Voice over new radio (VONR) / evolved packet system fallback (EPSFB) enhancement in boundary areas
By implementing a method that involves UE fallback to LTE communication, delayed handover requests, and evaluation of signal strength and IMS registration status, the challenges of maintaining seamless voice calls across technology transitions in boundary areas are addressed, reducing call failures and setup delays.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/135339
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-11-30
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-05
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in maintaining seamless voice calls when User Equipment (UE) transitions between different wireless communication technologies, particularly in boundary areas where Tracking Area Code (TAC) changes occur, leading to call failures and large setup delays.
The proposed solution involves a method performed by a UE that includes falling back to LTE communication, delaying requests for handovers, and evaluating signal strength and IMS registration status to avoid TAU conflicts and reduce call setup delays.
This approach effectively avoids call failures due to TAU conflicts and reduces call setup delays by optimizing handover requests and leveraging current RF conditions and IMS registration status.
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Figure CN2023135339_05062025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Voice over New Radio (VoNR) / Evolved Packet System Fallback (EPSFB) Enhancement in Boundary AreasFIELD
[0001] The present application relates to wireless devices and wireless networks including devices, computer-readable media, and methods for enhanced performance in boundary areas using Voice over New Radio (VoNR) and Evolved Packet System Fallback (EPSFB) .BACKGROUND
[0002] Wireless communication systems are rapidly growing in usage. In recent years, wireless devices such as smart phones and tablet computers have become increasingly sophisticated. In addition to supporting telephone calls, many mobile devices now provide access to the internet, email, text messaging, and navigation using the global positioning system (GPS) , and devices are capable of operating sophisticated applications that utilize these functionalities. Additionally, there exist numerous different wireless communication technologies and standards. Some examples of wireless communication standards include GSM, UMTS (associated with, for example, WCDMA or TD-SCDMA air interfaces) , LTE, LTE Advanced (LTE-A) , HSPA, 3GPP2 CDMA2000 (e.g., 1xRTT, 1xEV-DO, HRPD, eHRPD) , IEEE 802.11 (WLAN or Wi-Fi) , BLUETOOTHTM, etc.
[0003] The ever increasing number of features and functionality introduced in wireless communication devices also creates a continuous need for improvement in both the wireless communications and the wireless communication devices. To increase coverage and better serve the increasing demand and range of envisioned uses of wireless communication, in addition to the communication standards mentioned above, there are further wireless communication technologies under development, including fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) communication. Accordingly, improvements in the field in support of such development and design are desired.
[0004] One such improvement is the coordination between different wireless communication technologies during voice calls. For example, a User Equipment (UE) may fall back from a VoNR to a Voice over LTE (VoLTE) communication scheme based on the quality of the VoNR connection. A UE may also fall back to a 2G / 3G circuit-switched connection to make a call if the UE has not completed registration on an NR / LTE network.SUMMARY
[0005] In one aspect, embodiments are directed to a method performed by a UE that includes falling back to LTE communication in a first cell with a first Tracking Area Code (TAC) . The UE transmits a first Tracking Area Update (TAU) request to a network and delays, for a preset amount of time, a request for a handover to a second cell with a second TAC. After the delay, the UE receives a first TAU accept message in the first TAC. The UE transmits a second TAU request to the network and receives a second TAU accept message in the second TAC.
[0006] In another aspect, embodiments are directed to a method performed by a UE that includes falling back to LTE communication in a first cell with a first TAC. The UE transmits a first TAU request to a network and delays, for a set amount of time, a second TAU request in a second cell with a second TAC. After the delay, the UE receives a first TAU accept message in the second cell with the first TAC. The UE then transmits a second TAU request to the network and receives a second TAU accept message in the second cell with the second TAC.
[0007] In another aspect, embodiments are direct to a method performed by a UE that includes initiating a Mobile Originated (MO) call during an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) registration of the UE to a first network. The UE evaluates a signal strength and a current status of the IMS registration and delays the MO call for a period of time.
[0008] The techniques described herein may be implemented in and / or used with a number of different types of devices, including but not limited to cellular phones, wireless devices, tablet computers, wearable computing devices, portable media players, and any of various other computing devices.
[0009] This Summary is intended to provide a brief overview of some of the subject matter described in this document. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the above-described features are merely examples and should not be construed to narrow the scope or spirit of the subject matter described herein in any way. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter described herein will become apparent from the following Detailed Description, Figures, and Claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0010] A better understanding of the present subject matter can be obtained when the following detailed description of various aspects is considered in conjunction with the following drawings.
[0011] Figure 1 illustrates an example wireless communication system, according to some aspects.
[0012] Figure 2 illustrates an example block diagram of a UE, according to some aspects.
[0013] Figure 3 illustrates a base station (BS) in communication with a UE device, according to some aspects.
[0014] Figure 4 shows an RRC release from a TAU conflict, according to some aspects.
[0015] Figure 5 illustrates UE mobility issues in an NR / LTE simultaneous deployment, according to some aspects.
[0016] Figures 6A and 6B illustrate different strategies for TAU requests in TAC boundary areas, according to some aspects.
[0017] Figures 7A and 7B illustrate methods for TAU requests in TAC boundary areas, according to some aspects.
[0018] Figure 8 illustrates a UE Circuit Switched (CS) fallback in boundary areas, according to some aspects.
[0019] Figure 9 demonstrates a method for better voice quality in boundary areas, according to some aspects.
[0020] While the features described herein may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific aspects thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to be limiting to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the subject matter as defined by the appended claims.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0021] In general, embodiments are directed to devices, systems, and methods for improved fallback procedures with different wireless communication technologies. More specifically, embodiments provide procedures to avoid an RRC release due to a TAU conflict during a VoNR to VoLTE fallback. Embodiments also provide procedures to avoid large call setup delays when a UE falls back to a 2G / 3G call because of the status of the registration of the UE in a NR / LTE network is not complete.
[0022] During a VoNR to VoLTE fallback, a UE sends a TAU request to the LTE network. However, if the UE is moving or near a TAC boundary, the UE may transmit a second TAU request due to a TAC change to a different cell in the LTE network. As a result, a TAU conflict can arise and the call fails because the network is designed to use an RRC release in the event of multiple TAC requests.
[0023] Embodiments provide procedures to avoid an RRC release due to a TAU conflict associated with a VoNR to VoLTE fallback. In embodiments, the UE may evaluate the current radio frequency (RF) signals and voice service quality. Based on the measurements, in some embodiments, the UE may delay a second TAU request based on a service impact evaluation. In other embodiments, the UE may predict a moving route of the UE and / or avoid an early handover to a target cell in new TAC after the first TAU request. Accordingly, embodiments have the advantage of avoiding a call failure due to a TAU conflict.
[0024] Embodiments also provide procedures to avoid large call setup delays when a UE falls back to a 2G / 3G call because registration of the UE in a NR / LTE network is not complete. For example, a UE may leave an area (e.g., elevator, basement) with little or no cellular coverage (e.g., Circuit Switched (CS) , 2G, 3G communications) . When exiting the area, if the UE triggers a MO call after signal recovery, the call will fall back to a CS call if the IMS registration of the UE in another network (e.g., NR / LTE network) is on-going. This can result in a bad user experience due to the call setup delay and a lower Voice Mean Opinion Score (MOS) for the call.
[0025] In accordance with embodiments, when a UE triggers a call service during mobility in an Out of Service (OOS) / Inter-Radio Access Technology (iRAT) boundary area, the UE may evaluate the current RF conditions, IMS registration sub-status, and type of voice service to determine the best voice solution to implement. By considering the IMS sub-status, a lower call setup delay can be achieved, given that an IMS registration is typically much less than 4-5 seconds. In addition, the voice quality, or MOS, may be improved with selection of an appropriate voice service.
[0026] The following is a glossary of terms that may be used in this disclosure:
[0027] Memory Medium –Any of various types of non-transitory memory devices or storage devices. The term “memory medium” is intended to include an installation medium, e.g., a CD-ROM, floppy disks, or tape device; a computer system memory or random access memory such as DRAM, DDR RAM, SRAM, EDO RAM, Rambus RAM, etc.; a non-volatile memory such as a Flash, magnetic media, e.g., a hard drive, or optical storage; registers, or other similar types of memory elements, etc. The memory medium may include other types of non-transitory memory as well or combinations thereof. In addition, the memory medium may be located in a first computer system in which the programs are executed or may be located in a second different computer system which connects to the first computer system over a network, such as the Internet. In the latter instance, the second computer system may provide program instructions to the first computer for execution. The term “memory medium” may include two or more memory mediums which may reside in different locations, e.g., in different computer systems that are connected over a network. The memory medium may store program instructions (e.g., embodied as computer programs) that may be executed by one or more processors.
[0028] Carrier Medium –a memory medium as described above, as well as a physical transmission medium, such as a bus, network, and / or other physical transmission medium that conveys signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals.
[0029] Programmable Hardware Element -includes various hardware devices comprising multiple programmable function blocks connected via a programmable interconnect. Examples include FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) , PLDs (Programmable Logic Devices) , FPOAs (Field Programmable Object Arrays) , and CPLDs (Complex PLDs) . The programmable function blocks may range from fine grained (combinatorial logic or look up tables) to coarse grained (arithmetic logic units or processor cores) . A programmable hardware element may also be referred to as “reconfigurable logic. ”
[0030] Computer System –any of various types of computing or processing systems, including a personal computer system (PC) , mainframe computer system, workstation, network appliance, Internet appliance, personal digital assistant (PDA) , television system, grid computing system, or other device or combinations of devices. In general, the term “computer system” can be broadly defined to encompass any device (or combination of devices) having at least one processor that executes instructions from a memory medium.
[0031] User Equipment (UE) (also “User Device” or “UE Device” ) –any of various types of computer systems or devices that are mobile or portable and that perform wireless communications. Examples of UE devices include mobile telephones or smart phones (e.g., iPhoneTM, AndroidTM-based phones) , portable gaming devices (e.g., Nintendo DSTM, PlayStation PortableTM, Gameboy AdvanceTM, iPhoneTM) , laptops, wearable devices (e.g., smart watch, smart glasses) , PDAs, portable Internet devices, music players, data storage devices, other handheld devices, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) , in-car entertainment (ICE) devices, an instrument cluster, head-up display (HUD) devices, onboard diagnostic (OBD) devices, dashtop mobile equipment (DME) , mobile data terminals (MDTs) , Electronic Engine Management System (EEMS) , electronic / engine control units (ECUs) , electronic / engine control modules (ECMs) , embedded systems, microcontrollers, control modules, engine management systems (EMS) , networked or “smart” appliances, machine type communications (MTC) devices, machine-to-machine (M2M) , internet of things (IoT) devices, etc. In general, the term “UE” or “UE device” can be broadly defined to encompass any electronic, computing, and / or telecommunications device (or combination of devices) which is transportable by a user and capable of wireless communication.
[0032] Wireless Device –any of various types of computer systems or devices that perform wireless communications. A wireless device can be portable (or mobile) or may be stationary or fixed at a certain location. A UE is an example of a wireless device.
[0033] Communication Device –any of various types of computer systems or devices that perform communications, where the communications can be wired or wireless. A communication device can be portable (or mobile) or may be stationary or fixed at a certain location. A wireless device is an example of a communication device. A UE is another example of a communication device.
[0034] Base Station –The term “base station” or “wireless station” has the full breadth of its ordinary meaning, and at least includes a wireless communication station installed at a fixed location and used to communicate as part of a wireless telephone system or radio system. For example, if the base station is implemented in the context of LTE, it may alternately be referred to as an ‘eNodeB’ or ‘eNB’ . If the base station is implemented in the context of 5G NR, it may alternately be referred to as a ‘gNodeB’ or ‘gNB’ . Although certain aspects are described in the context of LTE or 5G NR, references to “eNB, ” “gNB, ” “nodeB, ” “base station, ” “NB, ” etc., may refer to one or more wireless nodes that service a cell to provide a wireless connection between user devices and a wider network generally and that the concepts discussed are not limited to any particular wireless technology. Although certain aspects are described in the context of LTE or 5G NR, references to “eNB, ” “gNB, ” “nodeB, ” “base station, ” “NB, ” etc., are not intended to limit the concepts discussed herein to any particular wireless technology and the concepts discussed may be applied in any wireless system.
[0035] Node –The term “node, ” or “wireless node” as used herein, may refer to one more apparatus associated with a cell that provide a wireless connection between user devices and a wired network generally.
[0036] Processing Element (or Processor) –refers to various elements or combinations of elements that are capable of performing a function in a device, such as a user equipment or a cellular network device. Processing elements may include, for example: processors and associated memory, portions or circuits of individual processor cores, entire processor cores, individual processors, processor arrays, circuits such as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) , programmable hardware elements such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) , as well any of various combinations of the above.
[0037] Channel -a medium used to convey information from a sender (transmitter) to a receiver. It should be noted that since characteristics of the term “channel” may differ according to different wireless protocols, the term “channel” as used herein may be considered as being used in a manner that is consistent with the standard of the type of device with reference to which the term is used. In some standards, channel widths may be variable (e.g., depending on device capability, band conditions, etc. ) . For example, LTE may support scalable channel bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20MHz. In contrast, WLAN channels may be 22MHz wide while Bluetooth channels may be 1Mhz wide. Other protocols and standards may include different definitions of channels. Furthermore, some standards may define and use multiple types of channels, e.g., different channels for uplink or downlink and / or different channels for different uses such as data, control information, etc.
[0038] Band -The term “band” has the full breadth of its ordinary meaning, and at least includes a section of spectrum (e.g., radio frequency spectrum) in which channels are used or set aside for the same purpose.
[0039] Automatically –refers to an action or operation performed by a computer system (e.g., software executed by the computer system) or device (e.g., circuitry, programmable hardware elements, ASICs, etc. ) , without user input directly specifying or performing the action or operation. Thus, the term “automatically” is in contrast to an operation being manually performed or specified by the user, where the user provides input to directly perform the operation. An automatic procedure may be initiated by input provided by the user, but the subsequent actions that are performed “automatically” are not specified by the user, i.e., are not performed “manually” , where the user specifies each action to perform. For example, a user filling out an electronic form by selecting each field and providing input specifying information (e.g., by typing information, selecting check boxes, radio selections, etc. ) is filling out the form manually, even though the computer system must update the form in response to the user actions. The form may be automatically filled out by the computer system where the computer system (e.g., software executing on the computer system) analyzes the fields of the form and fills in the form without any user input specifying the answers to the fields. As indicated above, the user may invoke the automatic filling of the form, but the user is not involved in the actual filling of the form (e.g., the user is not manually specifying answers to fields but rather they are being automatically completed) . The present specification provides various examples of operations being automatically performed in response to actions the user has taken.
[0040] Approximately -refers to a value that is almost correct or exact. For example, approximately may refer to a value that is within 1 to 10 percent of the exact (or desired) value. It should be noted, however, that the actual threshold value (or tolerance) may be application dependent. For example, in some aspects, “approximately” may mean within 0.1%of some specified or desired value, while in various other aspects, the threshold may be, for example, 2%, 3%, 5%, and so forth, as desired or as required by the particular application.
[0041] Concurrent –refers to parallel execution or performance, where tasks, processes, or programs are performed in an at least partially overlapping manner. For example, concurrency may be implemented using “strong” or strict parallelism, where tasks are performed (at least partially) in parallel on respective computational elements, or using “weak parallelism” , where the tasks are performed in an interleaved manner, e.g., by time multiplexing of execution threads.
[0042] Configured to -Various components may be described as “configured to” perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, “configured to” is a broad recitation generally meaning “having structure that” performs the task or tasks during operation. As such, the component can be configured to perform the task even when the component is not currently performing that task (e.g., a set of electrical conductors may be configured to electrically connect a module to another module, even when the two modules are not connected) . In some contexts, “configured to” may be a broad recitation of structure generally meaning “having circuitry that” performs the task or tasks during operation. As such, the component can be configured to perform the task even when the component is not currently on. In general, the circuitry that forms the structure corresponding to “configured to” may include hardware circuits.
[0043] Various components may be described as performing a task or tasks, for convenience in the description. Such descriptions should be interpreted as including the phrase “configured to. ” Reciting a component that is configured to perform one or more tasks is expressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112 (f) interpretation for that component.
[0044] Example Wireless Communication System
[0045] Turning now to Figure 1, a simplified example of a wireless communication system is illustrated, according to some aspects. It is noted that the system of Figure 1 is a non-limiting example of a possible system, and that features of this disclosure may be implemented in any of various systems, as desired.
[0046] As shown, the example wireless communication system includes a base station 102A, which communicates over a transmission medium with one or more user devices 106A and 106B, through 106Z. Each of the user devices may be referred to herein as a “user equipment” (UE) . Thus, the user devices 106 are referred to as UEs or UE devices.
[0047] The base station (BS) 102A may be a base transceiver station (BTS) or cell site (e.g., a “cellular base station” ) and may include hardware that enables wireless communication with the UEs 106A through 106Z.
[0048] The communication area (or coverage area) of the base station may be referred to as a “cell. ” The base station 102A and the UEs 106 may be configured to communicate over the transmission medium using any of various radio access technologies (RATs) , also referred to as wireless communication technologies, or telecommunication standards, such as GSM, UMTS (associated with, for example, WCDMA or TD-SCDMA air interfaces) , LTE, LTE-A, 5G NR, HSPA, 3GPP2 CDMA2000. Note that if the base station 102A is implemented in the context of LTE, it may alternately be referred to as an ‘eNodeB’ or ‘eNB’ . Note that if the base station 102A is implemented in the context of 5G NR, it may alternately be referred to as a ‘gNodeB’ or ‘gNB’ .
[0049] In some aspects, the UEs 106 may be IoT UEs, which may comprise a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections. An IoT UE may utilize technologies such as M2M or MTC for exchanging data with an MTC server or device via a public land mobile network (PLMN) , proximity service (ProSe) or device-to-device (D2D) communication, sensor networks, or IoT networks. The M2M or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network describes interconnecting IoT UEs, which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure) , with short-lived connections. As an example, vehicles to everything (V2X) may utilize ProSe features using a PC5 interface for direct communications between devices. The IoT UEs may also execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, and the like) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network.
[0050] As shown in Figure 1, the UEs 106, such as UE 106A and UE 106B, may directly exchange communication data via a PC5 interface 108A. Also, the UEs 106C, 106N, and 106Z, may collectively exchange communication data via a PC5 interfaces 108B, 108C, and 108D. In general, such PC5 interfaces are referred to as SL connections.
[0051] The PC5 interface 108 may comprise one or more physical channels, including but not limited to a Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH) , a Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH) , a Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH) , and a Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH) . The PC5 interface 108 may be responsible for direct communication between devices (unicast) , group messaging among select devices (groupcast) , and broadcast messaging in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein.
[0052] In V2X scenarios, one or more of the base stations 102 may be or act as Road Side Units (RSUs) . The term RSU may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable wireless node or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE, where an RSU implemented in or by a UE , eNB, or by a gNB. For example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs.
[0053] As shown, the base station 102A may also be equipped to communicate with a network 100 (e.g., a core network of a cellular service provider, a telecommunication network such as a public switched telephone network (PSTN) , and / or the Internet, among various possibilities) . Thus, the base station 102A may facilitate communication between the user devices and / or between the user devices and the network 100. In particular, the cellular base station 102A may provide UEs 106 with various telecommunication capabilities, such as voice, SMS and / or data services.
[0054] Base station 102A and other similar base stations (such as base stations 102B through 102N) operating according to the same or a different cellular communication standard may thus be provided as a network of cells, which may provide continuous or nearly continuous overlapping service to UEs 106A-106Z and similar devices over a geographic area via one or more cellular communication standards.
[0055] Thus, while base station 102A may act as a “serving cell” for UEs 106A-106Z as illustrated in Figure 1, each UE 106 may also be capable of receiving signals from (and possibly within communication range of) one or more other cells (which may be provided by base stations 102B-102Z and / or any other base stations) , which may be referred to as “neighboring cells. ” Such cells may also be capable of facilitating communication between user devices and / or between user devices and the network 100. Such cells may include “macro” cells, “micro” cells, “pico” cells, and / or cells which provide any of various other granularities of service area size. For example, base stations 102A and 102B illustrated in Figure 1 may be macro cells, while base station 102Z may be a micro cell. Other configurations are also possible.
[0056] In some aspects, base station 102A may be a next generation base station, (e.g., a 5G New Radio (5G NR) base station, or “gNB” ) . In some aspects, a gNB may be connected to a legacy evolved packet core (EPC) network and / or to a NR core (NRC) / 5G core (5GC) network. In addition, a gNB cell may include one or more transition and reception points (TRPs) . In addition, a UE capable of operating according to 5G NR may be connected to one or more TRPs within one or more gNBs. For example, it may be possible that that the base station 102A and one or more other base stations 102 support joint transmission, such that UE 106 may be able to receive transmissions from multiple base stations (and / or multiple TRPs provided by the same base station) . For example, as illustrated in Figure 1, both base station 102A and base station 102C are shown as serving UE 106A.
[0057] Note that a UE 106 may be capable of communicating using multiple wireless communication standards. For example, the UE 106 may be configured to communicate using a wireless networking (e.g., Wi-Fi) and / or peer-to-peer wireless communication protocol (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi peer-to-peer, and the like) in addition to some of the cellular communication protocols discussed herein. The UE 106 may also or alternatively be configured to communicate using one or more global navigational satellite systems (GNSS) (e.g., GPS or GLONASS) , one or more mobile television broadcasting standards (e.g., ATSC-M / H) , and / or any other wireless communication protocol, if desired. Other combinations of wireless communication standards (including more than two wireless communication standards) are also possible.
[0058] In one or more embodiments, the UE 106 may be a device with cellular communication capability such as a mobile phone, a hand-held device, a computer, a laptop, a tablet, a smart watch, or other wearable device, or virtually any type of wireless device.
[0059] The UE 106 may include a processor (processing element) that is configured to execute program instructions stored in memory. The UE 106 may perform any of the method aspects described herein by executing such stored instructions. Alternatively, or in addition, the UE 106 may include a programmable hardware element such as an FPGA (field-programmable gate array) , an integrated circuit, and / or any of various other possible hardware components that are configured to perform (e.g., individually or in combination) any of the method aspects described herein, or any portion of any of the method aspects described herein.
[0060] The UE 106 may include one or more antennas for communicating using one or more wireless communication protocols or technologies. In some aspects, the UE 106 may be configured to communicate using, for example, NR or LTE using at least some shared radio components. As additional possibilities, the UE 106 could be configured to communicate using CDMA2000 (1xRTT / 1xEV-DO / HRPD / eHRPD) or LTE using a single shared radio and / or GSM or LTE using the single shared radio. The shared radio may couple to a single antenna, or may couple to multiple antennas (e.g., for a multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) configuration) for performing wireless communications. In general, a radio may include any combination of a baseband processor, analog RF signal processing circuitry (e.g., including filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, and the like) , or digital processing circuitry (e.g., for digital modulation as well as other digital processing) . Similarly, the radio may implement one or more receive and transmit chains using the aforementioned hardware. For example, the UE 106 may share one or more parts of a receive and / or transmit chain between multiple wireless communication technologies, such as those discussed above.
[0061] In some aspects, the UE 106 may include separate transmit and / or receive chains (e.g., including separate antennas and other radio components) for each wireless communication protocol with which it is configured to communicate. As a further possibility, the UE 106 may include one or more radios which are shared between multiple wireless communication protocols, and one or more radios which are used exclusively by a single wireless communication protocol. For example, the UE 106 might include a shared radio for communicating using either of LTE or 5G NR (or either of LTE or 1xRTT, or either of LTE or GSM, among various possibilities) , and separate radios for communicating using each of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Other configurations are also possible.
[0062] In some aspects, a downlink resource grid may be used for downlink transmissions from any of the base stations 102 to the UEs 106, while uplink transmissions may utilize similar techniques. The grid may be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid may comprise a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a set of resource elements. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks.
[0063] One such channel is the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) that may carry user data and higher layer signaling to the UEs 106. The PDCCH may carry information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs 106 about the transport format, resource allocation, and HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) information related to the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE 102 within a cell) may be performed at any of the base stations 102 based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs 106. The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs.
[0064] The PDCCH may use control channel elements (CCEs) to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as resource element groups (REGs) . Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the Downlink Control Information (DCI) and the channel condition. There may be four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8) .
[0065] Example Communication Device
[0066] Figure 2 illustrates user equipment 106 (e.g., one of the devices 106A through 106N) in communication with a base station 102 or other user equipment 106, according to some aspects. The UE 106 may be a device with cellular communication capability such as a mobile phone, a hand-held device, a computer, a laptop, a tablet, a smart watch or other wearable device, or virtually any type of wireless device.
[0067] The UE 106 may include a processor (processing element) that is configured to execute program instructions stored in memory. The UE 106 may perform any of the method aspects described herein by executing such stored instructions. Alternatively, or in addition, the UE 106 may include a programmable hardware element such as an FPGA (field-programmable gate array) , an integrated circuit, and / or any of various other possible hardware components that are configured to perform (e.g., individually or in combination) any of the method aspects described herein, or any portion of any of the method aspects described herein.
[0068] The UE 106 may include one or more antennas for communicating using one or more wireless communication protocols or technologies. In some aspects, the UE 106 may be configured to communicate using, for example, NR or LTE using at least some shared radio components. As additional possibilities, the UE 106 could be configured to communicate using CDMA2000 (1xRTT / 1xEV-DO / HRPD / eHRPD) or LTE using a single shared radio and / or GSM or LTE using the single shared radio. The shared radio may couple to a single antenna, or may couple to multiple antennas (e.g., for MIMO) for performing wireless communications. In general, a radio may include any combination of a baseband processor, analog RF signal processing circuitry (e.g., including filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, etc. ) , or digital processing circuitry (e.g., for digital modulation as well as other digital processing) . Similarly, the radio may implement one or more receive and transmit chains using the aforementioned hardware. For example, the UE 106 may share one or more parts of a receive and / or transmit chain between multiple wireless communication technologies, such as those discussed above.
[0069] In some aspects, the UE 106 may include separate transmit and / or receive chains (e.g., including separate antennas and other radio components) for each wireless communication protocol with which it is configured to communicate. As a further possibility, the UE 106 may include one or more radios which are shared between multiple wireless communication protocols, and one or more radios which are used exclusively by a single wireless communication protocol. For example, the UE 106 might include a shared radio for communicating using either of LTE or 5G NR (or either of LTE or 1xRTT, or either of LTE or GSM, among various possibilities) , and separate radios for communicating using each of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Other configurations are also possible.
[0070] In some aspects, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the base stations 102 to the UEs 106, while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid may comprise a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks.
[0071] The PDSCH may carry user data and higher layer signaling to the UEs 106. The PDCCH may carry information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs 106 about the transport format, resource allocation, and H-ARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) information related to the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE 102 within a cell) may be performed at any of the base stations 102 based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs 106. The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs.
[0072] The PDCCH may use control channel elements (CCEs) to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as resource element groups (REGs) . Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the downlink control information (DCI) and the channel condition. There can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8) .
[0073] Figure 2 illustrates an example simplified block diagram of a communication device 106, according to some aspects. It is noted that the block diagram of the communication device of Figure 2 is only one example of a possible communication device. According to aspects, communication device 106 may be a user equipment (UE) device, a mobile device or mobile station, a wireless device or wireless station, a desktop computer or computing device, a mobile computing device (e.g., a laptop, notebook, or portable computing device) , a tablet, and / or a combination of devices, among other devices. As shown, the communication device 106 may include a set of components 200 configured to perform core functions. For example, this set of components may be implemented as a system on chip (SOC) , which may include portions for various purposes. Alternatively, this set of components 200 may be implemented as separate components or groups of components for the various purposes. The set of components 200 may be coupled (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to various other circuits of the communication device 106.
[0074] For example, the communication device 106 may include various types of memory (e.g., including NAND flash 210) , an input / output interface such as connector I / F 220 (e.g., for connecting to a computer system; dock; charging station; input devices, such as a microphone, camera, keyboard; output devices, such as speakers; etc. ) , the display 260, which may be integrated with or external to the communication device 106, and wireless communication circuitry 230 (e.g., for LTE, LTE-A, NR, UMTS, GSM, CDMA2000, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, GPS, etc. ) . In some aspects, communication device 106 may include wired communication circuitry (not shown) , such as a network interface card, e.g., for Ethernet.
[0075] The wireless communication circuitry 230 may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antenna (s) 335 as shown. The wireless communication circuitry 230 may include cellular communication circuitry and / or short to medium range wireless communication circuitry and may include multiple receive chains and / or multiple transmit chains for receiving and / or transmitting multiple spatial streams, such as in a multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) configuration.
[0076] In some aspects, as further described below, cellular communication circuitry 230 may include one or more receive chains (including and / or coupled to (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) dedicated processors and / or radios) for multiple RATs (e.g., a first receive chain for LTE and a second receive chain for 5G NR) . In addition, in some aspects, cellular communication circuitry 230 may include a single transmit chain that may be switched between radios dedicated to specific RATs. For example, a first radio may be dedicated to a first RAT, e.g., LTE, and may be in communication with a dedicated receive chain and a transmit chain shared with a second radio. The second radio may be dedicated to a second RAT, e.g., 5G NR, and may be in communication with a dedicated receive chain and the shared transmit chain. In some aspects, the second RAT may operate at mmWave frequencies. As mmWave systems operate in higher frequencies than typically found in LTE systems, signals in the mmWave frequency range are heavily attenuated by environmental factors. To help address this attenuating, mmWave systems often utilize beamforming and include more antennas as compared LTE systems. These antennas may be organized into antenna arrays or panels made up of individual antenna elements. These antenna arrays may be coupled to the radio chains.
[0077] The communication device 106 may also include and / or be configured for use with one or more user interface elements. The user interface elements may include any of various elements, such as display 260 (which may be a touchscreen display) , a keyboard (which may be a discrete keyboard or may be implemented as part of a touchscreen display) , a mouse, a microphone and / or speakers, one or more cameras, one or more buttons, and / or any of various other elements capable of providing information to a user and / or receiving or interpreting user input.
[0078] The communication device 106 may further include one or more smart cards 245 that include SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) functionality, such as one or more UICC (s) (Universal Integrated Circuit Card (s) ) cards 245.
[0079] As shown, the SOC 200 may include processor (s) 202, which may execute program instructions for the communication device 106 and display circuitry 204, which may perform graphics processing and provide display signals to the display 260. The processor (s) 202 may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU) 240, which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor (s) 202 and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory 206, read only memory (ROM) 250, NAND flash memory 210) and / or to other circuits or devices, such as the display circuitry 204, wireless communication circuitry 230, connector I / F 220, and / or display 260. The MMU 240 may be configured to perform memory protection and page table translation or set up. In some aspects, the MMU 240 may be included as a portion of the processor (s) 202.
[0080] As noted above, the communication device 106 may be configured to communicate using wireless and / or wired communication circuitry. As described herein, the communication device 106 may include hardware and software components for implementing any of the various features and techniques described herein. The processor 202 of the communication device 106 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium) . Alternatively (or in addition) , processor 202 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) , or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) . Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 202 of the communication device 106, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 200, 204, 206, 210, 220, 230, 240, 245, 250, 260 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein.
[0081] In addition, as described herein, processor 202 may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processor 202 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processor 202. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of processor (s) 202.
[0082] Further, as described herein, wireless communication circuitry 230 may include one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in wireless communication circuitry 230. Thus, wireless communication circuitry 230 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of wireless communication circuitry 230. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of wireless communication circuitry 230.
[0083] Example Base Station
[0084] Figure 3 illustrates an example block diagram of a base station 102, according to some aspects. It is noted that the base station of Figure 3 is merely one example of a possible base station. As shown, the base station 102 may include processor (s) 304 which may execute program instructions for the base station 102. The processor (s) 304 may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU) 340, which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor (s) 304 and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory 360 and read only memory (ROM) 350) or to other circuits or devices.
[0085] The base station 102 may include at least one network port 370. The network port 370 may be configured to couple to a telephone network and provide a plurality of devices, such as UE devices 106, access to the telephone network as described above in Figures 1 and 2.
[0086] The network port 370 (or an additional network port) may also or alternatively be configured to couple to a cellular network, e.g., a core network of a cellular service provider. The core network may provide mobility related services and / or other services to a plurality of devices, such as UE devices 106. In some cases, the network port 370 may couple to a telephone network via the core network, and / or the core network may provide a telephone network (e.g., among other UE devices serviced by the cellular service provider) .
[0087] In some aspects, base station 102 may be a next generation base station, e.g., a 5G New Radio (5G NR) base station, or “gNB. ” In such aspects, base station 102 may be connected to a legacy evolved packet core (EPC) network and / or to a NR core (NRC) / 5G core (5GC) network. In addition, base station 102 may be considered a 5G NR cell and may include one or more transition and reception points (TRPs) . In addition, a UE capable of operating according to 5G NR may be connected to one or more TRPs within one or more gNBs.
[0088] The base station 102 may include at least one antenna 334, and possibly multiple antennas. The at least one antenna 334 may be configured to operate as a wireless transceiver and may be further configured to communicate with UE devices 106 via radio 330. The antenna 334 communicates with the radio 330 via communication chain 332. Communication chain 332 may be a receive chain, a transmit chain or both. The radio 330 may be configured to communicate via various wireless communication standards, including, but not limited to, 5G NR, LTE, LTE-A, GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, Wi-Fi, etc.
[0089] The base station 102 may be configured to communicate wirelessly using multiple wireless communication standards. In some instances, the base station 102 may include multiple radios, which may enable the base station 102 to communicate according to multiple wireless communication technologies. For example, as one possibility, the base station 102 may include an LTE radio for performing communication according to LTE as well as a 5G NR radio for performing communication according to 5G NR. In such a case, the base station 102 may be capable of operating as both an LTE base station and a 5G NR base station. When the base station 102 supports mmWave, the 5G NR radio may be coupled to one or more mmWave antenna arrays or panels. As another possibility, the base station 102 may include a multi-mode radio, which is capable of performing communications according to any of multiple wireless communication technologies (e.g., 5G NR and LTE, 5G NR and Wi-Fi, LTE and Wi-Fi, LTE and UMTS, LTE and CDMA2000, UMTS and GSM, etc. ) .
[0090] As described further subsequently herein, the BS 102 may include hardware and software components for implementing or supporting implementation of features described herein. The processor 304 of the base station 102 may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the methods described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable memory medium) . Alternatively, the processor 304 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) , or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) , or a combination thereof. Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 304 of the BS 102, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 330, 332, 334, 340, 350, 360, 370 may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the features described herein.
[0091] In addition, as described herein, processor (s) 304 may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processor (s) 304 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processor (s) 304. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of processor (s) 304.
[0092] Further, as described herein, radio 330 may include one or more processing elements. Thus, radio 330 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of radio 330. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of radio 330.
[0093] VoNR and EPS Fallback Enhancements in Cell Boundary Areas
[0094] Figure 4 shows an RRC release from a TAU conflict, according to some aspects. In Figure 4, a UE is connected to a 5G network and receives a report configuration regarding signal quality in the 5G network in Step 402. For example, the UE receives reportConfig that includes “a2-threshold rsrp” associated with the 5G network. If the reported RSRP is less than a threshold, e.g., less than 100 dBm, the UE initiates a fallback to a first 4G-Cell (e.g., LTE Cell 6 of Figure 5) in Step 404. For the fallback, the UE transmits a first TAU request to the 4G-Cell in Step 406. However, due to a UE mobility or conditions, the UE transmits a second TAU request to different 4G-Cell (e.g., LTE Cell 8 of Figure 5) with a different TAC in Step 408. Because the network is designed to handle multiple TAC requests with an RRC release, the network releases the UE in Step 410. The result is call failure in Step 412.
[0095] The UE may be more susceptible to such a call failure 412 at TAC boundaries. For example, Figure 5 illustrates UE mobility issues in an NR / LTE simultaneous deployment, according to some aspects. In Figure 5, the UE is connected with Cell 3 or Cell 4 in NR-TAC 1 and the UE is moving towards NR-TAC 2. In Cell 6, the signal quality at the UE may drop below a threshold, instigating a fallback 505 to the LTE network, specifically a fallback 505 to Cell 6 of LTE-TAC 1. Given the UE’s mobility, the UE may attempt to handover to Cell 8 of LTE-TAC 2. However, given the different TACs, a call may fail due to a TAU conflict.
[0096] Figure 5 also demonstrates issues using Evolved Packet System Fallback (EPSFB) procedures. For example, if a UE is camping on Cell 6 of NR-TAC 1 and starts a EPSFB procedure during the UE mobility, the UE may be redirected to Cell 6 of LTE-TAC 1 and transmit a first TAU request. When the UE moves to Cell 8 of LTE-TAC 2, a second TAU request is triggered due to the TAC change, while the first TAU request is on-going. As a result, an EPSFB call setup may fail at TAC boundaries.
[0097] As noted above, embodiments disclosed herein provide procedures and devices for avoiding the RRC release due to the TAU conflict during a VoNR to VoLTE fallback.
[0098] Figures 6A and 6B illustrate different strategies for TAU requests in TAC boundary areas, according to some aspects.
[0099] Figure 6A demonstrates a strategy for the UE in an old TAC cell, according to some aspects. In Figure 6A, the UE is camping in the NR-RAN network at Step 602. In Step 604, the UE falls back to an LTE network, specifically LTE-TAC 1. As part of the fallback, the UE transmits a first TAU request to the network in LTE-TAC 1 in Step 606. Then, as a result of signal quality or UE mobility, the UE prepares for a handover to LTE-TAC 2 in Step 608.
[0100] In accordance with embodiments, the UE evaluates the current RF conditions and voice service quality, and the UE delays the handover request 610. For example, the UE may delay transmitting a measurement report (MR) for the handover. The delay provides time to receive a response to the first TAU request in TAC 1 at Step 612. Then, when the UE moves into LTE-TAC 2 at Step 614, the UE can transmit the second TAU request for LTE-TAC 2 at Step 616. The UE may then receive an acceptance of the second TAU request in Step 618 without any conflicts. This results in a successful voice service transfer 620, without an RRC release due to a TAU / TAC conflict. Thus, embodiments predict a moving route and avoid an early handover to a target cell with a new TAC until after acceptance of the old TAC.
[0101] Figure 6B demonstrates a strategy for the UE in a new TAC cell, according to some aspects. Similar to Figure 6A, in Figure 6B, the UE camps on the NR-RAN network at Step 622. In Step 624, the UE falls back to an LTE network, specifically LTE-TAC 1. As part of the fallback, the UE transmits a first TAU request to the network in LTE-TAC 1 in Step 626.
[0102] The UE moves into LTE-TAC 2 by a network handover in Step 628. In these embodiments, a service impact evaluation is performed, and the second TAU request transmission is delayed 630. In accordance with embodiments, because of the delay, the UE receives acceptance of the first TAU request from LTE-TAC 2 in Step 632. After receiving the acceptance of first TAU request, the UE transmits the second TAU request for LTE-TAC 2 in Step 636. In Step 638, the UE receives an acceptance of the second TAU request in LTE-TAC 2. This results in a successful voice service transfer 640, without an RRC release due to a TAU / TAC conflict. Thus, these embodiments may also avoid an early handover to a target cell with a new TAC until after acceptance of the old TAC.
[0103] Figures 7A and 7B illustrate methods for TAU requests in TAC boundary areas, according to some aspects. The methods illustrated in Figures 7A and 7B employ strategies described in Figures 6A and 6B. As previously described, A UE falls back from a NR network to an LTE network 702. As part of the fallback, the UE transmits a first TAU request to the LTE network at 704.
[0104] In accordance with embodiments, it is determined if the network is configured for a handover at 710. That is, if the network / UE is not configuring a MR for a handover (No at 710) , then the process may follow legacy procedures in the current LTE cell at 708. If the network is configuring a MR for a handover (Yes at 710) , the method proceeds to 712 where it is determined if the candidate cell (or target cell) for the handover is in a new TAC. An autonomous gap measurement may be used to determine if the candidate cell is in a new TAC. If the candidate cell for handover is not in a different TAC (No at 712) , the method follows the legacy implementation at 714, given that a second TAU request will not be transmitted.
[0105] In the candidate cell is in a different TAC (Yes at 712) , the current RF and voice quality are evaluated at 716. For example, if a current RSRP is greater than a threshold-handover RSRP (threshold_HO_RSRP) and / or the Voice MOS is greater than a threshold (threshold_HO_MOS) , the MR is postponed with a delay (Delay_HO) .
[0106] Based on the evaluation at 716, the UE determines if the request should be postponed at 718. If the request is postponed (Yes at 718) , the request is delayed at 720. The delay provides time to receive the acceptance from the first TAU request. Such delays are analogous to those demonstrated in Figure 6A. After the delay, if the first TAU has been accepted (Yes at 722) , the UE may perform a handover with a candidate cell without failure with the first TAU completed at 726.
[0107] If the first TAU has not been accepted (No at 722) , the UE may proceed to perform the handover with the first TAU acceptance still on going at 724. Also, based on the evaluation at 716, the UE may not postpone the request (No at 718) and proceed to perform the handover with the first TAU acceptance still on going at 724.
[0108] The method may then proceed to Figure 7B which employs aspects of the disclosure described in Figure 6B. In Figure 7B, the UE moves into a target cell at 728. Then, if an acceptance of the first TAU request has been received (Yes at 730) , a second TAU request may be transmitted on the target cell without conflict at 732.
[0109] If an acceptance of the first TAU request has not been received (No at 730) , the UE evaluates how long to wait for an acceptance at 734. The evaluation may include evaluating how long the UE should wait in view of the delayed second TAU request impacting the call. For example, if the user settings are “focus On” or “call Waiting Off” (i.e., the UE is not expecting an answer to a call immediately) , the UE can postpone the second TAU request for a set period of time (e.g., 10s) . The UE may still postpone the second TAU request for a period of time (e.g., Delay_TAU) , shorter than the set period of time, to reduce the impact on the call.
[0110] If an acceptance of the first TAU request has been received before the second TAU request (Yes at 736) , the voice call continues without interruptions using the second TAU triggers at 738. If the first acceptance of the first TAU request has not been received before the second TAU request (No at 736) , a hit call failure will likely still occur at 740. However, it is noted that given the delays and strategies disclosed, the methods will rarely reach the hit call failure at 740. The hit call failure at 740 is presented for completeness and inclusion of potential outcomes.
[0111] Figures 7A and 7B demonstrate a single process that combines aspects of both Figures 6A and 6B; however, embodiments disclosed herein are not limited as such. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that only portions of Figures 7A and 7B may be employed to avoid a TAC conflict described.
[0112] Embodiments also provide procedures to avoid large call setup delays when a UE falls back to a 2G / 3G call because registration of the UE in a NR / LTE network is not complete. For example, if a UE enters or leave an elevator with no cellular coverage; a UE recovers a lost connection (crash) ; or a UE leaves an area with an earlier-developed RAT (e.g., CS, 2G, or 3G communications) such as a basement or garage, a UE will fall back to the older coverage if a MO call is initiated while registration with a more recently-developed RAT (e.g., PS, 4G, 5G, LTE, NR) is ongoing.
[0113] Figure 8 illustrates a UE CS fallback in boundary areas, according to some aspects. In such embodiments, the boundary refers to a boundary between an older / non-service communication area (e.g., OOS / 2G / 3G) and a more updated area coverage (e.g., PS, 4G, 5G, LTE, NR) . In Figure 8, the UE is connected to OOS / 2G / 3G area at 802. At 804, the UE moved into the coverage area of the NR / LTE area (e.g., the UE exiting an elevator) . The UE begins the initial registration with the NR / LTE network at 806. However, at 808 the UE triggers a MO call. Because the registration with the NR / LTE network is on-going, the UE triggered call at 808 causes the UE to fall back to a call on the OOS / 2G / 3G network (or a CS call) at 810. The combined UE trigging a call and fallback results in a delayed call set up at 812 because CS call take longer to set up. In addition, the quality of the call is diminished because the quality of a call would be greater in the NR / LTE network.
[0114] Embodiments avoid such a large call setup delay and improve quality of the call by evaluating the current conditions of the RF and registration sub-status. Figure 9 demonstrates a method for better voice quality in boundary areas, according to some aspects. In Figure 9, the UE moves (or recovers) to an NR / LTE cell at 902. The UE triggers a MO call with the IMS registration with the NR / LTE network is ongoing at 904.
[0115] First, the UE determines if the call is an emergency call with 2G / 3G only at 906. If the call is an emergency call (Yes at 906) , the method immediately falls back to the 2G / 3G network and completes the emergency call in accordance with the established emergency polices.
[0116] If the call is not an emergency call (No at 906) , the UE evaluates the RF and IMS registration sub-status at 910. The evaluation may include evaluating whether a current NR / LTE RSRP is greater than a threshold RSRP. The evaluation may also include determining if the current IMS registration is on-going or if the current IMS is suspended as a result of another non-voice attachment or registration. Under such conditions, the UE may delay the MO call for IMS completion. The evaluation at 910 considers the above to determine if VoNR / VoLTE is preferable for a better user experience. Embodiments may employ an evaluation algorithm to determine the appropriate action.
[0117] For example, if the NR / LTE RSRP is greater than a threshold (Yes at 912) and the registration sub-status is valid for waiting (Yes at 914) , the call is postponed allowing time for the registration at 916. If either of these conditions are not met (No at 912 or No at 914) , the method falls back to the 2G / 3G network at 908.
[0118] The call may be delayed at 916 for a period of time (e.g., threshold_IMS) to allow for completion of the IMS registration. If the registration is complete in time (Yes at 920) , the call may be triggered on the NR / LTE network at 922. Otherwise (No at 920) , the call falls back to the 2G / 3G network for the call at 908.
[0119] Embodiments described by Figure 9 make the call set up delay shorter. IMS registration typically takes much less than 4-5 seconds; therefore, by inserting the appropriate delay, embodiments reduce the overall amount of time that would be needed to set up the call. Furthermore, embodiments will improve the voice quality of the call, given that the quality of communication is better in the NR / LTE network when compared to CS / 2G / 3G network communication.
[0120] Aspects of the present disclosure may be realized in any of various forms. For example, some aspects may be realized as a computer-implemented method, a computer-readable memory medium, or a computer system. Other aspects may be realized using one or more custom-designed hardware devices such as ASICs. Still other aspects may be realized using one or more programmable hardware elements such as FPGAs.
[0121] In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium may be configured so that it stores program instructions and / or data, where the program instructions, if executed by a computer system, cause the computer system to perform a method, e.g., any of a method aspects described herein, or, any combination of the method aspects described herein, or, any subset of any of the method aspects described herein, or, any combination of such subsets.
[0122] In some aspects, a device (e.g., a UE 106, a BS 102) may be configured to include a processor (or a set of processors) and a memory medium, where the memory medium stores program instructions, where the processor is configured to read and execute the program instructions from the memory medium, where the program instructions are executable to implement any of the various method aspects described herein (or, any combination of the method aspects described herein, or, any subset of any of the method aspects described herein, or, any combination of such subsets) . The device may be realized in any of various forms.
[0123] Although the aspects above have been described in considerable detail, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.
Claims
1.A method performed by a User Equipment (UE) , the method comprising:falling back from New Radio (NR) to Long Term Evolution (LTE) communication in a first cell with a first Tracking Area Code (TAC) ;transmitting a first Tracking Area Update (TAU) request to a network;delaying, for a preset amount of time, a request for a handover to a second cell with a second TAC;receiving, after the delay, a first TAU accept message in the first TAC;transmitting a second TAU request to the network; andreceiving a second TAU accept message in the second TAC.2.The method of claim 1, further comprising:determining that a current Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) is greater than a threshold RSRP prior to the delay.3.The method of claims 1 or 2, further comprising:determining that a Voice Mean Opinion Score (MOS) is greater than a threshold MOS prior to the delay.4.The method of any of claims 1 to 3, further comprising:performing an autonomous gap measurement to determine that the second cell is in the second TAC.5.A method performed by a User Equipment (UE) , the method comprising:falling back from New Radio (NR) to Long Term Evolution (LTE) communication in a first cell with a first Tracking Area Code (TAC) ;transmitting a first Tracking Area Update (TAU) request to a network;delaying, for a set amount of time, a second TAU request in a second cell with a second TAC;receiving, after the delay, a first TAU accept message in the second cell with the first TAC;transmitting a second TAU request to the network; andreceiving a second TAU accept message in the second cell with the second TAC.6.The method of claim 5, further comprising:determining that a current Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) is not greater than a threshold RSRP prior to the delay.7.The method of claims 5 or 6, further comprising:determining that a Voice Mean Opinion Score (MOS) is not greater than a threshold MOS prior to the delay.8.The method of claim 5, wherein the set amount of time is based on user settings.9.A method performed by a User Equipment (UE) , the method comprising:initiating a Mobile Originated (MO) call during an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) registration of the UE to a first network;evaluating a signal strength and a current status of the IMS registration; anddelaying the MO call for a period of time.10.The method of claim 9, further comprising:continuing the MO call on the first network after the delay.11.The method of claim 9, wherein the first network is a 4G or 5G network.12.The method of claim 9, further comprising:falling back from the first network to a second network; andmaking the MO call using the second network.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the second network is a 2G or 3G network.14.The method of claim 9, wherein the signal strength is greater than a threshold and the current status of the IMS registration indicates that the MO call may be delayed.15.The method of claim 9, wherein the MO call is not an emergency call.16.A User Equipment (UE) configured to perform the methods of any of claims 1–15.17.A non-transitory computer readable medium configured to store and execute instructions configured to cause a processor to perform the methods of any of claims 1–15.18.A baseband processor configured to execute instructions to cause a UE to perform the methods of any of claims 1–15.
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