Method and apparatus for group configuration
The method addresses the inefficiencies in configuring monitoring events for groups of UEs by allowing a single subscription request with a group identity, reducing signaling overload and improving data management efficiency, thereby enhancing network performance and reducing operational costs.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/119643
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-28
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-19
- Publication Date
- 2025-04-03
AI Technical Summary
Existing group configuration methods for monitoring events in communication networks, such as EPS and 5GS, face challenges in efficiently configuring and managing monitoring events for groups of User Equipments (UEs), particularly in reducing signaling overload and improving performance of data management nodes like UDM and HSS.
The proposed method involves a first subscription node sending a subscription request with a group identity to a second subscription node, allowing for the configuration of monitoring events for a group of UEs in a single operation, rather than individually, thereby reducing signaling overhead and improving data management efficiency.
This approach significantly reduces signaling for configuring monitoring events for groups, enhances the performance of data management nodes, mitigates overload, and enables autonomous management and orchestration of monitoring events, leading to reduced Operating Expense (OPEX) especially when group members are dynamically changed.
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Figure CN2024119643_03042025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR GROUP CONFIGURATIONTECHNICAL FIELDThe non-limiting and exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the technical field of communications, and specifically to methods and apparatuses for group configuration.BACKGROUNDThis section introduces aspects that may facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure. Accordingly, the statements of this section are to be read in this light and are not to be understood as admissions about what is in the prior art or what is not in the prior art.In communication networks such as evolved packet system (EPS) and fifth generation system (5GS) as defined by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , various services (such as monitoring events) or various parameters may be configured for a group of user equipments (UEs) .For example, the monitoring events may be intended for monitoring of specific events in the communication networks and making such monitoring events information reported via an exposure node such as Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF) or Network Exposure Function (NEF) .FIG. 1 shows a flowchart of a configuration of monitoring events in Mobile Management Entity (MME) , which is same as Figure 5.6.2-1 of 3GPP TS 23.632 V18.3.0, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.FIG. 1 describes the scenario where the unified data management (UDM) receives a request from a combined SCEF and NEF (SCEF+NEF) to configure a monitoring event that needs to be reported by EPC (Evolved Packet Core) (e.g. location change) .Clause 5.6.2 of 3GPP TS 23.632 V18.3.0 describes the steps as below.1. The UDM receives a request from a combined SCEF+NEF to configure a monitoring event for a user equipment (UE) . The request indicates that the subscription applies also to EPC and the monitoring event is to be reported by the MME (e.g. location change) . The request includes the notification addresses of both the NEF and the SCEF.2. The UDM configures the monitoring event for the UE in fifth generation Core Network (5GC) . If the 5GS Unified Data Repository (UDR) is used, the UDM stores the configuration of the monitoring event for the UE in the 5GS-UDR. The UDM contacts the corresponding NF within the 5GC (e.g. Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) ) as required by the monitoring event.3. Unless the subscription information related to the UE indicates that the UE has no EPC subscription data, then the UDM requests the home subscriber server (HSS) to configure the monitoring event for the UE in EPC using an Nhss_EventExposure_Subscribe operation. In addition to the UDM notification address, the UDM provides the SCEF notification address (i.e. SCEF Id) .4. The HSS configures the monitoring event for the UE in EPC using the procedures defined in 3GPP TS 23.682 V18.0.0.5. The HSS replies to the UDM with the result of the subscription request.If immediate reporting was required and the current event status is available at HSS (or received from MME in step 4) and if both the UDM and the HSS support to include event reports in the subscription response, the HSS also includes the current event status in the subscription response to UDM and step 6a is skipped.If immediate reporting was required but the current event status is not available at HSS (and not received from MME in step 4) , the HSS includes a flag in the subscription response indicating that immediate event report is not available.6. The UDM replies to the combined SCEF+NEF including confirmation that the subscription was also successful in EPC domain.6a. (Conditional) If immediate reporting was required and the current event status is available at HSS (or received from MME in step 4) but the UDM and / or the HSS cannot support to include event reports in the subscription response, the HSS sends a notification including the current event status for immediate reporting, to the UDM using the Nhss_EE_Notify service operation. The UDM then notifies NEF using the Nudm_EE_Notify service operation.7. At a later stage, the monitoring event is detected for the UE in the EPC domain. The event may be detected at the MME (e.g. location change) or at the HSS (e.g. UE reachability for Short Message Service (SMS) ) .8. The monitoring event is reported to the SCEF+NEF. The MME notifies the event as defined in 3GPP TS 23.682 V18.0.0 by using the SCEF notification address provided by the HSS in step 4, if applicable. If the monitoring event is detected at the HSS or reported by the MME to the HSS, the HSS notifies the monitoring event to UDM using the Nhss_EE_Notify service operation. The UDM then notifies NEF using the Nudm_EE_Notify service operation.NOTE: The notification of monitoring events from HSS (e.g. reachability for SMS) using Service Based Architecture (SBA) interfaces supersedes the option of HSS using diameter S6t. Only the events reported by MME will keep diameter T6a interface towards SCEF.SUMMARYThis summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.There may be some problems for the existing group configuration such as monitoring events configuration for a group of UEs.Problem 1: Although it is stated that the combined SCEF+NEF can configure monitoring events applicable to both EPC and 5GC using only 5GC procedures towards UDM, the configuration of monitoring events through user data interworking, coexistence and migration (UDICOM) for common network exposure is only specified to individual UE. Whether and how it shall work for group based common network exposure through UDICOM interface is not further mentioned or specified e.g. in 3GPP TS 23.632 V18.3.0. If handled one after one for each member belongs to a group, it will bring overloading for the signaling and impact the performance of both UDM and HSS nodes.Problem 2: For group based common network exposure, there are use cases corresponding to dynamic group member management, i.e. adding and / or removing group members for a dynamic group is not uncommon, but how the impacts by the dynamic group management to the configuration of monitoring events for group based common exposure is not specified e.g. in 3GPP TS 23.632 V18.3.0.To overcome or mitigate at least one of above mentioned problems or other problems, the embodiments of the present disclosure propose an improved solution for group configuration.In a first aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a first subscription node in a first system. The method may comprise receiving at the first subscription node in the first system a first subscription request comprising a first group identity identifying a group of User Equipments (UEs) . The method may comprise sending by the first subscription node to a second subscription node in a second system a second subscription request identifying a second group of UEs from the first group of UEs that have subscription in the second system.In a second aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a second subscription node in a second system. The method may comprise receiving from a first subscription node in a first system a second subscription request identifying a second group of UEs from a first group of UEs that have subscription in the second system.In a third aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a first subscription node in a first system. The first subscription node comprises a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. Said memory contains instructions executable by said processor. Said first subscription node is operative to receive at the first subscription node in the first system a first subscription request comprising a first group identity identifying a group of User Equipments (UEs) . Said first subscription node is operative to send by the first subscription node to a second subscription node in a second system a second subscription request identifying a second group of UEs from the first group of UEs that have subscription in the second system.In a fourth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a second subscription node in a second system. The second subscription node comprises a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. Said memory contains instructions executable by said processor. Said second subscription node is operative to receive from a first subscription node in a first system a second subscription request identifying a second group of UEs from a first group of UEs that have subscription in the second system.In a fifth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a computer program product comprising instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the method according to any one of the first or second aspect.In a sixth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the method according to any one of the first or second aspect.Embodiments herein may provide many advantages, of which a non-exhaustive list of examples follows. In some embodiments herein, the signaling for configuration of monitoring events for a group for common network exposure may be reduced dramatically. In some embodiments herein, the performance of data management nodes such as UDM and HSS may be improved. In some embodiments herein, overload possibility of data management nodes such as UDM and HSS may be mitigated. In some embodiments herein, the impacts of group member change on the configuration update for monitored event of a group may be auto captured and handled. In some embodiments herein, event exposure processing for a group is optimized. In some embodiments herein, Operating Expense (OPEX) may be reduced by the autonomous management and orchestration of the monitoring events for a group for common network exposure when group members are dynamically changed. The embodiments herein are not limited to the features and advantages mentioned above. A person skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe above and other aspects, features, and benefits of various embodiments of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent, by way of example, from the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals or letters are used to designate like or equivalent elements. The drawings are illustrated for facilitating better understanding of the embodiments of the disclosure and not necessarily drawn to scale, in which:FIG. 1 shows a flowchart of a configuration of monitoring events in MME;FIG. 2a schematically shows a high level architecture in a 5G network according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;FIG. 2b schematically shows system architecture in a 4G network according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;FIG. 2c shows non-roaming architecture for Network Exposure Function in reference point representation;FIG. 2d shows non-roaming Service Exposure Architecture for EPC-5GC Interworking;FIG. 2e shows architecture for direct UDM-HSS interworking;FIG. 2f shows architecture for direct UDM-HSS interworking in reference point representation;FIG. 3a-3g and 4a-4g show flowcharts of methods according to embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 5a shows a flowchart of configuration of monitoring events in EPC for a group for common network exposure according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;FIG. 5b shows a flowchart of exposure triggered update of the configuration of monitored events in EPC for a group for common network exposure according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of group management operation triggered update of the configuration of monitored events in EPC for a group for common network exposure according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing an apparatus suitable for practicing some embodiments of the disclosure;FIG. 8a is a block diagram showing a first data management node according to an embodiment of the disclosure;FIG. 8b is a block diagram showing a second data management node according to an embodiment of the disclosure;FIG. 8c is a block diagram showing a first subscription node according to an embodiment of the disclosure;FIG. 8d is a block diagram showing a second subscription node according to an embodiment of the disclosure;FIG. 9 shows an example of a communication system according to an embodiment of the disclosure;FIG. 10 shows a UE in accordance with some embodiments;FIG. 11 shows a network node in accordance with some embodiments; andFIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONThe embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that these embodiments are discussed only for the purpose of enabling those skilled persons in the art to better understand and thus implement the present disclosure, rather than suggesting any limitations on the scope of the present disclosure. Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized with the present disclosure should be or are in any single embodiment of the disclosure. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the described features, advantages, and characteristics of the disclosure may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the disclosure may be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in all embodiments of the disclosure.As used herein, the term “network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards such as new radio (NR) , long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced, wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) , high-speed packet access (HSPA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Time Division Multiple Address (TDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) , Single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) and other wireless networks. A CDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) , etc. UTRA includes WCDMA and other variants of CDMA. A TDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) . An OFDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) , Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDMA, Ad-hoc network, wireless sensor network, etc. In the following description, the terms “network” and “system” can be used interchangeably. Furthermore, the communications between two devices in the network may be performed according to any suitable communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the communication protocols as defined by a standard organization such as 3GPP. For example, the communication protocols may comprise the first generation (1G) , 2G, 3G, 4G, 4.5G, 5G, 6G communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future.The term “network device” or “network node” or “network function” refers to any suitable function which can be implemented in a network entity (physical or virtual) of a communication network. For example, the network function can be implemented either as a network element on a dedicated hardware, as a software instance running on a dedicated hardware, or as a virtualized function instantiated on an appropriate platform, e.g. on a cloud infrastructure. For example, the 5G system (5GS) may comprise a plurality of NFs such as Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Service Function (AUSF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Policy Control Function (PCF) , Application Function (AF) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , User plane Function (UPF) and Network Repository Function (NRF) , radio access network (RAN) , service communication proxy (SCP) , network data analytics function (NWDAF) , network slice Selection Function (NSSF) , network slice-Specific Authentication and Authorization Function (NSSAAF) , etc. In other embodiments, the network function may comprise different types of NFs for example depending on a specific network. For example, the 4G system (such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) ) may include Mobile Management Entity (MME) , home subscriber server (HSS) , PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function) , PGW (Packet Data Network Gateway) , PGW control plane (PGW-C) , Serving gateway (SGW) , SGW control plane (SGW-C) , E-UTRAN Node B (eNB) , etc. In other embodiments, the network function may comprise different types of NFs for example depending on a specific network.Virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to a provider edge node and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines or containers executing on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks) .In some embodiments, some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments hosted by one or more of hardware nodes. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node is not a radio access node or does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node) , then the provider edge node or PE may be entirely virtualized.The functions may be implemented by one or more applications (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc. ) operative to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. Applications are run in virtualization environment which provides hardware comprising processing circuitry and memory. Memory contains instructions executable by processing circuitry whereby application is operative to provide one or more of the features, benefits, and / or functions disclosed herein.Virtualization environment, comprises general-purpose or special-purpose network hardware devices comprising a set of one or more processors or processing circuitry, which may be commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors, dedicated Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) , or any other type of processing circuitry including digital or analog hardware components or special purpose processors. Each hardware device may comprise memory which may be non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions or software executed by processing circuitry. Each hardware device may comprise one or more network interface controllers (NICs) , also known as network interface cards, which include physical network interface. Each hardware device may also include non-transitory, persistent, machine-readable storage media -having stored therein software and / or instructions executable by processing circuitry. Software may include any type of software including software for instantiating one or more virtualization layers (also referred to as hypervisors) , software to execute virtual machines as well as software allowing it to execute functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein.Virtual machines, comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the instance of virtual appliance may be implemented on one or more of virtual machines, and the implementations may be made in different ways.During operation, processing circuitry executes software to instantiate the hypervisor or virtualization layer, which may sometimes be referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM) . Virtualization layer may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to virtual machine.The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that can access a communication network and receive services therefrom. By way of example and not limitation, the terminal device refers to a mobile terminal, user equipment (UE) , or other suitable devices. The UE may be, for example, a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a portable computer, an image capture terminal device such as a digital camera, a gaming terminal device, a music storage and a playback appliance, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a tablet, a wearable device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a portable computer, a desktop computer, a wearable terminal device, a vehicle-mounted wireless terminal device, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, a laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , a laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , a USB dongle, a smart device, a wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) and the like. In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably. As one example, a terminal device may represent a UE configured for communication in accordance with one or more communication standards promulgated by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) , such as 3GPP LTE standard or NR standard. As used herein, a “user equipment” or “UE” may not necessarily have a “user” in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. In some embodiments, a terminal device may be configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a terminal device may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the communication network. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but that may not initially be associated with a specific human user.As yet another example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a terminal device may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another terminal device and / or network equipment. The terminal device may in this case be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as a machine-type communication (MTC) device. As one particular example, the terminal device may be a UE implementing the 3GPP narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) standard. Particular examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or home or personal appliances, for example refrigerators, televisions, personal wearables such as watches etc. In other scenarios, a terminal device may represent a vehicle or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.References in the specification to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed terms.As used herein unless expressly stated to the contrary, the phrase “at least one of A and B” or “at least one of A or B” should be understood to mean any of the following “only A, only B, or both A and B. ” The phrase “A and / or B” should be understood to mean any of the following “only A, only B, or both A and B” .As used herein unless expressly stated to the contrary, the phrase “a plurality of” followed by a conjunctive list of enumerated items (e.g., “A and B” , “A, B, and C” ) is intended to mean “multiple items, with each item selected from the list consisting of” the enumerated items. For example, “a plurality of A and B” is intended to mean any of the following: more than one A; more than one B; or at least one A and at least one B.The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.It is noted that these terms as used in this document are used only for ease of description and differentiation among nodes, devices or networks etc. With the development of the technology, other terms with the similar / same meanings may also be used.In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any appropriate type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described in relation to a communication system complied with the exemplary system architecture illustrated in FIGs. 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e and 2f. For simplicity, the system architecture of FIGs. 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e and 2f only depict some exemplary elements. In practice, a communication system may further include any additional elements suitable to support communication between terminal devices or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or terminal device. The communication system may provide communication and various types of services to one or more terminal devices to facilitate the terminal devices’ access to and / or use of the services provided by, or via, the communication system.FIG. 2a schematically shows a high level architecture in a 5G network according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. For example, the fifth generation network may be 5G system (5GS) . The architecture of FIG. 2a is same as Figure 4.2.3-1 of 3GPP TS 23.501 V18.1.0, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The system architecture of FIG. 2a may comprise a plurality of network functions (NFs) such as Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Service Function (AUSF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Policy Control Function (PCF) , Application Function (AF) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , User plane Function (UPF) and Network Repository Function (NRF) , (radio) access network ( (R) AN) , service communication proxy (SCP) , network slice Selection Function (NSSF) , network slice-Specific Authentication and Authorization Function (NSSAAF) , Edge Application Server Discovery Function (EASDF) , NSACF (network slice Admission Control Function) , etc.In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the UE can establish a signaling connection with the AMF over the reference point N1, as illustrated in FIG. 2a. This signaling connection may enable NAS (Non-access stratum) signaling exchange between the UE and the core network, comprising a signaling connection between the UE and the (R) AN and the N2 connection for this UE between the (R) AN and the AMF. The (R) AN can communicate with the UPF over the reference point N3. The UE can establish a protocol data unit (PDU) session to the DN (data network, e.g. an operator network or Internet) through the UPF over the reference point N6.As further illustrated in FIG. 2a, the exemplary system architecture also contains the service-based interfaces such as Nnrf, Nnef, Nausf, Nudm, Npcf, Namf, Nnsacf, Neasdf and Nsmf exhibited by NFs such as the NRF, the NEF, the AUSF, the UDM, the PCF, the AMF, the NSACF, the EASDF and the SMF. In addition, FIG. 2a also shows some reference points such as N1, N2, N3, N4, N6 and N9, which can support the interactions between NF services in the NFs. For example, these reference points may be realized through corresponding NF service-based interfaces and by specifying some NF service consumers and providers as well as their interactions in order to perform a particular system procedure.Various NFs shown in FIG. 2a may be responsible for functions such as session management, mobility management, authentication, security, etc. The AUSF, AMF, DN, NEF, NRF, NSSF, PCF, SMF, UDM, UPF, AF, UE, (R) AN, SCP, NSACF, NSSAAF, EASDF may include the functionality for example as defined in clause 6.2 of 3GPP TS 23.501 V18.1.0.FIG. 2b schematically shows system architecture in a 4G network according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, which is the same as Figure 4.2-1a of 3GPP TS 23.682 V18.0.0, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The system architecture of FIG. 2b may comprise some exemplary elements such as Services Capability Server (SCS) , Application Server (AS) , SCEF (Service Capability Exposure Function) , HSS, UE, RAN (Radio Access Network) , SGSN (Serving GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) Support Node) , MME, MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) , S-GW (Serving Gateway) , GGSN / P-GW (Gateway GPRS Support Node / PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway) , MTC-IWF (Machine Type Communications-InterWorking Function) CDF / CGF (Charging Data Function / Charging Gateway Function) , MTC-AAA (Machine Type Communications-authentication, authorization and accounting) , SMS-SC / GMSC / IWMSC (Short Message Service-Service Centre / Gateway MSC / InterWorking MSC) IP-SM-GW (Internet protocol Short Message Gateway) . The network elements and interfaces as shown in FIG. 2b may be same as the corresponding network elements and interfaces as described in 3GPP TS 23.682 V18.0.0.The system architecture shows the architecture for a UE used for MTC connecting to the 3GPP network (UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) , E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN) , GERAN (GSM EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) Radio Access Network) , etc. ) via the Um / Uu / LTE-Uu interfaces. The system architecture also shows the 3GPP network service capability exposure to SCS and AS.As further illustrated in FIG. 2b, the exemplary system architecture also contains various reference points.Tsms: Reference point used by an entity outside the 3GPP network to communicate with UEs used for MTC via SMS (Short Message Service) .Tsp: Reference point used by a SCS to communicate with the MTC-IWF related control plane signaling.T4: Reference point used between MTC-IWF and the SMS-SC in the HPLMN (home Public Land Mobile Network) .T6a: Reference point used between SCEF and serving MME.T6b: Reference point used between SCEF and serving SGSN.T8: Reference point used between the SCEF and the SCS / AS.S6m: Reference point used by MTC-IWF to interrogate HSS / HLR (Home Location Register) .S6n: Reference point used by MTC-AAA to interrogate HSS / HLR.S6t: Reference point used between SCEF and HSS.SGs: Reference point used between MSC and MME.Gi / SGi: Reference point used between GGSN / P-GW and application server and between GGSN / P-GW and SCS.Rf / Ga: Reference point used between MTC-IWF and CDF / CGF.Gd: Reference point used between SMS-SC / GMSC / IWMSC and SGSN.SGd: Reference point used between SMS-SC / GMSC / IWMSC and MME.E: Reference point used between SMS-SC / GMSC / IWMSC and MSC.A non-terrestrial network refers to a network, or segment of networks using RF resources on board a satellite (or UAS platform) .FIG. 2c shows non-roaming architecture for Network Exposure Function in reference point representation, which is same as Figure 4.2.3-5 of 3GPP TS23.501 V18.1.0.3GPP Interface represents southbound interfaces between NEF and 5G core network (5GC) Network Functions e.g. N29 interface between NEF and SMF, N30 interface between NEF and PCF, etc. All southbound interfaces from NEF are not shown for the sake of simplicity. N33 is a reference point between NEF and AF.FIG. 2d shows non-roaming Service Exposure Architecture for EPC (Evolved Packet Core) -5GC Interworking, which is same as Figure 4.3.5.1 1 of 3GPP TS23.501 V18.1.0. If the UE is capable of mobility between EPS and 5GS, the network is expected to associate the UE with an SCEF+NEF (SCEF combined with NEF) node for Service Capability Exposure. Trust domain for SCEF+NEF is same as Trust domain for SCEF as defined in 3GPP TS 23.682 V18.0.0. EPC Interface represents southbound interfaces between SCEF and EPC nodes e.g. the S6t interface between SCEF and HSS, the T6a interface between SCEF and MME, etc. All southbound interfaces from SCEF are defined in 3GPP TS 23.682 V18.0.0 and are not shown for the sake of simplicity. 5GC Interface represents southbound interfaces between NEF and 5GC Network Functions e.g. N29 interface between NEF and SMF, N30 interface between NEF and PCF, etc. All southbound interfaces from NEF are not shown for the sake of simplicity. Interaction between the SCEF and NEF within the combined SCEF+NEF is required. For example, when the SCEF+NEF supports monitoring APIs, the SCEF and NEF need to share context and state information on a UE's configured monitoring events if the UE moves between from EPC and 5GC. The north-bound APIs which can be supported by an EPC or 5GC network are discovered by the SCEF+NEF node via the CAPIF (Common API Framework for 3GPP northbound APIs) function and / or via local configuration of the SCEF+NEF node. Different sets of APIs can be supported by the two network types.FIG. 2e shows architecture for direct UDM-HSS interworking, which is same as Figure 4.1-1 of 3GPP TS 23.632 V18.3.0.Non-Service Based Architecture (SBA) interfaces between the HSS and non-SBA network nodes include interfaces to / from the SMS-GMSC / IWMSC and SMS router. In the architecture for direct UDM-HSS interworking, as a deployment option, these Non-SBA interfaces may either be supported by the HSS or by the UDM. Nudm is the Service-based interface exhibited by UDM. Nhss is the Service-based interface exhibited by HSS. The HSS makes use of the Ud reference point to interact with the EPS-UDR. Nudr is the Service-based interface exhibited by UDR.FIG. 2f shows architecture for direct UDM-HSS interworking in reference point representation, which is same as Figure 4.1-2 of 3GPP TS 23.632 V18.3.0.The 5GS-UDR (Unified Data Repository) and EPS-UDR (User Data Repository) may be collocated, forming a common repository.NOTE: The HSS is only using the NU2 reference point for the purpose of interworking with 5GS, i.e. NU2 is not a replacement of the Ud interface.The following reference points are realized by service-based interfaces:NU1: Reference point between the HSS and the UDM.NU2: Reference point between the HSS and the 5GS-UDR. For a list of other SBA reference points supported in 5GC see 3GPP TS 23.501 V18.1.0For a list of IMS reference points, including SBA IMS reference points, see 3GPP TS 23.288 V18.3.0.For a list of Non-SBA reference points and Network Nodes interfacing the HSS, see 3GPP TS 23.002 V17.0.0.The HSS makes use of the Ud reference point to interact with the EPS-UDR. The UDM makes use of the N35 reference point to interact with the 5GS-UDR.The HSS makes use of Nudm services as described in clause 6.2 of 3GPP TS 23.632 V18.3.0 and makes use of Nudr services as described in clause 6.3 of 3GPP TS 23.632 V18.3.0.The UDM makes use of Nhss services and Nudr services as described in clauses 6.1 and 6.3 of 3GPP TS 23.632 V18.3.0.FIG. 3a shows a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a first data management node in a first network or communicatively coupled to the first data management node. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 300 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components.At block 302, the first data management node may send a first request comprising a group identity to a second data management node in a second network.The first network may be any suitable network. In an embodiment, the first network may be a fifth generation system (5GS) as defined by 3GPP.The second network may be any suitable network. In an embodiment, the second network may be an evolved packet system (EPS) as defined by 3GPP.In an embodiment, the first network may be a sixth generation system (6GS) as defined by 3GPP and the second network may be 5GS.In an embodiment, the first network may be 5GS as defined by 3GPP and the second network may be a third generation system (3GS) as defined by 3GPP.The first data management node may be any suitable network device or network node or network function which can implement data management. For example, the first data management node may implement subscription management, group management, event exposure subscription and notification, etc.The second data management node may be any suitable network device or network node or network function which can implement data management. For example, the second data management node may implement subscription management, group management, event exposure subscription and notification, etc.In an embodiment, the first data management node may be a unified data management (UDM) and the second data management node may be a home subscriber server (HSS) .In an embodiment, the first data management node may be a data management node of 6GS and the second data management node may be the UDM.The first request may be a new request or a modified existing request. The first request may be any suitable request which supports the parameter of group identity. In an embodiment, the first request may be an event exposure subscribe request such as Nhss_EE_Subscribe request as described in 3GPP TS 23.632 V18.3.0 except that it further comprises the group identity. The group identity may be an internal group identity or an external group identity.In an embodiment, the first request may be used for requesting the second data management node to configure at least one monitoring event for a group identified by the group identity in the second network.The monitoring event may be any suitable monitoring event such as loss of connectivity, UE reachability, location reporting, change of subscription permanent identifier (SUPI) -permanent equipment identifier (PEI) association, roaming status, communication failure, availability after downlink data notification failure, protocol data unit (PDU) session status, number of UES present in a geographical area, core network (CN) type change, downlink data delivery status, UE reachability for SMS delivery, UE memory available for SMS, number of registered UEs or established PDU sessions, area of interest, group member list change, session inactivity time, traffic volume, uplink (UL) / downlink (DL) data rate, application detection, etc.The first request may comprise any suitable parameters for example depending on the specific type of request. In an embodiment, the first request may comprise at least one of a notification address of a second exposure node in the second network, or at least one monitoring event type.The second exposure node may be any suitable network device or network node or network function which can implement exposure function. For example, the second exposure node may provide means to securely expose the services, events and capabilities provided by network interfaces. In an embodiment, the second exposure node may comprise SCEF.The notification address of the second exposure node may be any suitable address such as SCEF identity or identifier, etc.The at least one monitoring event type may be any suitable monitoring event type such as the monitoring event type as described above.In an embodiment, the second exposure node may be combined with a first exposure node in the first network, e.g. SCEF+NEF.The first exposure node may be any suitable network device or network node or network function which can implement exposure function. For example, the first exposure node may provide a means to securely expose the services, events and capabilities provided by network interfaces. In an embodiment, the first exposure node may comprise NEF.In an embodiment, the second exposure node may comprise SCEF and the first exposure node may comprise NEF.In an embodiment, the second exposure node may comprise NEF and the first exposure node may comprise an exposure node of 6GS.In an embodiment, a group identified by the group identity may have the second network’s subscription data. In this case, the first data management node may send the first request comprising the group identity to the second data management node in the second network. If the group identified by the group identity does not have the second network’s subscription data, block 302 may not be performed.For example, before block 302 is performed, the first data management node may determine whether the group identified by the group identity has the second network’s subscription data. If the group identified by the group identity has the second network’s subscription data, block 302 may be performed. Otherwise, block 302 may not be performed.The first data management may send the first request to the second data management node due to various reasons. For example, the first data management may initiate a procedure to request the second data management node to configure at least one monitoring event for a group identified by the group identity in the second network. The first data management may receive a request from another network node (such as AF, NEF, etc. ) which may subscribe at least one monitoring event for a group identified by the group identity in the second network.In an embodiment, the first data management node may receive a first response from the second data management node in the second network. The first response may comprise any suitable information regarding the processing result of the first request.FIG. 3b shows a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a first data management node in a first network or communicatively coupled to the first data management node. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 310 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 312, the first data management node may receive a second request comprising the group identity from the first exposure node which is combined with the second exposure node.The second request may be a new request or a modified existing request. The second request may be any suitable request which support the parameter of group identity. In an embodiment, the second request may be an event exposure subscribe request such as Nudm_EE_Subscribe request as described in 3GPP TS 23.632 V18.3.0. The group identity may be an internal group identity or an external group identity.In an embodiment, the second request may be used for requesting the second data management node to configure at least one monitoring event for a group identified by the group identity in the second network and / or requesting the first data management node to configure at least one monitoring event for the group identified by the group identity in the first network.The second request may comprise any suitable parameters for example depending on the specific type of request. In an embodiment, the second request may comprise at least one of a notification address of a second exposure node in the second network, a notification address of a first exposure node in the first network, or at least one monitoring event type.After receiving the second request, if the group identified by the group identity has the second network’s subscription data, block 302 of FIG. 3a may be performed. Otherwise block 302 of FIG. 3a may not be performed. If the group identified by the group identity has the first network’s subscription data, the first data management node may configure at least one monitoring event for the group identified by the group identity in the first network. For example, the first data management node may contact the corresponding network node (e.g. AMF, SMF) within the first network as required by the monitoring event.FIG. 3c shows a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a first data management node in a first network or communicatively coupled to the first data management node. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 320 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 322, the first data management node may monitor a group member change for a group identified by the group identity.The first data management node may monitor the group member change for a group identified by the group identity in various ways. For example, the monitoring may be implemented by the first data management node itself. For a stateless first data management node, the first data management node may subscribe the notification from another network node such as data repository node (such as UDR) for the group member change. The first data management node may know the group member change from any other message comprising the group member change.FIG. 3d shows a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a first data management node in a first network or communicatively coupled to the first data management node. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 330 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 332, the first data management node may detect a group member change for a group identified by the group identity.For example, based on the monitoring operation of block 322, the first data management node may detect a group member change for a group identified by the group identity. When the group member change is detected, block 334 may be performed.At block 334, the first data management node may send a third request comprising the group identity and group member change information to the second data management node in the second network.In an embodiment, the first data management node may receive a third response from the second data management node. The third response may comprise any suitable information regarding the processing result of the third request.In an embodiment, the group member change information may comprise at least one of at least one group member that is to be excluded from the group identified by the group identity, or at least one group member that is to be added in the group identified by the group identity.For example, the group member change information may comprise the generic public subscription identifier (GPSI) of the group member UE (s) that are excluded from the group subscription (i.e. to cancel the event monitoring for the listed UEs in a group for which there is a configured monitoring event) .For example, the group member change information may comprise the GPSI of the group member UE (s) that are added into the group subscription (i.e. to create the event monitoring for the listed UEs in a group for which there is a configured monitoring event) .The third request may be a new request or a modified existing request. The third request may be any suitable request which supports the parameter of group identity and the parameter of group member change information. In an embodiment, the third request may comprise at least one of an event exposure update request or a group member update notification request.In an embodiment, the third request may be used for requesting the second data management node to update a configuration of at least one monitoring event for the group identified by the group identity in the second network.FIG. 3e shows a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a first data management node in a first network or communicatively coupled to the first data management node. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 340 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 342, the first data management node may detect a group member change for a group identified by the group identity.At block 344, when the third request is the event exposure update request, the first data management node may identify at least one impacted monitor event for a group identified by the group identity.At block 346, the first data management node may send the event exposure update request comprising the group identity and group member change information to the second data management node in the second network.FIG. 3f shows a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a first subscription node in a first system or communicatively coupled to the first subscription node in the first system. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 350 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 352, the first subscription node may receive at the first subscription node in the first system a first subscription request comprising a first group identity identifying a group of User Equipments (UEs) .At block 354, the first subscription node may sending by the first subscription node to a second subscription node in a second system a second subscription request identifying a second group of UEs from the first group of UEs that have subscription in the second system.In an embodiment, the second group of UEs may include all UEs identified in the first group identity.In an embodiment, the second group of UEs may include a subset of UEs identified in the first group identity.In an embodiment, the second subscription request may be used for requesting the second subscription node to configure at least one monitoring event for the second group of UEs in the second system.In an embodiment, the second subscription request may further comprise at least one of a notification address of a second exposure node in the second system, or at least one monitoring event type.In an embodiment, the second exposure node may be combined with a first exposure node in the first system.In an embodiment, the second exposure node may comprise Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF) and the first exposure node comprises Network Exposure Function (NEF) .In an embodiment, the first system may be a fifth generation system (5GS) and the second system may be an evolved packet system (EPS) .In an embodiment, the first subscription node may be a unified data management (UDM) and the second subscription node may be a home subscriber server (HSS) .FIG. 3g shows a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a first subscription node in a first system or communicatively coupled to the first subscription node in the first system. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 360 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 362, the first subscription node may monitor a group member change for a group identified by the first group identity.In an embodiment, the group member change information may comprise at least one of at least one group member that is to be excluded from the group identified by the first group identity, or at least one group member that is to be added in the group identified by the first group identity.FIG. 4a shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a second data management node in a second network or communicatively coupled to the second data management node. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 400 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 402, the second data management node may receive a first request comprising a group identity from a first data management node in a first network.In an embodiment, the second data management node may perform a corresponding operation based on the first request.Suppose the first request is an event exposure subscribe request. For example, the second data management node such as HSS may configure the monitoring event for the group of UEs in EPC using the procedures defined in 3GPP TS 23.682 V18.0.0.In an embodiment, the second data management node may send a first response to the first data management node. The first response may comprise any suitable information regarding the processing result of the first request.Suppose the first request is an event exposure subscribe request. If immediate reporting was required and the current event status is available at the second data management node such as HSS (or received from a network node such as MME in the second network) and if both the first data management node such as UDM and the second data management node such as HSS support to include event reports in the subscription response, the second data management node such as HSS also includes the current event status in the subscription response to the first data management node such as UDM. If immediate reporting was required but the current event status is not available at the second data management node such as HSS, the second data management node such as HSS may include a flag in the subscription response indicating that immediate event report is not available.In an embodiment, the first request may further comprise at least one of a notification address of a second exposure node in the second network, or at least one monitoring event type.In an embodiment, the second exposure node may be combined with a first exposure node in the first network.In an embodiment, the second exposure node may comprise Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF) and the first exposure node may comprise Network Exposure Function (NEF) .In an embodiment, the first request may be an event exposure subscribe request.In an embodiment, the first network may be a fifth generation system (5GS) and the second network may be an evolved packet system (EPS) , andIn an embodiment, the first data management node may be a unified data management (UDM) and the second data management node may be a home subscriber server (HSS) .In an embodiment, a group identified by the group identity may have the second network’s subscription data. In this case, the second data management node may receive the first request comprising the group identity from the first data management node in the first network. If the group identified by the group identity does not have the second network’s subscription data, the second data management node may not receive the first request comprising the group identity from the first data management node in the first network.In an embodiment, the second data management node may determine whether the group identified by the group identity has the second network’s subscription data. If the group identified by the group identity has the second network’s subscription data, the second data management node may perform a corresponding operation based on the first request. Otherwise, the second data management node may ignore or reject the first request.FIG. 4b shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a second data management node in a second network or communicatively coupled to the second data management node. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 410 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 412, when the first request is an event exposure subscribe request, the second data management node may configure at least one monitoring event for a group identified by the group identity in the second network.For example, the second data management node such as HSS may configure the monitoring event for the group of UEs in EPC using the procedures defined in 3GPP TS 23.682 V18.0.0.FIG. 4c shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a second data management node in a second network or communicatively coupled to the second data management node. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 420 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 422, the second data management node may receive a third request comprising the group identity and group member change information from the first data management node in the first network.In an embodiment, the group member change information may comprise at least one of at least one group member that is to be excluded from the group identified by the group identity, or at least one group member that is to be added in the group identified by the group identity.In an embodiment, the second data management node may perform a corresponding operation based on the third request. For example, the second data management node may update the group and / or update a configuration of the changed group member.In an embodiment, the second data management node may send a third response to the first data management node. The third response may comprise any suitable information regarding the processing result of the third request.In an embodiment, the third request may comprise at least one of an event exposure update request, or a group member update notification request.FIG. 4d shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a second data management node in a second network or communicatively coupled to the second data management node. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 430 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 432, when the third request is the group member update notification request, the second data management node may identify at least one impacted monitor event for a group identified by the group identity.FIG. 4e shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a second data management node in a second network or communicatively coupled to the second data management node. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 440 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 442, the second data management node may update a configuration of at least one monitoring event for the group identified by the group identity in the second network. For example, the second data management node may create new monitoring events for the added members and / or cancel the monitored events for the removed members.For example, when the second data management node receives an event exposure update request comprising the group identity and group member change information from the first data management node in the first network, block 442 may be performed.For example, when the second data management node receives a group member update notification request comprising the group identity and group member change information from the first data management node in the first network, block 432 and block 442 may be performed.In an embodiment, it may add a procedure to support the use case especially in UDM to support configuring of monitoring events for a group of UEs through the UDICOM interface for common network exposure. It means when UDM received message from the combined SCEF+NEF for monitoring events for a group of UEs, UDM may configure monitoring events once for the group of UEs to HSS through the UDICOM interface instead of configuring monitoring events multiple times for individual UEs of the group one after one.In an embodiment, it may add a procedure to support the updating of monitored events for a group of UEs especially in UDM for cases that the members of the group are dynamically changed i.e. added into or removed from the group of UEs. UDM may monitor the status of group member change. Once the group member change is detected, UDM may update either directly the configuration of the impacted monitored events for the group of UEs or indirectly by notify HSS for the change of the group members of the group so HSS could take further actions to update a configuration of the impacted monitored events for the group of UEs.In an embodiment, it may enhance the UDICOM interface to support the management and orchestration of the monitoring events for a group of UEs for common network exposure.In an embodiment, when UDM receives a message for monitoring event for a group of UEs for common network exposure, UDM may trigger the configuration of monitoring events once for a group of UEs to HSS through the UDICOM interface instead of configuring monitoring events multiple times for individual UEs of the group one after one.In an embodiment, HSS may configure the monitoring events for the group once requested from UDM for the configuration of the monitored events for the group of UEs.In an embodiment, UDM may monitor the change of the members of the group of UEs for which monitoring event has been configured. Once the change is detected, UDM may trigger the update either directly the configuration of the monitored events for the group or indirectly by notify HSS for the change of the group members of the group.In an embodiment, HSS may update the configuration of the monitored events for the group once either informed by UDM directly for updating the configuration of the monitored events for the group or indirectly notified by UDM for the change of the group members of the group.FIG. 4f shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a second subscription node in a second system or communicatively coupled to the second subscription node in the second system. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 450 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 452, the second subscription node may receive from a first subscription node in a first system a second subscription request identifying a second group of UEs from a first group of UEs that have subscription in the second system.In an embodiment, the second group of UEs may include all UEs identified in the first group identity.In an embodiment, the second group of UEs may include a subset of UEs identified in the first group identity.In an embodiment, the second subscription request may further comprise at least one of a notification address of a second exposure node in the second system, or at least one monitoring event type.In an embodiment, the second exposure node may be combined with a first exposure node in the first system.In an embodiment, the second exposure node may comprise Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF) and the first exposure node may comprise Network Exposure Function (NEF) .In an embodiment, the second subscription request may be an event exposure subscribe request.In an embodiment, the first system may be a fifth generation system (5GS) and the second system is an evolved packet system (EPS) .In an embodiment, the first subscription node may be a unified data management (UDM) and the second subscription node is a home subscriber server (HSS) .FIG. 4g shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a second subscription node in a second system or communicatively coupled to the second subscription node in the second system. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 460 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 462, when the second subscription request is an event exposure subscribe request, the second subscription node may configuring at least one monitoring event for the second group of UEs in the second system.FIG. 5a shows a flowchart of configuration of monitoring events in EPC for a group for common network exposure according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.Step 1. The AF may configure a monitoring event via the SCEF+NEF using the Nnef_EventExposure_Subscribe service operation. A group identity may be included in the Nnef_EventExposure_Subscribe Request to indicate that this is monitoring events for a group.Step 2. The combined SCEF+NEF may send an Nudm_EventExposure_Subscribe Request to UDM to configure a monitoring event for the group. The request may indicate that the subscription applies also to EPC and the monitoring event is to be reported by the MME (e.g. location change) . The request may include the notification addresses of both the NEF and the SCEF.Step 3. The UDM may configure the monitoring event for the UEs of the group in 5GC. If the 5GS UDR is used, the UDM may store the configuration of the monitoring event for the UEs of the group in the 5GS-UDR. The UDM may contact the corresponding NF within the 5GC (e.g. AMF, SMF) as required by the monitoring event.Step 4. Unless the subscription information related to the group of UEs indicates that the group of UEs has no EPC subscription data, then the UDM may request the HSS to configure the monitoring event for the group in EPC using an Nhss_EventExposure_Subscribe operation. In addition to the UDM notification address, the UDM may provide the SCEF notification address (i.e. SCEF Id) . A group identity may be included in the Nhss_EventExposure_Subscribe Request to indicate that this is monitoring events for a group.What is new is that the monitoring events may be handled once by a single message sent from UDM to HSS. Otherwise UDM needs to send multiple messages as one is needed for each member of the group.Step 5. The HSS may configure the monitoring event for the UE in EPC using the procedures defined in 3GPP TS 23.682 V18.0.0. For a monitoring request for a group, HSS may configure the monitoring events for every member of the group.Step 6. The HSS may reply to the UDM with the result of the subscription request.Step 7. The UDM may reply to the combined SCEF+NEF with confirmation that the subscription was also successful in EPC domain.Step 8. A new step may be added for UDM to monitor the group member changes for the group which has events being monitored. The monitoring may be implemented by UDM itself. For a stateless UDM, UDM may subscribe the notification from UDR for the group member changes. The group member changes may include added members or removed members into / from the group.Step 9. The SCEF+NEF may respond to AF by sending Nnef_EventExposure_Subscribe Response.FIG. 5b shows a flowchart of exposure triggered update of the configuration of monitored events in EPC for a group for common network exposure according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.This case may be triggered by an external AF for updating the subscribed event for a group based on known group member changes.Step 1. If AF knows from other ways that there is a group member change and there is at least one event being monitored for the group, the AF may update the configuration of a monitored event via the SCEF+NEF using the Nnef_EventExposure_Update service operation, a group identity and corresponding added and / or removed members of the group may be included in the Nnef_EventExposure_Update Request to indicate the group member change.Step 2. The combined SCEF+NEF may send an Nudm_EventExposure_Update Request to UDM to update the configuration of a monitored event for the group. The request may indicate the corresponding added and / or removed members of the group.Step 3. UDM detects the group member change and based on whether there is a subscribed event for the group to decide the update of the configuration of monitored events for common network exposure. It is also possible if there are multiple monitored events for the same group, UDM may use this message to identify the impacted monitored events for the same group.Step 4. UDM may update the configuration of monitored events in 5GC for the group, which may include creating a new monitoring event for the added member and / or canceling the monitored event for the removed member. This step may be repeated several times depending on the identified impacted monitored events for the same group in step 3.When comes how to update the monitoring events in EPC for the group, there could be two alternatives, annotated as Update#1: group member update based on exposure update and Update#2: group member update based on notification, and corresponding to steps 5-7 and steps 8-10 respectively. Please be noted that steps 5-7 could be repeated several times depending on the number of identified impacted monitored events for the same group in step 3, but steps 8-10 only need to be executed once and HSS needs to further identify the impacted monitored events for the same group.Step 5. UDM may request the HSS to update the configuration of the monitored event for the group in EPC using an Nhss_EventExposure_Update service operation. The group identity and corresponding added and / or removed members of the group are included in the Nhss_EventExposure_Update Request to indicate the group member change.Step 6. HSS may update the configuration of Monitored Events in EPC for the group, which may include creating new monitoring events for the added member and canceling the monitored events for the removed member.Step 7. The HSS may reply to the UDM with the result of the update request.Step 8. UDM may notify HSS the group member updates, the group identity and corresponding added and / or removed members of the group are included in the group member update notification request to indicate the group member change. It is also possible that if there are multiple monitored events for the same group, HSS may use this request to identify the impacted monitored events for the same group.Step 9. Based on the received notification of the group member changes, HSS may update the configuration of monitored events in EPC for the group, which may include creating a new monitoring event for the added member and / or canceling the monitored event for the removed member. This step may be repeated several times depending on the identified impacted monitored events for the same group in step 8.Step 10. The HSS may reply to the UDM with the result of the notification request.Step 11. The UDM may reply to the combined SCEF+NEF with confirmation that the updates were also successful in EPC domain.Step 12. The SCEF+NEF may respond to AF by sending Nnef_EventExposure_Update Response.FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of group management operation triggered update of the configuration of monitored events in EPC for a group for common network exposure according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.This case may be triggered by group management operations for updating of the group members, so the subscribed monitoring event for the group has been impacted and needs to be updated too.A specific group may be dedicated to being managed by an external AF through the exposure interfaces or generally managed by the operator through the Operation Administration and Maintenance (OAM) system especially the provisioning system. This two use cases are annotated as Trigger#1: Group member changed by AF through exposure and Trigger#2: Group members changed by OAM through provisioning correspondingly, and described in steps 1-4 and steps 5-8 respectively.Step 1. AF may send an Nnef_ParameterProvisioning_Update Request (Group Identity, member change: added / removed members) to combined SCEF+NEF to update the members of a specific group which is managed by the AF. The operation may include dynamic change of the members of the group, i.e. added new or removed existing members into / from the group. As this AF may be not same as AF subscribing the monitoring event, it has no knowledge of the monitoring events for the group.Step 2. The combined SCEF+NEF send an Nudm_ParameterProvisioning_Update Request (Group Identity, member change: added / removed members) to UDM to update the members of the specific group, i.e. adding new members or removeing existing members into / from the group.Step 3. UDM sends an Nudm_ParameterProvisioning_Update Response to the combined SCEF+NEF for the group member update request.Step 4. The combined SCEF+NEF sends an Nnef_ParameterProvisioning_Update Response to AF for the group member update request.Step 5. The provisioning system in the operator network may provision the group member changes to the UDR. UDR may update the stored data regarding to the group. This request may only contain the updated members of the group.Step 6. UDR may compare the previous stored members for the group and the updated members of the group and notify UDM with added new members or removed previous members into / from the group.Step 7. UDM may reply UDR for the notify request for the group member changes.Step 8. UDR may reply to the OAM system for the provisioning request on the group management operation.Step 9. UDM may detect the group member change and based on whether there are subscribed events for the group to decide the update of the configuration of monitored events for common network exposure. It is also possible that if there are multiple monitored events for the same group, UDM may use this message to identify the impacted monitored events for the same group.Step 10. UDM may update the configuration of monitored events in 5GC for the group, which may include creating new monitoring events for the added member and canceling of the monitored events for the removed member. This step may be repeated several times depending on the identified impacted monitored events for the same group in step 9.When comes how to update the monitoring events in EPC for the group, there could be two alternatives, annotated as Update#1: group member update based on exposure update and Update#2: group member update based on notification, and corresponding to steps 11-13 and steps 14-16 respectively. Please be noted that steps 11-13 could be repeated several times depending on the number of identified impacted monitored events for the same group in step 9, but steps 14-16 only need to be executed once and HSS needs to further identify the impacted monitored events for the same group.Step 11. UDM may request the HSS to update the configuration of the monitoring event for the group in EPC using an Nhss_EventExposure_Update operation. The group identity and corresponding added and / or removed members of the group are included in the Nhss_EventExposure_Update Request to indicate the group member changes.Step 12. HSS may update the configuration of Monitored Events in EPC for the group, which may include creating new monitoring events for the added member and canceling the monitored events for the removed member.Step 13. The HSS may reply to the UDM with the result of the update request.Step 14. UDM may notify HSS the group member updates, the group identity and corresponding added and / or removed members of the group are included in the group member update notification request to indicate the group member changes. It is also possible that if there are multiple monitored events for the same group, HSS may use this request to identify the impacted monitored events for the same group.Step 15. Based on the received notification of the group member changes, HSS may update the configuration of Monitored Events in EPC for the group, which may include creating new monitoring events for the added member and / or canceling of the monitored events for the removed member. This step may be repeated several times depending on the identified impacted monitored events for the same group in step 14.Step 16. The HSS may reply to the UDM with the result of the notification request.Some messages of FIGs. 5a, 5b and 6 may be similar to the corresponding messsages as described in various 3GPP specifications such as 3GPP TS 23.502 V18.1.1, 3GPP TS 23.682 V18.0.0, 3GPP TS 23.632 V18.3.0, etc. Some messages of FIGs. 5a, 5b and 6 may be enhanced according to various embodiments of the present disclosure.Embodiments herein may provide many advantages, of which a non-exhaustive list of examples follows. In some embodiments herein, the signaling for configuration of monitoring events for a group for common network exposure may be reduced dramatically. In some embodiments herein, the performance of data management nodes such as UDM and HSS may be improved. In some embodiments herein, overload possibility of data management nodes such as UDM and HSS may be mitigated. In some embodiments herein, the impacts of group member change on the configuration update for monitored event of a group may be auto captured and handled. In some embodiments herein, event exposure processing for a group is optimized. In some embodiments herein, Operating Expense (OPEX) may be reduced by the autonomous management and orchestration of the monitoring events for a group for common network exposure when group members are dynamically changed. The embodiments herein are not limited to the features and advantages mentioned above. A person skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description.FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing an apparatus suitable for practicing some embodiments of the disclosure. For example, the first data management node or the second data management node or the first subscription node or the second subscription node described above may be implemented as or through the apparatus 700.The apparatus 700 comprises at least one processor 721, such as a digital processor (DP) , and at least one memory (MEM) 722 coupled to the processor 721. The apparatus 700 may further comprise a transmitter TX and receiver RX 723 coupled to the processor 721. The MEM 722 stores a program (PROG) 724. The PROG 724 may include instructions that, when executed on the associated processor 721, enable the apparatus 700 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure. A combination of the at least one processor 721 and the at least one MEM 722 may form processing means 725 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by computer program executable by one or more of the processor 721, software, firmware, hardware or in a combination thereof.The MEM 722 may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memories and removable memories, as non-limiting examples.The processor 721 may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples.In an embodiment where the apparatus is implemented as or at the first data management node, the memory 722 contains instructions executable by the processor 721, whereby the first data management node operates according to any of the methods performed by the first data management node as described above.In an embodiment where the apparatus is implemented as or at the second data management node, the memory 722 contains instructions executable by the processor 721, whereby the second data management node operates according to any of the methods performed by the second data management node as described above.In an embodiment where the apparatus is implemented as or at the first subscription node, the memory 722 contains instructions executable by the processor 721, whereby the first subscription node operates according to any of the methods performed by the first subscription node as described above.In an embodiment where the apparatus is implemented as or at the second subscription node, the memory 722 contains instructions executable by the processor 721, whereby the second subscription node operates according to any of the methods performed by the second subscription node as described above.FIG. 8a is a block diagram showing a first data management node according to an embodiment of the disclosure. As shown, the first data management node 830 may comprise a first sending module 831 configured to send a first request comprising a group identity to a second data management node in a second network.In an embodiment, the first data management node 830 may further comprise a receiving module 832 configured to receive a second request comprising the group identity from the first exposure node which is combined with the second exposure node.In an embodiment, the first data management node 830 may further comprise a monitoring module 833 configured to monitor a group member change for a group identified by the group identity.In an embodiment, the first data management node 830 may further comprise a detecting module 834 configured to detect a group member change for a group identified by the group identity.In an embodiment, the first data management node 830 may further comprise a second sending module 835 configured to send a third request comprising the group identity and group member change information to the second data management node in the second network.In an embodiment, when the third request is the event exposure update request, the first data management node 830 may further comprise an identifying module 836 configured to identify at least one impacted monitor event for a group identified by the group identity.FIG. 8b is a block diagram showing a second data management node according to an embodiment of the disclosure. As shown, the second data management node 850 may comprise a first receiving module 851 configured to receive a first request comprising a group identity from a first data management node in a first network.In an embodiment, when the first request is an event exposure subscribe request, the second data management node 850 may comprise a configuring module 852 configured to configure at least one monitoring event for a group identified by the group identity in the second network.In an embodiment, the second data management node 850 may comprise a second receiving module 853 configured to receive a third request comprising the group identity and group member change information from the first data management node in the first network.In an embodiment, when the third request is the group member update notification request, the second data management node 850 may comprise an identifying module 854 configured to identify at least one impacted monitor event for a group identified by the group identity.In an embodiment, the second data management node 850 may comprise an updating module 855 configured to update a configuration of at least one monitoring event for the group identified by the group identity in the second network.FIG. 8c is a block diagram showing a first subscription node according to an embodiment of the disclosure. As shown, the first subscription node 860 may comprise a receiving module 861 configured to receive at the first subscription node in the first system a first subscription request comprising a first group identity identifying a group of User Equipments (UEs) . The first subscription node 860 may comprise a sending module 862 configured to sending by the first subscription node to a second subscription node in a second system a second subscription request identifying a second group of UEs from the first group of UEs that have subscription in the second system.In an embodiment, the first subscription node 860 may comprise a monitoring module 863 configured to monitoring a group member change for a group identified by the first group identity.FIG. 8d is a block diagram showing a second subscription node according to an embodiment of the disclosure. As shown, the second subscription node 870 may comprise a receiving module 871 configured to receive from a first subscription node in a first system a second subscription request identifying a second group of UEs from a first group of UEs that have subscription in the second system.In an embodiment, when the second subscription request is an event exposure subscribe request, the second data management node 870 may comprise a configuring module 872 configured to configure at least one monitoring event for the second group of UEs in the second system.With function units, the first data management node or the second data management node or the first subscription node or the second subscription node may not need a fixed processor or memory, any computing resource and storage resource may be arranged from the first data management node or the second data management node or the first subscription node or the second subscription node in the communication system. The introduction of virtualization technology and network computing technology may improve the usage efficiency of the network resources and the flexibility of the network.Further, the exemplary overall commutation system including the terminal device and the network node (such as the first data management node or the second data management node or the first subscription node or the second subscription node) will be introduced as below.FIG. 9 shows an example of a communication system 9100 in accordance with some embodiments.In the example, the communication system 9100 includes a telecommunication network 9102 that includes an access network 9104, such as a radio access network (RAN) , and a core network 9106, which includes one or more core network nodes 9108. The access network 9104 includes one or more access network nodes, such as network nodes 9110a and 9110b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes 9110) , or any other similar 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points. Moreover, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, a network node is not necessarily limited to an implementation in which a radio portion and a baseband portion are supplied and integrated by a single vendor. Thus, it will be understood that network nodes include disaggregated implementations or portions thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the telecommunication network 9102 includes one or more Open-RAN (ORAN) network nodes. An ORAN network node is a node in the telecommunication network 9102 that supports an ORAN specification (e.g., a specification published by the O-RAN Alliance, or any similar organization) and may operate alone or together with other nodes to implement one or more functionalities of any node in the telecommunication network 9102, including one or more network nodes 9110 and / or core network nodes 9108.Examples of an ORAN network node include an open radio unit (O-RU) , an open distributed unit (O-DU) , an open central unit (O-CU) , including an O-CU control plane (O-CU-CP) or an O-CU user plane (O-CU-UP) , a RAN intelligent controller (near-real time or non-real time) hosting software or software plug-ins, such as a near-real time control application or a non-real time control application, or any combination thereof (the adjective “open” designating support of an ORAN specification) . The network node may support a specification by, for example, supporting an interface defined by the ORAN specification, such as an A1, F1, W1, E1, E2, X2, Xn interface, an open fronthaul user plane interface, or an open fronthaul management plane interface. Moreover, an ORAN access node may be a logical node in a physical node. Furthermore, an ORAN network node may be implemented in a virtualization environment (described further below) in which one or more network functions are virtualized. For example, the virtualization environment may include an O-Cloud computing platform orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface defined by the O-RAN Alliance or comparable technologies. The network nodes 9110 facilitate direct or indirect connection of user equipment (UE) , such as by connecting UEs 9112a, 9112, 9112c, and 9112d (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs 9112) to the core network 9106 over one or more wireless connections.Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors. Moreover, in different embodiments, the communication system 9100 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. The communication system 9100 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and / or other similar type of system.The UEs 9112 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes 9110 and other communication devices. Similarly, the network nodes 9110 are arranged, capable, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the UEs 9112 and / or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunication network 9102 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunication network 9102.In the depicted example, the core network 9106 connects the network nodes 9110 to one or more hosts, such as host 9116. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The core network 9106 includes one more core network nodes (e.g., core network node 9108) that are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, network nodes, and / or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node 9108. Example core network nodes include functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) , Mobility Management Entity (MME) , Home Subscriber Server (HSS) , Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Server Function (AUSF) , Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SIDF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , and / or a User Plane Function (UPF) .The host 9116 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network 9104 and / or the telecommunication network 9102, and may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. The host 9116 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.As a whole, the communication system 9100 of FIG. 9 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) ; Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) ; Long Term Evolution (LTE) , and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G) ; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (WiFi) ; and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) , Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) ZigBee, LiFi, and / or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox.In some examples, the telecommunication network 9102 is a cellular network that implements 3GPP standardized features. Accordingly, the telecommunications network 9102 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunication network 9102. For example, the telecommunications network 9102 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive IoT services to yet further UEs.In some examples, the UEs 9112 are configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network 9104 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network 9104. Additionally, a UE may be configured for operating in single-or multi-RAT or multi-standard mode. For example, a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC) , such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio –Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) .In the example, the hub 9114 communicates with the access network 9104 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE 9112c and / or 9112d) and network nodes (e.g., network node 9110b) . In some examples, the hub 9114 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs. For example, the hub 9114 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network 9106 for the UEs. As another example, the hub 9114 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs. Commands or instructions may be received from the UEs, network nodes 9110, or by executable code, script, process, or other instructions in the hub 9114. As another example, the hub 9114 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data. As another example, the hub 9114 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a VR headset, display, loudspeaker or other media delivery device, the hub 9114 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub 9114 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and / or after adding additional local content. In still another example, the hub 9114 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular if one or more of the UEs are low energy IoT devices.The hub 9114 may have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection to the network node 9110b. The hub 9114 may also allow for a different communication scheme and / or schedule between the hub 9114 and UEs (e.g., UE 9112c and / or 9112d) , and between the hub 9114 and the core network 9106. In other examples, the hub 9114 is connected to the core network 9106 and / or one or more UEs via a wired connection. Moreover, the hub 9114 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider over the access network 9104 and / or to another UE over a direct connection. In some scenarios, UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes 9110 while still connected via the hub 9114 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the hub 9114 may be a dedicated hub –that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from the UEs from / to the network node 9110b. In other embodiments, the hub 9114 may be a non-dedicated hub –that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node 9110b, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and / or end point for certain data channels.FIG. 10 shows a UE 10200 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, a UE refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other UEs. Examples of a UE include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) , wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage device, playback appliance, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , smart device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE) , vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, etc. Other examples include any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.A UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) , vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) , vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) , or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) . In other examples, a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) . Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter) .The UE 10200 includes processing circuitry 10202 that is operatively coupled via a bus 10204 to an input / output interface 10206, a power source 10208, a memory 10210, a communication interface 10212, and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in FIG. 10. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.The processing circuitry 10202 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory 10210. The processing circuitry 10202 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , etc. ) ; programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) , together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry 10202 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs) .In the example, the input / output interface 10206 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information into the UE 10200. Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc. ) , a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.In some embodiments, the power source 10208 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) , photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used. The power source 10208 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source 10208 itself, and / or an external power source, to the various parts of the UE 10200 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Delivering power may be, for example, for charging of the power source 10208. Power circuitry may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from the power source 10208 to make the power suitable for the respective components of the UE 10200 to which power is supplied.The memory 10210 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the memory 10210 includes one or more application programs 10214, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data 10216. The memory 10210 may store, for use by the UE 10200, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.The memory 10210 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID) , flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM) , synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) , external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) , such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC) , integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card. ’ The memory 10210 may allow the UE 10200 to access instructions, application programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory 10210, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.The processing circuitry 10202 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network using the communication interface 10212. The communication interface 10212 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 10222. The communication interface 10212 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in an access network) . Each transceiver may include a transmitter 10218 and / or a receiver 10220 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth) . Moreover, the transmitter 10218 and receiver 10220 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 10222) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.In the illustrated embodiment, communication functions of the communication interface 10212 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented in according to one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR) , UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP) , synchronous optical networking (SONET) , Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , and so forth.Regardless of the type of sensor, a UE may provide an output of data captured by its sensors, through its communication interface 10212, via a wireless connection to a network node. Data captured by sensors of a UE can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another UE. The output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature) , random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors) , in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent) , in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request) , or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient) .As another example, a UE comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change. For example, the UE may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.A UE, when in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, city wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such an IoT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a head-mounted display for Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) , a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal-or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) , and any kind of medical device, like a heart rate monitor or a remote controlled surgical robot. A UE in the form of an IoT device comprises circuitry and / or software in dependence of the intended application of the IoT device in addition to other components as described in relation to the UE 10200 shown in FIG. 10.As yet another specific example, in an IoT scenario, a UE may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another UE and / or a network node. The UE may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the UE may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, a UE may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.In practice, any number of UEs may be used together with respect to a single use case. For example, a first UE might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone’s speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second UE that is a remote controller operating the drone. When the user makes changes from the remote controller, the first UE may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g. by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone’s speed. The first and / or the second UE can also include more than one of the functionalities described above. For example, a UE might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.FIG. 11 shows a network node 11300 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and / or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunication network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) , base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs) ) , O-RAN nodes or components of an O-RAN node (e.g., O-RU, O-DU, O-CU) .Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units, distributed units (e.g., in an O-RAN access node) and / or remote radio units (RRUs) , sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) . Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS) .Other examples of network nodes include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs) , base transceiver stations (BTSs) , transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell / multicast coordination entities (MCEs) , Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs) ) , and / or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs) .The network node 11300 includes a processing circuitry 11302, a memory 11304, a communication interface 11306, and a power source 11308. The network node 11300 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc. ) , which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which the network node 11300 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components) , one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the network node 11300 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs) . In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memory 11304 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna 11310 may be shared by different RATs) . The network node 11300 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node 11300, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node 11300.The processing circuitry 11302 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and / or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node 11300 components, such as the memory 11304, to provide network node 11300 functionality.In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 11302 includes a system on a chip (SOC) . In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 11302 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 11312 and baseband processing circuitry 11314. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 11312 and the baseband processing circuitry 11314 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips) , boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 11312 and baseband processing circuitry 11314 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.The memory 11304 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , mass storage media (for example, a hard disk) , removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD) ) , and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry 11302. The memory 11304 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and / or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry 11302 and utilized by the network node 11300. The memory 11304 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry 11302 and / or any data received via the communication interface 11306. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 11302 and memory 11304 is integrated.The communication interface 11306 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between a network node, access network, and / or UE. As illustrated, the communication interface 11306 comprises port (s) / terminal (s) 11316 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection. The communication interface 11306 also includes radio front-end circuitry 11318 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, the antenna 11310. Radio front-end circuitry 11318 comprises filters 11320 and amplifiers 11322. The radio front-end circuitry 11318 may be connected to an antenna 11310 and processing circuitry 11302. The radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 11310 and processing circuitry 11302. The radio front-end circuitry 11318 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry 11318 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 11320 and / or amplifiers 11322. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 11310. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 11310 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 11318. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 11302. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.In certain alternative embodiments, the network node 11300 does not include separate radio front-end circuitry 11318, instead, the processing circuitry 11302 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 11310. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry 11312 is part of the communication interface 11306. In still other embodiments, the communication interface 11306 includes one or more ports or terminals 11316, the radio front-end circuitry 11318, and the RF transceiver circuitry 11312, as part of a radio unit (not shown) , and the communication interface 11306 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry 11314, which is part of a digital unit (not shown) .The antenna 11310 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna 11310 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 11318 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and / or signals wirelessly. In certain embodiments, the antenna 11310 is separate from the network node 11300 and connectable to the network node 11300 through an interface or port.The antenna 11310, communication interface 11306, and / or the processing circuitry 11302 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and / or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 11310, the communication interface 11306, and / or the processing circuitry 11302 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment.The power source 11308 provides power to the various components of network node 11300 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component) . The power source 11308 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node 11300 with power for performing the functionality described herein. For example, the network node 11300 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source 11308. As a further example, the power source 11308 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.Embodiments of the network node 11300 may include additional components beyond those shown in FIG. 11 for providing certain aspects of the network node’s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node 11300 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node 11300 and to allow output of information from the network node 11300. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node 11300.FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 13500 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments 13500 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as a network node, UE, core network node, or host. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node or host) , then the node may be entirely virtualized. In some embodiments, the virtualization environment 13500 includes components defined by the O-RAN Alliance, such as an O-Cloud environment orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface.Applications 13502 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc. ) are run in the virtualization environment Q400 to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.Hardware 13504 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and / or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and / or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input / output interface, and so forth. Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 13506 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs) ) , provide VMs 13508A and 13508B (one or more of which may be generally referred to as VMs 13508) , and / or perform any of the functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. The virtualization layer 13506 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to the VMs 13508.The VMs 13508 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer 13506. Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance 13502 may be implemented on one or more of VMs 13508, and the implementations may be made in different ways. Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV) . NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.In the context of NFV, a VM 13508 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of the VMs 13508, and that part of hardware 13504 that executes that VM, be it hardware dedicated to that VM and / or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements. Still in the context of NFV, a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more VMs 13508 on top of the hardware 13504 and corresponds to the application 13502.Hardware 13504 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware 13504 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 13504 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration 13510, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications 13502. In some embodiments, hardware 13504 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas. Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. In some embodiments, some signaling can be provided with the use of a control system 13512 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.Although the computing devices described herein (e.g., UEs, network nodes, hosts) may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Determining, calculating, obtaining or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuitry, which may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. Moreover, while components are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned between separate components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and / or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be provided by processing circuitry executing instructions stored on in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or not, the processing circuitry can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry alone or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole, and / or by end users and a wireless network generally.The term unit or module may have conventional meaning in the field of electronics, electrical devices and / or electronic devices and may include, for example, electrical and / or electronic circuitry, devices, modules, processors, memories, logic solid state and / or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions for carrying out respective tasks, procedures, computations, outputs, and / or displaying functions, and so on, as such as those that are described herein.According to an aspect of the disclosure it is provided a computer program product being tangibly stored on a computer readable storage medium and including instructions which, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out any of the methods as described above.According to an aspect of the disclosure it is provided a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out any of the methods as described above.In addition, the present disclosure may also provide a carrier containing the computer program as mentioned above, wherein the carrier is one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium. The computer readable storage medium can be, for example, an optical compact disk or an electronic memory device like a RAM (random access memory) , a ROM (read only memory) , Flash memory, magnetic tape, CD-ROM, DVD, Blue-ray disc and the like.The techniques described herein may be implemented by various means so that an apparatus implementing one or more functions of a corresponding apparatus described with an embodiment comprises not only prior art means, but also means for implementing the one or more functions of the corresponding apparatus described with the embodiment and it may comprise separate means for each separate function, or means that may be configured to perform two or more functions. For example, these techniques may be implemented in hardware (one or more apparatuses) , firmware (one or more apparatuses) , software (one or more modules) , or combinations thereof. For a firmware or software, implementation may be made through modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein.Exemplary embodiments herein have been described above with reference to block diagrams and flowchart illustrations of methods and apparatuses. It will be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, respectively, can be implemented by various means including computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be loaded onto a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block or blocks.Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the subject matter described herein, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any implementation or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of particular implementations. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.It will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that, as the technology advances, the inventive concept can be implemented in various ways. The above described embodiments are given for describing rather than limiting the disclosure, and it is to be understood that modifications and variations may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as those skilled in the art readily understand. Such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of the disclosure and the appended claims. The protection scope of the disclosure is defined by the accompanying claims.In an embodiment, a change of 3GPP TS 23.632 V18.3.0 may be as following.***First Change ****5.6.2 Configuration of Monitoring Events in MMEFigure 5.6.2-1 (i.e. FIG. 1) shows a flowchart of Configuration of Monitoring Events in MME according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. It shows the scenario where the UDM receives a request from a combined SCEF+NEF to configure a monitoring event that needs to be reported by EPC (e.g. location change) .1. The UDM receives a request from a combined SCEF+NEF to configure a monitoring event for a UE or for a group of UEs. The request indicates that the subscription applies also to EPC and the monitoring event is to be reported by the MME (e.g. location change) . The request includes the notification addresses of both the NEF and the SCEF.2. The UDM configures the monitoring event for the UE or for the group of UEs in 5GC. If the 5GS UDR is used, the UDM stores the configuration of the monitoring event for the UE or for the group of UEs in the 5GS-UDR. The UDM contacts the corresponding NF within the 5GC (e.g. AMF, SMF) as required by the monitoring event.3. Unless the subscription information related to the UE or to the group of UEs indicates that the UE or the group of UEs has no EPC subscription data, then the UDM requests the HSS to configure the monitoring event for the UE or for the group of UEs in EPC using an Nhss_EventExposure_Subscribe operation. In addition to the UDM notification address, the UDM provides the SCEF notification address (i.e. SCEF Id) .4. The HSS configures the monitoring event for the UE or for the group of UEs in EPC using the procedures defined in 3GPP TS 23.682
[0016] .5. The HSS replies to the UDM with the result of the subscription request.If immediate reporting was required and the current event status is available at HSS (or received from MME in step 4) and if both the UDM and the HSS support to include event reports in the subscription response, the HSS also includes the current event status in the subscription response to UDM and step 6a is skipped.If immediate reporting was required but the current event status is not available at HSS (and not received from MME in step 4) , the HSS includes a flag in the subscription response indicating that immediate event report is not available.6. The UDM replies to the combined SCEF+NEF including confirmation that the subscription was also successful in EPC domain.6a. (Conditional) If immediate reporting was required and the current event status is available at HSS (or received from MME in step 4) but the UDM and / or the HSS cannot support to include event reports in the subscription response, the HSS sends a notification including the current event status for immediate reporting, to the UDM using the Nhss_EE_Notify service operation. The UDM then notifies NEF using the Nudm_EE_Notify service operation.7. At a later stage, the monitoring event is detected for the UE or for the group of UEs in the EPC domain. The event may be detected at the MME (e.g. location change) or at the HSS (e.g. UE reachability for SMS) .8. The monitoring event is reported to the SCEF+NEF. The MME notifies the event as defined in 3GPP TS 23.682
[0016] by using the SCEF notification address provided by the HSS in step 4, if applicable. If the monitoring event is detected at the HSS or reported by the MME to the HSS, the HSS notifies the monitoring event to UDM using the Nhss_EE_Notify service operation. The UDM then notifies NEF using the Nudm_EE_Notify service operation.NOTE: The notification of monitoring events from HSS (e.g. reachability for SMS) using SBA interfaces supersedes the option of HSS using diameter S6t. Only the events reported by MME will keep diameter T6a interface towards SCEF.***End of Changes ****In an embodiment, a change of 3GPP TS 29.563 V18.3.0 may be as following.***First Change ****6.4.6.2.2 Type: EeSubscriptionTable 6.4.6.2.2-1: Definition of type EeSubscription***Next Change ****A.5 NHSS_EE API(... text not shown for clarity ... )(.. . text not shown for clarity ... )***End of Changes ****
Claims
1.A method (350) performed by a first subscription node in a first system, comprising:receiving (352) at the first subscription node in the first system a first subscription request comprising a first group identity identifying a group of User Equipments (UEs) ; andsending (354) by the first subscription node to a second subscription node in a second system a second subscription request identifying a second group of UEs from the first group of UEs that have subscription in the second system.2.The method according to claim 1, wherein the second group of UEs includes all UEs identified in the first group identity.3.The method according to claim 1, wherein the second group of UEs includes a subset of UEs identified in the first group identity.4.The method according to any of claims 1-3, wherein the second subscription request is used for requesting the second subscription node to configure at least one monitoring event for the second group of UEs in the second system.5.The method according to any of claims 1-4, wherein the second subscription request further comprises at least one of:a notification address of a second exposure node in the second system, orat least one monitoring event type.6.The method according to claim 5, wherein the second exposure node is combined with a first exposure node in the first system.7.The method according to claim 6, wherein the second exposure node comprises Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF) and the first exposure node comprises Network Exposure Function (NEF) .8.The method according to any of claims 1-7, further comprising:monitoring (362) a group member change for a group identified by the first group identity, wherein the group member change information comprises at least one of:at least one group member that is to be excluded from the group identified by the first group identity, orat least one group member that is to be added in the group identified by the first group identity.9.The method according to any of claims 1-8, whereinthe first system is a fifth generation system (5GS) and the second system is an evolved packet system (EPS) .10.The method according to any of claims 1-9, whereinthe first subscription node is a unified data management (UDM) and the second subscription node is a home subscriber server (HSS) .11.A method (450) performed by a second subscription node in a second system, comprising:receiving (452) from a first subscription node in a first system a second subscription request identifying a second group of UEs from a first group of UEs that have subscription in the second system.12.The method according to claim 11, wherein the second group of UEs includes all UEs identified in the first group identity.13.The method according to claim 11, wherein the second group of UEs includes a subset of UEs identified in the first group identity.14.The method according to any of claims 11-13, wherein when the second subscription request is an event exposure subscribe request, the method further comprises:configuring (462) at least one monitoring event for the second group of UEs in the second system.15.The method according to any of claims 11-14, wherein the second subscription request further comprises at least one of:a notification address of a second exposure node in the second system, orat least one monitoring event type.16.The method according to claim 15, wherein the second exposure node is combined with a first exposure node in the first system.17.The method according to claim 16, wherein the second exposure node comprises Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF) and the first exposure node comprises Network Exposure Function (NEF) .18.The method according to any of claims 11-17, wherein the second subscription request is an event exposure subscribe request.19.The method according to any of claims 11-18, whereinthe first system is a fifth generation system (5GS) and the second system is an evolved packet system (EPS) , andthe first subscription node is a unified data management (UDM) and the second subscription node is a home subscriber server (HSS) .20.A first subscription node (700) in a first system, comprising:a processor (721) ; anda memory (722) coupled to the processor (721) , said memory (722) containing instructions executable by said processor (721) , whereby said first subscription node (700) is operative to:receive at the first subscription node in the first system a first subscription request comprising a first group identity identifying a group of User Equipments (UEs) ; andsend by the first subscription node to a second subscription node in a second system a second subscription request identifying a second group of UEs from the first group of UEs that have subscription in the second system.21.The first subscription node according to claim 20, wherein the first subscription node is further operative to perform the method of any one of claims 2 to 10.22.A second subscription node (700) in a second system, comprising:a processor (721) ; anda memory (722) coupled to the processor (721) , said memory (722) containing instructions executable by said processor (721) , whereby said second subscription node (700) is operative to:receive from a first subscription node in a first system a second subscription request identifying a second group of UEs from a first group of UEs that have subscription in the second system.23.The second subscription node according to claim 22, wherein the second subscription node is further operative to perform the method of any one of claims 12-19.24.A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 19.25.A computer program product comprising instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 19.
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