Uplink multiple-input multiple-output total radiated power

Abstract

Various aspects of the present disclosure relate to uplink MIMO total radiated power. An apparatus, such as a test equipment, receives from a first antenna of a user equipment (UE), a first transmission according to a precoder. The test equipment measures radiated power of the first transmission from the first antenna for a first radiated power measurement. The test equipment receives from a second antenna of the UE, a second transmission according to the precoder. The test equipment measures the radiated power of the second transmission from the second antenna for a second radiated power measurement. The test equipment determines a radiated power of a multi-antenna transmission based on the precoder, the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission, and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. The test equipment determines a total radiated power (TRP) by integrating the radiated power measurements over a unit sphere.

Description

Lenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 1 UPLINK MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE-OUTPUT TOTAL RADIATED POWER RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 554,936 filed February 16, 2024 entitled “Uplink Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Total Radiated Power,” the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to total radiated power for a user equipment. BACKGROUND

[0003] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations, which may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE), or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like)) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, or the like). Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G)).

[0004] In a wireless communications system, a UE (e.g., a representative of a particular model of UEs) has testing requirements to confirm how the UE performs in a radiated environment. The frequency ranges in 3GPP include designated FR1 and FR2 frequency ranges, such as for transmitting and / or receiving radio signals at frequencies lower than 6 GHz (e.g., FR1), or higher than 6 GHz (e.g., FR2 or millimeter wave (mmWave)). A communication device, such as a UE operating in the FR2 frequency range (also referred to as a FR2 device) has uplink, transmit radiated power requirements for operability in the wireless communications system. Conventional device Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 2 testing is typically performed as conductive on a device. Performing radiated tests is generally limited because radiated tests are time consuming and cost prohibitive. SUMMARY

[0005] An article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a,” “at least one,” “one or more,” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” or “one or both of”) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on.” Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.

[0006] A UE for wireless communication is described. The UE may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the UE may be configured to, capable of, or operable to receive, from a test equipment, an instruction to use a precoder for a multi-antenna transmission, where the test equipment determines a radiated powerfor an azimuth and an elevation (e.g., ^^^, ^^ for an azimuth ^ and elevation ^) relative to the UEbased on the precoder and radiatedmeasurements of separate transmissions from individual antennas of the UE; transmit from a first antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the first antenna, a first transmission for a first radiated power measurement at the test equipment; and transmit from a second antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the second antenna, a second transmission for a second radiated power measurement at the test equipment.

[0007] A processor (e.g., a standalone processor chipset, or a component of a UE) for wireless communication is described. The processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the processor may be configured Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 3 to, capable of, or operable to receive, from a equipment, an instruction to use a precoder for a multi-antenna transmission, where the test equipment determines a radiated power for an azimuthand an elevation (e.g., ^^^, ^^ for an azimuth ^ and elevation ^) based on the precoder andradiated power of separate transmissions from individual antennas of a UE; transmitfrom a first antenna, equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the first antenna, a first transmission for a first radiated power measurement at the test equipment; and transmit from a second antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the first antenna, a second transmission for a second radiated power measurement at the test equipment.

[0008] A method performed or performable by a UE for wireless communication is described. The method may include receiving, from a test equipment, an instruction to use a precoder for a multi-antenna transmission, where the test equipment determines a radiated power for an azimuthand an elevation (e.g., ^^^, ^^ for an azimuth ^ and elevation ^) relative to the UE based on theprecoder and radiated power measurements of separate transmissions from individual antennas of the UE; transmitting from a first antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the first antenna, a first transmission for a first radiated power measurement at the test equipment; and transmitting from a second antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the second antenna, a second transmission for a second radiated power measurement at the test equipment.

[0009] In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the multi-antenna transmission from the UE is based on a codebook that includes the precoder in a set of precoders. In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the multi-antenna transmission includes a random phase offset between the first transmission from the first antenna of the UE and the second transmission from the second antenna of the UE. In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the radiated power at the azimuth and the elevation relative to the UE is determined by the test equipment as a calculated power of the precoder averaged over the random phase offset based on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 4 precoders based on the calculated power of precoder averaged over the random phase offset. In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the radiated power is determined by the test equipment as a calculated power of the precoder minimized over the random phase offset based on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. In some implementations of the UE, the processor, and the method described herein, the precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder for a worst case of the random phase offset.

[0010] A test equipment for wireless communication is described. The test equipment may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the test equipment may be configured to, capable of, or operable to receive, from a first antenna of a UE, a first transmission according to a precoder; measure radiated power of the first transmission from the first antenna for a first radiated power measurement; receive, from a second antenna of the UE, a second transmission according to the precoder; measure the radiated power of the second transmission from the second antenna for a second radiated power measurement; anddetermine a radiated power (e.g., ^^^, ^^ for an azimuth ^ and elevation ^) of a multi-antennatransmission based on the precoder, the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission, and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission.

[0011] A processor (e.g., a standalone processor chipset, or a component of a test equipment) for wireless communication is described. The processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to receive, from a first antenna of a UE, a first transmission according to a precoder; measure radiated power of the first transmission from the first antenna for a first radiated power measurement; receive, from a second antenna of the UE, a second transmission according to the precoder; measure the radiated power of the second transmission fromthe second antenna for a second radiated power measurement; and determine a radiated power (e.g.,^^^, ^^ for an azimuth ^ and elevation ^) of a multi-antenna transmission based on the precoder,the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission, and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 5

[0012] A method performed or performable a test equipment for wireless communication is described. The method may include receiving, from a first antenna of a UE, a first transmission according to a precoder; measuring radiated power of the first transmission from the first antenna for a first radiated power measurement; receiving, from a second antenna of the UE, a second transmission according to the precoder; measuring the radiated power of the second transmission from the second antenna for a second radiated power measurement; and determining a radiated power (e.g., ^^^, ^^ for an azimuth ^ and elevation ^) of a multi-antenna transmission based onthe precoder, the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission, and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission.

[0013] In some implementations of the test equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the test equipment, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to calculate a TRP of the multi-antenna transmission by integrating multiple radiated power measurements over a unit sphere. In some implementations of the test equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the multi-antenna transmission from the UE is based on a codebook that includes the precoder in a set of precoders. In some implementations of the test equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the multi-antenna transmission includes a random phase offset between the first transmission from the first antenna of the UE and the second transmission from the second antenna of the UE. In some implementations of the test equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, to determine the radiated power, the test equipment, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to calculate a power of the precoder averaged over the random phase offset based on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. In some implementations of the test equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder averaged over the random phase offset. In some implementations of the test equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, to determine the radiated power, the test equipment, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to calculate a radiated power as ^^^^,^^^ = ^^ + ^^ +^√^^^^^^ . In some implementations of the test equipment, the processor, and the methodto determine the radiated power, the test equipment, the processor, and the method Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 6 may be configured to, capable of, or operable a power of the precoder minimized over the random phase offset based on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. In some implementations of the test equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder for a worst case of the random phase offset. In some implementations of the test equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, to determine the radiated power, the test equipment, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable tocalculate a radiated power as ^^^^,^^^ = ^^ + ^^ + √2 ^^^^^ .

[0014] In some implementations of the test equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the test equipment, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to receive, from one or more additional antennas of the UE, respective additional transmissions according to the precoder; and determine the radiated power of the multi-antenna transmission based on the precoder, the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission from the first antenna, the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission from the second antenna, and one or more additional radiated power measurements of the respective additional transmissions measured individually from the one or more additional antennas. In some implementations of the test equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the multi-antenna transmission includes a number of random phase offsets that is one less than a number of the antennas of the UE; and the precoder of a set of precoders is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offsets based on a calculated power of each precoder averaged over the random phase offsets. In some implementations of the test equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the multi-antenna transmission includes a number of random phase offsets that is one less than a number of the antennas of the UE; and the precoder of a set of precoders is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offsets based on a calculated power of each precoder for a worst case of minimum power. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 7 BRIEF OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0016] Figure 2 illustrates an example of signaling diagram, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0017] Figure 3 illustrates an example of antenna gain and phase changes over time, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 4 illustrates an example of a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 5 illustrates an example of a processor in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 6 illustrates an example of a test equipment in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 8 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by a test equipment in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] A wireless communications system includes communication devices, such as UEs, that transmit and receive wireless communications as signaling over the FR1 and FR2 frequency ranges. For an operability requirement, the UEs have to meet transmission power requirements to confirm how a UE will likely perform when used in the wireless communications system. The testing can include evaluating a UE transmitting with at least a minimum uplink radiated power requirement for operability in the wireless communications system, which is determined as TRP. The TRP represents the combined power emitted by a device antenna, or an antenna array, when transmitting a signal, and TRP encompasses both direction and radiation efficiency of the device antenna or antenna array. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 8

[0024] The issue of how to measure TRP a communication device, such as a UE that supports coherent uplink multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) (e.g., single-layer MIMO transmission), is more complex than simply measuring TRP for a single-antenna device. A UE may include at least two transmit antennas, which support transmit diversity and / or MIMO. A MIMO system may be implemented with two or more transmitters and receivers to simultaneously transmit and receive wireless communications using multiple antennas, such as at a UE, to improve uplink transmission performance. By utilizing multiple antennas (e.g., of an antenna array), a UE can simultaneously transmit communications on different spatial paths for improved coverage and reliability, as well as for higher throughput. For a UE that has two antennas, and for single layer transmission, a codebook designed to match specific antenna configurations for two antenna transmission can be used to control the relative phase of the two antennas using the precoder to co-phase (e.g., align the signal phases) at a signal receiver.

[0025] For a UE that has two antennas, current proposed methods for measuring TRP include a first method, in which for each azimuth and elevation, the radiated power is measured for each antenna separately. The power for the two antennas is summed, and the power is integrated over a sphere to estimate the total radiated power. The current proposed methods for measuring TRP also include a second method, in which for each azimuth and elevation, the radiated power is measured for each of the precoders. For a given azimuth and elevation, the radiated power is taken as the maximum over the set of precoders, and the power is integrated over the sphere to estimate the total radiated power.

[0026] However, neither of these two methods fully establish the ability to accurately measure TRP for a device that supports coherent uplink MIMO. In the first proposed method, the radiated power is underestimated given that the transmissions from the two antennas can be at least partially co-phased using single-layer uplink MIMO with the best precoder. In implementations, the best precoder is selected based on the precoder that supports the highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or the highest signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) at the gNB. However, there is an unknown phase offset between the two transmit paths. In a best case scenario, the power with co-phasing of the two antennas can be as much as 3dB greater than the sum of the per-antenna powers. It should also be noted that summing the transmitter powers can also overestimate the radiated power, such as if the transmitter power adds out of phase. In the worst case scenario, the signals from the two transmit Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 9 antennas can completely cancel. Accordingly, first proposed method relies on too many assumptions about the signal response at the gNB and the SNR of the received signals, and introduces parameters that may overestimate or underestimate the radiated power.

[0027] In the second proposed method, a concern is that the gNB precoder selection may not always be optimal given that precoder selection is based on noisy measurements. As a result, the precoder selection is proposed to be emulated in the test. However, realistic emulation of precoder selection will require an assumption of the distance between the gNB and the UE in order to determine the signal-to-noise ratios of the channel estimates used to select the precoder. In the case of extreme distance, or in the case that one of the antennas does not have significant gain in the direction of the gNB, there is no benefit in transmitting from the second antenna, and therefore the best precoder is a single antenna precoder. Additionally, the current definition of phase coherence provides for variation of the relative phase of the signals at the transmit antennas over time. Typically, the relative phase between the two antennas and the relative gain between the two antennas can vary from a last sounding reference signal (SRS) transmission, and the relative phase between the antennas is unspecified and unknown.

[0028] Aspects of the disclosure are directed to uplink MIMO TRP. To evaluate the performance of the precoders used for uplink transmission, the radiated power should be averaged over the distribution of the random phase offset. Alternatively, the performance of the precoders can be evaluated for the worst-case phase offset. Notably, neither of these approaches can be implemented via measurement during a radiated test, given there is not a current technique to measure or control the phase between the device antennas. However, as detailed in the described techniques, the average and worst-case performance of the precoders over the phase can be evaluated analytically using the per-antenna power measurements.

[0029] Aspects of the present disclosure are described in the context of a wireless communications system. Reference is made herein to communicating data or information, such as signaling communication resources and / or communications that are transmitted or received between devices. It is to be appreciated that other terms may be used interchangeably with communicating, such as signaling, transmitting, receiving, outputting, forwarding, retrieving, obtaining, and so forth. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 10

[0030] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a communications system 100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more network equipment (NE) 102, one or more UE 104, and a core network (CN) 106. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a NR network, such as a 5G network, a 5G-Advanced (5G-A) network, or a 5G ultrawideband (5G-UWB) network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G, for example, 6G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), or code division multiple access (CDMA), etc.

[0031] The one or more NE 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the NE 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a network function, a network entity, network infrastructure (or infrastructure), a radio access network (RAN), a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB (gNB), or other suitable terminology. An NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.

[0032] An NE 102 may provide a geographic coverage area for which the NE 102 may support services for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc.) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, an NE 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN). In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 11 associated with the same or different radio technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas may be associated with different NE 102.

[0033] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a subscriber device, a transmitter device, a receiver device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of- Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples.

[0034] A UE 104 may be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.

[0035] An NE 102 may support communications with the CN 106, or with another NE 102, or both. For example, an NE 102 may interface with other NE 102 or the CN 106 through one or more backhaul links (e.g., S1, N2, N6, or other network interface). In some implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other directly. In some other implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other indirectly (e.g., via the CN 106). In some implementations, one or more NE 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC). An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points.

[0036] The CN 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The CN 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC), or a 5G core (5GC), which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management functions (AMF)) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 12 external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S- , a packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc.) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more NE 102 associated with the CN 106.

[0037] The CN 106 may communicate with a packet data network over one or more backhaul links (e.g., via an S1, N2, N6, or other network interface). The packet data network may include an application server. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the CN 106 via an NE 102. The CN 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session). The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the CN 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the CN 106).

[0038] In the wireless communications system 100, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers)) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications). In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures). The NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.

[0039] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., ^=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., ^=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., ^=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., ^=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 13 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., ^=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., ^=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.

[0040] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames). Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.

[0041] Additionally, or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., ^=0, ^=1, ^=2, ^=3, ^=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols). In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing), a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., ^=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.

[0042] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz), FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz), FR3 (7.125 GHz – 24.25 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz – 114.25 GHz), Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 14 FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz – 71 GHz), and FR5 GHz – 300 GHz). In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data). In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.

[0043] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies). For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., ^=0), which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., ^=1), which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., ^=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies). For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., ^=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., ^=3), which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.

[0044] According to implementations, one or more of the UEs 104 and a test equipment are operable to implement various aspects of the techniques described with reference to the present disclosure. For example, a UE 104 can transmit separate transmissions from individual antennas of the UE, and the test equipment receives the separate transmissions and can measure each separate transmission for radiated power.

[0045] Figure 2 illustrates an example signal diagram 200, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In an implementation, a UE 202 can include two transmit antennas, transmissions from which are received at a test equipment 204. In aspects of the described techniques, a UE 202 receives (at 206) from the test equipment 204, and the test equipment 204 transmits, an instruction, message, or indication to use a precoder (or a sequence of precoders) for a multi-antenna transmission. The UE 202 transmits (at 208) from a first antenna, to the test equipment 204 according to the precoder, a first transmission for a first radiated power measurement at the test equipment. The test equipment 204 receives the first transmission from the first antenna of the UE, and (at 210) measures radiated power of the first transmission from the first antenna for a first radiated power measurement. The UE 202 transmits (at 212) from a second antenna, to the test equipment 204 according to the precoder, a second transmission for a second Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 15 radiated power measurement at the test The test equipment 204 receives the second transmission from the second antenna of the UE, and (at 214) measures radiated power of the second transmission from the second antenna for a second radiated power measurement. The testequipment 204 (at 216) determines a radiated power ^^^, ^^ for an azimuth ^ and elevation ^relative to the UE of the multi-antenna transmission based on the precoder and the radiated power measurements of the separate transmissions from the individual antennas of the UE.

[0046] The issue of how to measure TRP for a communication device, such as a UE that supports coherent uplink MIMO, is more complex than simply measuring TRP for a single-antenna device. A MIMO system may be implemented with two or more transmitters and receivers to simultaneously transmit and receive wireless communications using multiple antennas, such as at a UE, to improve uplink transmission performance. By utilizing multiple antennas (e.g., of an antenna array), a UE can simultaneously transmit communications on different spatial paths for improved coverage and reliability, as well as for higher throughput. For single layer transmission, a codebook designed to match specific antenna configurations for two antenna transmission can be used to control the relative phase of the two antennas using the precoder to co-phase (e.g., align the signal phases) at a signal receiver.

[0047] In aspects of the described techniques, the total radiated power (TRP) is determined orcalculated (e.g., by test equipment) as the integral of the radiated power ^^^, ^^ over the unitsphere given by equation(1): 1^^ ^TRP = ^ ^ ^^ sin ^ .Alternatively, if thegiven by&^^', ^'^: ) = 1, *+, then the total radiated power can be expressed as equation(2):- 1for an appropriate weightingdirections &^^', ^'^: ) = 1, *+.

[0048] For a UE that has two antennas, current proposed methods for TRP include afirst method, in which for each azimuth ^ and elevation ^, the radiated power ^^^, ^^ is measuredAttorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 16for each antenna separately. The power for the antennas is summed, and the radiated power^^^, ^^ is integrated over a sphere to estimate the total radiated power. The current proposedmethods for measuring TRP also include a second method, in which for each azimuth ^ andelevation ^, the radiated power ^^^, ^^ is measured for each of the precoders. For a given azimuth^ and elevation ^, the radiated is taken as the maximum over the set of precoders, and the^ ^power ^ ^, ^ is integrated over to estimate the total radiated power.

[0049] However, neither of these two methods fully establish the ability to accurately measure for TRP for a device that supports coherent uplink MIMO. In the first proposed method, the radiated power is underestimated given that the transmissions from the two antennas can be at least partially co-phased using single-layer uplink MIMO with the best precoder, as indicated in Table (1) below. In implementations, the best precoder is selected based on the precoder that supports the highest SNR or the highest SIR at the gNB. However, there is an unknown phase offset between the two transmit paths. In a best case scenario, the power with co-phasing of the two antennas can be as much as 3dB greater than the sum of the per-antenna powers. It should also be noted that summing the transmitter powers can also overestimate the radiated power, such as if the transmitter power adds out of phase. In the worst case scenario, the signals from the two transmit antennas can completely cancel. Accordingly, the first proposed method relies on too many assumptions about the signal response at the gNB and the SNR of the received signals, and introduces parameters that may overestimate or underestimate the radiated power. TPMIW ^ordered from left to right in increasing order of TPMI index^ Index0 – 5 1 1 1 1 1C1D C0D C1D C 1 D F1 1H 1 – –√ 0 √ 1 √ √ √ G F√2 −GH2 2 2 1 2 −1 2Table (1): Precoding Matrix W for Single-Layer Transmission using Two Antenna Ports

[0050] In the second proposed method, a concern is that the gNB precoder selection may not always be optimal given that precoder selection is based on noisy measurements. As a result, the precoder selection is proposed to be emulated in the test. However, realistic emulation of precoder selection will require an assumption of the distance between the gNB and the UE in order to Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 17 determine the signal-to-noise ratios of the estimates used to select the precoder. In the case of extreme distance, or in the case that one of the antennas does not have significant gain in the direction of the gNB, there is no benefit in transmitting from the second antenna, and therefore the best precoder is a single antenna precoder. Additionally, the current definition of phase coherence provides for variation of the relative phase of the signals at the transmit antennas over time. As indicated in Table (2) below, the relative phase between the two antennas and the relative gain between the two antennas can vary by as much as 40 degrees and 4 dB, respectively, in a time interval of 20 msec from a last SRS transmission, and the relative phase between the antennas is unspecified and unknown. Difference of relative phase error Difference of relative power error Time window 40 degrees 4 dB 20 msec Table (2): Maximum Allowable Difference of Relative Phase and Power Errors in a Given Slot Compared to Those Measured at Last SRS Transmitted

[0051] In summary, the relative phase between the antennas is unspecified and is unknown, and the relative phase between the two antennas can change by as much as 40 degrees over a 20 msec interval. The relative gain difference between the two antennas is also unspecified and unknown. However, for the purposes of measuring TRP, it may be assumed that both antennas are transmitting at full power. For this reason, minimal variation of the transmit power is assumed on the two antennas. In general, the relative phase between the two transmit antennas can be modeled as a uniform random variable in the interval [0, 2^). Due to this phase offset, the precoders indexed 2 through 5 in Table (1) above become the following precoders listed in Table (3). TPMIW ^ordered from left to right in increasing order of TPMI index^ Index2 – 5 1 1 1C 1 D 1 1 1 1 – –NO C N D F NOH F NOH√2 1 e √2 −1 e O√2 G e √2 −G eAttorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 18 Table (3): Precoders

[0052] The phase P is unknown, as well as the change in the phase P is unknown. The phase P could be changing slowly, up to the 40 degrees over a 20 msec interval, or could be changing at some other rate. Accordingly, the testing cannot account for the random phase offset just by measuring over a period of time because the period of time over which to take a measurement is unknown.

[0053] To evaluate the performance of the precoders used for uplink transmission, the radiated power can be averaged over the distribution of the random phase offset P. Alternatively, the performance of the precoders can be evaluated for the worst-case phase offset P. Notably, neither of these approaches can be implemented via measurement during a radiated test, given there is not a current technique to measure or control the phase offset between the device antennas. In a radiated test, the phase offset is unknown, so the phase offset P is modeled as a random variable.

[0054] As detailed in the techniques described in this disclosure, the average and worst-case performance of the precoders over the phase can be evaluated analytically using the per-antenna power measurements. A UE can transmit from a first antenna and the radiated power from the first antenna is measured in all directions, and then the UE can transmit from a second antenna and the radiated power from the second antenna is measured in all directions. The power measurements can then be combined, where ^^and ^^denote the radiated power received from the first and second antennas when transmitting separately. These two received signals have phases Q^and Q^which depend at least on the phase of the transmitted signal and the distance to the(e.g., at testing equipment). In order to determine the power received when both antennas transmit simultaneously, the phases Q^and Q^and the phase offset P must be known in order to determine the power thatwould be with the use of a particular precoder. For example, with the use of precoder^√^ R1 1 eNOST, the power of the received signal would be given by equation(3):^ N V ^ ^ ^^ = U ^^e W + ^^^eN VXYO U ,which depends on Q^and Q^power from both antennassimultaneously),the relative phase offset P through the phase difference Q^ − Q^ + P. As aresult, Q^and Q^can remain unknown because the average performanceover the Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 19 interval [0, 2^^ will be evaluated, or the value that supports the worst-case performance will be selected. Since the power depends on the relative phase offset P, the optimal precoder will alsodepend on P. Since P is unspecified and unknown, the radiated power ^^^, ^^ azimuth ^ andelevation ^ can be determined by one of two ways, such as a first technique where the power of the best precoder for each P is averaged over P on the interval [0, 2^^, or as a second technique as the power of the best precoder for each P for the worst-case phase P.

[0055] Because the first technique averages the power of the best precoder as a function of therelative phase P on the interval [0, 2^^, the result is independent of the phase offset Q^ − Q^. Forthe second technique, the value of the relative phase which causes the minimum maximum powerover the set of precoders depends on Q^ − Q^, but the resulting minimum power does not. Forexample, if P^^^ is the worst-case phase for Q^ − Q^ = 0, then P^^^ + Q^ − Q^ is the worst-casephase when Q^ − Q^ ≠ 0. As a result, it can bethat Q^ − Q^ = 0 for both techniques 1and 2.

[0056] The average of the maximum power over the set of precoders indicated in Table (3) is given by equation(4): 1^^^^^,^^^ ^^^ + ^^^eNO ^U , U^^^ − ^^^eNO ^ ^^ = ^ max [U U , U^^^ + G ^^^eNOU , U^^^

[0057] Withoutassume that ^^ ≥ ^^ and let ^ = ^^^⁄ ^^ , then:^ ^^^ = ^^ max [U1 + ^eNOU^, U1 − ^eNOU^, U1 + G ^eNOU^, U1 − G ^eNO ^^^^,^^^ 2^ U \ $P .^ ^^= ^^ max&1 + ^^ + 2 ^ cos P , 1 + ^^ ^ ^2^ − 2 ^ cos P , 1 + ^ − 2 ^ sin P , 1 + ^+ 2 ^ sin P+ $P^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^ − −gAttorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 20

[0058] This is the averageit’s a function of the two powers. Notably, if the two signals are added exactly in phase, then the resulting power is given by equation(5): ^U^^^ + ^^^U = ^^ + ^^ + 2^^^^^ ,and the power of the average is then:2√22 h1 −^ i ^^^^^ ≈ 0.2 ^^^^^less than a precoder thatcase that ^^ = ^^, the power withexact phase alignment is 4 ^^, while the power of the best precoder averaged over phase P is givenby 3.8 ^^. So, for two antenna elements with ^^ = ^^, the loss due to averaging over the relativephase P is 0.22 dB, which is very small.

[0059] The minimum of the maximum power (e.g., a min / max solution) over the set of precoders indicated in Table (3) is given by: ^^ ^ ^^^^^,^^^ = m max [U^^^ + ^^^eNOU , U^^^ − ^^^eNOU , U^^ NO NO^ + G ^^^e U , U^^^ − G ^^^e U \of the best precoder for the worst case relative phase P is given by 3.4 ^^, which corresponds to a loss of approximately 0.7 dB. Accordingly, even the worst case scenario results in a loss of not more than a 0.7 dB. In summary, for a UE that has two antennas, the radiated power can be determined based on average performance or a min / max performance solution, where: ^= ^ + ^ + ^ √^^ ^ ^^^^^ = ^^ + ^^ + ^^^^^Attorney Ref.Lenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 21

[0061] In other implementations, such as UE that has four antennas, the number of single- layer coherent precoders increases from 4 to 16. As a result, measuring the power for all 16 precoders at each azimuth and elevation is still possible, but may be significantly more time consuming. Similarly, as in the case of two transmit antennas, the measurements will not address the randomness of the phase offsets between the antennas. A similar approach can be used as for the case of two antennas, but it is significantly more complicated given that there are more precoders and also that there are now three random phase offsets rather than one.

[0062] The set of single-layer fully coherent precoders for four antenna ports is given in in Table (4). TPMIW ^ordered from left to right in increasing order of TPMI index^ Index0 – 7 1 111101010111101 1 02 p00q 2p10q 2p01q 2p00q 2p01q 2p−1 q2 p0Gq 2p−G q0 0 0 1 0 0 0 08 – 15 0 1 1101010 1 111 1 1 1 1 12 p10q2 p10q2 p0 q2 p10q2 p11q2r1G s 2 p−1 q2 r−1Gs1−1 G −G −1 G 1 −G16 – 23 1 1 1 1 11 111111 112rG1 s2 rGGs 2r G−1 s2 rG−Gs2 p−11 q 12 r−1G s 2 p−−11 −11q2r−G sG 1 −G −1 1 −G −1 G24 – 2711 1– – – – 11111r−G −G−G −G2 1s2 rGs2 r−1 s2 r−G s−G −1 G 1Table (4): Precoding Matrix W for Single-Layer Transmission using Four Antenna Ports with Transform Precoding Enabled Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 22

[0063] With random phase offsets, the precoders with indices 12-15 have three randomphase offsets relative to the first antenna, modeled by P^, P^, and Pu, which in Table (4) become:11 1 1^ eNOW NO^ e W NO^ eNOW ^ e W

[0064] Applyingindices in the range 12-27, the average of the maximum can be expressed as in equation(6): 1^^ ^^ ^^^^^^,^^^ =^2^^u ^ ^ ^ NOW NOX^^ mv'avx^w [Ux',^^^^ + x',^^^^e + x',u^^uewherei= 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 j= 2 1 1 1 1 j j j j -1 -1 -1 -1 -j -j -j -j 3 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 4 -1 j 1 -j j 1 -j -1 1 -j -1 j -j -1 j 1

[0065] The squared term in the integrand can be expressed as: NO N ^Ux',^^^^ + x',^^^^e W + x',u^^ue OX + x',^^^^eNOeUandAttorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 23 1G

[0066] In the simplest case in which ^^ = ^^ = ^u = ^^ = ^, the squared term simplifies as:x',^^^^ + x',^^^^eNO + x',u^^ueNO ^U W X + x NO',^^^^e eU^n^

[0067] minimum of the maximum power over the set of precoders is given by equation(7): NO^^^,^^^ W NOX NO ^^ =O m,Oin,O ^^ mv'avx^ [Ux',^^^^ + x',^^^^e + x',u^^ue + x',^^^^e eU \W X e w

[0068] Inthe special case in which the powers are all equal: ^ ^^ = ^^ = ^u = ^^ = ^, then ^^^^,^^^ = 12.7 ^and ^ ^^^^,^^^ = 8 ^ .

[0069] In the case in which the signals are exactly phase aligned, the power is given by 16 ^^. It can be observed that in the case of the worst-case relative phase of the antennas, the transmit power can be 3 dB worse than with optimal phase alignment. In summary, it is proposed that the total radiated power for uplink MIMO be computed from the per-antenna power measurements in one of two ways, such as the power of the best precoder for each P averaged over P on the interval [0, 2^^, or as the power of the best precoder for the worst-case phase P. In the case of more than two transmit antennas, the number of unknown relative phases increases from 1 to N-1, where N is the number of antennas.

[0070] Figure 3 illustrates an example 300 antenna gain and phase changes over time, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In this example, a UE 104 can include four transmit antennas 302. Further in this example, x',|eNO^,^(e.g., 304) denotes the amplitude and phase at the i-th antenna connector at the start of the k-th 20 msec interval (e.g., 306), where x',|isreal-valued x',| > 0 , and P',| is real-valued and in the interval 0 ≤ P',| < 2^.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 24

[0071] Figure 4 illustrates an example of a 400 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The UE 400 may include a processor 402, a memory 404, a controller 406, and a transceiver 408. The processor 402, the memory 404, the controller 406, or the transceiver 408, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.

[0072] The processor 402, the memory 404, the controller 406, or the transceiver 408, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.

[0073] The processor 402 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 402 may be configured to operate the memory 404. In some other implementations, the memory 404 may be integrated into the processor 402. The processor 402 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 404 to cause the UE 400 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0074] The memory 404 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 404 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 402 cause the UE 400 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 404 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0075] In some implementations, the processor 402 and the memory 404 coupled with the processor 402 may be configured to cause the UE 400 to perform one or more of the functions Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 25 described herein (e.g., executing, by the 402, instructions stored in the memory 404). For example, the processor 402 may support wireless communication at the UE 400 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The UE 400 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving, from a test equipment, an instruction to use a precoder for a multi-antenna transmission, where the test equipment determines a radiated power for an azimuth and an elevation relative to the UE based at least in part on the precoder and radiated power measurements of separate transmissions from individual antennas of the UE; transmitting from a first antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the first antenna, a first transmission for a first radiated power measurement at the test equipment; and transmitting from a second antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the second antenna, a second transmission for a second radiated power measurement at the test equipment.

[0076] Additionally, the UE 400 may be configured to support any one or combination of the multi-antenna transmission from the UE is based at least in part on a codebook that includes the precoder in a set of precoders. The multi-antenna transmission includes a random phase offset between the first transmission from the first antenna of the UE and the second transmission from the second antenna of the UE. The radiated power at the azimuth and the elevation relative to the UE is determined by the test equipment as a calculated power of the precoder averaged over the random phase offset based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. The precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder averaged over the random phase offset. The radiated power is determined by the test equipment as a calculated power of the precoder minimized over the random phase offset based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. The precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder for a worst case of the random phase offset.

[0077] Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 400 may support at least one memory (e.g., the memory 404) and at least one processor (e.g., the processor 402) coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to receive, from a test equipment, an instruction to use a precoder for a multi-antenna transmission, where the test equipment determines a radiated power Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 26 for an azimuth and an elevation relative to the based at least in part on the precoder and radiated power measurements of separate transmissions from individual antennas of the UE; transmit from a first antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the first antenna, a first transmission for a first radiated power measurement at the test equipment; and transmit from a second antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the second antenna, a second transmission for a second radiated power measurement at the test equipment.

[0078] Additionally, the UE 400 may be configured to support any one or combination of the multi-antenna transmission from the UE is based at least in part on a codebook that includes the precoder in a set of precoders. The multi-antenna transmission includes a random phase offset between the first transmission from the first antenna of the UE and the second transmission from the second antenna of the UE. The radiated power at the azimuth and the elevation relative to the UE is determined by the test equipment as a calculated power of the precoder averaged over the random phase offset based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. The precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder averaged over the random phase offset. The radiated power is determined by the test equipment as a calculated power of the precoder minimized over the random phase offset based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. The precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder for a worst case of the random phase offset.

[0079] The controller 406 may manage input and output signals for the UE 400. The controller 406 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the UE 400. In some implementations, the controller 406 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 406 may be implemented as part of the processor 402.

[0080] In some implementations, the UE 400 may include at least one transceiver 408. In some other implementations, the UE 400 may have more than one transceiver 408. The transceiver 408 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 408 may include one or more receiver chains 410, one or more transmitter chains 412, or a combination thereof. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 27

[0081] A receiver chain 410 may be to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 410 may include one or more antennas to receive a signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 410 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 410 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 410 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0082] A transmitter chain 412 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmitter chain 412 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The transmitter chain 412 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 412 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0083] Figure 5 illustrates an example of a processor 500 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 500 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 500 may include a controller 502 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 500 may optionally include at least one memory 504, which may be, for example, an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 500 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 506. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[0084] The processor 500 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 28 may include one or more cores, one or more (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), flash memory, phase change memory (PCM), and others).

[0085] The controller 502 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 502 may operate as a control unit of the processor 500, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 500. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.

[0086] The controller 502 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 504 and determine subsequent instruction(s) to be executed to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 502 may be configured to track memory addresses of instructions associated with the memory 504. The controller 502 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 502 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 502 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 500. The controller 502 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, ALUs 506, and other functional units of the processor 500.

[0087] The memory 504 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 500 or other memory, such as RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 504 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 500). In some other implementations, the memory 504 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 500). Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 29

[0088] The memory 504 may store readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 500, cause the processor 500 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 502 and / or the processor 500 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 504 to cause the processor 500 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 500 and / or the controller 502 may be coupled with or to the memory 504, the processor 500, and the controller 502, and may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 500 may include multiple processors and the memory 504 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.

[0089] The one or more ALUs 506 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 506 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500). In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 506 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500). One or more ALUs 506 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 506 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 506 may be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 506 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR), not-OR (NOR), and not-AND (NAND), enabling the one or more ALUs 506 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.

[0090] The processor 500 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support at least one controller (e.g., the controller 502) coupled with at least one memory (e.g., the memory 504) and configured to cause the processor to receive, from a test equipment, an instruction to use a precoder for a multi-antenna transmission, where the test equipment determines a radiated power for an azimuth and an elevation relative to the UE based at least in part on the precoder and radiated power measurements of separate transmissions from individual antennas of a UE; transmit from a first Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 30 antenna, to the test equipment according to the for transmission from the first antenna, a first transmission for a first radiated power measurement at the test equipment; and transmit from a second antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the second antenna, a second transmission for a second radiated power measurement at the test equipment.

[0091] Additionally, the processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support any one or combination of the multi-antenna transmission is based at least in part on a codebook that includes the precoder in a set of precoders. The multi-antenna transmission includes a random phase offset between the first transmission from the first antenna of the UE and the second transmission from the second antenna of the UE. The radiated power at the azimuth and the elevation is determined by the test equipment as a calculated power of the precoder averaged over the random phase offset based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. The precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder averaged over the random phase offset. The radiated power is determined by the test equipment as a calculated power of the precoder minimized over the random phase offset based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. The precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder for a worst case of the random phase offset.

[0092] Figure 6 illustrates an example of a test equipment 600 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some implementations, the test equipment 600 simulates a NE 102. The test equipment 600 may include a processor 602, a memory 604, a controller 606, and a transceiver 608. The processor 602, the memory 604, the controller 606, or the transceiver 608, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.

[0093] The processor 602, the memory 604, the controller 606, or the transceiver 608, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 31 integrated circuit (ASIC), or other logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.

[0094] The processor 602 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 602 may be configured to operate the memory 604. In some other implementations, the memory 604 may be integrated into the processor 602. The processor 602 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 604 to cause the test equipment 600 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0095] The memory 604 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 604 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 602 cause the test equipment 600 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 604 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0096] In some implementations, the processor 602 and the memory 604 coupled with the processor 602 may be configured to cause the test equipment 600 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 602, instructions stored in the memory 604). For example, the processor 602 may support wireless communication at the test equipment 600 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The test equipment 600 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving, from a first antenna of a UE, a first transmission according to a precoder; measuring radiated power of the first transmission from the first antenna for a first radiated power measurement; receiving, from a second antenna of the UE, a second transmission according to the precoder; measuring the radiated power of the second transmission from the second antenna for a second radiated power measurement; and determining a radiated power of a multi-antenna transmission based at least in part on the precoder, the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission, and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 32

[0097] Additionally, the test equipment be configured to or operable to support any one or combination of the method further comprising calculating a TRP of the multi-antenna transmission by integrating multiple radiated power measurements over a unit sphere. The multi-antenna transmission from the UE is based at least in part on a codebook that includes the precoder in a set of precoders. The multi-antenna transmission includes a random phase offset between the first transmission from the first antenna of the UE and the second transmission from the second antenna of the UE. The method, where determining the radiated power comprises calculating a power of the precoder averaged over the random phase offset based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. The precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder averaged over the random phase offset. The method, where determining the radiated powercomprises calculating a radiated power as ^ ^ √^^^^,^^^ = ^^ + ^^ + ^ ^^^^^ . The method, wheredetermining the radiated power comprisesminimized over the random phase offset based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. The precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder for a worst case of the random phase offset. The method,where determining the radiated power comprises calculating a radiated power as ^^^^,^^^ = ^^ +^^ + √2 ^^^^^ . The method further comprising: receiving, from one or more additional antennasof the UE, respective additional transmissions according to the precoder; and determining the radiated power of the multi-antenna transmission based at least in part on the precoder, the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission from the first antenna, the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission from the second antenna, and one or more additional radiated power measurements of the respective additional transmissions measured individually from the one or more additional antennas. The multi-antenna transmission includes a number of random phase offsets that is one less than a number of the antennas of the UE; and the precoder of a set of precoders is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offsets based on a calculated power of each precoder averaged over the random phase offsets. The multi-antenna transmission includes a number of random phase offsets that is one less than a Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 33 number of the antennas of the UE; and the of a set of precoders is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offsets based on a calculated power of each precoder for a worst case of minimum power.

[0098] Additionally, or alternatively, the test equipment 600 may support at least one memory (e.g., the memory 604) and at least one processor (e.g., the processor 602) coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the test equipment to receive, from a first antenna of a UE, a first transmission according to a precoder; measure radiated power of the first transmission from the first antenna for a first radiated power measurement; receive, from a second antenna of the UE, a second transmission according to the precoder; measure the radiated power of the second transmission from the second antenna for a second radiated power measurement; and determine a radiated power of a multi-antenna transmission based at least in part on the precoder, the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission, and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission.

[0099] Additionally, the test equipment 600 may be configured to support any one or combination of the test equipment calculates a TRP of the multi-antenna transmission by integrating multiple radiated power measurements over a unit sphere. The multi-antenna transmission from the UE is based at least in part on a codebook that includes the precoder in a set of precoders. The multi-antenna transmission includes a random phase offset between the first transmission from the first antenna of the UE and the second transmission from the second antenna of the UE. To determine the radiated power, the at least one processor is configured to cause the test equipment to calculate a power of the precoder averaged over the random phase offset based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. The precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder averaged over the random phase offset. To determine the radiated power, the at least one processoris configured to cause the test equipment to calculate a radiated power as ^^^^,^^^ = ^^ + ^^ +^ √^^ ^^^^^ . To determine the radiated power, the at least one processor is configured to cause thetest equipment to calculate a power of the precoder minimized over the random phase offset based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. The precoder is a best performing Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 34 precoder as a function of the random phase of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder for a worst case of the random phase offset. To determine the radiated power, the at least one processor is configured to cause the test equipment to calculate a radiatedpower as ^^^^,^^^ = ^^ + ^^ + √2 ^^^^^ . The at least one processor is configured to cause thetest equipment to: receive, from one or more additional antennas of the UE, respective additional transmissions according to the precoder; and determine the radiated power of the multi-antenna transmission based at least in part on the precoder, the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission from the first antenna, the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission from the second antenna, and one or more additional radiated power measurements of the respective additional transmissions measured individually from the one or more additional antennas. The multi-antenna transmission includes a number of random phase offsets that is one less than a number of the antennas of the UE; and the precoder of a set of precoders is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offsets based on a calculated power of each precoder averaged over the random phase offsets. The multi-antenna transmission includes a number of random phase offsets that is one less than a number of the antennas of the UE; and the precoder of a set of precoders is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offsets based on a calculated power of each precoder for a worst case of minimum power.

[0100] The controller 606 may manage input and output signals for the test equipment 600. The controller 606 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the test equipment 600. In some implementations, the controller 606 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 606 may be implemented as part of the processor 602.

[0101] In some implementations, the test equipment 600 may include at least one transceiver 608. In some other implementations, the test equipment 600 may have more than one transceiver 608. The transceiver 608 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 608 may include one or more receiver chains 610, one or more transmitter chains 612, or a combination thereof.

[0102] A receiver chain 610 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 610 may include one or more antennas to receive a signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 610 may Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 35 include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low- (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 610 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 610 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0103] A transmitter chain 612 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmitter chain 612 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The transmitter chain 612 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 612 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0104] Figure 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method 700 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by a UE as described herein. In some implementations, the UE may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the UE to perform the described functions. It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0105] At 702, the method may include receiving, from a test equipment, an instruction to use a precoder for a multi-antenna transmission, where the test equipment determines a radiated power for an azimuth and an elevation relative to the UE based at least in part on the precoder and radiated power measurements of separate transmissions from individual antennas of a UE. The operations of 702 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 702 may be performed by a UE as described with reference to Figure 4.

[0106] At 704, the method may include transmitting from a first antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the first antenna, a first transmission for a first radiated power measurement at the test equipment. The operations of 704 may be performed in Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 36 accordance with examples as described some implementations, aspects of the operations of 704 may be performed by a UE as described with reference to Figure 4.

[0107] At 706, the method may include transmitting from a second antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the second antenna, a second transmission for a second radiated power measurement at the test equipment. The operations of 706 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 706 may be performed a UE as described with reference to Figure 4.

[0108] Figure 8 illustrates a flowchart of a method 800 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by a test equipment as described herein. In some implementations, the NE may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the test equipment to perform the described functions. It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0109] At 802, the method may include receiving, from a first antenna of a UE, a first transmission according to a precoder. The operations of 802 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 802 may be performed by a test equipment as described with reference to Figure 6.

[0110] At 804, the method may include measuring radiated power of the first transmission from the first antenna for a first radiated power measurement. The operations of 804 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 804 may be performed by a test equipment as described with reference to Figure 6.

[0111] At 806, the method may include receiving, from a second antenna of the UE, a second transmission according to the precoder. The operations of 806 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 806 may be performed a test equipment as described with reference to Figure 6.

[0112] At 808, the method may include measuring the radiated power of the second transmission from the second antenna for a second radiated power measurement. The operations of 808 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 37 aspects of the operations of 808 may be a test equipment as described with reference to Figure 6.

[0113] At 810, the method may include determining a radiated power of a multi-antenna transmission based at least in part on the precoder, the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission, and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. The operations of 810 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 810 may be performed a test equipment as described with reference to Figure 6.

[0114] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT

Claims

Lenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 38 What is claimed is:

1. A user equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and operable to cause the UE to: receive, from a test equipment, an instruction to use a precoder for a multi-antenna transmission, wherein the test equipment determines a radiated power for an azimuth and an elevation relative to the UE based at least in part on the precoder and radiated power measurements of separate transmissions from individual antennas of the UE; transmit from a first antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the first antenna, a first transmission for a first radiated power measurement at the test equipment; and transmit from a second antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the second antenna, a second transmission for a second radiated power measurement at the test equipment.

2. The UE of claim 1, wherein the multi-antenna transmission from the UE is based at least in part on a codebook that includes the precoder in a set of precoders.

3. The UE of claim 2, wherein the multi-antenna transmission includes a random phase offset between the first transmission from the first antenna of the UE and the second transmission from the second antenna of the UE.

4. The UE of claim 3, wherein the radiated power at the azimuth and the elevation relative to the UE is determined by the test equipment as a calculated power of the precoder averaged over the random phase offset based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 39 5. The UE of claim 4, wherein the is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder averaged over the random phase offset.

6. The UE of claim 3, wherein the radiated power is determined by the test equipment as a calculated power of the precoder minimized over the random phase offset based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission.

7. The UE of claim 6, wherein the precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder for a worst case of the random phase offset.

8. A method performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving, from a test equipment, an instruction to use a precoder for a multi-antenna transmission, wherein the test equipment determines a radiated power for an azimuth and an elevation relative to the UE based at least in part on the precoder and radiated power measurements of separate transmissions from individual antennas of the UE; transmitting from a first antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder for transmission from the first antenna, a first transmission for a first radiated power measurement at the test equipment; and transmitting from a second antenna for transmission from the second antenna, to the test equipment according to the precoder, a second transmission for a second radiated power measurement at the test equipment. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 40 9. A test equipment for wireless comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and operable to cause the test equipment to: receive, from a first antenna of a user equipment (UE), a first transmission according to a precoder; measure radiated power of the first transmission from the first antenna for a first radiated power measurement; receive, from a second antenna of the UE, a second transmission according to the precoder; measure the radiated power of the second transmission from the second antenna for a second radiated power measurement; and determine a radiated power of a multi-antenna transmission based at least in part on the precoder, the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission, and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission.

10. The test equipment of claim 9, wherein the at least one processor is operable to cause the test equipment to calculate a total radiated power (TRP) of the multi-antenna transmission by integrating multiple radiated power measurements over a unit sphere.

11. The test equipment of claim 9, wherein the multi-antenna transmission from the UE is based at least in part on a codebook that includes the precoder in a set of precoders.

12. The test equipment of claim 11, wherein the multi-antenna transmission includes a random phase offset between the first transmission from the first antenna of the UE and the second transmission from the second antenna of the UE.

13. The test equipment of claim 12, wherein, to determine the radiated power, the at least one processor is operable to cause the test equipment to calculate a power of the precoder averaged over the random phase offset based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 41 14. The test equipment of claim 13, the precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder averaged over the random phase offset.

15. The test equipment of claim 12, wherein, to determine the radiated power, the at leastone processor is operable to cause the test equipment to calculate a radiated power as ^^^^,^^^ =^ + ^ + ^ √^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^ .equipment of claim 12, wherein, to determine the radiated power, the at least one processor is operable to cause the test equipment to calculate a power of the precoder minimized over the random phase offset based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission.

17. The test equipment of claim 16, wherein the precoder is a best performing precoder as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders based on the calculated power of each precoder for a worst case of the random phase offset.

18. The test equipment of claim 12, wherein, to determine the radiated power, the at leastone processor is operable to cause the test equipment to calculate a radiated power as ^^^^,^^^ =^^ + ^^ + √2 ^^^^^ .

19. The test equipment of claim 9, wherein the at least one processor is operable to cause the test equipment to: receive, from one or more additional antennas of the UE, respective additional transmissions according to the precoder; and determine the radiated power of the multi-antenna transmission based at least in part on the precoder, the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission from the first antenna, the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission from the second antenna, and one or more additional radiated power measurements of the respective additional transmissions measured individually from the one or more additional antennas. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT 42 20. A method performed by a test the method comprising: receiving, from a first antenna of a user equipment (UE), a first transmission according to a precoder; measuring radiated power of the first transmission from the first antenna for a first radiated power measurement; receiving, from a second antenna of the UE, a second transmission according to the precoder; measuring the radiated power of the second transmission from the second antenna for a second radiated power measurement; and determining a radiated power of a multi-antenna transmission based at least in part on the precoder, the first radiated power measurement of the first transmission, and the second radiated power measurement of the second transmission. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230233-WO-PCT

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