to apparatuses, a method, and a computer readable storage medium for sub-band switching.BACKGROUND
[0002] With the development of communication technology, sub-networks (subNWs) have been introduced to fulfill the stringent requirements for latency, reliability, and / or throughput envisioned for certain short-range scenarios. In a 6G network, those subNWs may be installed in specific entities, such as in-vehicle entities, in-body entities, or in-house entities and provide life-critical data service with exceptional performances within the local capillary coverage.SUMMARY
[0003] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for sub-band switching.
[0004] In a first aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to group a plurality of devices in a radio access network into a plurality of groups, determine a plurality of criticality levels of the plurality of groups, determine a plurality of switching delays of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of criticality levels, a plurality of initial switching delays of the plurality of groups, and a time deadline for switching the plurality of groups from a first sub-band to a second sub-band, and perform the switching of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of switching delays.
[0005] In a second aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises grouping a plurality of devices in a radio access network into a plurality of groups, determining a plurality of criticality levels of the plurality of groups, determining a plurality of switching delays of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of criticality levels, a plurality of initial switching delays of the plurality of groups, and a time deadline for switching the plurality of groups from a first sub-band to a second sub-band, and performing the switching of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of switching delays.
[0006] In a third aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising means for grouping a plurality of devices in a radio access network into a plurality of groups, means for determining a plurality of criticality levels of the plurality of groups, means for determining a plurality of switching delays of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of criticality levels, a plurality of initial switching delays of the plurality of groups, and a time deadline for switching the plurality of groups from a first sub-band to a second sub-band, and means for performing the switching of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of switching delays.
[0007] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus at least to perform the method according to the second aspect.
[0008] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to perform the method according to the second aspect.
[0009] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a device. The device comprises grouping circuitry configured to group a plurality of devices in a radio access network into a plurality of groups, determining circuitry configured to determine a plurality of criticality levels of the plurality of groups, determining circuitry configured to determine a plurality of switching delays of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of criticality levels, a plurality of initial switching delays of the plurality of groups, and a time deadline for switching the plurality of groups from a first sub-band to a second sub-band, and performing circuitry configured to perform the switching of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of switching delays.
[0010] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0012] FIG. 1 (a) illustrate an example environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0013] FIG. 1 (b) illustrates an example of sub-band selection collision event;
[0014] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a flowchart for determining a plurality of switching delays of devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0015] FIG. 3 illustrates a detailed example of a flowchart in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0016] FIG. 4 (a) illustrates a schematic diagram of organizing devices into at least two groups in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 4 (b) illustrates a schematic diagram of switching in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 4 (c) illustrates a schematic diagram of switching in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 5 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing some example embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0020] FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a computer readable medium in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0021] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0022] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0023] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0024] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0025] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0026] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0027] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0028] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0029] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0030] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0031] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0032] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (for example, firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0033] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0034] As used herein, the term “network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the future fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, sixth generation (6G) mobile networks, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0035] As used herein, the term “device” or “apparatus” may refer to a node in a communication network via which a device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The device or apparatus may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. The term “device” or “apparatus” may also refer to any device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a device or apparatus may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) .
[0036] The device or apparatus may also include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (for example, remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (for example, a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms “device” , “apparatus” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “access point” , “AP” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0037] It is also noting that in the context of disclosure, the term “sub-band” is utilized. In some embodiments, a sub-band can be a band of frequencies in the radio frequency spectrum, and it may have a start frequency and a stop frequency. In some embodiments, a sub-band may allow “holes” between a start frequency and a stop frequency. However, other equivalent terms such as “channel, ” “sub-channel, ” “resource pool, ” “bandwidth part, ” or other similar terms can be used interchangeably. In the context of disclosure, it is assumed that the resources available for sub-networks (subNWs) operations are organized into M sub-bands, which are shared by all the subNWs. Each subNW generally occupies one sub-band to support the transmissions within the subNW, but more than one sub-band may also be used.
[0038] SubNWs may support extreme performance requirements in terms of latency (as low as 100 us) , reliability (above 99.999%or “5 nines” ) and / or throughputs (up to Gbit / s / link) . The subNWs may operate with low transmit power, resulting in a limited coverage range typically spanning only a few meters. The subNWs may adopt a star or tree topology, comprising one access point (AP) and one or more user equipment (UE) that are under the control of the AP.
[0039] Nonetheless, the mobility between different subNWs is either lacking or limited. Although subNWs can be mobile, handover of devices between subNWs may happen only under specific conditions and for certain use cases. The subNWs are connected to a 6G network (either wide area or enterprise) , but are designed to continue functioning even when out of the network coverage. Specifically, the subNW AP may serve and manage the subNW devices, while also being connected to the 6G network’s gNB (gNodeB) , thus serving as a special UE within the 6G network.
[0040] It is worth noting that in the context of the disclosure, the subNW AP, although referred to as an AP, may also function as a UE. For instance, in the case of in-body communication, the subNW AP might be a smartphone, while the subNW UEs could include other wearables such as smart glasses, watches, or armbands, which may have lower capabilities (e.g., reduced maximum transmit power, computational capacity, or other metrics) compared to the subNW AP. The subNWs may be regarded as a potential evolution of 5G Sidelink.
[0041] Several enhancements are needed on the subNWs side. On the one side, the air interface needs to be improved. It is essential to enable out-of-coverage SubNW access points (APs) to sense the channel, acquire resources, and efficiently schedule those resources to the SubNW devices. These enhancements go beyond the capabilities provided by 5G Sidelink Mode 2. On the other side, SubNWs require architectural enablers to enhance authentication mechanisms and policy enforcement policies in such scenarios. These enhancements are crucial for ensuring improved efficient management of SubNWs. To implement those enhancements, the management of the interference among neighboring subNWs becomes a main issue that needs to be addressed.
[0042] Specifically, there is a sub-band switching delay, also known as switching time gap, between sub-band sensing and sub-band switching. The sub-band switching delay may depend on at least one of: a) hardware switching delay and b) signaling delay, and it may have strong impact on the subNW performance, in particular with extreme URLLC traffic.
[0043] In view of the above, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for sub-band switching. Especially, the example embodiments of the present disclosure may create groups of devices, determine the switching delay for each group when using a stepwise switching protocol and reduce the impact of sub-band switching delay.
[0044] In the descriptions of the example embodiments of the present disclosure, the network environment 100a may also be referred to as a communication system 100 (for example, a portion of a communication network) . For illustrative purposes only, various aspects of example embodiments will be described in the context of devices that communicate with one another. It should be appreciated, however, that the description herein may be applicable to other types of apparatus or other similar apparatuses that are referenced using other terminology.
[0045] FIG. 1 (a) shows an example environment 100a in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. The environment 100a may be a part of a communication network and comprise an apparatus 110 and a plurality of devices 120-1, 120-2, . . ., 120-N where N represents any suitable positive integer. For the purpose of discussion, the devices 120-1, 120-2, . . ., 120-N will be collectively or individually referred to as devices 120. As an example, the apparatus 110 may be implemented as an AP device, and the devices 120 may be implemented as a UE. In this case, the apparatus 110, on the one hand, may serve and manage the plurality of terminal devices 120-1, 120-2, ..., 120-N in the capillary subnetwork coverage. On the other hand, the apparatus 110 may make a certain extent control and coordinate different subnetworks.
[0046] In some embodiments, all devices, including subNW AP and subNW UEs, may all operate in an industrial environment where all these devices may be parts of the same robot, production module or robots operating on the same object. Alternatively, or additionally, subNW devices may be all installed in a vehicle, serving as integral components of the vehicle. In some embodiments, subNW devices may be wearable devices of a person, such as smartwatch, smart glasses or smartphone, medical or health devices, haptic sensor or actuators, etc. In some embodiments, subNW devices may be all installed in a house. For example, one of the subNW devices may be an AP device, while other subNW devices may be UE devices controlled by the AP. It is to be understood that the number of devices is only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitations. The network environments 100a may include any suitable number of devices adapted for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. Although not shown, it would be appreciated that one or more devices may be located in the network environments 100a. The communications in the network environment 100a may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol (s) , comprising, but not limited to, cellular communication protocols of the fourth generation (4G) and the fifth generation (5G) , 6th generation mobile networks (6G) and the like, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover, the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, comprising but not limited to: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) , Time Division Duplex (TDD) , Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) , Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) , Discrete Fourier Transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) and / or any other technologies currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0047] FIG. 1 (b) illustrates an example of a sub-band selection collision event. As illustrated in 100b, a sub-band switching delay may depend on at least one of: a) hardware switching delay and b) signaling delay. In the hardware switching delay aspect, devices may have different capabilities. For example, devices like a smartphone may be capable to complete a switch in a much faster way when compared to a low cost sensor. The capabilities of devices may be specified by the specifications, such as RAN4. The specifications may introduce different categories, and specify a maximum sub-band switching delay per category, leaving up to device implementation how long it actually takes to switch from a first sub-band to a second sub-band (within the maximum specified constraint) . In the signaling delay aspect, it depends on how far apart in the frequency domain these two sub-bands are. For example, further sub-categories (in relation to the frequency separation of the two sub-bands) could be contiguous intra-band, non-contiguous intra-band, or inter-band.
[0048] As illustrated in FIG. 1 (b) , when a subNW 1002 performs sub-band sensing at the time point within switching time delay / gap of subNW 1001, it may sense the sub-band as free and then finally select the same sub-band that subNW 1001 chooses. In this situation, both the subNW 1001 and the subNW 1002 inadvertently utilize the same sub-band, resulting in strong performance degradation. The probability of such collision becomes larger when the switching time gap becomes larger and / or the sensing duration gets shorter.
[0049] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a flowchart for determining a plurality of switching delays of devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0050] For the purpose of discussion, the flowchart 200 will be described with reference to FIG. 1 (a) . This flowchart 200 may be likewise applied to other similar communication scenarios. In the flowchart 200, at block 202, an apparatus 110 may group a plurality of devices in a radio access network into a plurality of groups. For example, a sub-network AP device may group a plurality of devices 120-1 –120-N in a sub-network into a plurality of groups. In some embodiments, the apparatus 110 may group the plurality of devices 120 into the plurality of groups, such that the plurality of groups corresponds to a plurality of different value ranges of a parameter, and values of the parameter of devices in a group are within a value range corresponding to the group.
[0051] In some embodiments, the parameter may comprise, but not limited to, a switching delay of a device, a latency requirement for the device, a reliability requirement for the device, and / or a throughput requirement for the device. In some embodiments, the switching delay of the device may be determined as a maximum switching delay specified in a requirement for a device category of the device, or an estimated switching delay determined based on at least one previous measurement. The sub-network has already been in operation for a period of time, during which it has already performed a plurality of switching across sub-bands. During these switching, the sub-network has observed / measured how long a device takes to switch from one sub-band to another sub-band. Those measurements may be faster than the requirement for the device category of the device and used to estimate the switching delay of the device.
[0052] At block 206, the apparatus 110 may determine a plurality of criticality levels of the plurality of groups. In some embodiments, the apparatus 110 may determine a plurality of quality of service (QoS) metrics for the plurality of groups and then determine the plurality of criticality levels based on the plurality of QoS metrics. In some embodiments, the plurality of QoS metrics may comprise, but is not limited to, latency requirements for the plurality of devices 120, reliability requirements for the plurality of devices 120, and / or throughput requirements for the plurality of devices 120.
[0053] At block 210, the apparatus 110 may determine a plurality of switching delays of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of criticality levels, a plurality of initial switching delays of the plurality of groups, and a time deadline for switching the plurality of groups from a first sub-band to a second sub-band.
[0054] In some embodiments, prior to determining the plurality of switching delays, the apparatus 110 may determine the plurality of initial switching delays of the plurality of groups. In some embodiments, an initial switching delay of a group may be determined based on a minimum time for devices in the group to complete switching from one sub-band to another sub-band, or a maximum switching delay among the devices 120 in the group.
[0055] In some embodiments, the time deadline is determined based on an increasing rate or a decreasing rate of one or more of the following factors in the first sub-band: interference power, a signal to noise ratio (SNR) , a signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) , a reference signal received power (RSRP) , a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) , or a channel busy ratio (CBR) .
[0056] In some embodiments, the apparatus 110 may determine the plurality of switching delays based on the time deadline and the plurality of initial switching delays. In some embodiments, if the apparatus 110 determines that the time deadline satisfies a predetermined criterion, the apparatus 110 may determine that a group with a non-highest criticality level is to be first switched to the second sub-band. In some embodiments, if the apparatus 110 determines that the time deadline does not satisfy the predetermined criterion, the apparatus 110 may determine that a group with a highest criticality level is to be switched to the second sub-band as early as possible.
[0057] In some embodiments, the plurality of groups may comprise a first group with a first criticality level and a second group with a second criticality level lower than the first criticality level. The first group may be associated with a first initial switching delay and a first switching delay, and the second group may be associated with a second initial switching delay and a second switching delay.
[0058] In some embodiments, if the apparatus 110 determines that a difference between the time deadline and the second initial switching delay is greater than or equal to a first time window, the apparatus 110 may determine that the second group is to be first switched to the second sub-band. In the context of this disclosure, the time window may be described as a specific duration of time, defined by a starting point and an ending point. In some embodiments, if the apparatus 110 determines that the difference is less than the first time window, the apparatus 110 may determine that the second group is not to first be switched to the second sub-band as early as possible.
[0059] In some embodiments, if the second group is to be first switched to the second sub-band, the apparatus 110 may determine the first switching delay as a greater one of the second initial switching delay plus the first time window and the first initial switching delay, and the apparatus 110 may determine the second switching delay as the second initial switching delay.
[0060] In some embodiments, if the first group and the second group are to be switched to the second sub-band as early as possible, the apparatus 110 may determine the first switching delay as the first initial switching delay and the second switching delay as the second initial switching delay. In some embodiments, the apparatus 110 may group the plurality of devices into more than two preliminary groups and merge at least two preliminary groups among the more than two preliminary groups to obtain the first group and the second group.
[0061] In some embodiments, a first preliminary group and a second preliminary group may be merged to obtain the first group. A first initial switching delay of the first group may be determined as a greater one of a first preliminary initial switching delay of the first preliminary group and a second preliminary initial switching delay of the second preliminary group. A first criticality level of the first group may be determined as a greater one of a first preliminary criticality level of the first preliminary group and a second preliminary criticality level of the second preliminary group.
[0062] In some embodiments, the plurality of groups may comprise a first group with a first criticality level, a second group with a second criticality level lower than the first criticality level, and a third group with a third criticality level lower than the second criticality level. The first group may be associated with a first initial switching delay and a first switching delay. The second group may be associated with a second initial switching delay and a second switching delay. The third group may be associated with a third initial switching delay and a third switching delay.
[0063] In some embodiments, if the apparatus 110 determines a first condition that a difference between the time deadline and the third initial switching delay is greater than or equal to a second time window, the apparatus 110 may determine that the third group is to be first switched to the second sub-band. If the apparatus 110 determines a second condition that a difference between the time deadline and the second initial switching delay is greater than or equal to a third time window and that the second initial switching delay is less than the third initial switching delay, the apparatus 110 may determine that the second group is to be first switched to the second sub-band. If neither the first condition nor the second condition is satisfied, the apparatus 110 may determine that the first group, the second group, and the third group are to be switched to the second sub-band as early as possible.
[0064] In some embodiments, if the third group is to be first switched to the second sub-band, the apparatus 110 may determine the first switching delay as a greater one of the third initial switching delay plus the second time window and the first initial switching delay. The apparatus 110 may determine the second switching delay as a greater one of the third initial switching delay plus the second time window and the second initial switching delay. The apparatus 110 may determine the third switching delay as the third initial switching delay. In some embodiments, if the second group is to be first switched to the second sub-band, the apparatus 110 may determine the first switching delay as a greater one of the second initial switching delay plus the third time window and the first initial switching delay. The apparatus 110 may determine the second switching delay as the second initial switching delay. The apparatus 110 may determine the third switching delay as the third initial switching delay.
[0065] In some embodiments, if the first group, the second group, and the third group are first to be switched to the second sub-band as early as possible, the apparatus 110 may determine the first switching delay as the first initial switching delay, the second switching delay as the second initial switching delay, and the third switching delay as the third initial switching delay.
[0066] In some embodiments, the first time window, the second time window, and / or the third time window may be determined based on a maximum switching delay requirement specified in a specification, a fraction of the maximum switching delay requirement, or a channel collision probability in the first sub-band. Alternatively, or additionally, the first time window, the second time window, and the third time window may have a same duration or different durations.
[0067] In some embodiments, if the apparatus 110 detects a collision between the radio access network and another radio access network in the second sub-band after the plurality of groups are partially switched to the second sub-band, the apparatus 110 may determine a first candidate deadline by subtracting an occurrence time of the collision from the time deadline. The apparatus 110 may determine a second candidate deadline for switching the plurality of groups to a third sub-band. The apparatus 110 may determine an updated time deadline as a minimum of the first candidate deadline and the second candidate deadline. Based on the updated time deadline, the apparatus 110 may perform switching of the plurality of groups from the first sub-band or the second sub-band to the third sub-band.
[0068] In some embodiments, the apparatus 110 may transmit a synchronization signal in the second sub-band prior to performing the switching of the plurality of groups. In some embodiments, the apparatus 110 may adjust density or power of the synchronization signal based on one or more of the following factors: measurements of interference power, RSRP, SNR, or SINR in the first sub-band, measurements of interference power, RSRP, SNR, or SINR in the second sub-band, or a switching delay of a group first switched to the second sub-band. In some embodiments, the apparatus 110 may transmit a synchronization signal block / physical broadcast channel (SSB / PBCH) payload including an indication that the plurality of devices of the radio access network are to be switched to the second sub-band. The indication may be provided via at least one reserved bit of a field of the SSB / PBCH.
[0069] At block 214, the apparatus 110 may perform the switching of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of switching delays.
[0070] FIG. 3 illustrates a detailed example of a flowchart 300 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that the flowchart 300 can be deemed as a further example of the flowchart 200. In the context of this disclosure, it is assumed the subNW AP may schedules the intra-subNW transmissions from and to the subNW devices. The subNW AP may have higher capabilities and work on a wide band. In other words, the subNW AP may simultaneously work on multiple sub-bands. On the other hand, the subNW devices (such as, UE devices) may have lower capability and may work on a smaller (when compared to the subNW AP) subset of sub-bands. The subNW AP may use a stepwise switching protocol when switching from one sub-band to another. It is assumed that the groups are ordered in terms of QoS metric per group, i.e., a first device group may carry more critical traffic than a second device group, and the second device group may carry more critical traffic than a third device group, etc.
[0071] At 301, the subNW AP may organize the subNW devices in at least two groups based on a subset of their switching and KPI (Key Performance Indicator) requirements. In some embodiments, in each group, devices may have similar switching delay and KPI requirements. The switching delay for each device may be assumed by the AP as the maximum switching delay as specified in the requirements for the respective device category. In some embodiments, the KPIs may include a subset of latency, reliability and throughput requirements.
[0072] Alternatively, or additionally, the switching delay for each device may be estimated by the AP based on previous measurements, for example by measuring how long it took for that device to switch from one sub-band to another; or the AP may estimate the switching delay based on an existing capability report by the device, e.g., Sounding Reference Signal-SwitchingTimeNR; or by a new switching time capability report dedicated for the subNW bands.
[0073] At 304, the subNW AP may determine a QoS (Quality of Service) metric per device group, identifying which group includes devices supporting more critical traffic than other groups. In some embodiments, latency may be the KPI used to determine which device group carries more critical traffic, and a device group with smaller latency requirements may be deemed to have more critical QoS requirements when compared to a second device group with larger latency requirements.
[0074] In some embodiments, reliability, such as packet error rate, communication service availability and / or communication service reliability, may be the KPI used to determine which device group carries more critical traffic, and a group with a stricter reliability requirement may be deemed to have more critical QoS requirements when compared to a second group with less strict requirements.
[0075] In some embodiments, throughput may be the KPI used to determine which device group carries more critical traffic, and a device group with larger throughput requirements is deemed to have more critical QoS requirements when compared to a second device group with smaller throughput requirements. Alternatively, or additionally, a combination of latency, reliability and throughput is used to determine which device group carries more critical traffic.
[0076] At 308, The subNW AP may determine an initial switching delay Tj for each group j. Tj may represent the minimum time it takes for all the devices in group j to complete a switch from one sub-band to another. In some embodiments, this switching delay can be assumed as the maximum switching delay among all the devices within the same group.
[0077] At 312, the subNW AP may determine a time deadline D, after which the subNW devices cannot meet any longer their requirements in the current sub-band. In some embodiments, D is estimated by measuring how quickly the interference power increases over time. The interference power may be based on measurements by the subNW AP and / or subNW devices and can be an average value or any other Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) quantile, e.g., 5%-ile or 95%-ile. In some embodiments, other measurements rather than the interference power may be used to determine D, such as SNR, SINR, RSRP, RSSI and CBR.
[0078] At 316, the subNW AP may determine a switching delay Sj (constrained by Sj ≥Tj) . It is noted that in the context of the disclosure, to better distinguish the switching delay Sj from the initial switching delay Tj, the switching delay Sj may be also referred to “actual switching delay. ” In some embodiments, the time deadline D is large enough, a device group with less critical traffic is moved first to the new sub-band to probe it; if in the new sub-band there is no collision after a certain time window, the first device group with the most critical traffic (together with the other device groups) is also moved to the new sub-band. The device group with less critical traffic is used to occupy and test whether the new sub-band is actually free from interference and collision. When the new sub-band is confirmed to be free, the first device group with the most critical traffic may be moved to the new sub-band.
[0079] On the other side, in some embodiments, the time deadline D is not large enough, the first device group with most critical traffic may be moved as fast as possible to the new sub-band to avoid these devices to stay too long in the current sub-band with risk of not meeting their requirements.
[0080] At 320, the subNW AP may perform stepwise switching of all subNW devices using the determined switching delays Sj.
[0081] FIG. 4 (a) illustrates a schematic diagram of organizing devices into at least two groups in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated in 400a, the subNW AP 4010 may organize the subNW devices in at least two groups, a first device group 4001 and a second device group 4005 based on a subset of their switching and KPI requirements. In each group, the devices may have similar switching delay and KPI requirements. The KPIs may include but not limited to a subset of latency, reliability and throughput requirements.
[0082] FIG. 4 (b) illustrates a schematic diagram of switching in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated in 400b, T1 and T2 represent initial switching delays for the first device group 4001 and the second device group 4005 respectively, and D represents the time deadline. It is assumed that the first device group 4001 may support more critical traffic than the second device group 4005.
[0083] When the subNW AP 4010 decides to switch from sub-band n to sub-band m, it may determine the initial switching delay T1 and T2 for the two groups and also determine the time deadline D. In some embodiments, if the condition is D -T2 ≥ TW1, the time deadline D may allow the second device group 4005 to be switched first to the new sub-band.
[0084] In some embodiments, TW1 may be a time window and implementation specific. For example, TW1 may be set as the maximum switching delay requirement as specified in the specifications (such as, by RAN4 UE requirements specifications) . In some embodiments, the time window TW1 may be large enough to detect potential collision in the new sub-band.
[0085] In some embodiments, TW1 may be a fraction of the maximum switching delay requirement as specified in the specifications. TW1 may also not be too large to avoid staying too long in a sub-band that has already been deemed to not be able to support current traffic after certain time. Alternatively, or additionally, the subNW AP 4010 may have information based on previous measurements, on channel collision probability as a function of time, and the subNW AP 4010 may determine TW1 depending on such probability.
[0086] Finally, the subNW AP 4010 may determine the actual switching delay S2 for the second device group 4005 to be T2 (i.e., S2 = T2) , and the second device group 4005 may be switched at the very first time occasion. The subNW AP 4010 may determine the actual switching delay S1 for the first device group 4001 to be a greater one of the initial switching delay for the second device group 4005 T2 plus the first time window TW1 and the initial switching delay for the first device group 4001 T1 (i.e., S1 = max {T2 + TW1, T1 } ) , and the first device group 4001 may be switched at the very first occasion when no collision in the new sub-band is detected after the second device group 4005 has been switched.
[0087] FIG. 4 (c) illustrates a schematic diagram of switching in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated in 400c, if the condition is D -T2 < TW1, the time deadline D may not allow switching the second device group 4005 first to probe the new sub-band, therefore each device group must be moved as quickly as possible to the new sub-band. Accordingly, the subNW AP 4010 may determine the actual switching delay S2 for the second device group 4005 to be T2 (i.e., S2 = T2) . The subNW AP 4010 may also determine the actual switching delay S1 for the first device group 4001 to be T1 (i.e., S1 = T1) . In some embodiments, if T1 < T2, then the first device group 4001 may be moved before the second device group 4005.
[0088] Although not shown in the figures, in some embodiments, the devices may be grouped into any number of device groups K ≥ 2. For example, the devices may be grouped into three groups, and T1, T2 and T3 may represent initial switching delays for the three groups respectively. D represents a time deadline. It is assumed that a first device group may support more critical traffic than a second device group, and the second device group may support more critical traffic than a third device group.
[0089] In some embodiments, those three groups may be “re-grouped” to create two groups. For example, the first device group and the second device group may be re-grouped together. In such a scenario, the method for two device groups described in FIG. 4 (b) and FIG. 4 (c) may be used, wherein third device group may have the initial switching delay T3 and its QoS metric, and a “new” group, composed by the merge of the first device group and the second device group, may have an initial switching delay, which is a greater one of T1 and T2 (max {T1, T2 } ) , and the QoS metric of the first device group (the most critical among the two merged groups) .
[0090] Alternatively, or additionally, in some embodiments, if the condition is D –T3 ≥TW2, the time deadline D may allow switching the third device group first to probe the new sub-band. Therefore, the subNW AP 4010 may determine the actual switching delay S3 for the third device group to be T3 (i.e., S3 = T3) , and the third device group may be switched at the very first time occasion. The subNW AP 4010 may also determine the actual switching delay S1 for the first device group to be a greater one of the initial switching delay for the third device group T3 plus the second time window TW2 and the initial switching delay for the first device group T1 (i.e., S1 = max {T3 + TW2, T1} ) , and the first device group may be switched at the very first occasion when no collision in the new sub-band is detected after the third device group has been switched.
[0091] In some embodiments, if the condition is D –T2 ≥ TW3, and T2 < T3, the time deadline D may allow switching the second device group first to probe the new sub-band. Therefore, the subNW AP 4010 may determine the actual switching delay S2 for the second device group to be T2 (i.e., S2 = T2) , and the second device group may be switched at the very first time occasion. The subNW AP 4010 may also determine the actual switching delay S1 for the first device group to be a greater one of the initial switching delay for the second device group T2 plus the third time window TW3 and the initial switching delay for the first device group T1 (i.e., S1 = max {T2 + TW3, T1} ) , and the first device group may be switched at the very first occasion when no collision in the new sub-band is detected after the third device group has been switched. The subNW AP 4010 may determine the actual switching delay S3 for the third device group to be T3 (i.e., S3 = T3) , and the third device group may be switched at the very first time occasion.
[0092] In some embodiments, the time deadline D may not allow switching neither the second device group nor the third device group first to probe the new sub-band, therefore each device group must be moved as quickly as possible to the new sub-band. Accordingly, the subNW AP 4010 may determine the actual switching delay S1 for the first device group to be T1 (i.e., S1 = T1) , the actual switching delay S2 for the second device group to be T2 (i.e., S2 = T2) , and the actual switching delay S3 for the third device group to be T3 (i.e., S3 = T3) .
[0093] It is worth noting that the time windows TW2 and TW3 are implementation specific and may be selected by using criteria listed described above for TW1. In some embodiments, TW1 = TW2 = TW3. Alternatively, or additionally, different criteria may be used by the subNW AP 4010 to select each time window, resulting in three different values for the three time windows.
[0094] In some embodiments, before all device groups have been moved from sub-band n to the new sub-band m, a collision may happen after a certain time Tcollision, wherein Tcollision < D. Such collision may be detected for example by a sudden increase of the measured interference power in sub-band m. In such a scenario, if the subNW would fall back to operating again in sub-band n, the requirements are not going to be met after a time Dn = D -Tcollision. Since the collision is detected in sub-band m, the requirements are also not going to be met in the new sub-band after a certain estimated time Dm.
[0095] In this scenario, it is assumed that the subNW AP 4010 may operate on multiple sub-bands and perform sensing on all these sub-bands, the subNW AP 4010 may apply the method for stepwise sub-band switching to a third new sub-band k, by considering an updated version of the time deadline Dupdated that depends on the interference conditions on both sub-bands n and m, for example Dupdated = min {Dn, Dm} .
[0096] In some embodiments, before the switching of any device group, the subNW AP 4010 may start transmitting in the new sub-band synchronization signals, such as similar to NR SSB or Sidelink S-SSB. With the same objective described above of probing the new sub-band before switching any device, the subNW AP 4010 may vary or increase the density (e.g., more often synchronization signals) and / or power of the synchronization signals in the new sub-band to increase the probability that this new sub-band appears as occupied to other subNWs that are still sensing it.
[0097] Such a variation may depend on measurements (in terms of interference power or RSRP or SNR or SINR) in the current sub-band, measurements (in terms of interference power or RSRP or SNR or SINR) in the new sub-band and actual switching delay of the device group that is switched first to the new sub-band. For example, if the interference power in the current sub-band increases fast, the time / frequency density and / or power of the synchronization signals in the new sub-band may be increased. In another example, if the interference power in the new sub-band is above a certain threshold (meaning that some other subNWs are already transmitting on that sub-band) the time / frequency density and / or power of the synchronization signals in the new sub-band may be increased. In another example, if the actual switching delay is large, the time / frequency density and / or the power of the synchronization signals in the new sub-band may be increased.
[0098] Alternatively, or additionally, the subNW AP 4010 may include an information about the change to the new sub-band in the SSB / PBCH payload, therefore other APs detecting the SSB should refrain to use the indicated sub-band later on. In some embodiments, the indication is provided via the reserved bits of the MasterInformationBlockSidelink by changing the specified payload size. APs implementing the feature may use the 2 bits to indicate the selection among 4 sub-bands.
[0099] In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 200. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented as a circuitry or a software module. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for grouping a plurality of devices in a radio access network into a plurality of groups. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for determining a plurality of criticality levels of the plurality of groups. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for determining a plurality of actual switching delays of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of criticality levels, a plurality of initial switching delays of the plurality of groups, and a time deadline for switching the plurality of groups from a first sub-band to a second sub-band. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for performing the switching of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of actual switching delays.
[0100] FIG. 5 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device 500 that is suitable for implementing some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 500 may be provided to implement a communication device, for example, the devices 4001, 4005 and 4010 as shown in FIG. 4. As shown, the device 500 includes one or more processors 510, one or more memories 520 coupled to the processor 510, and one or more communication modules 540 coupled to the processor 510. The communication module 540 is for bidirectional communications. The communication module 540 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements.
[0101] The processor 510 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 500 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor. The memory 520 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a Read Only Memory (ROM) 524, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 522 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0102] A computer program 530 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 510. The program 530 may be stored in the ROM 524. The processor 510 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 530 into the RAM 522. The embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 530 so that the device 500 may perform any process of the disclosure as discussed with reference to FIGS. 2 to 3. The embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0103] In some example embodiments, the program 530 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 500 (such as in the memory 520) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 500. The device 500 may load the program 530 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 522 for execution. The computer readable medium may include any types of tangible non-volatile storage, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like.
[0104] FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a computer readable medium 600 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The computer readable medium 600 has the program 530 stored thereon. It is noted that although the computer readable medium 600 is depicted in form of CD or DVD in FIG. 6, the computer readable medium 600 may be in any other form suitable for carry or hold the program 530.
[0105] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0106] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the methods 200-300 as described above with reference to FIGS. 2-3. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0107] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0108] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program codes or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) . Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Although the present disclosure has been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.An apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:group a plurality of devices in a radio access network into a plurality of groups;determine a plurality of criticality levels of the plurality of groups;determine a plurality of switching delays of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of criticality levels, a plurality of initial switching delays of the plurality of groups, and a time deadline for switching the plurality of groups from a first sub-band to a second sub-band; andperform the switching of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of switching delays.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is caused to group the plurality of devices into the plurality of groups by:grouping the plurality of devices such that the plurality of groups correspond to a plurality of different value ranges of a parameter, and values of the parameter of devices in a group are within a value range corresponding to the group.3.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the parameter comprises at least one of the following:a switching delay of a device,a latency requirement for the device,a reliability requirement for the device, ora throughput requirement for the device.4.The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the switching delay of the device is determined as at least one of the following:a maximum switching delay specified in a requirement for a device category of the device; oran estimated switching delay determined based on at least one previous measurement.5.The apparatus of any of claims 1-4, wherein the apparatus is caused to determine the plurality of criticality levels by:determining a plurality of quality of service metrics for the plurality of groups; anddetermining the plurality of criticality levels based on the plurality of quality of service metrics.6.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the plurality of quality of service metrics comprise at least one of the following:latency requirements for the plurality of devices,reliability requirements for the plurality of devices, orthroughput requirements for the plurality of devices.7.The apparatus of any of claims 1-6, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:prior to determining the plurality of switching delays, determine the plurality of initial switching delays of the plurality of groups.8.The apparatus of any of claims 1-7, wherein an initial switching delay of a group is determined based on at least one of the following:a minimum time for devices in the group to complete switching from one sub-band to another sub-band; ora maximum switching delay among the devices in the group.9.The apparatus of any of claims 1-8, wherein the time deadline is determined based on an increasing rate or a decreasing rate of at least one of the following in the first sub-band:interference power,a signal to noise ratio,a signal to interference plus noise ratio,a reference signal received power,a received signal strength indicator, ora channel busy ratio.10.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the apparatus is caused to determine the plurality of switching delays based on the time deadline and the plurality of initial switching delays by:based on determining that the time deadline satisfies a predetermined criterion, determining that a group with a non-highest criticality level is to be first switched to the second sub-band; orbased on determining that the time deadline does not satisfy the predetermined criterion, determining that a group with a highest criticality level is to be switched to the second sub-band.11.The apparatus of any of claims 1-10, wherein:the plurality of groups comprises a first group with a first criticality level and a second group with a second criticality level lower than the first criticality level;the first group is associated with a first initial switching delay and a first switching delay;the second group is associated with a second initial switching delay and a second switching delay; andthe apparatus is further caused to:based on determining that a difference between the time deadline and the second initial switching delay is greater than or equal to a first time window, determine that the second group is to be first switched to the second sub-band; orbased on determining that the difference is less than the first time window, determine that the first group and the second group are to be switched to the second sub-band.12.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatus is caused to determine the plurality of switching delays by:based on determining that the second group is to be first switched to the second sub-band, determining the first switching delay as a greater one of the second initial switching delay plus the first time window and the first initial switching delay; anddetermining the second switching delay as the second initial switching delay.13.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatus is caused to determine the plurality of switching delays by:based on determining that the first group and the second group are to be switched to the second sub-band, determining the first switching delay as the first initial switching delay; anddetermining the second switching delay as the second initial switching delay.14.The apparatus of any of claims 11-13, wherein the apparatus is caused to group the plurality of devices by:grouping the plurality of devices into more than two preliminary groups; andmerging at least two preliminary groups among the more than two preliminary groups to obtain the first group and the second group.15.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein:a first preliminary group and a second preliminary group are merged to obtain the first group;a first initial switching delay of the first group is determined as a greater one of a first preliminary initial switching delay of the first preliminary group and a second preliminary initial switching delay of the second preliminary group; anda first criticality level of the first group is determined as a greater one of a first preliminary criticality level of the first preliminary group and a second preliminary criticality level of the second preliminary group.16.The apparatus of any of claims 1-10, wherein:the plurality of groups comprises a first group with a first criticality level, a second group with a second criticality level lower than the first criticality level, and a third group with a third criticality level lower than the second criticality level;the first group is associated with a first initial switching delay and a first switching delay;the second group is associated with a second initial switching delay and a second switching delay;the third group is associated with a third initial switching delay and a third switching delay; andthe apparatus is further caused to:based on determining a first condition that a difference between the time deadline and the third initial switching delay is greater than or equal to a second time window, determine that the third group is to be first switched to the second sub-band;based on determining a second condition that a difference between the time deadline and the second initial switching delay is greater than or equal to a third time window and that the second initial switching delay is less than the third initial switching delay, determine that the second group is to be first switched to the second sub-band; orbased on determining that neither the first condition nor the second condition is satisfied, determine that the first group, the second group, and the third group are to be switched to the second sub-band.17.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the apparatus is caused to determine the plurality of switching delays by:based on determining that the third group is to be first switched to the second sub-band, determining the first switching delay as a greater one of the third initial switching delay plus the second time window and the first initial switching delay;determining the second switching delay as a greater one of the third initial switching delay plus the second time window and the second initial switching delay; anddetermining the third switching delay as the third initial switching delay.18.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the apparatus is caused to determine the plurality of switching delays by:based on determining that the second group is to be first switched to the second sub-band, determining the first switching delay as a greater one of the second initial switching delay plus the third time window and the first initial switching delay;determining the second switching delay as the second initial switching delay; anddetermining the third switching delay as the third initial switching delay.19.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the apparatus is caused to determine the plurality of switching delays by:based on determining that the first group, the second group, and the third group are to be switched to the second sub-band, determining the first switching delay as the first initial switching delay;determining the second switching delay as the second initial switching delay; anddetermining the third switching delay as the third initial switching delay.20.The apparatus of any of claims 11-19, wherein at least one of the first time window, the second time window, or the third time window is determined based on at least one of the following:a maximum switching delay requirement specified in a specification,a fraction of the maximum switching delay requirement, ora channel collision probability in the first sub-band.21.The apparatus of any of claims 16-20, wherein the first time window, the second time window, and the third time window have a same duration or different durations.22.The apparatus of any of claims 1-21, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:based on detecting a collision between the radio access network and another radio access network in the second sub-band after the plurality of groups are partially switched to the second sub-band, determine a first candidate deadline by subtracting an occurrence time of the collision from the time deadline;determine a second candidate deadline for switching the plurality of groups to a third sub-band;determine an updated time deadline as a minimum of the first candidate deadline and the second candidate deadline; andperform, based on the updated time deadline, switching of the plurality of groups from the first sub-band or the second sub-band to the third sub-band.23.The apparatus of any of claims 1-22, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:prior to performing the switching of the plurality of groups, transmit at least one synchronization signal in the second sub-band.24.The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the apparatus is further caused to adjust at least one of density or power of the at least one synchronization signal based on at least one of the following:at least one measurement of at least one of interference power, reference signal received power, signal to noise ratio, or signal to interference plus noise ratio in the first sub-band,at least one measurement of at least one of interference power, reference signal received power, signal to noise ratio, or signal to interference plus noise ratio in the second sub-band, ora switching delay of a group first switched to the second sub-band.25.The apparatus of any of claims 1-24, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:transmit a synchronization signal block / physical broadcast channel payload including an indication that the plurality of devices of the radio access network are to be switched to the second sub-band.26.The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the indication is provided via at least one reserved bit of a field of the synchronization signal block / physical broadcast channel.27.A method comprising:grouping a plurality of devices in a radio access network into a plurality of groups;determining a plurality of criticality levels of the plurality of groups;determining a plurality of switching delays of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of criticality levels, a plurality of initial switching delays of the plurality of groups, and a time deadline for switching the plurality of groups from a first sub-band to a second sub-band; andperforming the switching of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of switching delays.28.An apparatus comprising:means for grouping a plurality of devices in a radio access network into a plurality of groups;means for determining a plurality of criticality levels of the plurality of groups;means for determining a plurality of switching delays of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of criticality levels, a plurality of initial switching delays of the plurality of groups, and a time deadline for switching the plurality of groups from a first sub-band to a second sub-band; andmeans for performing the switching of the plurality of groups based on the plurality of switching delays.29.A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the method of claim 27.
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