Hot end for 3D printing of color and structural gradient ceramic via fused deposition modeling
The customized hot end with angle-skewed tubes and a static mixer addresses the challenges of creating 3D ceramic objects with color and structural gradients in FDM printing, achieving efficient and cost-effective gradient production.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/116231
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-21
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-02
- Publication Date
- 2025-03-27
AI Technical Summary
Existing additive manufacturing methods, including FDM, struggle to efficiently create 3D ceramic objects with color and structural gradients, particularly with zirconia, due to limitations in mixing low fluidity filament materials and achieving gradient effects in a cost-effective and time-efficient manner.
A customized hot end for FDM printers featuring two angle-skewed tubes that gradually narrow in diameter, combined with a static mixer with six metal elements, allows for complete mixing of two low fluidity ceramic filament components before extrusion, enabling the creation of 3D color and structural gradients.
This solution enables the economical and rapid production of 3D ceramic objects with controlled color and structural gradients, overcoming the challenges of low fluidity materials and gradient creation in existing technologies.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024116231_27032025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
A HOT END FOR 3D PRINTING OF COLOR AND STRUCTURAL GRADIENT CERAMIC VIA FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING
[0001] Cross-Reference to Related Patent Applications
[0002] This application claims the benefit of priority to US Provisional Application No. 63 / 548,289, filed September 21, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.Technical field
[0003] The present invention relates to a hot end for a fused deposition modelling printer and, more particularly, for such a printer that is capable of creating 3D color and structural gradient ceramic objects.Background Art
[0004] Ceramic, such as zirconia, is widely used in many applications, especially in the medical and dental fields. Zirconia ceramics have the highest mechanical properties among all ceramic materials used in medicine and dentistry. Its high structural strength combined with favorable aesthetics and outstanding biocompatibility make it particularly attractive for such use. In medicine, zirconia can be used for implants, such as for the hip joint. A useful aspect of zirconia in dentistry is that its color can be in gradient form and in various shades to duplicate the color of natural teeth. The zirconia used to manufacture dental restorations usually needs to be stained or prefabricated in a gradient way before sintering, which is complicated, and the technique is sensitive.
[0005] There are some additive manufacturing methods that can be used to fabricate zirconia parts, but these methods typically need special machines that are slow and expensive. Additionally, the need for a gradient structure or a gradient color in zirconia is hard to fulfill with these methods.
[0006] Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most popular additive manufacturing (AM) methods for polymeric materials. It is commonly used in 3D printing. FDM printers extrude a thermoplastic filament in a series of layers over a build plate to create a three-dimensional object. An important part of the FDM printer is the hot end, which is used to heat the filament and extrude the material to the nozzle to print the sample. A single tube is used to pass the filament, so it cannot mix different components to achieve color and / or structural gradients.
[0007] US Patent No. 11,358,326 discloses a hot end with an actuated rod in a heated chamber. This rod can impart mechanical energy to the filament inside the heated chamber prior to extrusion through the exit orifice. However, this patent does not disclose the making of a gradient 3D printed object from low fluidity filament material. US Application Publication No. US2020 / 0338822 discloses a control box for a printer that allows a desired nozzle to be rotated into position. However, it does not disclose the printing of gradient material or the mixing two components to create a gradient color or structure.
[0008] Although additive manufacturing offers many advantages in the manufacture of ceramic parts, the printing of gradient color in ceramics still has difficulties and the process is time-consuming and expensive.Summary of the Invention
[0009] The present invention is directed to a low-cost robocasting system, which enables the control of the color (including the gradient of a single color) and structural gradient of ceramic (with zirconia as an example) objects constructed with FDM printers. This system is economical and saves manufacturing time.
[0010] The hot end of the FDM printer is used to form objects. According to the present invention the hot end has two tubes, as opposed to the single tube in prior FDM printers. However, having two tubes makes them potentially easy to block when the filament material has low fluidity. Blockage in a tube means that a complete mixing of the two components is not possible. However, the present invention has two special angle-skewed tubes that narrow gradually in diameter. This keeps them from becoming blocked by low-fluidity filament material and makes sure the material is ready to be mixed. This special design of the hot end makes gradient printing smoother even when a zirconia filament has low fluidity. In particular, when the printing material has low fluidity, this special design is useful in printing gradient samples.
[0011] The printer further has six metal elements or more that form a static mixer located in a central tube of the hot end so as to cause the two components to be mixed completely before being discharged at a nozzle of the hot end. The static mixer can mix two low fluidity materials completely without any power. Therefore, when two materials in different ratios pass through the static mixer, they can be mixed more completely.
[0012] The whole hot end is circled by an electric heater unit. When the hot end is heated, two extruders can be controlled to extrude different ratios of two filaments at different heights of the printing layers to achieve a 3D gradient effect. Thus, with the heater together with the static mixer design and the angle-skewed tubes, two components mix completely before being extruded into the nozzle. By controlling the delivery ratio and mixing of the two materials, both 3D color and structural gradients can be achieved for ceramic filaments.
[0013] The FDM printer and the static mixer in a customized hot end according to the present invention can thus print controlled gradient zirconia with two different low liquidity materials in a more economical and faster way.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0014] The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent when considered in connection with the following detailed description and appended drawings in which like designations denote like elements in the various views, and wherein:
[0015] FIG. 1 is a diagram of a fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer;
[0016] FIG. 2A is a schematic drawing of the hot end and nozzle of the FDM of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2B is a photograph of a disassembled hot end according to FIG. 2A;
[0017] FIG. 3A shows a design of a six-element SK type static mixer for the FDM printer and FIG. 3B is a photograph of the static mixer;
[0018] FIG. 4 is a photograph of a generally side view of a white cube, a black cube and a gradient cube made according to the present invention;
[0019] FIG. 5 is a photograph of a generally top view of a white cube, a black cube and a gradient cube made according to the present invention’
[0020] FIG. 6 is a photograph of a tooth crown showing its gradient color;
[0021] FIG. 7 is a photograph of a tooth slice under light showing the gradient structure of the tooth; and
[0022] FIG. 8 is a photograph of a green body of a gradient zirconia tooth crown printed by the hot end of the present invention before polishing; and
[0023] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of the entire gradient printing procedure according to the present invention.Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention
[0024] The present invention is a low-cost robocasting system, which enables the control of the color (or color gradient) and structural gradient of ceramic (e.g., zirconia) objects constructed with an FDM printer as shown in FIG. 1. It can form objects in an economical and time saving way.
[0025] The FDM printer has a base 10 and two vertically extending arms 12 on which carriages 13 may move up and down. A bar 14 extends between the carriages and supports a hot end 16 above a build plate or hotbed 17 mounted on base 10. Tanks 19 contain low fluidity filament material which may be the same in both tanks or different in each tank when a gradient is desired. The material in the tanks is delivered to the hot end by extruders, which may be in the tanks. The extruders are controlled by a controller.
[0026] The FDM printer has motors (not shown) that cause the carriages 13 to move up and down the vertical arms 12 and a motor (not shown) that moves the hot end 16 along the bar 14. These motors and other elements of the printer (e.g., the extruders 19’) may be under program control by a controller 15 located in base 10 and executing program controls (for example, g-code) . In typical operation, material in tanks 19 is extruded by extruders 19’a t their tops through two tubes 18A and 18B to hot end 16 where they are mixed together in a desired ratio, depending on the desired gradient. The mixed material is heated and extruded through a nozzle onto the hot bed 17. Starting with the bar 14 close to the hotbed, material is deposited on the hotbed at a location determined by the controller. Additional layers of filament material are deposited on top of the initial layer and an object is built up as the bar 14 is raised and the hot end is moved along the bar 14. In effect, the desired 3D object is printed. The gradient, that is the ratio of materials at different locations in the object, is controlled by the ratio of materials extruded from tanks 19, mixed and laid down on top of prior layers of material on hotbed 17.
[0027] A diagram of the hot end 16 is shown in FIG. 2A and a photograph of the disassembled hot end is shown in FIG. 2B. In FIG. 2A the tubes 18A and 18B are shown entering the top. From there they enter channels 21A and 21B, respectively, that lead to a static mixer 24 located in a central tube 25 of the hot end. In order to prevent clogging of the channels 21A and 21B they are formed as two special angle-skewed tubes that narrow gradually in diameter toward the central tube 25. This keeps them from becoming blocked by low-fluidity material and makes sure the material is ready to be mixed.
[0028] The size of the skewed tubes is determined according to the diameter of the filament to be used. In one embodiment of the present invention the filament is 1.75 mm diameter, so the upper side of this channel or tube should be a little larger to make sure that the filament can be squeezed into the tube by the rest of the continuous filament during extrusion. The upper size in this embodiment was designed as 2 mm. It is fine that this size is slightly larger than the diameter of the filament. However, in the design it should be clear that the diameter should not be too narrow. If it is too narrow it may cause blocking of the channel. The lower size of the channel in this embodiment is set to be 0.8 mm which is narrower than the upper size so that the filament will not backflow when the two filaments mix in the central tube 25 where the static mixer 24 is located. The size of the lower end should be smaller than the upper end but should not be too small or it may cause blocking or may not be able to be manufactured. If the filament has a wider diameter, the tube size can be bigger according to the filament and the range of the sizes can be wider. So, the size range of the skewed tube is optional, but the form or shape of the hot end is unique.
[0029] A customized static mixer 24 with six (6) or more element is used to cause the two fused components in channels 21A and 21B to mix completely. The design of the six element static mixer, which was designed in SolidWorks and manufactured by stereolithography (SLA) , is shown in FIG. 3A. FIG. 3B is a photograph of the mixer. After the mixer the hot end has a nozzle 26 (FIG. 2A) , which in this embodiment is 0.4 mm in diameter. The nozzle prints the sample.
[0030] The static mixer is a modified SK model static mixer. The SK model static mixer is widely used in the industry to mix two components but has not been used in 3D printing because of its large size. In this embodiment the mixer was designed to be quite small with a width of about 4.5mm and a length of about 1.75mm according to the central tube of the hot end so that two filaments can be mixed when they go through the central tube. The size is optional if the central tube is different. The SLA technique was used to 3D print the mixer because of its micro size. Further, the mixer should have good thermal conductivity and heat resistance, so an aluminium alloy was chosen, and the SLA was used to manufacture the mixer, which is a novel way to machine small metal parts.
[0031] The static mixer of the present invention mixer can be used, not only for ceramic material, but also for other low fluidity materials. Also, while the minimum number of units of this mixer is 6, and the mixer can have more units when used for a different purpose.
[0032] It should be noted that the six parts of the mixer are similar to each other, i.e., they are sloped on either side of a central peak that is opposite a curved base. The six parts alternate with (a) the peak up and the base down and (b) the peak down and the base up as can be seen in FIG. 3A. The static mixer inside the printer causes the two fused low fluidity filament components to be mixed completely. In particular, the static mixer can mix two low fluidity materials completely without any power. Therefore, when two materials with different ratios pass through the static mixer, they can be mixed more completely.
[0033] The whole hot end 16 is encircled by an electric heater unit 11 (FIG. 1) . When the hot end is heated, the two extruders 19’ can be controlled by the g-code in the controller15 to extrude different ratios of two filaments at different heights to achieve the gradient effect. Thus, with the heater together with the static mixer design and the angle-skewed tubes or channels 21A, 21B, two components mix completely before being extruded through the nozzle 26. By controlling the delivery and mixing of the two materials, both color and structural gradients can be achieved for ceramic filaments, such as zirconia.
[0034] In testing the invention, two colored zirconia filaments were formed from 1.75 mm white zirconia (Zetamix, France) and 1.75 mm black zirconia (Zetamix, France) . Samples were prepared by using a 0.4 mm nozzle with a printing speed of 20mm / sand printing temperature of 180 degree centigrade. The slicing software Ultimaker Cura 5.3.1 (Ultimaker, Netherlands) was used to slice the sample models with layer thickness of 0.2 mm. Then the g-code was edited to set the ratio of the two filaments from (E0: E1=100%: 0%) to (E0: E1= 0%: 100%) and to start from the height at 0 mm. The filling rate was set at 100%. The samples were deposited onto a soft plate or hotbed 17 to ensure removal without damage. Then the green body of sample was printed as shown in FIG. 4.
[0035] After removing the sample from the hotbed, the green body was placed in an acetone bath to perform solvent debinding. Then thermal debinding was performed, which is a process that consists of a heating rate of 8℃ per hour from 20℃ to 500℃, after which it takes 2 and a half days to complete the debinding. A sintering process was performed in a high temperature furnace. The thermal cycle was from 20℃ to 1475℃ with 50℃ / h ramp, in 29 hours, followed by an hour hold, and then a temperature from 1475℃ to 20℃ with 100℃ / h ramp in 15 hours. The final sample is shown in FIG. 5.
[0036] FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 show that the gradient cube is formed by mixing the white zirconia and black zirconia filaments and printing the gradient cube by using the hot end of the present invention. The top surfaces of these three samples are the same, the top surface of the white one is unclear because of the white color. The design is the result of just the movement path of the nozzle. This path depended on the slicing software, which can edit the g-code to control the movement of the hot end to print the cube.
[0037] FIG. 6 is is a photo of a tooth crown showing the gradient color of a normal tooth. FIG. 7 is a photograph of a tooth slice under light showing the gradient structure of the tooth. The different color in the photo shows that the tooth structure is gradient with the growth of the tooth. FIG. 8 shows the green body of a gradient zirconia tooth crown printed by the hot end before being polished.
[0038] Thus, the customized hot end of the present invention can print controlled gradient zirconia objects in a faster and more economical way. A schematic diagram of the entire gradient printing procedure of the present invention is shown in FIG. 9. Prior to printing, a customised SK static mixer is designed at step 90 as described above. This mixer is installed in a specially designed hot end of a FDM printer at step 91.The hot end has two inputs with angle-skewed tubes that converge to a central tube in which the mixer is located. A program is created for a particular object with a structure and / or color gradient at step 92. At step 93 this object is subjected to a slice program which results in g-code for driving the extruders and motors of the FDM printer.
[0039] During the printing step 94 the g-code from the controller directs the extruders of two different low fluidity materials (e.g., black zirconia and white zirconia) to pass through the hot end while the motors move the hot end attached to the carriage to 3D print an object. As shown at step 95 the object is a ball that has a color gradient, i.e., it is whiter towards its top and blacker towards it bottom. This gradient object is subjected to sintering as step 96 to form the final part at step 97.
[0040] The above are only specific implementations of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the invention. Any modifications or substitutes apparent to those skilled in the art shall fall within the scope of protection of the invention. Therefore, the protected scope of the invention shall be subject to the scope of protection of the claims.
[0041] While the invention is explained in relation to certain embodiments, it is to be understood that various modifications thereof will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the specification. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention disclosed herein is intended to cover such modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims
1.A hot end for a fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer comprising:two entrances for low-fluidity materials, wherein the materials may differ from each other by color and / or structure;two separate channels leading from the entrances to their ends, said two channels being formed as two special angle-skewed tubes that meet at their ends and that narrow gradually toward their ends;a central tube extending from the ends of the channels to an end;an exit nozzle at the end of the central tube;a static mixer located in the central tube; anda heating unit surrounding the hot end.2.The hot end of claim 1 wherein the static mixer is an SK static mixer with six elements or more.3.The hot end of claim 1 wherein if a 1.75 mm diameter filament is to be used in the hot end, the upper ends of the separate channels are 2.00 mm in diameter and gradually narrow to 0.80 mm in diameter at their ends.4.The hot end of claim 3 wherein the nozzle is 0.4 mm in diameter.5.An FDM printer having a hot end according to claim 1.6.The FDM printer of claim 5 further includingtwo sources of low fluidic materials that may differ from each other by color and / or structure; each source being connected to a separate entrance to the hot end,extruders for forcing the low fluidic materials from the sources anda controller for controlling the extruders to extrude different ratios of the two filaments by height to achieve three-dimensional color and / or structural gradient effects.7.A method of forming a three-dimensional (3D) zirconia object comprising the steps of:proving a first zirconia low fluidity filament having a first color and a first structure;providing a second zirconia low fluidity filament having a second color and a second structure;using software operated controller to design slices of the object, said software determining the ratio of the first and second zirconia low fluidity filaments extruded through a hot end of a fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer at each level of printing starting with the lowest level, said FDM printer hot end having two entrances, one for each filament and mixing the first and second filaments in a static mixer for each level in the ratio; anddepositing the mixed filaments onto a hotbed to form a green body with a gradient determined by the ratios.8.The method of claim 7 wherein the first and second zirconia low fluidity filament are prepared by using a 0.4 mm nozzle with a printing speed of 20mm / s and printing temperature of 180 degree centigrade.9.The method of claim 7 wherein the layer thickness is 0.2 mm.10.The method of claim 7 further including the steps ofremoving the green body from the hotbed;subjecting the green body to solvent debinding;after solvent debinding, treating the green body to thermal debinding; andsubjecting the thermal debound body to a sintering process.11.The method of claim 10 wherein the solvent debinding is performed by placing the green body in an acetone bath.12.The method of claim 10 wherein the thermal debinding is performed by subjecting the solvent debound body to a heating rate of 8℃ per hour from 20℃ to 500℃ and allowing it to sit for 2 and a half days to complete the thermal debinding.13.The method of claim 10 wherein the sintering process is performed in a high temperature furnace that undergoes a thermal cycle from 20℃ to 1475℃ with 50℃ / h ramp, in 29 hours, followed by an hour hold, and then a temperature from 1475℃ to 20℃ with 100℃ / h ramp in 15 hours.
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