Ai / ML model id signaling for RRM enhancement

Abstract

An apparatus of a base station (BS) comprising one or more processors coupled to a memory and configured to decode, at the BS, a UE capability message received from a UE comprising: one or more radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model IDs of RRM Al models that are supported by the UE. The RRM Al models are configured to be mapped to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM. The processors and memory can encode, at the BS, assistance information from a serving cell of the BS for the UE, wherein the assistance information includes: an RRM Al model ID of an RRM Al model for the BS; and an SSB index beam mapping for the BS for the RRM Al model. RRM can be performed with the UE using the RRM Al model for the BS with the SSB index beam mapping.

Description

AI / ML MODEL ID SIGNALING FOR RRM ENHANCEMENTFIELD

[0001] Embodiments of the invention relate to wireless communications, including apparatuses, systems, and methods for mapping a radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM.DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

[0002] Wireless communication systems are rapidly growing in usage. In recent years, wireless devices such as smart phones and tablet computers have become increasingly sophisticated. In addition to supporting telephone calls, many mobile devices now provide access to the internet, email, text messaging, and navigation using the global positioning system (GPS) and are capable of operating sophisticated applications that utilize these functionalities.

[0003] Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been the technology of choice for the majority of wireless network operators worldwide, providing mobile broadband data and high-speed Internet access to their subscriber base. LTE was first proposed in 2004 and was first standardized in 2008. Since then, as usage of wireless communication systems has expanded exponentially, demand has risen for wireless network operators to support a higher capacity for a higher density of mobile broadband users. In 2015, a study of a new radio access technology began and, in 2017, a first release of Fifth Generation New Radio (5G NR) was standardized.

[0004] 5G-NR, also simply referred to as NR, provides, as compared to LTE, a higher capacity for a higher density of mobile broadband users, while also supporting device-to-device, ultra-reliable, and massive machine type communications with lower latency and / or lower battery consumption. Further, NR may allow for more flexible UE scheduling as compared to current LTE.Consequently, efforts are being made in ongoing developments of 5G-NR to take advantage of higher throughputs possible at higher frequencies.

[0005] Wireless communication systems provide mobility by enabling user equipment (UEs) to move between cells via a process referred to as handover. Handover occurs when a mobile UE switches from one cell to another neighboring cell. Mechanisms have been established to help ensure a smooth transition between cells. NR supports different types of handover that were not supported in the previous 4G LTE specification. The basic handover in NR has been based on LTE handover mechanisms in which the network controls UE mobility based on UE measurement reporting. This measurement reporting typically involves Layer 3 (L3) measurements of neighbor cells and reporting from the UE to the eNB.SUMMARY

[0006] Embodiments relate to wireless communications, and more particularly to apparatuses, systems, and methods for an apparatus of a base station (BS) comprising one or more processors coupled to a memory and configured to decode, at the BS, a UE capability message received from a UE comprising: one or more radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model IDs of RRM Al models that are supported by the UE. The RRM Al models are configured to be mapped to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM. The processors and memory can encode, at the BS, assistance information from a serving cell of the BS for the UE, wherein the assistance information includes: an RRM Al model ID of an RRM Al model for the BS; and an SSB index beam mapping for the BS for the RRM Al model. RRM can be performed with the UE using the RRM Al model for the BS with the SSB index beam mapping.

[0007] Other embodiments relate to an apparatus of a user equipment (UE), the apparatus comprising: one or more processors, coupled to a memory, configured to: encode, for transmission to a serving cell having a base station (BS), a UE capability message comprising one or more radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model identifications (IDs) of one or more RRM Al modelsavailable at the UE for FIRM measurements, wherein each RRM Al model is configured to be mapped to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM; decode, at the UE, assistance information from the serving cell, wherein the assistance information includes: an RRM Al model ID for one or more neighbor cells; and a transmit beam pattern for the one or more neighbor cells to enable the transmit beam pattern to be mapped to an RRM Al model; and perform RRM for the one or more neighbor cells using the RRM Al model mapped to the transmit beam pattern for the RRM Al model ID associated with the one or more neighbor cells.

[0008] The techniques described herein may be implemented in and / or used with a number of different types of devices, including but not limited to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned aerial controllers (UACs), base stations, access points, cellular phones, tablet computers, wearable computing devices, portable media players, and any of various other computing devices.

[0009] This Summary is intended to provide a brief overview of some of the subject matter described in this document. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the above-described features are merely examples and should not be construed to narrow the scope or spirit of the subject matter described herein in any way. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter described herein will become apparent from the following Detailed Description, Figures, and Claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] A better understanding of the present subject matter can be obtained when the following detailed description of various embodiments is considered in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:

[0011] FIG. 1 A illustrates an example wireless communication system according to some embodiments.

[0012] FIG. 1 B illustrates an example of a base station and an access point in communication with a user equipment (UE) device, according to some embodiments.

[0013] FIG. 2 illustrates an example block diagram of a base station, according to some embodiments.

[0014] FIG. 3 illustrates an example block diagram of a server according to some embodiments.

[0015] FIG. 4 illustrates an example block diagram of a UE according to some embodiments.

[0016] FIG. 5 illustrates an example block diagram of cellular communication circuitry, according to some embodiments.

[0017] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a baseband processor architecture for a UE, according to some embodiments.

[0018] FIG. 7 illustrates an example block diagram of an interface of baseband circuitry according to some embodiments.

[0019] FIG. 8 illustrates an example diagram of a legacy based radio resource monitoring (RRM) process, in accordance with some embodiments.

[0020] FIG. 9 illustrates an example illustration of a synchronization signal block (SSB), in accordance with some embodiments.

[0021] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of an AI / ML RRM measurement enhancement to reduce overhead, in accordance with some embodiments.

[0022] FIG. 1 1 illustrates an example of an AI / ML RRM measurement enhancement to reduce overhead and also reduce delay in accordance with some embodiments.

[0023] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of an AI / ML RRM measurement enhancement to reduce delay and further reduce overhead in accordance with some embodiments.

[0024] FIG. 13 illustrates an example of an AI / ML RRM measurement enhancement to further reduce delay and overhead in accordance with some embodiments.

[0025] FIG. 14 illustrates an example of using an Al model to interpolatebetween reduced measurements in accordance with some embodiments.

[0026] FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a serving cell performing RRM measurements with a selected pattern in accordance with some embodiments.

[0027] FIG. 16 illustrates an example in which a serving cell and a neighbor cell have different Tx beam characteristics in accordance with some embodiments.

[0028] FIG. 17 illustrates an example of communication and messaging between a UE, a serving cell, one or more of L neighbor cells, and a server in accordance with some embodiments.

[0029] FIG. 18 illustrates an example flow chart of a method of mapping a radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM, in accordance with some embodiments.

[0030] FIG. 19 illustrates another example flow chart of a method of mapping a radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM, in accordance with some embodiments.

[0031] While the features described herein may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to be limiting to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the subject matter as defined by the appended claims.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONTerms

[0032] The following is a glossary of terms used in this disclosure:

[0033] Memory Medium - Any of various types of non-transitory memory devices or storage devices. The term “memory medium” is intended to include an installation medium, e.g., a CD-ROM, floppy disks, or tape device; a computersystem memory or random-access memory such as DRAM, DDR RAM, SRAM, EDO RAM, Rambus RAM, etc.; a non-volatile memory such as a Flash, magnetic media, e.g., a hard drive, or optical storage; registers, or other similar types of memory elements, etc. The memory medium may include other types of non- transitory memory as well or combinations thereof. In addition, the memory medium may be located in a first computer system in which the programs are executed, or may be located in a second different computer system which connects to the first computer system over a network, such as the Internet. In the latter instance, the second computer system may provide program instructions to the first computer for execution. The term “memory medium” may include two or more memory mediums which may reside in different locations, e.g., in different computer systems that are connected over a network. The memory medium may store program instructions (e.g., embodied as computer programs) that may be executed by one or more processors.

[0034] Carrier Medium - a memory medium as described above, as well as a physical transmission medium, such as a bus, network, and / or other physical transmission medium that conveys signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals.

[0035] Programmable Hardware Element includes various hardware devices comprising multiple programmable function blocks connected via a programmable interconnect. Examples include FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays), PLDs (Programmable Logic Devices), FPOAs (Field Programmable Object Arrays), and CPLDs (Complex PLDs). The programmable function blocks may range from fine grained (combinatorial logic or look up tables) to coarse grained (arithmetic logic units or processor cores). A programmable hardware element may also be referred to as "reconfigurable logic”.

[0036] Computer System (or Computer) - any of various types of computing or processing systems, including a personal computer system (PC), mainframe computer system, workstation, network appliance, Internet appliance, personal digital assistant (PDA), television system, grid computing system, or other device or combinations of devices. In general, the term "computer system" can be broadlydefined to encompass any device (or combination of devices) having at least one processor that executes instructions from a memory medium.

[0037] User Equipment (UE) (or “UE Device”) - any of various types of computer systems devices which are mobile or portable and which performs wireless communications. Examples of UE devices include mobile telephones or smart phones (e.g., iPhone™, Android™-based phones), portable gaming devices (e.g., Nintendo DS™, PlayStation Portable™, Gameboy Advance™, iPhone™), laptops, wearable devices (e.g., smart watch, smart glasses), PDAs, portable Internet devices, music players, data storage devices, other handheld devices, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., drones), UAV controllers (UACs), and so forth. In general, the term “UE” or “UE device” can be broadly defined to encompass any electronic, computing, and / or telecommunications device (or combination of devices) which is easily transported by a user and capable of wireless communication.

[0038] Base Station - The term "Base Station" has the full breadth of its ordinary meaning, and at least includes a wireless communication station installed at a fixed location and used to communicate as part of a wireless telephone system or radio system.

[0039] Processing Element (or Processor) - refers to various elements or combinations of elements that are capable of performing a function in a device, such as a user equipment or a cellular network device. Processing elements may include, for example: processors and associated memory, portions or circuits of individual processor cores, entire processor cores, processor arrays, circuits such as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), programmable hardware elements such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA), as well any of various combinations of the above.

[0040] Channel - a medium used to convey information from a sender (transmitter) to a receiver. It should be noted that since characteristics of the term “channel” may differ according to different wireless protocols, the term “channel” as used herein may be considered as being used in a manner that is consistent with the standard of the type of device with reference to which the term is used. In some standards, channel widths may be variable (e.g., depending on device capability,band conditions, etc.). For example, LTE may support scalable channel bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20MHz. 5G NR can support scalable channel bandwidths from 5 MHz to 100 MHz in Frequency Range 1 (FR1 ) and up to 400 MHz in FR2. In other radio access technologies, WLAN channels may be 22 MHz wide while Bluetooth channels may be 1 MHz wide. Other protocols and standards may include different definitions of channels. Furthermore, some standards may define and use multiple types of channels, e.g., different channels for uplink or downlink and / or different channels for different uses such as data, control information, etc.

[0041] Band - The term "band" has the full breadth of its ordinary meaning, and at least includes a section of spectrum (e.g., radio frequency spectrum) in which channels are used or set aside for the same purpose.

[0042] Automatically - refers to an action or operation performed by a computer system (e.g., software executed by the computer system) or device (e.g., circuitry, programmable hardware elements, ASICs, etc.), without user input directly specifying or performing the action or operation. Thus, the term "automatically" is in contrast to an operation being manually performed or specified by the user, where the user provides input to directly perform the operation. An automatic procedure may be initiated by input provided by the user, but the subsequent actions that are performed “automatically” are not specified by the user, i.e., are not performed “manually”, where the user specifies each action to perform. For example, a user filling out an electronic form by selecting each field and providing input specifying information (e.g., by typing information, selecting check boxes, radio selections, etc.) is filling out the form manually, even though the computer system will update the form in response to the user actions. The form may be automatically filled out by the computer system where the computer system (e.g., software executing on the computer system) analyzes the fields of the form and fills in the form without any user input specifying the answers to the fields. As indicated above, the user may invoke the automatic filling of the form, but is not involved in the actual filling of the form (e.g., the user is not manually specifying answers to fields but rather they are being automatically completed). The presentspecification provides various examples of operations being automatically performed in response to actions the user has taken.

[0043] Approximately - refers to a value that is almost correct or exact. For example, approximately may refer to a value that is within 1 to 10 percent of the exact (or desired) value. It should be noted, however, that the actual threshold value (or tolerance) may be application dependent. For example, in some embodiments, “approximately” may mean within 0.1% of some specified or desired value, while in various other embodiments, the threshold may be, for example, 2%, 3%, 5%, and so forth, as desired or as set by the particular application.

[0044] Concurrent - refers to parallel execution or performance, where tasks, processes, or programs are performed in an at least partially overlapping manner. For example, concurrency may be implemented using “strong” or strict parallelism, where tasks are performed (at least partially) in parallel on respective computational elements, or using “weak parallelism”, where the tasks are performed in an interleaved manner, e.g., by time multiplexing of execution threads.

[0045] Full Tx codebook: represents the whole set of Tx beams at each BS.

[0046] Probing / pilot codebook: a sparse subset of the full Tx codebook or another set of beams with wider beam widths used to form spatial beams and compute FtSRP values and serve as the input to an AI / ML model.

[0047] Various components may be described as “configured to” perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, “configured to” is a broad recitation generally meaning “having structure that” performs the task or tasks during operation. As such, the component can be configured to perform the task even when the component is not currently performing that task (e.g., a set of electrical conductors may be configured to electrically connect a module to another module, even when the two modules are not connected). In some contexts, “configured to” may be a broad recitation of structure generally meaning “having circuitry that” performs the task or tasks during operation. As such, the component can be configured to perform the task even when the component is not currently on. In general, the circuitry that forms thestructure corresponding to “configured to” may include hardware circuits.

[0048] Various components may be described as performing a task or tasks, for convenience in the description. Such descriptions should be interpreted as including the phrase “configured to.” Reciting a component that is configured to perform one or more tasks is expressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 1 12(f) interpretation for that component.

[0049] The example embodiments may be further understood with reference to the following description and the related appended drawings, wherein like elements are provided with the same reference numerals. The example embodiments relate to measurement opportunity sharing between Layer 1 and Layer 3.

[0050] The example embodiments are described with regard to communication between a base station (BS) and a user equipment (UE). However, reference to a BS or a UE is merely provided for illustrative purposes. The example embodiments may be utilized with any electronic component that may establish a connection to a network and is configured with the hardware, software, and / or firmware to support gapless RRM measurements. Therefore, the BS or UE as described herein is used to represent any appropriate type of electronic component.

[0051] The example embodiments are also described with regard to a fifth generation (5G) New Radio (NR) network that may configure a UE to control the measurement opportunity sharing between L3 measurements and L1 measurements based on a network configurable sharing factor. However, reference to a 5G NR network is merely provided for illustrative purposes. The example embodiments may be utilized with any appropriate type of network.

[0052] Throughout this description various information elements (lEs) are referred to by specific names. It should be understood that these names are only examples and the lEs carrying the information referred to throughout this description may be referred to by other names by various entities.Figures 1 A and 1 B: Communication Systems

[0053] FIG. 1 A illustrates a simplified example wireless communication system, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the system of FIG. 1 A is merely one example of a possible system, and that features of this disclosure may be implemented in any of various systems, as desired.

[0054] As shown, the example wireless communication system includes a base station 102A which communicates over a transmission medium with one or more user devices 106A, 106B, etc., through 106N. Each of the user devices may be referred to herein as a “user equipment” (UE). Thus, the user devices 106 are referred to as UEs or UE devices.

[0055] The base station (BS) 102A may be a base transceiver station (BTS) or cell site (a “cellular base station”) and may include hardware that enables wireless communication with the UEs 106A through 106N.

[0056] The communication area (or coverage area) of the base station may be referred to as a “cell.” The base station 102A and the UEs 106 may be configured to communicate over the transmission medium using any of various radio access technologies (RATs), also referred to as wireless communication technologies, or telecommunication standards, such as GSM, UMTS (associated with, for example, WCDMA or TD-SCDMA air interfaces), LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), 5G new radio (5G NR), HSPA, 3GPP2 CDMA2000 (e.g., 1 xRTT, 1xEV-DO, HRPD, eHRPD), etc. Note that if the base station 102A is implemented in the context of LTE, also referred to as the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN, it may alternately be referred to as an 'eNodeB' or ‘eNB’. Note that if the base station 102A is implemented in the context of 5G NR, it may alternately be referred to as ‘gNodeB’ or ‘gNB’.

[0057] As shown, the base station 102A may also be equipped to communicate with a network 100 (e.g., a core network of a cellular service provider, a telecommunication network such as a public switched telephone network (PSTN), and / or the Internet, among various possibilities). Thus, the base station 102A may facilitate communication between the user devices and / or between the user devices and the network 100. In particular, the cellular base station 102A mayprovide UEs 106 with various telecommunication capabilities, such as voice, SMS and / or data services.

[0058] Base station 102A and other similar base stations (such as base stations 102B...102N) operating according to the same or a different cellular communication standard may thus be provided as a network of cells, which may provide continuous or nearly continuous overlapping service to UEs 106A-N and similar devices over a geographic area via one or more cellular communication standards.

[0059] Thus, while base station 102A may act as a “serving cell” for UEs 106A- N as illustrated in FIG. 1 A, each UE 106 may also be capable of receiving signals from (and possibly within communication range of) one or more other cells (which might be provided by base stations 102B-N and / or any other base stations), which may be referred to as “neighboring cells”. Such cells may also be capable of facilitating communication between user devices and / or between user devices and the network 100. Such cells may include “macro” cells, “micro” cells, “pico” cells, and / or cells which provide any of various other granularities of service area size. For example, base stations 102A-B illustrated in FIG. 1 A might be macro cells, while base station 102N might be a micro cell. Other configurations are also possible.

[0060] In some embodiments, base station 102A may be a next generation base station, e.g., a 5G New Radio (5G NR) base station, or “gNB”. In some embodiments, a BS may be connected to a legacy evolved packet core (EPC) network and / or to a NR core (NRC) network. In addition, a BS cell may include one or more transition and reception points (TRPs). In addition, a UE capable of operating according to 5G NR may be connected to one or more TRPs within one or more BSs.

[0061] Note that a UE 106 may be capable of communicating using multiple wireless communication standards. For example, the UE 106 may be configured to communicate using a wireless networking (e.g., Wi-Fi) and / or peer-to-peer wireless communication protocol (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi peer-to-peer, etc.) inaddition to at least one cellular communication protocol (e.g., GSM, UMTS (associated with, for example, WCDMA or TD-SCDMA air interfaces), LTE, LTE-A, 5G NR, HSPA, 3GPP2 CDMA2000 (e.g., 1 xRTT, 1xEV-DO, HRPD, eHRPD), etc.). The UE 106 may also or alternatively be configured to communicate using one or more global navigational satellite systems (GNSS, e.g., GPS or GLONASS), one or more mobile television broadcasting standards (e.g., ATSC-M / H or DVB-H), and / or any other wireless communication protocol, if desired. Other combinations of wireless communication standards (including more than two wireless communication standards) are also possible.

[0062] FIG. 1 B illustrates user equipment 106 (e.g., one of the devices 106A through 106N) in communication with a base station 102 and an access point 1 12, according to some embodiments. The UE 106 may be a device with both cellular communication capability and non-cellular communication capability (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and so forth) such as a mobile phone, a hand-held device, a computer or a tablet, or virtually any type of wireless device.

[0063] The UE 106 may include a processor that is configured to execute program instructions stored in memory. The UE 106 may perform any of the method embodiments described herein by executing such stored instructions. Alternatively, or in addition, the UE 106 may include a programmable hardware element such as an FPGA (field-programmable gate array) that is configured to perform any of the method embodiments described herein, or any portion of any of the method embodiments described herein.

[0064] The UE 106 may include one or more antennas for communicating using one or more wireless communication protocols or technologies. In some embodiments, the UE 106 may be configured to communicate using, for example, CDMA2000 (1 xRTT / 1 xEV-DO / HRPD / eHRPD), LTE / LTE- Advanced, or 5G NR using a single shared radio and / or GSM, LTE, LTE-Advanced, or 5G NR using the single shared radio. The shared radio may couple to a single antenna, or may couple to multiple antennas (e.g., for MIMO) for performing wireless communications. In general, a radio may include any combination of a baseband processor, analog RF signal processing circuitry (e.g., including filters, mixers,oscillators, amplifiers, etc.), or digital processing circuitry (e.g., for digital modulation as well as other digital processing). Similarly, the radio may implement one or more receive and transmit chains using the aforementioned hardware. For example, the UE 106 may share one or more parts of a receive and / or transmit chain between multiple wireless communication technologies, such as those discussed above.

[0065] In some embodiments, the UE 106 may include separate transmit and / or receive chains (e.g., including separate antennas and other radio components) for each wireless communication protocol with which it is configured to communicate. As a further possibility, the UE 106 may include one or more radios which are shared between multiple wireless communication protocols, and one or more radios which are used exclusively by a single wireless communication protocol. For example, the UE 106 might include a shared radio for communicating using either of LTE or 5G NR (or LTE or IxRTTor LTE or GSM), and separate radios for communicating using each of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Other configurations are also possible.FIG. 2: Block Diagram of a Base Station

[0066] FIG. 2 illustrates an example block diagram of a base station 102, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the base station of FIG. 2 is merely one example of a possible base station. As shown, the base station 102 may include processor(s) 204 which may execute program instructions for the base station 102. The processor(s) 204 may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU) 240, which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor(s) 204 and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory 260 and read only memory (ROM) 250) or to other circuits or devices.

[0067] The base station 102 may include at least one network port 270. The network port 270 may be configured to couple to a telephone network and provide a plurality of devices, such as UE devices 106, access to the telephone network as described above in Figures 1 and 2.

[0068] The network port 270 (or an additional network port) may also oralternatively be configured to couple to a cellular network, e.g., a core network of a cellular service provider. The core network may provide mobility related services and / or other services to a plurality of devices, such as UE devices 106. In some cases, the network port 270 may couple to a telephone network via the core network, and / or the core network may provide a telephone network (e.g., among other UE devices serviced by the cellular service provider).

[0069] In some embodiments, base station 102 may be a next generation base station, e.g., a 5G New Radio (5G NR) base station, or “gNB”. In such embodiments, base station 102 may be connected to a legacy evolved packet core (EPC) network and / or to a NR core (NRC) network. In addition, base station 102 may be considered a 5G NR cell and may include one or more transition and reception points (TRPs). In addition, a UE capable of operating according to 5G NR may be connected to one or more TRPs within one or more BSs.

[0070] The base station 102 may include at least one antenna 234, and possibly multiple antennas. The at least one antenna 234 may be configured to operate as a wireless transceiver and may be further configured to communicate with UE devices 106 via radio 230. The antenna 234 communicates with the radio 230 via communication chain 232. Communication chain 232 may be a receive chain, a transmit chain or both. The radio 230 may be configured to communicate via various wireless communication standards, including, but not limited to, 5G NR, LTE, LTE-A, GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, Wi-Fi, etc.

[0071] The base station 102 may be configured to communicate wirelessly using multiple wireless communication standards. In some instances, the base station 102 may include multiple radios, which may enable the base station 102 to communicate according to multiple wireless communication technologies. For example, as one possibility, the base station 102 may include an LTE radio for performing communication according to LTE as well as a 5G NR radio for performing communication according to 5G NR. In such a case, the base station 102 may be capable of operating as both an LTE base station and a 5G NR base station. As another possibility, the base station 102 may include a multi-mode radio which is capable of performing communications according to any of multiplewireless communication technologies (e.g., 5G NR and Wi-Fi, LTE and Wi-Fi, LTE and UMTS, LTE and CDMA2000, UMTS and GSM, etc.).

[0072] As described further subsequently herein, the BS 102 may include hardware and software components for implementing or supporting implementation of features described herein. The processor 204 of the base station 102 may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the methods described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). Alternatively, the processor 204 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), or a combination thereof.Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 204 of the BS 102, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 230, 232, 234, 240, 250, 260, 270 may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the features described herein.

[0073] In addition, as described herein, processor(s) 204 may be comprised of one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in processor(s) 204. Thus, processor(s) 204 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processor(s) 204. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of processor(s) 204.

[0074] Further, as described herein, radio 230 may be comprised of one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in radio 230. Thus, radio 230 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of radio 230. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of radio 230.

[0075] In some embodiments, the base station or BS 102, and / or processors 204 thereof, can be capable of and configured to perform RRM with the UE 106configured to use an RRM Al model with an RRM Al model ID for the BS 102 with the SSB index beam mapping.FIG. 3: Block Diagram of a Server

[0076] FIG. 3 illustrates an example block diagram of a server 104, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the server of FIG. 3 is merely one example of a possible server. As shown, the server 104 may include processor(s) 344 which may execute program instructions for the server 104. The processor(s) 344 may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU) 374, which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor(s) 344 and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory 364 and read only memory (ROM) 354) or to other circuits or devices.

[0077] The server 104 may be configured to provide a plurality of devices, such as base station 102, and UE devices 106 access to network functions, e.g., as further described herein.

[0078] In some embodiments, the server 104 may be part of a radio access network, such as a 5G New Radio (5G NR) radio access network. In some embodiments, the server 104 may be connected to a legacy evolved packet core (EPC) network and / or to a NR core (NRC) network.

[0079] As described herein, the server 104 may include hardware and software components for implementing or supporting implementation of features described herein. The processor 344 of the server 104 may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the methods described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). Alternatively, the processor 344 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), or a combination thereof. Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 344 of the server 104, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 354, 364, and / or 374 may be configured to implement or support implementation of part orall of the features described herein.

[0080] In addition, as described herein, processor(s) 344 may be comprised of one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in processor(s) 344. Thus, processor(s) 344 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processor(s) 344. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of processor(s) 344.FIG. 4: Block Diagram of a User Equipment

[0081] FIG. 4 illustrates an example simplified block diagram of a communication device 106, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the block diagram of the communication device of FIG. 4 is only one example of a possible communication device. According to embodiments, communication device 106 may be a user equipment (UE) device, a mobile device or mobile station, a wireless device or wireless station, a desktop computer or computing device, a mobile computing device (e.g., a laptop, notebook, or portable computing device), a tablet, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a UAV controller (UAC) and / or a combination of devices, among other devices. As shown, the communication device 106 may include a set of components 400 configured to perform core functions. For example, this set of components may be implemented as a system on chip (SOO), which may include portions for various purposes. Alternatively, this set of components 400 may be implemented as separate components or groups of components for the various purposes. The set of components 400 may be coupled (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to various other circuits of the communication device 106.

[0082] For example, the communication device 106 may include various types of memory (e.g., including NAND flash 410), an input / output interface such as connector l / F 420 (e.g., for connecting to a computer system; dock; charging station; input devices, such as a microphone, camera, keyboard; output devices,such as speakers; etc.), the display 460, which may be integrated with or external to the communication device 106, and cellular communication circuitry 430 such as for 5G NR, LTE, GSM, etc., and short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 (e.g., Bluetooth™ and WLAN circuitry). In some embodiments, communication device 106 may include wired communication circuitry (not shown), such as a network interface card, e.g., for Ethernet.

[0083] The cellular communication circuitry 430 may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antennas 435 and 436 as shown. The short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 may also couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antennas 437 and 438 as shown. Alternatively, the short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to the antennas 435 and 436 in addition to, or instead of, coupling (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to the antennas 437 and 438. The short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 and / or cellular communication circuitry 430 may include multiple receive chains and / or multiple transmit chains for receiving and / or transmitting multiple spatial streams, such as in a multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) configuration.

[0084] In some embodiments, as further described below, cellular communication circuitry 430 may include dedicated receive chains (including and / or coupled to, e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly, dedicated processors and / or radios) for multiple RATs (e.g., a first receive chain for LTE and a second receive chain for 5G NR). In addition, in some embodiments, cellular communication circuitry 430 may include a single transmit chain that may be switched between radios dedicated to specific RATs. For example, a first radio may be dedicated to a first RAT, e.g., LTE, and may be in communication with a dedicated receive chain and a transmit chain shared with an additional radio, e.g., a second radio that may be dedicated to a second RAT, e.g., 5G NR, and may be in communication with a dedicated receive chain and the shared transmit chain.

[0085] The communication device 106 may also include and / or be configured for use with one or more user interface elements. The user interface elements mayinclude any of various elements, such as display 460 (which may be a touchscreen display), a keyboard (which may be a discrete keyboard or may be implemented as part of a touchscreen display), a mouse, a microphone and / or speakers, one or more cameras, one or more buttons, and / or any of various other elements capable of providing information to a user and / or receiving or interpreting user input.

[0086] The communication device 106 may further include one or more smart cards 445 that include SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) functionality, such as one or more UICC(s) (Universal Integrated Circuit Card(s)) cards 445. Note that the term “SIM” or “SIM entity” is intended to include any of various types of SIM implementations or SIM functionality, such as the one or more UICC(s) cards 445, one or more eUlCCs, one or more eSIMs, either removable or embedded, etc. In some embodiments, the UE 106 may include at least two SIMs. Each SIM may execute one or more SIM applications and / or otherwise implement SIM functionality. Thus, each SIM may be a single smart card that may be embedded, e.g., may be soldered onto a circuit board in the UE 106, or each SIM 410 may be implemented as a removable smart card. Thus, the SIM(s) may be one or more removable smart cards (such as UICC cards, which are sometimes referred to as “SIM cards”), and / or the SIMs 410 may be one or more embedded cards (such as embedded UICCs (eUlCCs), which are sometimes referred to as “eSIMs” or “eSIM cards”). In some embodiments (such as when the SIM(s) include an eUlCC), one or more of the SIM(s) may implement embedded SIM (eSIM) functionality; in such an embodiment, a single one of the SIM(s) may execute multiple SIM applications. Each of the SIMs may include components such as a processor and / or a memory; instructions for performing SIM / eSIM functionality may be stored in the memory and executed by the processor. In some embodiments, the UE 106 may include a combination of removable smart cards and fixed / non-removable smart cards (such as one or more eUlCC cards that implement eSIM functionality), as desired. For example, the UE 106 may comprise two embedded SIMs, two removable SIMs, or a combination of one embedded SIMs and one removable SIMs. Various other SIM configurations are also contemplated.

[0087] As noted above, in some embodiments, the UE 106 may include two ormore SIMs. The inclusion of two or more SIMs in the UE 106 may allow the UE 106 to support two different telephone numbers and may allow the UE 106 to communicate on corresponding two or more respective networks. For example, a first SIM may support a first RAT such as LTE, and a second SIM 410 support a second RAT such as 5G NR. Other implementations and RATs are of course possible. In some embodiments, when the UE 106 comprises two SIMs, the UE 106 may support Dual SIM Dual Active (DSDA) functionality. The DSDA functionality may allow the UE 106 to be simultaneously connected to two networks (and use two different RATs) at the same time, or to simultaneously maintain two connections supported by two different SIMs using the same or different RATs on the same or different networks. The DSDA functionality may also allow the UE 106 to simultaneously receive voice calls or data traffic on either phone number. In certain embodiments the voice call may be a packet switched communication. In other words, the voice call may be received using voice over LTE (VoLTE) technology and / or voice over NR (VoNR) technology. In some embodiments, the UE 106 may support Dual SIM Dual Standby (DSDS) functionality. The DSDS functionality may allow either of the two SIMs in the UE 106 to be on standby waiting for a voice call and / or data connection. In DSDS, when a call / data is established on one SIM, the other SIM is no longer active. In some embodiments, DSDx functionality (either DSDA or DSDS functionality) may be implemented with a single SIM (e.g., a eUlCC) that executes multiple SIM applications for different carriers and / or RATs.

[0088] As shown, the SOC 400 may include processor(s) 402, which may execute program instructions for the communication device 106 and display circuitry 404, which may perform graphics processing and provide display signals to the display 460. The processor(s) 402 may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU) 440, which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor(s) 402 and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory 406, read only memory (ROM) 450, NAND flash memory 410) and / or to other circuits or devices, such as the display circuitry 404, short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429, cellular communication circuitry 430,connector l / F 420, and / or display 460. The MMU 440 may be configured to perform memory protection and page table translation or set up. In some embodiments, the MMU 440 may be included as a portion of the processor(s) 402.

[0089] As described herein, the communication device 106 may include hardware and software components for implementing the above features for a communication device 106 to communicate a scheduling profile for power savings to a network. The processor 402 of the communication device 106 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). Alternatively (or in addition), processor 402 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 402 of the communication device 106, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 400, 404, 406, 410, 420, 429, 430, 440, 445, 450, 460 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein.

[0090] In addition, as described herein, processor 402 may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processor 402 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processor 402. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of processor(s) 402.

[0091] Further, as described herein, cellular communication circuitry 430 and short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 may each include one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in cellular communication circuitry 430 and, similarly, one or more processing elements may be included in short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429. Thus, cellular communication circuitry 430 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of cellular communication circuitry 430. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of cellular communication circuitry 430. Similarly, the short tomedium range wireless communication circuitry 429 may include one or more ICs that are configured to perform the functions of short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429.

[0092] In some embodiments, the UE 106 and / or the processors 402 thereof can be configured to and / or capable of performing RRM with the UE configured to use the RRM Al model with the RRM Al model ID for the BS with the SSB index beam mapping, as described herein.FIG. 5: Block Diagram of Cellular Communication Circuitry

[0093] FIG. 5 illustrates an example simplified block diagram of cellular communication circuitry, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the block diagram of the cellular communication circuitry of FIG. 5 is only one example of a possible cellular communication circuit. According to embodiments, cellular communication circuitry 530, which may be cellular communication circuitry 430, may be included in a communication device, such as communication device 106 described above. As noted above, communication device 106 may be a user equipment (UE) device, a mobile device or mobile station, a wireless device or wireless station, a desktop computer or computing device, a mobile computing device (e.g., a laptop, notebook, or portable computing device), a tablet and / or a combination of devices, among other devices.

[0094] The cellular communication circuitry 530 may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antennas 435a-b and 436 as shown (in FIG. 4). In some embodiments, cellular communication circuitry 530 may include dedicated receive chains (including and / or coupled to, e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly, dedicated processors and / or radios) for multiple RATs (e.g., a first receive chain for LTE and a second receive chain for 5G NR). For example, as shown in FIG. 5, cellular communication circuitry 530 may include a modem 510 and a modem 520. Modem510 may be configured for communications according to a first RAT, e.g., such as LTE or LTE-A, and modem 520 may be configured for communications according to a second RAT, e.g., such as 5G NR.

[0095] As shown, modem 510 may include one or more processors 512 and a memory 516 in communication with processors 512. Modem 510 may be in communication with a radio frequency (RF) front end 535. RF front end 535 may include circuitry for transmitting and receiving radio signals. For example, RF front end 535 may include receive circuitry (RX) 532 and transmit circuitry (TX) 534. In some embodiments, receive circuitry 532 may be in communication with downlink (DL) front end 550, which may include circuitry for receiving radio signals via antenna 335a.

[0096] Similarly, modem 520 may include one or more processors 522 and a memory 526 in communication with processors 522. Modem 520 may be in communication with an RF front end 540. RF front end 540 may include circuitry for transmitting and receiving radio signals. For example, RF front end 540 may include receive circuitry 542 and transmit circuitry 544. In some embodiments, receive circuitry 542 may be in communication with DL front end 560, which may include circuitry for receiving radio signals via antenna 335b.

[0097] In some embodiments, a switch 570 may couple transmit circuitry 534 to uplink (UL) front end 572. In addition, switch 570 may couple transmit circuitry 544 to UL front end 572. UL front end 572 may include circuitry for transmitting radio signals via antenna 336. Thus, when cellular communication circuitry 530 receives instructions to transmit according to the first RAT (e.g., as supported via modem 510), switch 570 may be switched to a first state that allows modem 510 to transmit signals according to the first RAT (e.g., via a transmit chain that includes transmit circuitry 534 and UL front end 572). Similarly, when cellular communication circuitry 530 receives instructions to transmit according to the second RAT (e.g., as supported via modem 520), switch 570 may be switched to a second state that allows modem 520 to transmit signals according to the second RAT (e.g., via a transmit chain that includes transmit circuitry 544 and UL front end 572).

[0098] As described herein, the modem 510 may include hardware and software components for implementing the above features or for time division multiplexing UL data for NSA NR operations, as well as the various other techniques described herein. The processors 512 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). Alternatively (or in addition), processor 512 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 512, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 530, 532, 534, 535, 550, 570, 572, 335a, 335b, and 336 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein.

[0099] In addition, as described herein, processors 512 may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processors 512 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processors 512. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of processors 512.

[0100] The processors 522 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). Alternatively (or in addition), processor 522 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 522, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 540, 542, 544, 550, 570, 572, 335a, 335b, and 336 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein.

[0101] In addition, as described herein, processors 522 may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processors 522 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processors 522. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of processors 522.

[0102] In some embodiments, the processors 512, 522 can be configured for performing RRM with the UE 106 configured to use the RRM Al model with an RRM Al model ID for the BS 102 with the SSB index beam mapping, as further described herein.FIG. 6: Block Diagram of a Baseband Processor Architecture for a UE

[0103] FIG. 6 illustrates example components of a device 600 in accordance with some embodiments. It is noted that the device of FIG. 6 is merely one example of a possible system, and that features of this disclosure may be implemented in any of various UEs, as desired.

[0104] In some embodiments, the device 600 may include application circuitry 602, baseband circuitry 604, Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry 606, front-end module (FEM) circuitry 608, one or more antennas 610, and power management circuitry (PMC) 612 coupled together at least as shown. The components of the illustrated device 600 may be included in a UE 106 or a RAN node 102A. In some embodiments, the device 600 may include less elements (e.g., a RAN node may not utilize application circuitry 602, and instead include a processor / controller to process IP data received from an EPC). In some embodiments, the device 600 may include additional elements such as, for example, memory / storage, display, camera, sensor, or input / output (I / O) interface. In other embodiments, the components described below may be included in more than one device (e.g., said circuitries may be separately included in more than one device for Cloud-RAN (C- RAN) implementations).

[0105] The application circuitry 602 may include one or more application processors. For example, the application circuitry 602 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processor(s) may include any combination of general-purpose processors and dedicated processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processors may be coupled with or may include memory / storage and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory / storage to enable variousapplications or operating systems to run on the device 600. In some embodiments, processors of application circuitry 602 may process IP data packets received from an EPC.

[0106] The baseband circuitry 604 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuitry 604 may include one or more baseband processors or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry 606 and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 606. Baseband processing circuity 604 may interface with the application circuitry 602 for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry 606. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 604 may include a third generation (3G) baseband processor 604A, a fourth generation (4G) baseband processor 604B, a fifth generation (5G) baseband processor 604C, or other baseband processor(s) 604D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., second generation (2G), sixth generation (6G), etc.). The baseband circuitry 604 (e.g., one or more of baseband processors 604A-D) may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry 606. In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 604A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory 604G and executed via a Central Processing Unit (CPU) 604E. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation / demodulation, encoding / decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation / demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 604 may include Fast- Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping / demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding / decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry 604 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder / decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation / demodulation and encoder / decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments.

[0107] In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 604 may include one ormore audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP) 604F. The audio DSP(s) 604F may be include elements for compression / decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. Components of the baseband circuitry may be suitably combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board in some embodiments. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 604 and the application circuitry 602 may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC).

[0108] In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 604 may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 604 may support communication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (ELITRAN) or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN). Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry 604 is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.

[0109] RF circuitry 606 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry 606 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry 606 may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 608 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry 604. RF circuitry 606 may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 604 and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 608 for transmission.

[0110] In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry 606 may include mixer circuitry 606a, amplifier circuitry 606b and filter circuitry 606c. In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 606 may include filter circuitry 606c and mixer circuitry 606a. RF circuitry 606 may also include synthesizer circuitry 606d for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry606a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 608 based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry 606d. The amplifier circuitry 606b may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 606c may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry 604 for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a necessity. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0111] In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 606d to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 608. The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry 604 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 606c.

[0112] In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 606a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 606a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 606a may be arranged for direct downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 606a of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation.

[0113] In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of theembodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry 606 may include analog- to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry 604 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry 606.

[0114] In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0115] In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 606d may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N / N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 606d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.

[0116] The synthesizer circuitry 606d may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 606a of the RF circuitry 606 based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 606d may be a fractional N / N+1 synthesizer.

[0117] In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a necessity. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 604 or the applications processor 602 depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the applications processor 602.

[0118] Synthesizer circuitry 606d of the RF circuitry 606 may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g.,based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.

[0119] In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 606d may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuitry 606 may include an IQ / polar converter.

[0120] FEM circuitry 608 may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas 610, amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry 606 for further processing. FEM circuitry 608 may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry 606 for transmission by one or more of the one or more antennas 610. In various embodiments, the amplification through the transmit or receive signal paths may be done solely in the RF circuitry 606, solely in the FEM 608, or in both the RF circuitry 606 and the FEM 608.

[0121] In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 608 may include a TX / RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 606). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 608 may include a poweramplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry 606), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas 610).

[0122] In some embodiments, the PMC 612 may manage power provided to the baseband circuitry 604. In particular, the PMC 612 may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMC 612 may often be included when the device 600 is capable of being powered by a battery, for example, when the device is included in a UE. The PMC 612 may increase the power conversion efficiency while providing desirable implementation size and heat dissipation characteristics.

[0123] While FIG. 6 shows the PMC 612 coupled only with the baseband circuitry 604, in other embodiments the PMC 612 may be additionally or alternatively coupled with, and perform similar power management operations for, other components such as, but not limited to, application circuitry 602, RF circuitry 606, or FEM 608.

[0124] In some embodiments, the PMC 612 may control, or otherwise be part of, various power saving mechanisms of the device 600. For example, if the device 600 is in a radio resource control Connected (RRC Connected) state, where it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the device 600 may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power.

[0125] If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the device 600 may transition off to an RRC Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The device 600 goes into a very low power state and it performs paging where again it periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. The device 600 may not receive data in this state, in order to receive data, it will transition back to RRCJDonnected state.

[0126] An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailableto the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device is totally unreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay is acceptable.

[0127] Processors of the application circuitry 602 and processors of the baseband circuitry 604 may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry 604, alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 3, Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the application circuitry 604 may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 4 functionality (e.g., transmission communication protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) layers). As referred to herein, Layer 3 (L3) may comprise a radio resource control (RRC) layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 2 (L2) may comprise a medium access control (MAC) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1 (L1 ) may comprise a physical (PHY) layer of a UE / RAN node, described in further detail below. Accordingly, the baseband circuitry 604 can be used to encode a message for transmission between a UE and a BS, or decode a message received between a UE and a BS.

[0128] For example, the baseband circuitry 604 can be used to decode, at the BS, a UE capability message received from a UE comprising one or more radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model IDs of RRM Al models that are supported by the UE, wherein each RRM Al model is configured to be mapped to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM; and encode, at the BS, assistance information from a serving cell of the BS for the UE, wherein the assistance information includes an RRM Al model ID of an RRM Al model for the BS; and an SSB index beam mapping for the BS for the RRM Al model. These examples are not intended to be limiting. The baseband circuitry can be used as previously described.FIG. 7: Block Diagram of an Interface of Baseband Circuitry

[0129] FIG. 7 illustrates example interfaces of baseband circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. It is noted that the baseband circuitry of FIG. 7 is merely one example of a possible circuitry, and that features of this disclosure may be implemented in any of various systems, as desired.

[0130] As discussed above, the baseband circuitry 604 of FIG. 6 may comprise processors 604A-604E and a memory 604G utilized by said processors. Each of the processors 604A-604E may include a memory interface, 704A-704E, respectively, to send / receive data to / from the memory 604G.

[0131] The baseband circuitry 604 may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries / devices, such as a memory interface 712 (e.g., an interface to send / receive data to / from memory external to the baseband circuitry 604), an application circuitry interface 714 (e.g., an interface to send / receive data to / from the application circuitry 602 of FIG. 6), an RF circuitry interface 716 (e.g., an interface to send / receive data to / from RF circuitry 606 of FIG. 6), a wireless hardware connectivity interface 718 (e.g., an interface to send / receive data to / from Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components), and a power management interface 720 (e.g., an interface to send / receive power or control signals to / from the PMC 612.FIGs. 8-17: AI / ML Model ID Signaling for RRM Enhancement

[0132] The transition from 3GPP LTE to NR provided the promise of significantly increased bandwidth to provide greater download and upload speeds with reduced latency. One technique for accomplishing this is through the use of higher frequency bands. The NR specification is split into two frequency bands, frequency range one (FR1 ), covering bands within the frequency range of 410 MHz to 7.125 GHz, and frequency range two (FR2), covering bands that are greater than 7.125 GHz, including bands with center frequencies from 28 GHz to 60 GHz, and single channel bandwidths from 50 MHz up to 400 MHz, and even 2000 MHzfor band n263.

[0133] The so called millimeter wave frequencies in FR2 can provide much greater bandwidth and transmission speeds to user equipment relative to the smaller 3GPP bands in FR1. However, the higher frequency ranges in FR2 also result in much greater signal losses caused by absorption of the millimeter wave carrier signals in the atmosphere.

[0134] To overcome the significant signal losses in FR2, while still meeting the specific absorption rate (SAR) transmission power limits at the UE within each country, the NR specification has adopted the use of beamforming. By transmitting power in a relatively narrow beam, a signal can propagate over a greater distance to a receiver relative to a transmission using an omnidirectional or wide angle antenna.

[0135] In traditional beam management, the UE typically performs measurements across a set of transmit, receive (Tx, Rx) beam pairs. In one example, the number of Tx beams is M and the number of UE beams is N. Measuring the layer 3 (L3) received signal received power (RSRP) of all M x N beam pairs and selecting the best beam can lead to a large measurement overhead.

[0136] The overhead consumed in using reference signals (RS), such as channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) or synchronization signal block (SSB) for radio resource monitoring (RRM) is quite high in the current 3GPP NR specification. For example, when the SSB measurement timing configuration (SMTC) periodicity is 20 milliseconds (ms), the related SMTC overhead in FR2 is 25% with 5 ms SSB bursts. Accordingly, it is quite beneficial to reduce the number of beams at bot the Tx and / or Rx sides in L3 related measurements.

[0137] Artificial Intelligence and machine learning (AI / ML) can be used to enhance the measurement and reporting of L3 related measurements for the Tx, Rx beam pairs. AI / ML can be used to reduce the delay in L3 measurements by minimizing the Tx / Rx beam sweeping set (spatial beam prediction). An SMTC window duration can be reduced by reducing a beam sweeping factor. This canreduce measurement delay.

[0138] In addition, AI / ML can be used to assist in L3 measurement reduction by periodically skipping Tx / Rx beam sweeping. This can increase the periodicity of the SMTC window, thereby reducing overhead. As a result of minimizing the L3 measurements, there can also be a reduction in scheduling restrictions, thereby increasing throughput. Accordingly, the use of AI / ML models can increase periodicity, increase throughput, and reduce measurement delay.

[0139] However, modern NR networks can comprise a wide variety of different types of cells and radio access networks (RANs). Each cell may be configured for a different number of consecutive synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) (4, 8, or 64) that are used for beam management, depending on the frequency range at which the cell is operating (FR1 , or FR2). In addition, the order in which beams are transmitted can be different at different cells. As a UE moves through a 5G network, and handover occurs from cell to cell, SSB beam index mapping can be used to enable different AI / ML models to be designed, trained, and used between different cells in a cellular network, depending on the configuration of each cell.

[0140] FIG. 8 provides an example diagram of a legacy based radio resource monitoring (RRM) process. In a traditional RRM process, a BS is configured to transmit a sequence of M Tx beams 802 with different directions. The BS can transmit each of the M Tx beams during an SMTC window 806. Each of the beams is associated with a specific SSB. A UE, such as UE 106, may only be configured to receive on one receive chain at a time. To enable each Rx beam to be measured with each Tx beam, the UE can be configured to direct a separate Rx beam 808 in a different direction during each SMTC window 806. In this example, there are N = 4 Rx beams (with N different directions) and M = 8 Tx beams (with 8 different directions). There is a delay 810 over the period used to perform RRM measurements for each of the 4 x 8 Rx, Tx beam combinations.

[0141] The overhead used to perform the measurements can be as high as 25%. In addition, cells in FR2 can be relatively small (a few hundred feet in diameter). As a UE moves through different cells, a high amount of overhead willbe used to perform legacy based RRM measurements.

[0142] FIG. 9 provides an example illustration of a synchronization signal block (SSB) 900 that is used in NR to assist a UE 106 in establishing a connection with a BS 102 in a cell. The SSB 900 comprises 4 OFDM symbols in the time domain, and 20 resource blocks (RB) in the frequency domain. Each RB includes 12 subcarriers. The SSB includes a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). The PBCH can include demodulation reference signals (DRMS) and data. In NR, there are many different cases of Time Domain patterns of SSB Transmission for different frequency ranges and subcarrier spacing (SCS). The maximum number of SSBs within an SSB set (i.e. , within a 5ms period) is specified to be 4 for frequency ranges up to 3 GHz, 8 for 3 to 7.125 GHz, or 64 for 7.125 GHz to 71 .0 GHz in order to achieve a trade-off between coverage and resource overhead.

[0143] When beam sweeping is performed, multiple SSBs are transmitted with a certain interval, referred to as an SSB Burst Set, which is a set of SSBs being transmitted in 5 ms window of SSB transmission. Each SSB can be identified by a unique number called an SSB beam index. Each SSB is transmitted via a specific beam radiated in a certain direction. Accordingly, each beam direction is associated with a specific SSB beam index.

[0144] FIG. 10 provides an example illustration of an AI / ML RRM measurement enhancement to reduce overhead. In this example, the Rx / Tx RRM beam measurements are not performed in the SMTC window 806 for Rx Beam 2 and Rx Beam 3. The RRM measurements are still performed during the SMTC window 806 for Rx Beam 1 and Rx Beam 4. During the SMTC window 806, each of the M = 8 Tx beams 802 are measured for both Rx Beam 1 and Rx Beam 4. This results in an overhead reduction of approximately 50 percent, since the measurements are only performed for half of the N = 4 Rx beams 808. However, since the first (Rx Beam 1 ) and last (Rx Beam 4) SMTC windows are used to perform RRM measurements, the overall delay period 810 is the same as in legacy process illustrated in FIG. 8.

[0145] FIG. 1 1 provides another example illustration of an AI / ML RRM measurement enhancement to reduce overhead and also reduce delay. In this example, the Rx / Tx RRM beam measurements are not performed in the SMTC window for Rx Beam 3 and Rx Beam 4. During the SMTC window for Rx Beam 1 and Rx Beam 2, the M = 8 Tx beams are measured for both Rx Beam 1 and Rx Beam 2. This reduces the overhead, as in FIG. 10, by approximately 50 percent relative to FIG. 8. In addition, the delay is significantly less since the first two SMTC windows are measured, while the last two SMTC windows are not measured, so the delay 11 10 is significantly less (up to 50% less) than the delay 802 in FIGs. 8 and 10.

[0146] FIG. 12 provides another example illustration of an AI / ML RRM measurement enhancement to reduce delay and further reduce overhead. In this example, during the SMTC window for Rx Beam 1 and Rx Beam 2, four of the M = 8 Tx beams are measured for both Rx Beam 1 and Rx Beam 2. In this example, the beams associated with SSB 2, 4, 6 and 8 are measured for both Rx Beam 1 and Rx beam 2. This further reduces the overhead by approximately 50 percent relative to FIGs. 10 and 1 1 (25% relative to FIG. 8). In addition, the delay is reduced, as in FIG. 1 1 .

[0147] FIG. 13 provides another example illustration of an AI / ML RRM measurement enhancement to further reduce delay and overhead. In this example, every other full measurement period is skipped. This can reduce the overhead and the delay by at least 50 percent relative to the example of FIG. 12. Merely skipping all of the measurements can significantly reduce the accuracy over time and the reduce the resolution of the data used to perform calculations. To limit the effects of the reduced data, an Al model can be trained using the remaining data to infer the data that is missing (the skipped measurements). Trained Al models can be quite accurate at inferring an output when relatively current data is used for training purposes. By using a trained Al model to infer the value of the measurements that are skipped, the reduced accuracy and resolution can be minimized.

[0148] FIG. 14 provides an example illustration of using an Al model tointerpolate between reduced measurements to provide a full resolution map of RSRP measurements with the Tx codebook and the Rx codebook of the same resolution as the full RSRP map. In this example, a full RSRP map 1402 containing \H ,n\ data points is illustrated, with up to 64 measurements for the Tx codebook, and up to 16 measurements for the Rx codebook. However, as previously discussed, this large number of measurements can result in potentially excessive overhead levels when communicating in a cellular network. Accordingly, measurements can be downsampled, resulting in a down sampled RSRP image 1404 with gaps between the down sampled measurements that may include both the Rx codebook and the Tx codebook. This can lead to a reduced resolution RSRP map. The reduced resolution can reduce accuracy.

[0149] In one example, an output of the reduced RSRP map 1406, X = fR(Y), and an output of the full RSRP map Y 1402 can be input into an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) model / R-1(X) 1408. The model 1408, referred to herein as an RRM Al model, can be trained using deep learning with data from the full RSRP map 1402, which can be used to generate data as true labels (genie labels), and data from the reduced RSRP map 1406 as inputs. The best N {Tx, Rx] beam pairs can be found from the interpolated image map [r, t]1:JV1410. Theoptimum {Tx, Rx} beam can be denoted by= g(JT), from the genie labels, also referred to as true labels. The interpolated image map 1410 can include the Rx codebook and the Tx codebook with the same resolution as the RSRP map, with some of the RSRP measurements inferred from the AI / ML model R-1(X) 1408. However, the overhead and delay in performing the physical measurements can still be significantly reduced with the assistance of the AI / ML) model1408, as previously discussed.

[0150] One challenge with using an RRM Al model 1408 is that the output of Al models can be highly dependent on the type of input and the training performed. As a UE moves between cells, the different cells may perform RRM measurements differently from other cells. For RRM measurements, the size of the full Tx codebook, the size of the probing codebook, as well as the beam widths could bedifferent between the serving cell and the neighbor cells. However, it can be difficult for every UE, cell combination to have its own trained RRM Al model. Accordingly, it may be difficult to use an RRM Al model for mobile UEs.

[0151] FIG. 15 provides an example illustration of a serving cell performing RRM measurements with a selected pattern. Each angle of the serving cell can be associated with an SSB beam index. In this example, the serving cell transmits an SSB beam index transmission 1502 in numerical order from 1 to 64. Certain of the beams, illustrated with stars, are referred to as pilot beams. Pilot beams are selected beams that have physical measurements. For example, in FIG. 12, SSB1 , SSB3, SSB5, and SSB7 have physical measurements performed, while SSB2, SSB4, SSB6, and SSB 8 are skipped. The physical measurements may be selected as pilot beams. RSRP measurements of the pilot beams can be used as inputs to an Al model with a selected ID, such as ID1 in this example.

[0152] Returning to FIG. 15, the neighbor cell may transmit an SSB beam index transmission 1504 in a different order than the serving cell. For example, neighbor cell signals with SSB index=1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 “spatially" correspond to SSB index 63, 60, 62, 64, and 3 of the serving cell that the AI / ML model was trained with.

[0153] In accordance with one embodiment, the SSB beam index transmission 1504 of the neighbor cell can be mapped to the SSB beam index transmission of the serving cell 1502. In this example, a subset of the full SSB beam index can be selected and mapped. However, this is not intended to be limiting. A larger subset, or the full subset of SSB index may be mapped. Alternatively, an RRM Al model can have a predetermined input relative to an SSB beam index or a Tx codebook pattern. Each serving cell or neighbor cell can be configured to identify a Tx pattern that is used by the cell. This Tx pattern can be mapped to the RRM Al model input to enable the inputs to the RRM Al model to be the same for each cell. For example, the TX pattern may be mapped to the RRM Al model input using the SSB index or a selected input relative to a Tx codebook. Accordingly, each cell that uses the same Tx codebook can have the cell’s RRM measurements mapped to the input of the RRM Al model to enable the RRM Al model to be used to infer RRM measurement outputs where no actual physical RRM measurement wasmade, as previously discussed.

[0154] In the example of FIG. 15, the SSB beam index of the pilot beams for the serving cell 1502 and the neighbor cell 1504 can be mapped. In the SSB beam index transmission of the serving cell 1502, the pilot beam was selected as SSB beam index 3, 6 and 61 . In the SSB beam index transmission of the neighbor cell 1504, the SSB beam index is associated with different beams. For instance, SSB3 is the 5thbeam transmitted, SSB 6 is the 7thbeam transmitted, and so forth. The SSB index mapping of neighbor cells can be communicated to a serving cell. The serving cell can then pass the information to a UE to enable the UE to use the same RRM Al model with the same inputs to achieve a similar output. Any serving cell and neighbor cell that share the same transmit (Tx) codebook pattern can be mapped using the SSB beam index to enable the same RRM Al model to be used. Accordingly, the same RRM Al model with the same RRM Al model ID can be used with SSB beam index mapping between the serving cell and neighbor cells.

[0155] In the example of FIG. 16, the SSB beam index transmission of the serving cell 1602 comprises 64 beams. However, the SSB beam index transmission of the neighbor cell 1604 comprises 16 or 32 beams. The fewer beams of the neighbor cell transmission are also broader than the 64 beams transmitted by the serving cell. If the AI / ML model has been trained with the serving cell Tx beam pattern, re-using the same model for the neighbor cell measurement will result in wrong predictions.

[0156] In situations where the beams are physically different, or a different number of beams are used, a different RRM Al model can be used. In addition, a different Tx Codebook is typically used. The different RRM Al model can be trained with the output of the neighbor cell. In the example of FIG. 16, the RRM Al model for the SSB beam index transmission of the neighbor cell 1604 can be assigned a different ID than the RRM Al model used for the serving cell, such as ID2. In this example, the serving cell RRM Al model is ID1 . Accordingly, different models can be created for cells that have different codebooks or different types or numbers of transmissions for the cell’s SSB beam index transmission. Each different model can be trained using the transmissions from the cell associated with the model.

[0157] FIG. 17 provides an example illustration of communication and messaging between a UE 106, a serving cell 1702, one or more of L neighbor cells, 1704 ... 1704L, and a server 1706. In this example, the UE 106 can send a UE capability message 1708 to the serving cell indicating the RRM Al model IDs for RRM Al models that are available at the UE to be used to perform RRM measurements with the serving cell 1702 and L neighbor cells 1704L. In addition, Training information may be sent from the serving cell 1702 to the UE 106 to train the RRM Al model for use with the serving cell. However, the training may also be performed offline. This will be discussed further in the proceeding paragraphs.

[0158] The UE 106 can receive configuration information 1710 from the serving cell. The configuration information can include assistance information and the RRM Al model ID for the UE to use when performing RRM with the serving cell 1702. The configuration information can also include the RRM Al model IDs to be used for the L neighbor cells 1704 ... 1704L.

[0159] As previously discussed, each RRM Al model can be used for the UE to perform RRM with selected cells (e.g., serving cell, neighbor celH ... neighbor cell L) when the cells have a similar number of beam transmissions (e.g., 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, or 1 ), and use the same Tx Codebook. The cells may transmit with a certain beam pattern, referred to as a Tx beam pattern. Each beam pattern can be mapped to an RRM Al model input to enable the inputs to the RRM Al model to be the same for each cell. For example, the TX beam pattern may be mapped to the RRM Al model input using the SSB index or a selected input relative to a Tx codebook.

[0160] As a mobile UE moves past various neighbor cells, the serving cell can receive Tx beam pattern information 1724 from the neighbor cells 1704L. The serving cell 1702 can identify an RRM Al Model ID 1724 that is associated with the Tx beam pattern information 1722. The Tx beam pattern can be associated with a known RRM Al model, one of K RRM Al models. In one example, each RRM Al model can be associated with an SSB index mapping (FIG. 15) to Tx beam pattern information 1724 of the cell for RRM. A beam pattern can also be associated with a plurality of pilot beams, with each pilot beam having an SSB beam index. Theassistance information 1710 can be used to enable the UE to use the correct RRM Al model to perform RRM with the neighbor cell.

[0161] If the Tx beam pattern information 1722 for a neighbor cell 1704L is new, and there is not currently an RRM Al Model 1724K configured for the Tx beam pattern, then a new RRM Al model can be created. This may occur when a cell has a different number of Tx beams (1604, FIG. 16), and / or uses a different Tx codebook. In one example, the serving cell 1702 can send training information 1712 for a new RRM Al model to the UE and provide a new RRM Al model ID 1726. The serving cell 1702 can send a request to the neighbor cell to provide initial training 1720.

[0162] The neighbor cell 1704L with the new Tx pattern info 1704 can communicate training information to a server 1706 via a non-3GPP air interface, such as a wired link to the neighbor cell 1704L or a network of the neighbor cell 1704L. The server 1706 can perform the training for the new RRM Al model with a new RRM Al model ID 1726. The new RRM Al model can then be transferred 1718 by the server to the UE 106. The UE can signal 1714 new capability, including new RRM Al model IDs that the UE is configured to use to perform RRM.

[0163] The UE can also include an RRM Al model timer 1723. The timer 1723 can be used to refresh the RRM models as they age. The RRM models are based on inputs that can vary based on time and distance as the channel(s) used by the UE change. Accordingly, the RRM Al models used by the UE can vary in time, and can become less accurate as the RRM Al models age. In one example, the server 1706 can be used to receive current training data and Tx beam pattern information 1722 for the different RRM Al models used by the UE. The RRM Al models can be updated periodically and transferred 1718 to the UE. In addition, for more urgent updates, model training can also be performed via the air interface between the UE 106 and the serving cell 1702. The UE can then signal 1714 new capability, including new RRM Al model IDs that the UE 106 is configured to use to perform RRM. The UE 106 can keep the RRM Al models of the most recently visited neighbor cells to allow them to be re-used for future neighbor cells 1704L.

[0164] In some embodiments, an apparatus of a base station (BS) is disclosed comprising one or more processors, coupled to a memory, configured to decode, at the BS, a UE capability message received from a UE comprising one or more radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model IDs 1724K of RRM Al models that are supported by the UE 106. Each RRM Al model is configured to be mapped to a transmit pattern info 1722 of a cell 1704L for RRM. The one or more processors are further configured to encode, at the BS 102, assistance information from a serving cell 1702 of the BS 102 for transmission to the UE 106. The assistance information can include an RRM Al model ID 1724 of an RRM Al model for the BS 102; and an SSB index beam mapping for the BS for the RRM Al model. The one or more processors can perform RRM with the UE 106 configured to use the RRM Al model with the RRM Al model ID 1724 for the BS 102 with the SSB index beam mapping.

[0165] In some embodiments, the one or more processors of the BS are further configured to: decode, at the BS, a beam transmission pattern from one or more neighbor cells; associate, at the BS, the beam transmission pattern with an existing RRM Al model ID; and encode the RRM Al model ID for transmission to a UE to enable the UE to perform RRM with the one or more neighbor cells using an RRM Al model with the RRM Al model ID based on an SSB index mapped to the beam transmission pattern. This can enable the RRM Al model to be used with multiple neighbor cells that have a similar number of transmit beams. In one example, the multiple neighbor cells can share a same Tx codebook, as previously discussed.

[0166] In some embodiments, the one or more processors of the BS are further configured to: decode, at the BS, a beam transmission pattern from one or more neighbor cells; determine, at the BS, the beam transmission pattern is not associated with an existing RRM Al model; communicate the beam transmission pattern to a server to enable a new RRM Al model to be trained; associate the new RRM Al model with a new RRM Al model ID; and encode the new RRM Al model ID for transmission to a user equipment (UE) to enable the UE to perform RRM with the one or more neighbor cells using the new RRM Al model with the new RRM Al model ID based on an SSB index mapped to the beam transmissionpattern.

[0167] In some embodiments, the one or more processors of the BS are further configured to encode, at the BS, an initiate training message for transmission to one or more neighboring cells to initiate training of a new RRM Al model for the one or more neighboring cells.

[0168] In some embodiments, the one or more processors of the BS are further configured to: train the new RRM Al model via an over the air interface with the one or more neighboring cells; or train the new RRM Al model via a wired link with the one or more neighboring cells; or train the new RRM Al model via a wired link with a server that is configured to train the RRM Al model.

[0169] In some embodiments, the one or more processors of the BS are further configured to encode, at the BS, training data for transmission to the UE to train the RRM Al model for the BS.

[0170] In some embodiments, each RRM Al model is associated with the synchronization signal block (SSB) index mapping to beam transmission pattern of the cell for RRM, and the beam transmission pattern is associated with a plurality of pilot beams, with each pilot beam having an SSB beam index.

[0171] In some embodiments, the one or more processors of the BS are further configured to map the beam transmission pattern of a plurality of neighbor cells to a single RRM Al model with a single RRM Al model ID by mapping pilot beams of the plurality of neighbor cells to inputs of the single RRM Al model to enable the plurality of neighbor cells to use the single RRM Al model, wherein each of the plurality of neighbor cells use a same transmission codebook pattern and the pilot beams are configured to have physical RRM measurements performed.

[0172] In some embodiments, an apparatus of a user equipment (UE) is disclosed, comprising one or more processors, coupled to a memory, configured to encode, for transmission to a serving cell having a base station (BS), a UE capability message comprising one or more radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model identifications (IDs) of one or more RRM Al models available at the UE for RRM measurements, wherein each RRM Al model isconfigured to be mapped to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM. The one or more processors are further configured to decode, at the UE, assistance information from the serving cell, wherein the assistance information includes an RRM Al model ID for one or more neighbor cells; and a transmit beam pattern for the one or more neighbor cells to enable the transmit beam pattern to be mapped to an RRM Al model. The one or more processors are further configured to perform RRM for the one or more neighbor cells using the RRM Al model mapped to the transmit beam pattern for the RRM Al model ID associated with the one or more neighbor cells.

[0173] In some embodiments, the one or more processors of the UE are further configured to receive, from a server, a new RRM Al model that is trained for a cell to enable the UE to perform RRM with the cell using the new RRM Al model mapped to the transmit beam pattern for the new RRM Al model ID associated with the cell and; encode, for transmission to the BS, a UE capability message that includes the RRM Al model ID of the new RRM Al model to inform the BS of the UE’s updated capabilities.

[0174] In some embodiments, the one or more processors of the UE are further configured to operate an RRM model timer and perform a refresh of one or more RRM Al models at one or more of the UE or a server when the RRM model timer expires.

[0175] In some embodiments, the one or more processors of the UE are further configured to train the one or more refreshed RRM Al models via an over the air interface with the BS or one or more neighboring cells; or receive one or more refreshed RRM Al models from a server that is configured to train the one or more refreshed RRM Al models via a wired link with the one or more neighboring cells or a serving cell of the BS.

[0176] In some embodiments, the one or more processors of the UE are further configured to decode, at the UE, training data received from the BS to train the RRM Al model for the BS. Each RRM Al model can be associated with a synchronization signal block (SSB) index mapping to beam transmission pattern ofthe cell for RRM. The beam transmission pattern can be associated with a plurality of pilot beams, with each pilot beam having an SSB beam index.

[0177] In some embodiments, the one or more processors of the UE are further configured to map the beam transmission pattern of a plurality of neighbor cells to a single RRM Al model with a single RRM Al model ID by mapping pilot beams of the plurality of neighbor cells to inputs of the single RRM Al model to enable the plurality of neighbor cells to use the single RRM Al model, wherein each of the plurality of neighbor cells use a same transmission codebook pattern and the pilot beams are configured to have physical RRM measurements performed.FIG. 18: Flow Chart for a Method of Mapping an RRM Al Model to a T ransmit Beam Pattern of a Cell for RRM

[0178] FIG. 18 illustrates a flow chart of an example of mapping a radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM, according to some embodiments. The method shown in FIG. 18 may be used in conjunction with any of the systems, methods, or devices illustrated in the Figures, among other devices. In various embodiments, some of the method elements shown may be performed concurrently, in a different order than shown, or may be omitted. Additional method elements may also be performed as desired.

[0179] In accordance with an embodiment, a method 1800 of mapping a radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM is disclosed. The method comprises decoding, at the BS, a UE capability message received from a UE comprising one or more radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model IDs of RRM Al models that are supported by the UE, wherein each RRM Al model is configured to be mapped to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM, as shown in block 1810. The method 1800 further comprises encoding, at the BS, assistance information from a serving cell of the BS for the UE, wherein the assistance information includes: an RRM Al model ID of an RRM Al model for the BS; and an SSB index beam mapping for the BS for the RRM Al model, as shown in block 1820. Themethod 1800 further comprises performing RRM with the UE configured to use the RRM Al model with the RRM Al model ID for the BS with the SSB index beam mapping, as shown in block 1830.

[0180] In some embodiments, the method 1800 can further comprise decoding, at the BS, a beam transmission pattern from one or more neighbor cells; associating, at the BS, the beam transmission pattern with an existing RRM Al model ID; and encoding the RRM Al model ID for transmission to a UE to enable the UE to perform RRM with the one or more neighbor cells using an RRM Al model with the RRM Al model ID based on an SSB index mapped to the beam transmission pattern.

[0181] In some embodiments, the method 1800 can further comprise decoding, at the BS, a beam transmission pattern from one or more neighbor cells; determining, at the BS, the beam transmission pattern is not associated with an existing RRM Al model; communicating the beam transmission pattern to a server to enable a new RRM Al model to be trained; associating the new RRM Al model with a new RRM Al model ID; and encoding the new RRM Al model ID for transmission to a user equipment (UE) to enable the UE to perform RRM with the one or more neighbor cells using the new RRM Al model with the new RRM Al model ID based on an SSB index mapped to the beam transmission pattern.

[0182] In some embodiments, the method 1800 can further comprise encoding, at the BS, an initiate training message for transmission to one or more neighboring cells to initiate training of a new RRM Al model for the one or more neighboring cells.

[0183] In some embodiments, the method 1800 can further comprise training the new RRM Al model via an over the air interface with the one or more neighboring cells; or training the new RRM Al model via a wired link with the one or more neighboring cells; or training the new RRM Al model via a wired link with a server that is configured to train the RRM Al model.

[0184] In some embodiments, the method 1800 can further comprise encoding, at the BS, training data for transmission to the UE to train the RRM Al model forthe BS. Each RRM Al model can be associated with the synchronization signal block (SSB) index mapping to beam transmission pattern of the cell for RRM, and the beam transmission pattern is associated with a plurality of pilot beams, with each pilot beam having an SSB beam index. The method can further comprise mapping the beam transmission pattern of a plurality of neighbor cells to a single RRM Al model with a single RRM Al model ID by mapping pilot beams of the plurality of neighbor cells to inputs of the single RRM Al model to enable the plurality of neighbor cells to use the single RRM Al model, wherein each of the plurality of neighbor cells use a same transmission codebook pattern and the pilot beams are configured to have physical RRM measurements performed.

[0185] In some embodiments, an apparatus is disclosed that is configured to cause a user equipment (UE) to perform any of the operations of the method 1800.

[0186] In some embodiments, a computer program product is disclosed, comprising computer instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, perform any of the operations described in method 1900.FIG. 19: Flow Chart for a Method of Using a Dynamic Measurement Opportunity Sharing Scheme at a UE

[0187] FIG. 19 illustrates a flow chart of an example of a method of mapping a radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM, according to some embodiments. The method shown in FIG. 19 may be used in conjunction with any of the systems, methods, or devices illustrated in the Figures, among other devices. In various embodiments, some of the method elements shown may be performed concurrently, in a different order than shown, or may be omitted. Additional method elements may also be performed as desired.

[0188] In accordance with an embodiment, method 1900 comprises encoding, at a user equipment (UE), for transmission to a serving cell having a base station (BS), a UE capability message comprising one or more radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model identifications (IDs) of one ormore RRM Al models available at the UE for RRM measurements, wherein each RRM Al model is configured to be mapped to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM, as shown in block 1910. The method 1900 further comprises decoding, at the UE, assistance information from the serving cell, wherein the assistance information includes: an RRM Al model ID for one or more neighbor cells; and a transmit beam pattern for the one or more neighbor cells to enable the transmit beam pattern to be mapped to an RRM Al model, as shown in block 1920. The method 1900 further comprises performing RRM for the one or more neighbor cells using the RRM Al model mapped to the transmit beam pattern for the RRM Al model ID associated with the one or more neighbor cells, as shown in block 1930.

[0189] The method 1900 can further comprise: decoding, at the UE, training information from the BS, wherein the training information includes a new RRM Al model ID for a new RRM Al model; and receiving the new RRM Al model that is trained for a cell from a server to enable the UE to perform RRM with the cell using the new RRM Al model with the new RRM Al model ID associated with the cell.

[0190] The method 1900 can further comprise receiving, from a server, a new RRM Al model that is trained for a cell to enable the UE to: perform RRM with the cell using the new RRM Al model mapped to the transmit beam pattern for the new RRM Al model ID associated with the cell; and encoding, for transmission to the BS, a UE capability message that includes the new RRM Al model ID of the new RRM Al model to inform the BS of the UE’s updated capabilities.

[0191] The method 1900 can further comprise operating an RRM model timer; and performing a refresh of one or more RRM Al models at one or more of the UE or a server when the RRM Al model timer expires. The method 1900 further comprises training the one or more refreshed RRM Al models via an over the air interface with the BS or one or more neighboring cells; or receiving one or more refreshed RRM Al models from a server that is configured to train the one or more refreshed RRM Al models via a wired link with the one or more neighboring cells or the serving cell.

[0192] The method 1900 can further comprise decoding, at the UE, training datafrom the BS to train the RRM Al model for the BS.

[0193] Each RRM Al model can be associated with the synchronization signal block (SSB) index mapping to a beam transmission pattern of the cell for RRM, and the beam transmission pattern is associated with a plurality of pilot beams, with each pilot beam having an SSB beam index.

[0194] The method 1900 can further comprise mapping the beam transmission pattern of a plurality of neighbor cells to a single RRM Al model with a single RRM Al model ID by mapping pilot beams of the plurality of neighbor cells to inputs of the single RRM Al model to enable the plurality of neighbor cells to use the single RRM Al model, wherein each of the plurality of neighbor cells use a same transmission codebook pattern and the pilot beams are configured to have physical RRM measurements performed.

[0195] In some embodiments, an apparatus is disclosed that is configured to cause a user equipment (UE) to perform any of the operations of the method 1900.

[0196] In some embodiments, a computer program product is disclosed, comprising computer instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, perform any of the operations described in method 1900.

[0197] Embodiments of the present disclosure may be realized in any of various forms. For example, some embodiments may be realized as a computer- implemented method, a computer readable memory medium, or a computer system. Other embodiments may be realized using one or more custom-designed hardware devices such as ASICs. Still other embodiments may be realized using one or more programmable hardware elements such as FPGAs.

[0198] In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium may be configured so that it stores program instructions and / or data, where the program instructions, if executed by a computer system, cause the computer system to perform a method, e.g., any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of the method embodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets.

[0199] In some embodiments, a device (e.g., a UE 106) may be configured to include a processor (or a set of processors) and a memory medium, where the memory medium stores program instructions, where the processor is configured to read and execute the program instructions from the memory medium, where the program instructions are executable to implement any of the various method embodiments described herein (or, any combination of the method embodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets). The device may be realized in any of various forms.

[0200] Any of the methods described herein for operating a user equipment (UE) may be the basis of a corresponding method for operating a base station, by interpreting each message / signal X received by the UE in the downlink as message / signal X transmitted by the base station, and each message / signal Y transmitted in the uplink by the UE as a message / signal Y received by the base station.

[0201] Although the embodiments above have been described in considerable detail, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:1 . A method of mapping a radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM, the method comprising: encoding, at a user equipment (UE), for transmission to a serving cell having a base station (BS), a UE capability message comprising one or more radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model identifications (IDs) of one or more RRM Al models available at the UE for RRM measurements, wherein each RRM Al model is configured to be mapped to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM; decoding, at the UE, assistance information from the serving cell, wherein the assistance information includes: an RRM Al model ID for one or more neighbor cells; and a transmit beam pattern for the one or more neighbor cells to enable the transmit beam pattern to be mapped to an RRM Al model; and performing RRM for the one or more neighbor cells using the RRM Al model mapped to the transmit beam pattern for the RRM Al model ID associated with the one or more neighbor cells.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: decoding, at the UE, training information from the BS, wherein the training information includes a new RRM Al model ID for a new RRM Al model; and receiving the new RRM Al model that is trained for a cell from a server to enable the UE to: perform RRM with the cell using the new RRM Al model with the new RRM Al model ID associated with the cell.

3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: receiving, from a server, a new RRM Al model that is trained for a cell to enable the UE to: perform RRM with the cell using the new RRM Al model mapped to the transmit beam pattern for a new RRM Al model ID associated with the cell; and encoding, for transmission to the BS, a UE capability message that includes the new RRM Al model ID of the new RRM Al model to inform the BS of the UE’s updated capabilities.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: operate an RRM model timer; and perform a refresh of one or more RRM Al models at one or more of the UE or a server when the RRM Al model timer expires.

5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: training the one or more refreshed RRM Al models via an over the air interface with the BS or one or more neighboring cells; or receiving one or more refreshed RRM Al models from a server that is configured to train the one or more refreshed RRM Al models via a wired link with the one or more neighboring cells or the serving cell.

6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: decoding, at the UE, training data from the BS to train the RRM Al model for the BS.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein each RRM Al model is associated with a synchronization signal block (SSB) index mapping to a beam transmission pattern of the cell for RRM, and the beam transmission pattern is associated with a plurality of pilot beams,with each pilot beam having an SSB beam index.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: mapping the beam transmission pattern of a plurality of neighbor cells to a single RRM Al model with a single RRM Al model ID by mapping pilot beams of the plurality of neighbor cells to inputs of the single RRM Al model to enable the plurality of neighbor cells to use the single RRM Al model, wherein each of the plurality of neighbor cells use a same transmission codebook pattern and the pilot beams are configured to have physical RRM measurements performed.

9. An apparatus configured to cause a user equipment (UE) to perform any of the methods of claims 1 to 8.

10. A user equipment (UE) configured to perform any of the operations described herein.

11. A base station (BS) configured to perform any of the operations described herein.

12. A computer program product, comprising computer instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, perform any of the operations described herein.

13. A baseband processor configured to perform one or more of method claims 1 to 8.

14. An apparatus of a base station (BS) comprising: one or more processors, coupled to a memory, configured to: decode, at the BS, a UE capability message received from a UE comprising:one or more radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model IDs of RRM Al models that are supported by the UE; wherein each RRM Al model is configured to be mapped to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM; encode, at the BS, assistance information from a serving cell of the BS for the UE, wherein the assistance information includes: an RRM Al model ID of an RRM Al model for the BS; and an SSB index beam mapping for the BS for the RRM Al model; and perform RRM with the UE configured to use the RRM Al model with the RRM Al model ID for the BS with the SSB index beam mapping.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: decode, at the BS, a beam transmission pattern from one or more neighbor cells; associate, at the BS, the beam transmission pattern with an existing RRM Al model ID; and encode the RRM Al model ID for transmission to a UE to enable the UE to perform RRM with the one or more neighbor cells using an RRM Al model with the RRM Al model ID based on an SSB index mapped to the beam transmission pattern.

16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: decode, at the BS, a beam transmission pattern from one or more neighbor cells; determine, at the BS, the beam transmission pattern is not associated with an existing RRM Al model; communicate the beam transmission pattern to a server toenable a new RRM Al model to be trained; associate the new RRM Al model with a new RRM Al model ID; and encode the new RRM Al model ID for transmission to a user equipment (UE) to enable the UE to perform RRM with the one or more neighbor cells using the new RRM Al model with the new RRM Al model ID based on an SSB index mapped to the beam transmission pattern.

17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode, at the BS, an initiate training message for transmission to one or more neighboring cells to initiate training of a new RRM Al model for the one or more neighboring cells.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: train the new RRM Al model via an over the air interface with the one or more neighboring cells; or train the new RRM Al model via a wired link with the one or more neighboring cells; or train the new RRM Al model via a wired link with a server that is configured to train the RRM Al model.

19. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode, at the BS, training data for transmission to the UE to train the RRM Al model for the BS.

20. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein each RRM Al model is associated with a synchronization signal block (SSB) index mapping to beam transmission pattern of the cell for RRM, and thebeam transmission pattern is associated with a plurality of pilot beams, with each pilot beam having an SSB beam index.21 . The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: map the beam transmission pattern of a plurality of neighbor cells to a single RRM Al model with a single RRM Al model ID by mapping pilot beams of the plurality of neighbor cells to inputs of the single RRM Al model to enable the plurality of neighbor cells to use the single RRM Al model, wherein each of the plurality of neighbor cells use a same transmission codebook pattern and the pilot beams are configured to have physical RRM measurements performed.

22. An apparatus of a user equipment (UE) comprising: one or more processors, coupled to a memory, configured to: encode, for transmission to a serving cell having a base station (BS), a UE capability message comprising one or more radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model identifications (IDs) of one or more RRM Al models available at the UE for RRM measurements, wherein each RRM Al model is configured to be mapped to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM; decode, at the UE, assistance information from the serving cell, wherein the assistance information includes: an RRM Al model ID for one or more neighbor cells; and a transmit beam pattern for the one or more neighbor cells to enable the transmit beam pattern to be mapped to an RRM Al model; and perform RRM for the one or more neighbor cells using the RRM Al model mapped to the transmit beam pattern for the RRMAl model ID associated with the one or more neighbor cells.

23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: decode, at the UE, training information from the BS, wherein the training information includes a new RRM Al model ID for a new RRM Al model; and receive the new RRM Al model that is trained for a cell from a server to enable the UE to: perform RRM with the cell using the new RRM Al model with the new RRM Al model ID associated with the cell.

24. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: receive, from a server, a new RRM Al model that is trained for a cell to enable the UE to: perform RRM with the cell using the new RRM Al model mapped to the transmit beam pattern for a new RRM Al model ID associated with the cell; and encode, for transmission to the BS, a UE capability message that includes the new RRM Al model ID of the new RRM Al model to inform the BS of updated capabilities of the UE.

25. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: operate an RRM model timer; and perform a refresh of one or more RRM Al models at one or more of the UE or a server when the RRM Al model timer expires.

26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: train the one or more refreshed RRM Al models via an overthe air interface with the BS or one or more neighboring cells; or receive one or more refreshed RRM Al models from a server that is configured to train the one or more refreshed RRM Al models via a wired link with the one or more neighboring cells.

27. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: decode, at the UE, training data received from the BS, to train the RRM Al model for the BS.

28. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein each RRM Al model is associated with a synchronization signal block (SSB) index mapping to a beam transmission pattern of the cell for RRM, and the beam transmission pattern is associated with a plurality of pilot beams, with each pilot beam having an SSB beam index.

29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: map the beam transmission pattern of a plurality of neighbor cells to a single RRM Al model with a single RRM Al model ID by mapping pilot beams of the plurality of neighbor cells to inputs of the single RRM Al model to enable the plurality of neighbor cells to use the single RRM Al model, wherein each of the plurality of neighbor cells use a same transmission codebook pattern and the pilot beams are configured to have physical RRM measurements performed.

30. A method of mapping a radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM, the method comprising: decoding, at a base station (BS), a use equipment (UE) capability message received from a UE comprising:one or more radio resource management (RRM) artificial intelligence (Al) model IDs of RRM Al models that are supported by the UE; wherein each RRM Al model is configured to be mapped to a transmit beam pattern of a cell for RRM; encoding, at the BS, assistance information from a serving cell of the BS for the UE, wherein the assistance information includes: an RRM Al model ID of an RRM Al model for the BS; and an SSB index beam mapping for the BS for the RRM Al model; and performing RRM with the UE configured to use the RRM Al model with the RRM Al model ID for the BS with the SSB index beam mapping.31 . The method of claim 30, further comprising: decoding, at the BS, a beam transmission pattern from one or more neighbor cells; associating, at the BS, the beam transmission pattern with an existing RRM Al model ID; and encoding the RRM Al model ID for transmission to a UE to enable the UE to perform RRM with the one or more neighbor cells using an RRM Al model with the RRM Al model ID based on an SSB index mapped to the beam transmission pattern.

32. The method of claim 30, further comprising: decoding, at the BS, a beam transmission pattern from one or more neighbor cells; determining, at the BS, the beam transmission pattern is not associated with an existing RRM Al model; communicating the beam transmission pattern to a server to enable a new RRM Al model to be trained; associating the new RRM Al model with a new RRM Al modelID; and encoding the new RRM Al model ID for transmission to a user equipment (UE) to enable the UE to perform RRM with the one or more neighbor cells using the new RRM Al model with the new RRM Al model ID based on an SSB index mapped to the beam transmission pattern.

33. The method of claim 30, further comprising: encoding, at the BS, an initiate training message for transmission to one or more neighboring cells to initiate training of a new RRM Al model for the one or more neighboring cells.

34. The method of claim 33, further comprising: training the new RRM Al model via an over the air interface with the one or more neighboring cells; or training the new RRM Al model via a wired link with the one or more neighboring cells; or training the new RRM Al model via a wired link with a server that is configured to train the RRM Al model.

35. The method of claim 30, further comprising: encoding, at the BS, training data for transmission to the UE to train the RRM Al model for the BS.

36. The method of claim 30, wherein each RRM Al model is associated with a synchronization signal block (SSB) index mapping to beam transmission pattern of the cell for RRM, and the beam transmission pattern is associated with a plurality of pilot beams, with each pilot beam having an SSB beam index.

37. The method of claim 30, further comprising: mapping a beam transmission pattern of a plurality of neighborcells to a single RRM Al model with a single RRM Al model ID by mapping pilot beams of the plurality of neighbor cells to inputs of the single RRM Al model to enable the plurality of neighbor cells to use the single RRM Al model, wherein each of the plurality of neighbor cells use a same transmission codebook pattern and the pilot beams are configured to have physical RRM measurements performed.

38. An apparatus configured to cause a user equipment (UE) to perform any of the methods of claims 30 to 37.

39. A baseband processor configured to perform one or more of method claims 30 to 37.

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