2-hemifly phenethylamines

Abstract

Provided herein are novel compounds, such as phenethylamines having a substituted 2,3-benzofuran (i.e., "hemiFLY") core pharmacophore. In some aspects are also provided pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, methods of synthesizing the compounds, and methods of using such compounds, including their administration to subjects. In some aspects, useful features of the disclosed compounds include neuromodulatory and / or anti-inflammatory activity, for example via activation of serotonin receptors. In some further aspects, the compounds are useful as therapeutic agents for treating medical conditions, such as psychiatric disorders and inflammatory conditions.

Description

[0001] 2-HEMIFLY PHENETHYLAMINES

[0002] INVENTOR: David E. Nichols

[0003] CROSS-REFERENCE

[0004]

[0001] Priority is claimed under PCT Art. 8(1) and Rule 4.10 to U.S. Appl. Nos. 63 / 632,483 and 63 / 659,285, filed April 10, 2024 and June 12, 2024; each is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

[0005] FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0006]

[0002] The disclosure relates to novel compounds, such as phenethylamines with a substituted 2,3-benzo- furan (i.e., “hemiFLY”) core pharmacophore, compositions comprising them, methods of their synthesis, and methods of their use, including their administration to subjects. Disclosed compounds provide neuromodulatory and / or anti-inflammatory activity, such as via activation of serotonin receptors. Disclosed compounds are useful as therapeutic agents to treat medical conditions, such as psychiatric disorders and inflammatory conditions.

[0007] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0008]

[0003] Psychedelics such as psilocybin and LSD, and entactogens such as MDMA, are currently being investigated for various medical uses, owing to their psychedelic, anxiolytic, and antidepressant effects. Beyond mental health, psychedelics and related serotonin receptor agonists may be promising for treating inflammatory, neurological, and neurodegenerative diseases and disorders. However, there exists an ongoing need for the development of novel therapeutic compounds that can be used to treat a broad range of disease indications, especially chronic conditions that lack effective treatments.

[0009]

[0004] Provided herein are compounds, compositions, methods, uses, and kits to meet these needs and others, having such advantages and improvements as will be readily apparent through the disclosure below.

[0010] INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0011]

[0005] Each cited patent, publication, and non-patent literature is incorporated by reference in its entirety, as if each was incorporated individually, and as if each is fully set forth herein. However, no such citation should be construed as an admission that a cited reference comes from an area that is analogous or directly applicable to the invention, nor should a citation be construed as an admission that a document or underlying information, in any jurisdiction, is prior art or forms part of the common general knowledge in the art.

[0012] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013]

[0006] The following is a simplified summary of some embodiments to provide a basic understanding thereof.

[0014]

[0007] In a first aspect, provided is a compound of Formula (1): wherein:

[0015] R4is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, N02, CrCg alkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl, CrCg haloalkyl, CrCg alkoxy, CrC6haloalkylthio, CrCg alkylthio, C3-C6cycloalkylmethyl, or — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl;

[0016] R5is CrCg alkoxy, — (CH2)0.3OH, — (CH^-O-CrCg alkyl, — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl,

[0017] — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-NH2, or -(CH2)M-C(O)-NH-CrC6alkyl;

[0018] R and R' are each independently H or C^Cg alkyl;

[0019] RNis H or — CH2-Ar; wherein Ar is 6- to 12-membered heterocyclyl or C6-C12aryl optionally substituted by F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C^Cg alkoxy, or phenyl; and

[0020] Rais H or C^Cg alkyl; and Rbis H; or Raand Rbtogether with the intervening atoms form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl; or RNand Rbtogether with the intervening atoms form a 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl, and Rais H or CrCg alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0021]

[0008] In some embodiments, RNis H. In some embodiments, RNis CH2-Ar.

[0022]

[0009] In some embodiments, wherein Rais H. In some embodiments, Rais C^Cg alkyl. In some embodiments, Rais methyl. In some embodiments, Rais ethyl.

[0023]

[0010] In some embodiments, R4is F, Cl, Br, or I. In some embodiments, R4is Br. In some embodiments, R4is I. In some embodiments, R4is CrCg alkyl. In some embodiments, R4is ethyl. In some embodiments, R4is isobutyl. In some embodiments, R4is — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl. In some embodiments, R4is — CH2COOCH3. In some embodiments, R4is — CH2COOCH2CH3.

[0024]

[0011] In some embodiments, R5is methoxy. In some embodiments, R5is — (CH2)2OH or — (CH2)2OCH3. In some embodiments, R5is — (CH2)2OH or — (CH2)2OCH3. In some embodiments, R5is — CH2COOCH3. In some embodiments, R5is — COONH2or— COONHCH3.

[0025]

[0012] In some embodiments, R and R' are both H. In some embodiments, R is H and R' is C^Cg alkyl. In some embodiments, R and R' are both C^Cg alkyl.

[0026]

[0013] In some embodiments the compound has the structure of Formula (2): wherein each variable is as defined for Formula (1), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0027]

[0014] In some embodiments the compound has the structure of Formula (3): wherein:

[0028] X, Y, and Z are each independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C^Cg alkoxy, or phenyl; or X and Y are taken together to form a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, and Z is H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, CrCg alkoxy, C3-C6cycloalkyl, or phenyl; or Y and Z are taken together to form a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, and X is H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, CrCg alkoxy, C3-C6cycloalkyl, or phenyl; and wherein each other variable is as defined for Formula (1), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0029]

[0015] In some embodiments, X is OH. In some embodiments, X is methoxy. In some embodiments, X is F, Cl, Br, or I. In some embodiments, X is phenyl. In some embodiments, X is C3-C6cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, X is cyclopropyl.

[0030]

[0016] In some embodiments, Y and Z are H.

[0031] ** o

[0032]

[0017] In some embodiments, X and Y, are taken together to form O— (methylenedioxy), wherein * and ** indicate the points of connection between X and the rest of the compound, and between Y and the rest of the compound, respectively.

[0033]

[0018] In some embodiments, X and Y are taken together to form a dihydrofuranyl.

[0034]

[0019] In some embodiments, X and Y are taken together to form , wherein * and ** indicate the points of connection between X and the rest of the compound, and between Y and the rest of the compound, respectively.

[0035]

[0020] In some embodiments, X and Y are taken together to form a furanyl.

[0036]

[0021] In some embodiments, X and Y are taken together to form or \ / 0, wherein * and ** indicate the points of connection between X and the rest of the compound, and between Y and the rest of the compound, respectively.

[0037]

[0022] In some embodiments where X and Y are taken together to form a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, such as in the any of the above embodiments, instead of X and Y being taken together to form the 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, Y and Z are taken together to form the 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl.

[0038]

[0023] In another aspect, provided is a compound selected from Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

[0039]

[0024] In another aspect, provided is a compound selected from the group of compounds defined herein as Group A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0040]

[0025] In another aspect, provided is a compound selected from the group of compounds defined herein as Group B, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0041]

[0026] In another aspect, provided is a compound selected from the group of compounds defined herein as Group C, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0042]

[0027] In another aspect, provided is a compound selected from the group of compounds defined herein as Group D, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0043]

[0028] Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of any of the disclosed compounds, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.

[0044]

[0029] In embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for oral, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, injectable, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraocular, topical, or transdermal administration.

[0045]

[0030] In some embodiments pharmaceutical composition is in unit dosage form. In some embodiments the pharmaceutical composition comprises the compound in a total amount of between about 0.01 and 100 mg.

[0046]

[0031] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for topical administration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated as an aerosol, emulsion, spray, ointment, salve, gel, paste, lotion, liniment, oil, or cream.

[0047]

[0032] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients selected from the group consisting of penetration enhancers, carriers, diluents, emulsifiers, stabilizers, solvents and cosolvents, viscosity modifying agents (e.g., thickeners), adhesion modifying agents (e.g., tackifiers), preservatives, antioxidants, adhesive polymers, solubilizing agents, colorants, binders, humectants, surfactants, and gelling agents.

[0048]

[0033] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an additional active compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an additional active compound selected from the group consisting of amino acids, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, antineuropathic and antinociceptive agents, antimigraine agents, anxiolytics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-PTSD agents, dissociatives, cannabinoids, immunostimulants, anti-cancer agents, antiemetics, orexigenics, antiulcer agents, antihistamines, antihypertensives, anticonvulsants, antiepileptics, bronchodilators, neuroprotectants, nootropics, empathogens, psychedelics, plasticity-inducing agents, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tryptamines, terpenes, phenethylamines, sedatives, stimulants, serotonergic agents, NMDA modulators, NMDA antagonists, and vitamins.

[0049]

[0034] Also provided is a method of modulating neurotransmission in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a compound or composition disclosed in any of the embodiments. In embodiments, modulating neurotransmission comprises agonizing the 5-HT2A or 5-HT2Creceptor. In some embodiments, modulating neurotransmission comprises agonizing other serotonin receptor subtypes, including agonizing or partially agonizing any one or more of a 5-H?! receptor, such as 5-HT1Aand 5-HT1B, a 5-HT2receptor, such as 5-HT2Aand 5-HT2C, and a 5-HT6receptor.

[0050]

[0035] Also provided is a method of increasing neuroplasticity in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a compound or composition disclosed in any of the embodiments.

[0051]

[0036] Also provided is a method of treating a medical condition in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or composition disclosed in any of the embodiments

[0052]

[0037] In some embodiments, the medical condition is a disorder linked to dysregulation or inadequate functioning of serotonergic neurotransmission.

[0053]

[0038] In some embodiments, the medical condition is a mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorder.

[0054]

[0039] In some embodiments, the medical condition is a neurodevelopmental disorder, schizophrenia or another primary psychotic disorder, catatonia, a mood disorder, an anxiety or fear-related disorders, an obsessive-compulsive or related disorder, a disorder specifically associated with stress, a dissociative disorder, a feeding or eating disorder, an elimination disorder, a disorder of bodily distress or bodily experience, a disorder due to substance use or addictive behavior, an impulse control disorder, a disruptive behavior or dissocial disorder, a personality disorder, a paraphilic disorder, a factitious disorder, a neurocognitive disorder, a mental or behavioral disorder associated with pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium, a sleep-wake disorder, or a sexual dysfunction.

[0055]

[0040] In embodiments, the compound is administered together with one or more sessions of psychotherapy.

[0056]

[0041] In embodiments, the medical condition is inflammation or an inflammatory disorder. In embodiments, inflammation is skin inflammation, muscle inflammation, tendon inflammation, ligament inflammation, bone inflammation, cartilage inflammation, lung inflammation, heart inflammation, liver inflammation, pancreatic inflammation, kidney inflammation, bladder inflammation, gastric inflammation, intestinal inflammation, neuroinflammation, ocular inflammation, or brain inflammation. In embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is an acute inflammatory disorder. In embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is a chronic inflammatory disorder. In embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is a steroid-resistant disorder. In some embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is selected from the group consisting of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, neuroinflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, type II diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, septicemia, conjunctivitis, and Alzheimer’s disease.

[0057]

[0042] In some embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is dermatitis. In embodiments, dermatitis is atopic dermatitis, chronic photosensitivity dermatitis, eczema, atopic eczema, contact eczema, dryness eczema, seborrheic eczema, discoid eczema, varicose eczema, herpetic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, autosensitizing dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, purulent dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema, follicular eczema, spongiotic dermatitis, hand dermatitis, diaper dermatitis, occupational contact dermatitis, and lichen planus-like atopic dermatitis.

[0058]

[0043] In some embodiments, the subject has a compromised immune system.

[0059]

[0044] In some embodiments, the subject has an autoimmune disorder.

[0060]

[0045] In some embodiments, the subject has a contraindication to a corticosteroid.

[0061]

[0046] In some embodiments, treating inflammation or an inflammatory disorder comprises reducing the level of an inflammatory biomarker by about 1 %, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%. In some embodiments, the inflammatory biomarker is an inflammatory response gene product.

[0062]

[0047] In some embodiments, the inflammatory response gene product is mRNA. In embodiments, mRNA is Arg-1, ICAM1, VCAM1, CCL2, IL-6, IL-1 , Gm-csf, IL-5, IL-9, IL-15, Muc5ac, mmp9, or TGF-ft mRNA.

[0063]

[0048] In some embodiments, the inflammatory response gene product is a protein. In some embodiments, the protein is Arg-1, ICAM1, VCAM1, MCP1 , IL-6, IL-10, Gm-csf, IL-5, IL-9, IL-15, Muc5ac, mmp9, or TGF-0.

[0064]

[0049] In some embodiments, the medical condition is an ophthalmic disorder.

[0065]

[0050] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic disorder is an inflammatory disorder.

[0066]

[0051] In some embodiments, medical condition is macular degeneration, keratoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, ischemic proliferative retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, cone dystrophy, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, Leber's disease, retinal detachment, retinal pigment epithelial detachment, rubeosis iridis, corneal neovascularization, retinal neovascularization, choroidal neovascularization, or retinochoroidal neovascularization.

[0067]

[0052] In some embodiments, the medical condition is a neurodegenerative disorder.

[0068]

[0053] In some embodiments, the neurodegenerative disorder is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Charcot’s disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, corticobasal degeneration, dementias including vascular dementia, Huntington’s disease, Lytico-Bodig disease, mild cognitive impairment, multiple sclerosis, a motor neuron disease, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, Parkinson’s disease or Parkinsonisms, prion diseases, progressive supranuclear palsy, and traumatic brain injury (TBI), including mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).

[0069]

[0054] A compound of any one of the disclosed embodiments, or the composition of any one of the disclosed embodiments, for use in the treatment of a medical condition.

[0070]

[0055] Use of the compound of any one of the disclosed embodiments, or the composition of any one of the disclosed embodiments, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a medical condition.

[0071]

[0056] The foregoing is a simplified summary of some aspects and embodiments of the invention, to provide a basic understanding thereof. It is not an extensive overview, nor is it intended to identify every key or critical element of the invention or to delineate the complete scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some exemplary embodiments in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description below, to facilitate understanding of the detailed description and to highlight the contribution to the art. It is a high-level introduction to only some of the disclosed aspects and embodiments, offered solely for a reader’s convenience and not to limit the scope or or range of equivalents to which the claims are entitled. Additional aspects and embodiments are described herein. It will be understood that the specific combinations, compositions, and methods disclosed are exemplary and may be adapted or modified to achieve similar objectives. Such variations and equivalents fall within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the claims.

[0072]

[0057] The headings are for ease of reference only and should not be read to limit the disclosed invention.

[0073] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0074]

[0058] To further clarify various aspects of the invention, certain exemplary embodiments are illustrated in the figures. The figures depict only illustrated embodiments of the invention and should not be considered limiting of its scope. Certain aspects of the invention are therefore further described and explained with additional specificity and detail, but still by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying figures in which:

[0075]

[0059] FIG. 1 shows the dose-response curve from a cell-based agonist calcium flux assay for 2-(4-isobutyl- 5-methoxy-2,3-DHB-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine hydrochloride (HCI) for 5-HT2Aand 5-HT2B, as described in Example 6.

[0076]

[0060] FIG. 2 shows the dose-response curve from a cell-based agonist calcium flux assay for 1 -(4-isobutyl- 5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl) butan-2-amine for 5-HT2Aand 5-HT2B, as described in Example 6.

[0077]

[0061] FIG. 3 shows the dose-response curve from a cell-based agonist calcium flux assay for 2-(4-allyl-5- methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine for 5-HT2Aand 5-HT2B, as described in Example 6.

[0078]

[0062] FIG. 4 shows the dose-response curve from a cell-based agonist calcium flux assay for 2-(4-bromo-5- (2-methoxyethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine for 5-HT2Aand 5-HT2B, as described in Example 6.

[0079]

[0063] FIG. 5 shows the dose-response curve from a cell-based agonist calcium flux assay for 2-(4-isobutyl- 5-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine HCI for 5-HT2Aand 5-HT2B, as in Example 6.

[0080]

[0064] FIG. 6 shows a dose response curve of response of PenH, a measure of airway resistance, to increasing methacholine concentrations in naive mice, mice exposed to ovalbumin (OVA), and mice treated with 0.5 mg / kg exemplary compound (EC) 2-(4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethan-1-amine HCI and OVA, as described in Example 7.

[0081]

[0065] FIG. 7A shows the HTR count (15 min fractions) of exemplary compound 2-(4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-

[0082] 2.3-DHB-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine HCI at 0.1, 0.3, 1 , 3, and 10 milligram per kilogram (mpk) over 60 minutes.

[0083]

[0066] FIG. 7B shows the activity in volt-seconds (V*s) of exemplary compound 2-(4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-

[0084] 2.3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine HCI at 0.1 , 0.3, 1 , 3, and 10 mpk over 60 minutes.

[0085]

[0067] FIG. 7C shows the the cumulative number of head twitch events observed during a 30-min period (sum 30 min) of compound 2-(4-isobutyl-5-MeO-2,3-DHB-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine HCI at 0.1 , 0.3, 1 , 3, and 10 mpk.

[0086]

[0068] FIG. 7D shows the activity in volt-seconds (V*s over 30 minutes) of exemplary compound 2-(4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethan-1-amine HCI at 0.1 , 0.3, 1 , 3, and 10 mpk.

[0087]

[0069] FIG. 8A shows the HTR count (15 min fractions) of exemplary compound 2-(4-isobutyl-5-(2-methoxy- ethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine HCI at 0.1, 0.3, 1 , 3, and 10 mpk over 60 minutes.

[0070] FIG. 8B shows the activity in volt-seconds (V*s) of exemplary compound 2-(4-isobutyl-5-(2-methoxy- ethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine HCI at 0.1, 0.3, 1 , 3, and 10 mpk over 60 minutes.

[0088]

[0071] FIG. 8C shows the the cumulative number of head twitch events observed during a 30-minute period (sum 30 min) of exemplary compound 2-(4-isobutyl-5-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,3-DHB-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine HCI at 0.1 , 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 mpk (here and above, and solely as shorthand, “DHB” refers to dihydrobenzofuran).

[0089]

[0072] FIG. 8D shows the activity in volt-seconds (V*s over 30 minutes) of exemplary compound 2-(4-iso-butyl-5-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethan-1-amine HCI at 0.1 , 0.3, 1 , 3, and 10 mpk.

[0090]

[0073] FIG. 9A shows the HTR count (15 min fractions) of exemplary compound (S)-3-(4-isobutyl-5- methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)-3-methylpiperidine at 0.1 , 0.3, 1 , 3, and 10 mpk over 60 minutes.

[0091]

[0074] FIG. 9B shows the activity in volt-seconds (V*s) of exemplary compound (S)-3-(4-isobutyl-5- methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)-3-methylpiperidine at 0.1 , 0.3, 1 , 3, and 10 mpk over 60 minutes.

[0092]

[0075] FIG. 9C shows the cumulative number of head twitch events observed during a 30-min period (sum 30 min) of compound (S)-3-(4-isobutyl-5-MeO-2,3-DHB-7-yl)-3-methylpiperidine at 0.1 , 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 mpk.

[0093]

[0076] FIG. 9D shows the activity in volt-seconds (V*s over 30 minutes) of exemplary compound (S)-3-(4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)-3-methylpiperidine at 0.1 , 0.3, 1 , 3, and 10 mpk.

[0094]

[0077] FIG. 10A shows the HTR count (15 min fractions) of a vehicle control and reference compound DOI (1 mpk) over 60 minutes.

[0095]

[0078] FIG. 10B shows the activity in volt-seconds (V*s) of a vehicle control and reference compound DOI (1 mpk) over 60 minutes.

[0096]

[0079] FIG. 10C shows the cumulative number of head twitch events observed during a 30-minute period (sum 30 min) of a vehicle control (Veh) and reference compound DOI (1 mpk).

[0097]

[0080] FIG. 10D shows the activity in volt-seconds (V*s over 30 minutes) of a vehicle control (Veh) and reference compound DOI (1 mpk).

[0098] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0099]

[0081] While various aspects and features of certain embodiments are summarized above, the following detailed description illustrates some exemplary embodiments in further detail to enable one having ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs (equivalently as shorthand, “one of skill”) to practice such embodiments and to make and use the full scope of the invention claimed.

[0100]

[0082] Many modifications, substitutions, changes, and variations in the described examples, embodiments, applications, and details of the invention illustrated herein can be made by one of skill without departing from the spirit of the invention, or the scope of the invention as described in the appended claims, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to a wide range of aspects. Thus, the invention is not intended to be limited to the aspects presented, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed. The description below is designed to make such embodiments apparent to one of skill, in that the embodiments shall be both readily cognizable and readily creatable without undue experimentation, solely using the teachings herein together with the general knowledge in the art.

[0101] A. General Definitions and Terms

[0102]

[0083] As used in the specification and claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, “an active agent” includes a combination of two or more active agents, and “an excipient” includes a combination of two or more excipients. While the term “one or more” may be used, its absence (or its replacement by the singular) does not signify the singular only, but simply underscores the possibility of, for example, multiple agents or ingredients in some embodiments.

[0103]

[0084] “Or” means, and is interchangeable with, “and / or” unless context clearly indicates otherwise. The specific use of the term “and / or” does not signify that any uses of “or” are disjunctive only; rather, such use simply underscores the possibility that the term “and / or” may be conjunctive in particular embodiments, but otherwise may be disjunctive, like “or.” The term “and” will be understood to be conjunctive.

[0104]

[0085] The terms “comprising,” “including,” “such as,” and “having” are inclusive and not exclusive (i.e., they do not limit lists to recited elements), and are interchangeable with the phrase “including but not limited to.”

[0105]

[0086] Where ranges are used, the disclosure includes embodiments in which the endpoints are included, embodiments in which both endpoints are excluded, and embodiments in which one endpoint is included and the other is excluded. It should be assumed that both endpoints are included unless indicated otherwise. It is also understood that unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and understanding of one of skill, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or subrange within the stated ranges in different embodiments, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is further understood that where a series of numerical values is stated herein, the disclosure includes embodiments that relate analogously to any intervening value or range defined by any two values in the series, and that the lowest value may be taken as a minimum and the greatest value may be taken as a maximum. Numerical values, as used herein, include values expressed as percentages.

[0106]

[0087] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as concentration, reaction conditions, and so forth, will be understood as being modified in some instances by the term “about,” even where not so stated explicitly. In alternative embodiments, such numbers will be understood as not being modified by the term “about.” In embodiments, the numerical parameters are approximations that can vary depending on the particular embodiment or the properties sought to be obtained. In embodiments, “about” includes numbers that fall within a range of ±10% of a number, in embodiments within ±5% of a number, in embodiments within ±2% of a number, in embodiments within ±1 % of a number, in embodiments within ±0.5% of a number, and in embodiments within ±0.1 % of a number, unless otherwise stated or evident from the context (such as where a number would impermissibly exceed 100% of a possible value).

[0107]

[0088] Where “about” is used to modify one number in a series or range, it should be understood to modify all numbers in the series or range, including, for a range, both the upper and lower bounds of the range. Thus, “about 1, 2, or 3” means “about 1, about 2, or about 3” and “about 1 to 10” means “about 1 to about 10.”

[0089] The term “substantially,” where used to modify a feature or limitation, must be read in the context of the disclosure and in light of the knowledge in the art to provide the appropriate certainty, such as by using a standard recognized in the art for measuring the meaning of “substantially” as a term of degree, or by ascertaining the scope as would one of skill.

[0108]

[0090] Numerical parameters should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of embodiments are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the examples are reported as precisely as practicable. Numerical values in some embodiments may contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

[0109]

[0091] A comprehensive list of the abbreviations used by organic chemists of ordinary skill in the art appears in the first issue of each volume of the Journal of Organic Chemistry, typically presented in a table entitled Standard List of Abbreviations; the current list as of the date of this filing is incorporated by reference.

[0110]

[0092] Generally, the nomenclature and terminology used and the procedures performed herein are those known in fields relating to that of one or more aspects of the disclosure, such as biology, pharmacology, neuroscience, organic chemistry, synthetic chemistry, and / or medicinal chemistry, and are those that will be well known and commonly employed in such fields. Standard techniques and procedures are those generally performed according to conventional methods in the art. While any materials and methods similar or equivalent to those described can be used in some embodiments, certain materials and methods are described herein.

[0111]

[0093] Unless explicitly defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms herein have the meaning as commonly understood by one of skill. Further definitions that may assist a reader in understanding the disclosed and exemplary embodiments are below; however, it will be appreciated that such definitions are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, which shall be properly interpreted and understood by reference to the full specification (as well as any plain meaning known to one of skill) in view of the language used in the claims. Terminology is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and not intended to be limiting.

[0112]

[0094] Terms having a specific meaning within the regulatory law of a jurisdiction in which this application is filed or may be in force generally should be given such meaning unless context dictates otherwise.

[0113]

[0095] “In embodiments” is equivalent to, and used only as shorthand for, “in some embodiments.”

[0114]

[0096] “Alkyl” will be understood to include straight or branched radicals having any degree or level of saturation, i.e., groups having exclusively single carbon-carbon bonds, groups having one or more double carbon-carbon (C=C) bonds, groups having one or more triple carbon-carbon (C=C) bonds and groups having mixtures of single, double and triple carbon-carbon bonds. Where a specific level of saturation is intended, the expressions “alkanyl,” “alkenyl,” and “alkynyl” can be used. In some embodiments, an alkyl group comprises from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. For any alkyl, the alkyl may be optionally substituted at one or more positions by deuterium, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkyl ester, hydroxy, alkoxy, carboxy, formyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryloxy, heterocyclyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamido, alkylamido, thiol, thioalkyl, thioaryl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylcarbamoyl, arylcarbamoyl, nitro, cyano, nitrate, — OP(O)(OH)2, — OC(O)H, — OSO2OH, — OC(O)NH2, and — SONH2. In embodiments, an alkyl group will be optionally substituted. In embodiments, an alkyl group will be substituted at one or more positions. In embodiments, an alkyl group will not be substituted at any positions.

[0115]

[0097] “Alkenyl” refers to an unsaturated branched, straight-chain, or cyclic alkyl radical having at least one C=C double bond derived by the removal of one H atom from a single C atom of a parent alkene. The group may be in either the cis or trans conformation about the double bond(s). Typical alkenyl groups include ethenyl; propenyls such as prop-1 -en-1-yl, prop-1 -en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl (allyl), prop-2-en-2-yl, cycloprop-1 -en-1-yl, and cycloprop-2-en-1-yl; butenyls such as but-1 -en-1-yl, but-1 -en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-2yl, buta-1 ,3-dien-1-yl, buta-1 ,3-dien-2-yl, cyclobut-1-en-1-yl, cyclobut-1 -en-3-yl, and cyclobuta-1 ,3-dien-1-yl; and the like. An alkenyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0116]

[0098] “Alkynyl” refers to an unsaturated branched, straight-chain, or cyclic alkyl radical having at least one C=C triple bond derived by the removal of one H atom from a single C atom of a parent alkyne. Typical alkynyl groups include ethynyl; propynyls such as prop-1 -yn-1-yl, and prop-2-yn-1-yl; butynyls such as but-1 -yn-1-yl, but-1 -yn-3-yl, and but-3-yn-1-yl; and the like. An alkynyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0117]

[0099] “Aryl” refers to a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system. Typical aryl groups include groups derived from aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, coronene, fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene, hexaphene, hexalene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene, ovalene, penta-2,4-diene, pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene, phenalene, phenanthrene, picene, pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene, rubicene, triphenylene, trinaphthalene, and the like. In some embodiments, an aryl group comprises from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or between 6 to 12 carbon atoms. An aryl group can be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0118]

[0100] “Cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated monocyclic, bicyclic, fused bicyclic or bridged polycyclic ring assembly containing from 3 to 12 ring atoms, or the number of atoms indicated. Cycloalkyl can include any number of carbons, such as 3 to 6 carbon atoms, 4 to 6 carbon atoms, 5 to 6 carbon atoms, 3 to 8 carbon atoms, 4 to 8 carbon atoms, 5 to 8 carbon atoms, 6 to 8 carbon atoms, 7 to 8 carbon atoms, 3 to 9 carbon atoms, 4 to 9 carbon atoms, 5 to 9 carbon atoms, 6 to 9 carbon atoms, 7 to 9 carbon atoms, 8 to 9 carbon atoms, 3 to 10 carbon atoms, 4 to 10 carbon atoms, 5 to 10 carbon atoms, 6 to 10 carbon atoms, 7 to 10 carbon atoms, 8 to 10 carbon atoms, 9 to 10 carbon atoms, 3 to 11 carbon atoms, 4 to 11 carbon atoms, 5 to 11 carbon atoms, 6 to 11 carbon atoms, 7 to 11 carbon atoms, 8 to 11 carbon atoms, 9 to 11 carbon atoms, 10 to 11 carbon atoms, 3 to 12 carbon atoms, 4 to 12 carbon atoms, 5 to 12 carbon atoms, 6 to 12 carbon atoms, 7 to 12 carbon atoms, 8 to 12 carbon atoms, 9 to 12 carbon atoms, 10 to 12 carbon atoms, and 11 to 12 carbon atoms. Monocyclic cycloalkyl rings include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cyclooctyl. Bicyclic compounds include spirocyclic compounds, fused bicyclic compounds and bridged bicyclic compounds. Bicyclic and polycyclic cycloalkyl rings include, for example, norbornane, bicyclooctane, decahydronaphthalene and adamantane. When cycloalkyl is a monocyclic C3.8cycloalkyl, exemplary groups include, but are not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl. When cycloalkyl is a monocyclic C3.6cycloalkyl, exemplary groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. A cycloalkyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0119]

[0101] “Cycloalkenyl” refers to a mono- or multi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system that contains one or more double bonds in at least one ring. However, if there is more than one double bond, the double bonds cannot form a fully delocalized pi-electron system throughout all the rings (otherwise the group would be “aryl,” as defined herein). When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be connected together in a fused fashion. Cycloalkenyl can include any number of carbons, such as 3 to 6 carbon atoms, 4 to 6 carbon atoms, 5 to 6 carbon atoms, 3 to 8 carbon atoms, 4 to 8 carbon atoms, 5 to 8 carbon atoms, 6 to 8 carbon atoms, 7 to 8 carbon atoms, 3 to 9 carbon atoms, 4 to 9 carbon atoms, 5 to 9 carbon atoms, 6 to 9 carbon atoms, 7 to 9 carbon atoms, 8 to 9 carbon atoms, 3 to 10 carbon atoms, 4 to 10 carbon atoms, 5 to 10 carbon atoms, 6 to 10 carbon atoms, 7 to 10 carbon atoms, 8 to 10 carbon atoms, 9 to 10 carbon atoms, 3 to 11 carbon atoms, 4 to 11 carbon atoms, 5 to 11 carbon atoms, 6 to 11 carbon atoms, 7 to 11 carbon atoms, 8 to 11 carbon atoms, 9 to 11 carbon atoms, 10 to 11 carbon atoms, 3 to 12 carbon atoms, 4 to 12 carbon atoms, 5 to 12 carbon atoms, 6 to 12 carbon atoms, 7 to 12 carbon atoms, 8 to 12 carbon atoms, 9 to 12 carbon atoms, 10 to 12 carbon atoms, and 11 to 12 carbon atoms. Representative Cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cyclohexadiene (1 ,3- and 1 ,4-isomers), cycloheptene, cycloheptadiene, cyclooctene, cyclooctadiene (1 ,3-, 1 ,4- and 1 ,5-isomers), norbornene, and norbornadiene. A cycloalkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.

[0120]

[0102] “Cycloalkylmethyl” refers to a radical having a methylene component and a cycloalkyl component, where the methylene component links the cycloalkyl component to the point of attachment. The cycloalkyl component is as defined above, and can include any number of carbons, such as 3 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., a C3-C6cycloalkylmethyl), 4 to 6 carbon atoms, 5 to 6 carbon atoms, 3 to 8 carbon atoms, 4 to 8 carbon atoms, 5 to 8 carbon atoms, 6 to 8 carbon atoms, 7 to 8 carbon atoms, 3 to 9 carbon atoms, 4 to 9 carbon atoms, 5 to 9 carbon atoms, 6 to 9 carbon atoms, 7 to 9 carbon atoms, 8 to 9 carbon atoms, 3 to 10 carbon atoms, 4 to 10 carbon atoms, 5 to 10 carbon atoms, 6 to 10 carbon atoms, 7 to 10 carbon atoms, 8 to 10 carbon atoms, 9 to 10 carbon atoms, 3 to 11 carbon atoms, 4 to 11 carbon atoms, 5 to 11 carbon atoms, 6 to 11 carbon atoms, 7 to 11 carbon atoms, 8 to 11 carbon atoms, 9 to 11 carbon atoms, 10 to 11 carbon atoms, 3 to 12 carbon atoms, 4 to 12 carbon atoms, 5 to 12 carbon atoms, 6 to 12 carbon atoms, 7 to 12 carbon atoms, 8 to 12 carbon atoms, 9 to 12 carbon atoms, 10 to 12 carbon atoms, and 11 to 12 carbon atoms. In embodiments, the cycloalkylmethyl group is a cyclopropylmethyl group. A cycloalkylmethyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0121]

[0103] “Halogen” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

[0122]

[0104] “Heterocycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl as defined above, having from 3 to 12 ring members and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms of N, 0 and S. Heterocycloalkyl includes bicyclic compounds which include a heteroatom. Bicyclic compounds includes spirocyclic compounds, fused bicyclic compounds, and bridged bicyclic compounds The heteroatoms can also be oxidized, such as, but not limited to, — S(O)— and — S(O)2— . Heterocycloalkyl groups can include any number of ring atoms, such as, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 3 to 9, 3 to 10, 3 to 11 , or 3 to 12 ring members. Any suitable number of heteroatoms can be included in the heterocycloalkyl groups, such as 1 , 2, 3, or 4, or 1 to 2, 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 2 to 3, 2 to 4, or 3 to 4. The heterocycloalkyl group can include groups such as aziridine, azetidinyl, pyrrolidine, piperidine, azepane, azocane, quinuclidine, pyrazolidine, imidazolidine, piperazine (1 ,2-, 1 ,3- and 1 ,4-isomers), oxirane, oxetane, tetrahydrofuran, oxane (tetrahydropyran), oxepane, thiirane, thietane, thiolane (tetrahydrothiophene), thiane (tetrahydrothiopyran), oxazolidine, isoxazolidine, thiazolidine, isothiazolidine, dioxolane, dithiolane, morpholine, thiomorpholine, dioxane, or dithiane. The heterocycloalkyl groups can also be fused to aromatic or non-aromatic ring systems to form members including, but not limited to, indoline. Heterocycloalkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted. For example, heterocycloalkyl groups can be substituted with C1-6 alkyl or oxo (=0), among many others.

[0123]

[0105] “Alkyl-heterocycloalkyl” refers to a radical having an alkyl component and a heterocycloalkyl component, where the alkyl component links the heterocycloalkyl component to the point of attachment. The alkyl component is as defined above, except that the alkyl component is at least divalent, an alkylene, to link to the heterocycloalkyl component and to the point of attachment. The alkyl component can include any number of carbons, such as C1-2, C1-3, C1-4, C1-5, C1-6, C2-3, C2-4, C2-5, C2-6, C3-4, C3-5, C3-6, C4-5, C4-6 and C5-6. In some instances, the alkyl component can be absent. The heterocycloalkyl component is as defined above. Alkyl-heterocycloalkyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0124]

[0106] “Heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic or fused bicyclic or tricyclic aromatic ring assembly containing 5 to 16 ring atoms, where from 1 to 5 of the ring atoms are a heteroatom such as N, 0 or S. Heteroaryl groups can include any number of ring atoms, such as, 5 to 6, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 3 to 9, 3 to 10, 3 to 11 , or 3 to 12 ring members. Any suitable number of heteroatoms can be included in the heteroaryl groups, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, or 1 to 2, 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 1 to 5, 2 to 3, 2 to 4, 2 to 5, 3 to 4, or 3 to 5. Heteroaryl groups can have from 5 to 8 ring members and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms, or from 5 to 8 ring members and from 1 to 3 heteroatoms, or from 5 to 6 ring members and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms, or from 5 to 6 ring members and from 1 to 3 heteroatoms. A heteroaryl includes groups such as pyrrole, pyridine, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, triazine (1 ,2,3-, 1 ,2,4- and 1 ,3,5-isomers), thiophene, furan, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, and isoxazole. The heteroaryl groups can also be fused to aromatic ring systems, such as a phenyl ring, to form members including, but not limited to, benzopyrroles such as indole and isoindole, benzopyridines such as quinoline and isoquinoline, benzopyrazine (quinoxaline), benzopyrimidine (quinazoline), benzopyridazines such as phthalazine and cinnoline, benzothiophene, and benzofuran. Other heteroaryl groups include heteroaryl rings linked by a bond, such as bipyridine. Heteroaryl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0125]

[0107] “Alkyl-heteroaryl” refers to a radical having an alkyl component and a heteroaryl component, where the alkyl component links the heteroaryl component to the point of attachment. The alkyl component is as defined above, except that the alkyl component is at least divalent, an alkylene, to link to the heteroaryl component and to the point of attachment. The alkyl component can include any number of carbons, such as CO-6, C1-2, C1-3, C1-4, C1-5, C1-6, C2-3, C2-4, C2-5, C2-6, C3-4, C3-5, C3-6, C4-5, C4-6 and C5-6. In some instances, the alkyl component can be absent. The heteroaryl component is as defined within. Alkyl-heteroaryl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0126]

[0108] “Alkoxy” refers to the formula —OR, wherein R is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, as defined herein. A non-limiting list of alkoxys are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, 1 -methylethoxy (isopropoxy), n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, phenoxy and benzoxy. An alkoxy group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0127]

[0109] “Alkylthio” or “thioalkyl” refers to the formula —SR, wherein R is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, as defined herein. A non-limiting list of alkylthio are methylthio, ethylthio, n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, iso-butylthio, sec-butylthio, phenylthio, and benzylthio. An alkylthio group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0128]

[0110] “Acyl” refers to a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, connected via a carbonyl group as a substituent. Examples include formyl, acetyl, propanoyl, benzoyl, and acryl. An acyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0129]

[0111] “Haloalkyl” refers to any alkyl group as defined above, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen (e.g., a fluorine, a chlorine, a bromine, or an iodine). Where an alkyl radical is substituted by more than one halogen, it may be referred to using a prefix corresponding to the number of halogen substitutions. For example, dihaloalkyl refers to an alkyl substituted by two halo groups, which may be, but are not necessarily, the same halogen. Examples of haloalkyl groups include difluoromethyl (— CHF2), bromofluoromethyl (— CHBrF), trifluoromethyl (— CF3), and 2-fluoroethyl (— CH2CH2F). Additional examples of haloalkyl groups include -CHF2, -CH2F, -CH2CF3, -CH2CHF2, -CH2CH2F, -CH(CH3)(CF3), — CH(CH3)(CHF2), and — CH(CH3)(CH2F). A haloalkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0130]

[0112] “Haloalkylthio” refers to any alkylthio group as defined above, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen (e.g., a fluorine, a chlorine, a bromine, or an iodine). Where an alkylthio radical is substituted by more than one halogen, it may be referred to using a prefix corresponding to the number of halogen substitutions. For example, dihaloalkylthio refers to an alkylthio substituted by two halo groups, which may be, but are not necessarily, the same halogen. Examples of haloalkylthio groups include — SCF3, — CHF2, -CH2F, -CH2CF3, -CH2CHF2, -CH2CH2F, -CH(CH3)(CF3), -CH(CH3)(CHF2), and -CH(CH3)(CH2F). A haloalkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0131]

[0113] “Hydroxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a hydroxy group. Exemplary hydroxyalkyl groups include but are not limited to, 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxy- propyl, 2-hydroxypropyl and 2,2-dihydroxyethyl. A hydroxyalkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0132]

[0114] “Haloalkoxy” refers to an — O-alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen (e.g., mono-haloalkoxy, di-haloalkoxy and tri-haloalkoxy). The halogens may be the same or different in each instance. Such groups include but are not limited to, chloromethoxy, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 1-chloro-2-fluoromethoxy and 2-fluoroisobutoxy. A haloalkoxy group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0133]

[0115] “Sulfenyl” refers to an —SR group in which R can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, as defined herein. A sulfenyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0134]

[0116] “Sulfinyl” refers to an — S(=O)— R group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to sulfenyl. A sulfinyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0135]

[0117] “Sulfonyl” refers to an — SO2R group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to sulfenyl. A sulfonyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0136]

[0118] “O-carboxy” refers to a — RC(=O)O— group in which R can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, as defined herein. An O-carboxy group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0137]

[0119] “Ester” and “C-carboxy” refer to a — C(=O)OR group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to O-carboxy. Ester and C-carboxy groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0138]

[0120] “Thiocarbonyl” refers to a — C(=S)R group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to O-carboxy. A thiocarbonyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0139]

[0121] “Trihalomethanesulfonyl” refers to an X3CSO2— group wherein each X is a halogen.

[0140]

[0122] “Trihalomethanesulfonamido” refers to an X3CS(O)2N(RA)— group wherein each X is a halogen, and RAis hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, as defined herein.

[0141]

[0123] “S-sulfonamido” refers to a — S02N(RARB) group in which RAand RBcan be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, as defined herein. An S-sulfonamido group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0142]

[0124] “N-sulfonamido” refers to a RS02N(RA)— group in which R and RAcan be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, as defined herein. An N-sulfonamido group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0143]

[0125] “O-carbamyl” refers to a — 0C(=0)N(RARB) group in which RAand RBcan be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, as defined herein. An O-carbamyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0144]

[0126] “N-carbamyl” refers to an R0C(=0)N(RA)— group in which R and RAcan be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, as defined herein. An N-carbamyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0127] “O-thiocarbamyl” refers to a — OC(=S)— N(RARB) group in which RAand RBcan be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, as defined herein. An O-thiocarbamyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0145]

[0128] “N-thiocarbamyl” refers to an ROC(=S)N(RA)— group in which R and RAcan be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, as defined herein. An N-thiocarbamyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0146]

[0129] “C-amido” group refers to a — C(=O)N(RARB) group in which RAand RBcan be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, as defined herein. A C-amido group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0147]

[0130] “N-amido” refers to a RC(=0)N(RA)— group in which R and RAcan be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, as defined herein. An N-amido group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0148]

[0131] Even where not expressly stated above, any group above can be substituted or unsubstituted. Accordingly, in some embodiments, each group is substituted. In other embodiments, each group is unsubstituted. In other embodiments, each group is optionally substituted.

[0149]

[0132] “Optionally substituted” unless otherwise specified means that a group may be unsubstituted, or substituted by one or more of the substituents listed for that group. Likewise, when a group is described as being “unsubstituted or substituted” if substituted, the substituent(s) may be selected from one or more of the indicated substituents. When there are more than one substituents, the substituents may be the same or different. In some embodiments, an optionally substituted group has one substituent. In another embodiment, an optionally substituted group has two substituents. In another embodiment, an optionally substituted group has three substituents. In another embodiment, an optionally substituted group has four substituents. If no substituents are indicated for an “optionally substituted” or “substituted” group, it is meant that the indicated “optionally substituted” or “substituted” group may be substituted with one or more group(s) individually and independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl (alkyl), (heterocyclyl)alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyl, cyano, halogen, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, azido, silyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, trihalomethanesulfonyl, trihalomethanesulfonamido, an amino, a mono-substituted amino group, a di-substituted amino group, and a tri-substituted amino group.

[0150]

[0133] Still additional definitions and abbreviations are provided elsewhere herein.

[0151] B. Compounds

[0152]

[0134] The phenethylamine pharmacophore is one of the most well-known chemical scaffolds found in biologically active molecules, such as neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine) and psychoactive drugs (e.g., the entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also known as MDMA).

[0135] One class of phenethylamine compounds, known as the “2C” or “2C-x” compounds, are ring-substituted phenethylamines containing methoxy groups on the 2 and 5 positions of the benzene ring, and an additional (often lipophilic) substituent at the 4 position. Many 2C compounds are potent and selective 5-HT2Areceptor agonists, and have been historically studied as pharmacophores in SAR studies of psychedelic drugs. Certain 2C compounds have effects similar to those of entactogens such as MDMA, as well as effects similar to those of “classic” psychedelics such as psilocybin. Although some 2C compounds are generally well-tolerated within certain dose ranges, adverse sympathomimetic effects have been reported, including agitation, excited delirium, aggression, violence, dysphoria, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, and hyperthermia, and many 2C compounds are known to be associated with heavy “body load” and Gl effects (see, e.g., Dean et al., J Med Toxicol, 2013; 9(2):172— 178). For these and other reasons, among the ongoing needs for new chemical entities that are addressed by the disclosure are the disclosure of compounds that retain advantages of certain phenethylamines, while also providing new advantageous properties and biochemical functionalities, and / or mitigating one or more downsides of known compounds.

[0153]

[0136] Conformationally restricted analogs of 2C compounds and other phenethylamines (e.g., DOM, DOI, and DOB) have been used to to probe the location of hydrogen bonds between phenylalkylamine ligands and the 5-HT2Areceptor (see, e.g., Monte et al. J Med Chem. 1996; 39(15):2953-2961; Blaazer et al. ChemMedChem. 2008;3:1299-1309). Prior studies have indicated that rigidified asymmetric analogs of DOM, with the lone oxygen pair of the 5-methoxy group oriented syn to the alkylamino side chain, exhibit reduced LSD-like hallucinogenic activity. In contrast, asymmetric analogs with an anti orientation of the oxygen lone pair of the 5-methoxy group with respect to the side chain were potent ligands that fully substituted for LSD in drug discrimination experiments (Blaazer et al., ChemMedChem. 2008; 3:1299-1309). Conversely, subsequent studies demonstrated that, for the 2-methoxy groups, certain conformationally restricted analogs with a syn orientation of the methoxy oxygen lone pairs were potent serotonin agonists, whereas anf / '-oriented analogs were less potent than the parent compounds (id.). These findings motivated the eventual synthesis of rigidified compounds with both aromatic methoxy groups tethered into rotationally restricted dihydrofuran rings, commonly referred to as “FLY” compounds (Monte et al. J Med Chem. 1996; 39(15): 2953-2961).

[0154]

[0137] The present disclosure relates to substituted 2,3-benzofuran compounds (i.e., “hemiFLY” derivatives of phenethylamines). Although some asymmetric dihydrofuran phenethylamine analogs have been reported (Nichols et al. J Med Chem. 1991 ;34:276-281 ; Monte et al. J Med Chem. 1996; 39(15): 2953-2961), Applicant is unaware of the specific compounds and compositions disclosed herein having been synthesized, formulated, and / or used in the compositions and methods of the disclosure. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationships, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds remains largely uncharacterized. In fact, to Applicant’s knowledge no experimentally determined 5-HT2Abinding affinities or potencies for 2-hemiFLY compounds have been reported in the scientific literature.

[0155]

[0138] In some aspects, the disclosure relates to compounds of Formula (1): wherein:

[0156] R4is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, N02, CrCg alkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl, CrCg haloalkyl, C^Cg alkoxy, CrCg haloalkylthio, C C6alkylthio, C3-C6cycloalkylmethyl, or — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl;

[0157] R5is CrCg alkoxy, — (CH2)0.3OH, — (CH^-O-CrCg alkyl, — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl,

[0158] — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-NH2, or -(CH2)M-C(O)-NH-CrC6alkyl;

[0159] R and R' are each independently H or C^Cg alkyl;

[0160] RNis H or — CH2-Ar; wherein Ar is 6- to 12-membered heterocyclyl or C6-C12aryl optionally substituted by F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C^Cg alkoxy, or phenyl; and

[0161] Rais H or C^Cg alkyl; and Rbis H; or Raand Rbtogether with the intervening atoms form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl; or RNand Rbtogether with the intervening atoms form a 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl, and Rais H or CrCg alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0162]

[0139] In some embodiments of Formula (1), R4is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, C^Cg alkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl, CrCg haloalkyl, CrCg alkoxy, CrCg haloalkylthio, CrCg alkylthio, C3-C6cycloalkylmethyl, or — (CH2)0-3-C(O)-O-C1-Cg alkyl. In embodiments, R4is H. In embodiments, R4is F. In embodiments, R4is Cl. In embodiments, R4is Br. In embodiments, R4is I. In embodiments, R4is CN. In embodiments, R4is NO2. In embodiments, R4is C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, R4is methyl. In embodiments, R4is ethyl. In embodiments, R4is propyl. In embodiments, R4is butyl. In embodiments, R4is isobutyl. In embodiments, R4is pentyl. In embodiments, R4is neopentyl. In embodiments, R4is C2-C6alkenyl. In embodiments, R4is vinyl. In embodiments, R4is allyl. In embodiments, R4is C2-C6alkynyl. In embodiments, R4is ethynyl. In embodiments, R4is CrCg haloalkyl. In embodiments, R4is trifluoromethyl. In embodiments, R4is C C6alkoxy. In embodiments, R4is methoxy. In embodiments, R4is C C6haloalkylthio. In embodiments, R4is 2-fluoro- ethylthio. In embodiments, R4is C^Cg alkylthio. In embodiments, R4is methylthio. In embodiments, R4is ethylthio. In embodiments, R4is propylthio. In embodiments, R4is butylthio. In embodiments, R4is isobutylthio. In embodiments, R4is C3-C6cycloalkylmethyl. In embodiments, R4is cyclopropylmethyl. In embodiments, R4is — (CH2)0-3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl. In embodiments, R4is — COO-C C6alkyl. In embodiments, R4is — CH2COO-C C6alkyl. In embodiments, R4is — (CH2)2COO-C1-C6alkyl. In embodiments, R4is — (CH2)3COO-C C6alkyl. In embodiments, R4is — CH2COOCH3. In embodiments, R4is — CH2COOCH2CH3.

[0163]

[0140] In some embodiments of Formula (1), R5is CrCg alkoxy, — (CH2)0.3OH, — (CH^-O-CrCg alkyl, — (CH2)O.3-C(0)-0-C1-C6alkyl, — (CH2)o.3-C(0)-NH2, or — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-NH-C1-C6alkyl; wherein n is from 0 to 3. In embodiments, R5is CrCg alkoxy. In embodiments, R5is methoxy. In embodiments, R5is — (CH2)0.3OH. In embodiments, R5is — CH2OH, — CH2CH2OH, or — CH2CH2CH2OH. In embodiments, R5is — (CH2)0.3-O-C1-Cg alkyl. In embodiments, R5is — CH2OCH3, — CH2CH2OCH3, or — CH2CH2CH2OCH3. In embodiments, R5is — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl. In embodiments, R5is — COOCH3, — CH2COOCH3, — CH2CH2COOCH3, or — CH2CH2CH2COOCH3. In embodiments, R5is — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-NH2. In embodiments, R5is -CONH2, -CH2CONH2, -CH2CH2CONH2, or -CH2CH2CH2CONH2.

[0164]

[0141] In some embodiments of Formula (1), R and R' are each independently H or C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, R is H. In embodiments, R is C^Cg alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl). In embodiments, R' is H. In embodiments, R' is C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, R and R' are both H. In embodiments, R is H and R' is C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, R is H and R' is methyl. In embodiments, R and R' are both C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, R and R' are both methyl.

[0165]

[0142] In some embodiments of Formula (1), Rais H or C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, Rais H. In embodiments, Rais C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, Rais methyl. In embodiments, Rais ethyl.

[0166]

[0143] In some embodiments of Formula (1), RNis H or — CH2-Ar, wherein Ar is 6- to 12-membered heterocyclyl or C6-C12aryl optionally substituted by F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C^Cg alkoxy, or phenyl. In embodiments, RNis H. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is 6- to 12-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by F, Cl, Br, I, OH, CrCg alkoxy, or phenyl. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is unsubstituted 6- to 12-membered heterocyclyl. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is 6- to 12-membered heterocyclyl substituted by F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C^Cg alkoxy, or phenyl. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is benzodioxolyl (e.g., 1 ,3-benzodioxolyl). In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is benzofuranyl (e.g., 1 -benzofuranyl). In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is C6-C12aryl optionally substituted by F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C^Cg alkoxy, or phenyl. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is unsubstituted C6-C12aryl. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is phenyl. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is naphthyl. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is C6-C12aryl substituted by F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C^Cg alkoxy, or phenyl. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is phenyl substituted by F, Cl, Br, or I. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is 2-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, or 2-iodophenyl. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, or 3-iodophenyl. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is phenyl substituted by OH. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is 2-hydroxyphenyl. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is phenyl substituted by C^Cg alkoxy. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is 2-methoxyphenyl. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is phenyl substituted by phenyl. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is biphenyl (e.g., 2-biphenyl). In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)phenyl. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is phenyl substituted by C3-C6cycloalkyl. In embodiments, RNis — CH2-Ar, and Ar is phenyl substituted by cyclopropyl (e.g., 2-cyclopropylphenyl).

[0144] In some embodiments of Formula (1), Rbis H.

[0167]

[0145] In some embodiments of Formula (1), Rband RNtogether with the intervening atoms form a 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl. In embodiments, Rband RNtogether with the intervening atoms form an azetidinyl. In embodiments, Rband RNtogether with the intervening atoms form a pyrrolidinyl. In embodiments, Rband RNtogether with the intervening atoms form a piperidinyl. In embodiments, Rband RNtogether with the intervening atoms form an azepanyl.

[0168]

[0146] In some embodiments of Formula (1), Raand Rbtogether with the intervening atoms form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl. In embodiments, Raand Rbtogether with the intervening atoms form a cyclopropyl. In embodiments, Raand Rbtogether with the intervening atoms form a cyclobutyl. In embodiments, Raand Rbtogether with the intervening atoms form a cyclopentyl. In embodiments, Raand Rbtogether with the intervening atoms form a cyclohexyl.

[0169]

[0147] In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of Formula (2), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof, wherein Ra, R4, and R5are as defined for Formula (1).

[0170]

[0148] In some embodiments of Formula (2), Rais H or C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, Rais H. In embodiments, Rais C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, Rais methyl. In embodiments, Rais ethyl.

[0171]

[0149] In some embodiments of Formula (2), R4is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, C^Cg alkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl, CrCg haloalkyl, CrCg alkoxy, CrCg haloalkylthio, CrCg alkylthio, C3-C6cycloalkylmethyl, or — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl; wherein n is from 0 to 3. In embodiments, R4is H. In embodiments, R4is F. In embodiments, R4is Cl. In embodiments, R4is Br. In embodiments, R4is I. In embodiments, R4is CN. In embodiments, R4is NO2. In embodiments, R4is CrCg alkyl. In embodiments, R4is methyl. In embodiments, R4is ethyl. In embodiments, R4is propyl. In embodiments, R4is butyl. In embodiments, R4is isobutyl. In embodiments, R4is pentyl. In embodiments, R4is neopentyl. In embodiments, R4is C2-C6alkenyl. In embodiments, R4is vinyl. In embodiments, R4is allyl. In embodiments, R4is C2-C6alkynyl. In embodiments, R4is ethynyl. In embodiments, R4is C^Cg haloalkyl. In embodiments, R4is trifluoromethyl. In embodiments, R4is C^Cg alkoxy. In embodiments, R4is methoxy. In embodiments, R4is C^Cg haloalkylthio. In embodiments, R4is 2-fluoroethylthio. In embodiments, R4is C^Cg alkylthio. In embodiments, R4is methylthio. In embodiments, R4is ethylthio. In embodiments, R4is propylthio. In embodiments, R4is butylthio. In embodiments, R4is isobutylthio. In embodiments, R4is C3-C6cycloalkylmethyl. In embodiments, R4is cyclopropylmethyl. In embodiments, R4is — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl; wherein n is from 0 to 3. In embodiments, R4is — COO-CrC6alkyl. In embodiments, R4is — CH2COO-C1-C6alkyl. In embodiments, R4is — (CH2)2COO-C1-C6alkyl. In embodiments, R4is — (CH^COO-CpCg alkyl. In embodiments, R4is — CH2COOCH3. In embodiments, R4is — CH2COOCH2CH3.

[0172]

[0150] In some embodiments of Formula (2), R5is CrCg alkoxy, — (CH2)0.3OH, — (CH^^-O-CpCg alkyl, — (CH2)0-3-C(O)-O-C1-Cg alkyl, — (CH2)o.3-C(0)-NH2, or — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-NH-C1-C6alkyl; wherein n is from 0 to 3. In embodiments, R5is C^Cg alkoxy. In embodiments, R5is methoxy. In embodiments, R5is — (CH2)0-3OH. In embodiments, R5is — CH2OH, — CH2CH2OH, or — CH2CH2CH2OH. In embodiments, R5is — (CH^-O-^-Cg alkyl. In embodiments, R5is — CH2OCH3, — CH2CH2OCH3, or — CH2CH2CH2OCH3. In embodiments, R5is — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl. In embodiments, R5is — COOCH3, — CH2COOCH3, — CH2CH2COOCH3, or — CH2CH2CH2COOCH3. In embodiments, R5is — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-NH2. In embodiments, R5is -CONH2, -CH2CONH2, -CH2CH2CONH2, or -CH2CH2CH2CONH2.

[0173]

[0151] In some embodiments of Formula (2), R and R' are each independently H or C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, R is H. In embodiments, R is C^Cg alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl). In embodiments, R' is H. In embodiments, R' is C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, R and R' are both H. In embodiments, R is H and R' is C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, R is H and R' is methyl. In embodiments, R and R' are both C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, R and R' are both methyl.

[0174]

[0152] In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of Formula (3), wherein

[0175] X, Y, and Z are each independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, CrCg alkoxy, C3-C6cycloalkyl, or phenyl; or

[0176] X and Y are taken together to form a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, and Z is H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, CrC6alkoxy, C3-C6cycloalkyl, or phenyl; or

[0177] Y and Z are taken together to form a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, and X is H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, CrC6alkoxy, C3-C6cycloalkyl, or phenyl; and

[0178] Ra, R4, and R5are as defined for Formula (1); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0179]

[0153] In some embodiments of Formula (3), X, Y, and Z are each independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C^Cg alkoxy, or phenyl. In embodiments, X is F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C^Cg alkoxy, or phenyl; and Y and Z are both H. In embodiments, Y is F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C^Cg alkoxy, or phenyl; and X and Z are both H. In embodiments, Z is F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C^Cg alkoxy, or phenyl; and X and Y are both H. In embodiments, X and Y are each independently F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C^Cg alkoxy, or phenyl; and Z is H. In embodiments, X and Z are each independently F, Cl, Br, I, OH, CrCg alkoxy, or phenyl; and Y is H. In embodiments, Y and Z are each independently F, Cl, Br, I, OH, CrCg alkoxy, or phenyl; and X is H.

[0180]

[0154] In some embodiments of Formula (3), X is H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, CrCg alkoxy, or phenyl. In embodiments, X is F, Cl, Br, or I. In embodiments, X is H. In embodiments, X is F. In embodiments, X is Cl. In embodiments, X is Br. In embodiments, X is I. In embodiments, X is OH. In embodiments, X is CrCg alkoxy. In embodiments, X is methoxy. In embodiments, X is phenyl. In embodiments, X is 4-hydroxyphenyl. In embodiments, X is C3-C6cycloalkyl. In embodiments, X is cyclopropyl.

[0181]

[0155] In some embodiments of Formula (3), Y is H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C^Cg alkoxy, or phenyl. In embodiments, Y is F, Cl, Br, or I. In embodiments, Y is H. In embodiments, Y is F. In embodiments, Y is Cl. In embodiments, Y is Br. In embodiments, Y is I. In embodiments, Y is OH. In embodiments, Y is C^Cg alkoxy. In embodiments, Y is methoxy. In embodiments, Y is phenyl. In embodiments, Y is 4-hydroxyphenyl. In embodiments, Y is C3-C6cycloalkyl. In embodiments, Y is cyclopropyl.

[0182]

[0156] In some embodiments of Formula (3), Z is H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C^Cg alkoxy, or phenyl. In embodiments, Z is F, Cl, Br, or I. In embodiments, Z is H. In embodiments, Z is F. In embodiments, Z is Cl. In embodiments, Z is Br. In embodiments, Z is I. In embodiments, Z is OH. In embodiments, Z is C^Cg alkoxy. In embodiments, Z is methoxy. In embodiments, Z is phenyl. In embodiments, Z is 4-hydroxyphenyl. In embodiments, Z is C3-C6cycloalkyl. In embodiments, Z is cyclopropyl.

[0183]

[0157] In some embodiments of Formula (3), X and Y are taken together to form a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl. In embodiments, X and Y are taken together to form \ O— " 'p (methylenedioxy), wherein * and ** indicate the points of connection between X and the rest of the compound, and between Y and the rest of the compound, respectively. In embodiments, X and Y are taken together to form a dihydrofuranyl. In embodiments, X and Y are taken together to form , wherein * and ** indicate the points of connection between X and the rest of the compound, and between Y and the rest of the compound, respectively. In embodiments, X and Y are taken together to form a furanyl. In embodiments, X and Y are

[0184] ** ** taken together to form \ 0— ‘ or \ i=x / p , wherein * and ** indicate the points of connection between X and the rest of the compound, and between Y and the rest of the compound, respectively.

[0185]

[0158] In some embodiments of Formula (3), Y and Z are taken together to form a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl. In embodiments, Y and Z are taken together to form (methylenedioxy), wherein * and ** indicate the points of connection between Y and the rest of the compound, and between Z and the rest of the compound, respectively. In embodiments, Y and Z are taken together to form a dihydrofuranyl. In ** embodiments, Y and Z are taken together to form O-7or i — t , wherein * and ** indicate the points of connection between Y and the rest of the compound, and between Z and the rest of the compound, respectively. In embodiments, Y and Z are taken together to form a furanyl. In embodiments, Y and Z are taken together to form , wherein * and ** indicate the points of connection between Y and the rest of the compound, and between Z and the rest of the compound, respectively.

[0186]

[0159] In some embodiments of Formula (3), Rais H or C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, Rais H. In embodiments, Rais C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, Rais methyl. In embodiments, Rais ethyl.

[0187]

[0160] In some embodiments of Formula (3), R4is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, N02, C^Cg alkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl, CrCg haloalkyl, CrCg alkoxy, CrCg haloalkylthio, CrCg alkylthio, C3-C6cycloalkylmethyl, or — (CH2)o_3-C(0)-0-C1-Cg alkyl; wherein n is from 0 to 3. In embodiments, R4is H. In embodiments, R4is F. In embodiments, R4is Cl. In embodiments, R4is Br. In embodiments, R4is I. In embodiments, R4is CN. In embodiments, R4is N02. In embodiments, R4is CrCg alkyl. In embodiments, R4is methyl. In embodiments, R4is ethyl. In embodiments, R4is propyl. In embodiments, R4is butyl. In embodiments, R4is isobutyl. In embodiments, R4is pentyl. In embodiments, R4is neopentyl. In embodiments, R4is C2-C6alkenyl. In embodiments, R4is vinyl. In embodiments, R4is allyl. In embodiments, R4is C2-C6alkynyl. In embodiments, R4is ethynyl. In embodiments, R4is C^Cg haloalkyl. In embodiments, R4is trifluoromethyl. In embodiments, R4is C^Cg alkoxy. In embodiments, R4is methoxy. In embodiments, R4is C^Cg haloalkylthio. In embodiments, R4is 2-fluoroethylthio. In embodiments, R4is C^Cg alkylthio. In embodiments, R4is methylthio. In embodiments, R4is ethylthio. In embodiments, R4is propylthio. In embodiments, R4is butylthio. In embodiments, R4is isobutylthio. In embodiments, R4is C3-C6cycloalkylmethyl. In embodiments, R4is cyclopropylmethyl. In embodiments, R4is — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl; wherein n is from 0 to 3. In embodiments, R4is — COO-CrCg alkyl. In embodiments, R4is — CH2COO-C1-C6alkyl. In embodiments, R4is — (CH^COO-CrCg alkyl. In embodiments, R4is — (CH^COO-C Cg alkyl. In embodiments, R4is — CH2COOCH3. In embodiments, R4is — CH2COOCH2CH3.

[0188]

[0161] In some embodiments of Formula (3), R5is C^Cg alkoxy, — (CH2)0.3OH, — (CH2)o.3-0-C1-Cg alkyl, — (CH2)0-3-C(O)-O-C1-Cg alkyl, — (CH2)o.3-C(0)-NH2, or — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-NH-C1-C6alkyl; wherein n is from 0 to 3. In embodiments, R5is CrCg alkoxy. In embodiments, R5is methoxy. In embodiments, R5is — (CH2)0-3OH. In embodiments, R5is — CH2OH, — CH2CH2OH, or — CH2CH2CH2OH. In embodiments, R5is — (CH^o-s-O-C Cg alkyl. In embodiments, R5is — CH2OCH3, — CH2CH2OCH3, or — CH2CH2CH2OCH3. In embodiments, R5is — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl. In embodiments, R5is — COOCH3, — CH2COOCH3, — CH2CH2COOCH3, or — CH2CH2CH2COOCH3. In embodiments, R5is — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-NH2. In embodiments, R5is -CONH2, -CH2CONH2, -CH2CH2CONH2, or -CH2CH2CH2CONH2.

[0189]

[0162] In some embodiments of Formula (3), R and R' are each independently H or C^Cg alkyl. In embodiments, R is H. In embodiments, R is CrC6alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl). In embodiments, R' is H. In embodiments, R' is CrC6alkyl. In embodiments, R and R' are both H. In embodiments, R is H and R' is CrC6alkyl. In embodiments, R is H and R' is methyl. In embodiments, R and R' are both CrC6alkyl. In embodiments, R and R' are both methyl.

[0190]

[0163] In embodiments, when R5is methoxy, Rais methyl, and RNis H, R4is not I. In embodiments, when R5is methoxy, Rais methyl, and RNis H, R4is not halogen. In embodiments, when R5is methoxy, Rais methyl, and RNis H, R4is CN, NO2, CrC6alkyl, CrC6haloalkyl, CrC6alkoxy, CrC6haloalkylthio, CrC6alkylthio, C3-C6cycloalkylmethyl, or — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl; wherein n is from 0 to 3. In embodiments, when R5is methoxy, Rais methyl, and RNis H, R4is C2-C6alkyl.

[0191]

[0164] In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of any of Formulae (l)-(VI), wherein R, R', R4, R5, and RNare as defined for Formula (1):

[0192]

[0165] In some embodiments, the compound is not

[0193]

[0166] In some embodiments, the compound is not

[0194]

[0167] In some embodiments, the compound is not any of:

[0195]

[0168] In some embodiments, the compound is selected from Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0196] Table 1. Exemplary Compounds

[0197]

[0198]

[0199]

[0200]

[0201]

[0202]

[0203]

[0204]

[0205]

[0206]

[0169] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-methoxy, a-hydrogen hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-methoxy, a-hydrogen hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0207]

[0170] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-methoxy, a-ethyl hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-methoxy, a-ethyl hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of:

[0208] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0209]

[0171] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-hydroxyethyl, a-hydrogen hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-hydroxyethyl, a-hydrogen hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0210]

[0172] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-hydroxyethyl, a-ethyl hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-hydroxyethyl, a-ethyl hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0211]

[0173] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-methoxyethyl, a-hydrogen hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-methoxyethyl, a-hydrogen hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0212]

[0174] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-methoxyethyl, a-ethyl hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-methoxyethyl, a-ethyl hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0213]

[0175] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-hydroxymethyl, a-hydrogen hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-hydroxymethyl, a-hydrogen hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0214]

[0176] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-hydroxymethyl, a-ethyl hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-hydroxymethyl, a-ethyl hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of:

[0215]

[0177] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-methoxymethyl, a-hydrogen hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-methoxymethyl, a-hydrogen hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0216]

[0178] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-methoxymethyl, a-ethyl hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-methoxymethyl, a-ethyl hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, and isotopic derivative thereof.

[0217]

[0179] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-methoxy piperidine hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-methoxy piperidine hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0180] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-hydroxyethyl piperidine hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-hydroxyethyl piperidine hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0218]

[0181] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-methoxyethyl piperidine hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-methoxyethyl piperidine hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0219]

[0182] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-hydroxymethyl piperidine hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-hydroxymethyl piperidine hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0220]

[0183] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-methoxymethyl piperidine hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-methoxymethyl piperidine hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0221]

[0184] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-methoxy cyclopropyl hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-methoxy cyclopropyl hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0222]

[0185] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-hydroxyethyl cyclopropyl hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-hydroxyethyl cyclopropyl hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of:

[0223] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0224]

[0186] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-methoxyethyl cyclopropyl hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-methoxyethyl cyclopropyl hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0225]

[0187] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-hydroxymethyl cyclopropyl hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-hydroxymethyl cyclopropyl hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0226]

[0188] In some embodiments, the compound is a 5-methoxymethyl cyclopropyl hemiFLY compound. In embodiments, the 5-methoxymethyl cyclopropyl hemiFLY compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0227]

[0189] In some embodiments, the compound is a further substituted hemiFLY compound, such as alkyl substituted, such as bearing one or two methyl substituents on the dihydrobenzofuran ring. In embodiments, the further substituted hemiFLY compound is selected from the group of the Group D compounds as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

[0228]

[0190] For any of the exemplary compounds in Table 1 , additional compounds include those in which the substituent on the phenyl ring at RNis located at a different position on the ring. For example, while in some embodiments the phenyl ring comprises a substituent (e.g., a hydroxy or methoxy group) in the para position relative to the point of substitution indicated by the asterisk, in other embodiments the substituent is located at the ortho or meta position. Additional compounds include, e.g., the bromine replaced with another halogen, the cyclopropyl replaced with another cycloalkyl or alkyl, the methoxy replaced with another alkoxy, and the like.

[0229]

[0191] The disclosure will be understood to also encompass pharmaceutically acceptable salts of disclosed compounds. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids or bases, and which may be synthesized by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts are prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these agents with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media (e.g., ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile) are preferred. For therapeutic use, salts of the compounds are those wherein the counter-ion is pharmaceutically acceptable. One of ordinary skill in the art can select from among a wide variety of available counterions those that are pharmaceutically acceptable. In specific applications, the selection of a given anion or cation for preparation of a salt may result in increased or decreased solubility of that salt. Exemplary salts include 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, 2-napsylate, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate, 3-phenyl- propionate, 4-acetamidobenzoate, acefyllinate, acetate, aceturate, adipate, alginate, aminosalicylate, ammonium, amsonate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, besylate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, butyrate, calcium edetate, calcium, camphocarbonate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, camsylate, carbonate, cholate, citrate, clavulariate, cyclopentanepropionate, cypionate, d-aspartate, d-camsylate, d-lactate, decanoate, dichloroacetate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, edentate, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, ethanesulfonate, ethyl sulfate, fumarate, furate, fusidate, galactarate (mucate), galacturonate, gallate, gentisate, gluceptate, glucoheptanoate, gluconate, glucuronate, glutamate, glutarate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, glycollylarsanilate, hemisulfate, heptanoate (enanthate), heptanoate, hexafluorophosphate, hexanoate, hexylresorcinate, hippurate, hybenzate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrobromide / bromide, hydrochloride, hydroiodide, hydroxide, hydroxybenzoate, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isethionate, isothionate, l-aspartate, l-camsylate, l-lactate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, laurylsulphonate, lithium, magnesium, malate, maleate, malonate, mandelate, meso-tartrate, mesylate, methanesulfonate, methylbromide, methyl nitrate, methylsulfate, mucate, myristate, N-methylglucamine ammonium salt, napadisilate, naphthylate, napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, octanoate, oleate, orotate, oxalate, p-toluenesulfonate, palmitate, pamoate, pantothenate, pectinate, persulfate, phenylpropionate, phosphate, phosphateldiphosphate, picrate, pivalate, polygalacturonate, potassium, propionate, pyrophosphate, saccharate, salicylate, salicylsulfate, sodium, stearate, subacetate, succinate, sulfate, sulfosaliculate, sulfosalicylate, suramate, tannate, tartrate, teoclate, terephthalate, thiocyanate, thiosalicylate, tosylate, tribrophenate, triethiodide, undecanoate, undecylenate, valerate, valproate, xinafoate, zinc and the like (see Berge, et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 1997, 66, 1-19).

[0230]

[0192] Certain compounds disclosed herein may contain one or more ionizable groups (groups from which a proton can be removed (e.g., — COOH) or added (e.g., amines) or which can be quaternized (e.g., amines)). All possible ionic forms of such molecules and salts thereof are included in the present disclosure.

[0231]

[0193] A disclosed compound can exist in solid or liquid form. In the solid state, the compound may exist in crystalline or noncrystalline form, or as a mixture thereof. The skilled artisan will appreciate that pharmaceutically acceptable solvates may be formed for crystalline or non-crystalline compounds. In crystalline solvates, solvent molecules are incorporated into the crystalline lattice during crystallization. Solvates may involve non-aqueous solvents such as, but not limited to, ethanol, isopropanol, DMSO, acetic acid, ethanolamine, or ethyl acetate, or they may involve water as the solvent that is incorporated into the crystalline lattice. Solvates wherein water is the solvent incorporated into the crystalline lattice are typically referred to as “hydrates.” Hydrates include stoichiometric hydrates as well as compositions containing variable amounts of water. The subject matter described herein includes such solvates.

[0232]

[0194] The skilled artisan will further appreciate that certain compounds described herein that exist in crystalline form, including the various solvates thereof, may exhibit polymorphism (i.e. the capacity to occur in different crystalline structures). These different crystalline forms are typically known as “polymorphs.” The subject matter disclosed herein includes such polymorphs. Polymorphs include the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound. Polymorphs have the same chemical composition but differ in packing, geometrical arrangement, and other descriptive properties of the crystalline solid state. Polymorphs, therefore, may have different physical properties such as shape, density, hardness, deformability, stability, and dissolution properties. Polymorphs typically exhibit different melting points, IR spectra, and X-ray powder diffraction patterns, which may be used for identification. The skilled artisan will appreciate that different polymorphs may be produced, for example, by changing or adjusting the reaction conditions or reagents, used in making the compound. For example, changes in temperature, pressure, or solvent may result in polymorphs. Various factors such as the recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, and storage temperature may cause a single crystal form to dominate. In addition, one polymorph may spontaneously convert to another polymorph under certain conditions.

[0233]

[0195] The compounds described herein may contain one or more asymmetric centers and give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms. Each chiral center may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-. The disclosure includes all such possible isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, including racemic and optically pure forms. Optically active (R)- and (S)-, (-)- and (+)-, or (D)- and (L)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. Various methods are known in the art for preparing optically active forms and determining activity. Such methods include standard tests described herein and other similar tests which are well known in the art. Examples of methods that can be used to obtain optical isomers of the compounds according to the present disclosure include selective crystallization, enzymatic resolution, asymmetric synthesis (including asymmetric chemical synthesis and asymmetric enzymatic synthesis), kinetic resolution, and chiral chromatography (including chiral liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography). When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, tautomeric forms are included.

[0234]

[0196] The disclosure also includes compounds with at least one desired isotopic substitution of an atom, at an amount above the natural abundance of the isotope, i.e., isotopically enriched. Isotopes are atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers, i.e., the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into disclosed compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine such as2H,3H,11C,13C,14C,15N,17O,18O, and36CI respectively. In one non-limiting embodiment, isotopically labeled compounds can be used in metabolic studies (with14C), reaction kinetic studies (with, e.g.,2H or3H), detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients. An18F-labeled compound may be particularly desirable for PET or SPECT studies. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e.,2H, can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances. Isotopically labeled compounds of this disclosure can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.

[0235]

[0197] The disclosure also includes prodrugs of disclosed compounds. A “prodrug” is a precursor of a biologically active pharmaceutical agent, which may undergo a chemical or a metabolic conversion to become the biologically active agent. A prodrug can be converted ex vivo to the biologically active pharmaceutical agent by chemical transformative processes. In vivo, a prodrug is converted to the biologically active pharmaceutical agent by the action of a metabolic process, an enzymatic process or a degradative process that removes the prodrug moiety to form the biologically active pharmaceutical agent. Typical examples of prodrugs include compounds with biologically labile or cleavable (protecting) groups on a functional moiety of the active compound. Prodrugs include compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated, hydroxylated, dehydroxylated, hydrolyzed, alkylated, dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, or dephosphorylated to produce the active compound. Commonly used functional groups include esters, carbonates, carbamates, amides, phosphates, and sulfonamides. These functional groups can be attached to the drug molecule via a linker that is designed to be cleaved under specific physiological conditions, such as enzymatic hydrolysis or pH-dependent cleavage. The choice of functional group depends on factors such as stability, ease of synthesis, enzymatic activity, and desired rate of prodrug conversion.

[0236]

[0198] Generally, the individual disclosed compounds will be administered as part of a pharmaceutical composition or formulation, and are prepared for inclusion in such composition or formulations as isolated or purified compounds. The terms “isolated,” “purified,” or “substantially pure,” as used herein, refer to material that is substantially or essentially free from components that normally accompany the material when the material is synthesized, manufactured, or otherwise produced. An “isolated,” “purified,” or “substantially pure” preparation of a compound is accordingly defined as a preparation having a chromatographic purity (of the desired compound) of greater than 90%, more preferably greater than 95%, more preferably greater than 96%, more preferably greater than 97%, more preferably greater than 98%, more preferably greater than 99%, more preferably greater than 99.5%, and most preferably greater than 99.9%, as determined by area normalization of an HPLC profile or other similar detection method.

[0237]

[0199] Preferably the substantially pure compound used in the disclosure is substantially free of any other active compounds which are not intended to be administered to a subject. In this context “substantially free” can be taken to mean that no active compound(s) other than the active compound intended to be administered to a subject are detectable by HPLC or other similar detection method, or are below a desired threshold of detection such as defined above.

[0238]

[0200] In some embodiments, the comparator for a disclosed compound is a 2C compound (e.g., 2C-C, 2C-B,

[0239] 2C-E). In some embodiments, the comparator for a disclosed compound is the corresponding 2C compound with an identical substitution pattern, except for the 2-hemiFLY moiety. For example, in some embodiments, wherein the compound i , the comparator is 2C-B. In some embodiments, wherein

[0240] C. Methods of Preparing Disclosed Compounds

[0241]

[0201] Specific examples of the synthesis of certain compounds are provided. In general, compounds can be synthesized using known techniques in synthetic organic chemistry that are within the capabilities of one of skill. Provided schemes are illustrative of exemplary synthetic routes useful to prepare disclosed compounds.

[0242]

[0202] Disclosed compounds can be synthesized from a substituted benzofuran precursor (e.g., wherein R4or R5are as defined for Formula (1)):

[0243]

[0203] In some embodiments, the substituted benzofuran precursor comprises an alkylated dihydrofuranyl moiety (e.g., wherein the C3-position of the dihydrofuran ring is methylated or dimethylated).

[0244]

[0204] In a first step (i.), the benzofuran is halogenated with a suitable halogenating agent (e.g., Br2). In a second step (ii.), the halogenated intermediate (wherein X = halogen) is subjected to a cross-coupling reaction (e.g., using a Pd and / or Ru-based catalyst) to install an ami no-protected (e.g., Boc-protected) 2-aminoalkyl side chain. In some embodiments, the cross-coupling reaction is a palladium-catalyzed cross coupling with a boron (R-BY3) reagent (e.g., an organotrifluoroborane or the like). Compounds wherein Raand Rbtogether with the intervening atoms form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl can be synthesized according to the same approach, wherein Raand Rbof the boron reagent (together with the intervening atoms) form a cycle; for example, potassium ((1R,2R)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)cyclopropyl)trifluoroborate can be used to install a cyclopropylamine side chain. In a final step (iii.), deprotection of the amine yields the compound of Formula (1).

[0245]

[0205] In embodiments, a suitably substituted benzofuran precursor is commercially available. If no precursor having a desired R4or R5group is commercially available, such precursors can be synthesized as described in EXAMPLE 1 (for an exemplary synthesis of a compound in which R4is C^Cg alkyl), or as follows.

[0246]

[0206] The R4substituent corresponds to the 4-position of “classical” 2C-X and DOx phenethylamine psychedelics. Typically, the 4-substituent is introduced by substitution of the corresponding 4-substituted phenethylamine (e.g., as in the halogenation of 2C-H to yield 2C-B, 2C-I, etc.), or by substitution of the aryl group a suitable precursor prior to the introduction of the ethylamino side chain (e.g., as in the case of the 2C-T series). In general, similar approaches can be used for disclosed compounds, and appropriate modifications, substitutions, changes, and variations of these known synthetic procedures can be made by those skilled in the art without undue burden. Exemplary synthetic procedures may be found in, e.g., Shulgin & Shulgin, PiHKAL; Nichols et al. J Med Chem. 1991;34:276-281 ; Monte et al. J Med Chem 1996;39:2953-2961.

[0247]

[0207] In embodiments, certain compounds wherein R5is — (CH2)o.3OH, — (CH2)0.3-O-C1-C6alkyl, — (CH2)O_3-C(0)-0-C1-C6alkyl, — (CH2)o.3-C(0)-NH2, or — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-NH-C1-C6alkyl can be synthesized according to the following general synthetic route: a. 2-methylprop-1-enylboronic acid, Pd(dff)CI2-DCM, K2CO3, dioxane, H2O; b. Pd / C (10%), H2, 50 psi, 40 °C,

[0248] 12 h; c. CICH2COCI, SnCI4, DCM, 0 °C; then MeOH; d. LiAIH4, THF; e. CH3I, NaH, THF; then Br2 / AcOH; f. Pd(OAc)2, potassium 2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino) ethyl-trifluoroborate, Cs2CO3, RuPhos; g. HCI

[0249]

[0208] In particular, compounds wherein R5is — (CH2)Q.3OH, — (CH2)0.3-O-C1-C6alkyl, — (CH2)Q.3-C(O)-NH2, or — (CH2)O_3-C(0)-NH-C1-C6alkyl can be obtained according to this same general scheme, except that the intermediates obtained after steps c or d may be subjected to the conditions of steps f and g to install the aryl bromide and convert the resulting compounds to the alkylamine-substituted compounds of the disclosure.

[0250]

[0209] Compounds wherein RNis — CH2-Ar can be synthesized by reductive amination of a disclosed compound wherein RNis H, as follows:

[0251]

[0210] The reductive amination may be conducted according to standard techniques. For example, the starting materials may first be reacted to form an imine intermediate, which is then reduced by sodium borohydride in a second step. Alternatively, the reductive amination can be done in one step using sodium triacetoxyborohydride or sodium cyanoborohydride as the reducing agent.

[0252]

[0211] Compounds wherein Rband RNtogether with the intervening atoms form a 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl can be synthesized from a substituted phenyl precursor (e.g., wherein X is a halogen (e.g., Cl, Br, I); and R2, R4, and R5are as defined for Formula (1)):

[0253]

[0212] In this exemplary synthesis, palladium-catalyzed cross coupling with a pyridine-based boron (R-BY3) reagent (e.g., an organotrifluoroborane, boronic acid, or the like) is used to attach a pyridine moiety to the substituted phenyl precursor. Subsequent hydrogenation of the pyridine (using, e.g., hydrogen gas and a metal catalyst) results in a substituted phenylpiperidine compound of Formula (1).

[0254]

[0213] If no substituted phenyl precursor having a desired R2, R4, or R5group is commercially available, such precursors can be synthesized as described in EXAMPLE 1.

[0255]

[0214] Additional methods for synthesis of the compounds described herein and any necessary starting materials are either described in the art or will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan in view of general references well-known in the art ( e.g., Green et al., “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry,” (Wiley, 2nd ed. 1991); Harrison et al., “Compendium of Synthetic Organic Methods,” Vols. 1-8 (John Wiley and Sons, 1971-1996); “Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry,” Beilstein Institute of Organic Chemistry, Frankfurt, Germany; Feiser et al, “Reagents for Organic Synthesis,” Vols. 1-17, Wiley Interscience; Trost et al., “Comprehensive Organic Synthesis,” Pergamon Press, 1991 ; “Theilheimer's Synthetic Methods of Organic Chemistry,” Vols. 1-45, Karger, 1991; March, “Advanced Organic Chemistry,” Wiley Interscience, 1991; Larock “Comprehensive Organic Transformations,” VCH Publishers, 1989; Paquette, “Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis,” John Wiley & Sons, 1995) and may be used to synthesize the disclosed compounds.

[0256] D. Pharmaceutical Compositions

[0257]

[0215] In some aspects, provided herein are compositions, such as pharmaceutical compositions, comprising a disclosed compound. “Pharmaceutical compositions” are compositions that include the disclosed compound(s) together in an amount (for example, in a unit dosage form) with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient. Some embodiments will not have a single carrier, diluent, or excipient alone, but will include multiple carriers, diluents, and / or excipients. Compositions can be prepared by standard pharmaceutical formulation techniques such as disclosed in, e.g., Remington: The Science & Practice of Pharmacy (2020) 23th ed., Acad. Press., Cambridge, Mass.; The Merck Index (1996) 12th ed., Merck Pub. Group, Whitehouse, N.J.; Pharm. Principles of Solid Dosage Forms (1993), Tech. Pub. Co., Inc., Lancaster, Pa.; Ansel & Stoklosa, Pharm. Calculations (2001) 11th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.; & Poznansky et al. Drug Delivery Sys. (1980), R.L. Juliano, ed., Oxford, N.Y., pp. 253-315).

[0258]

[0216] “Pharmaceutically acceptable” used in connection with an excipient, carrier, diluent, or other ingredient means the ingredient is generally safe and, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with cells of humans and animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or complication, commensurate with a reasonable risk / benefit ratio.

[0259]

[0217] In embodiments, compositions comprising a disclosed compound can be administered by a variety of routes including oral, mucosal (e.g., buccal, sublingual), rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, inhaled, and intranasal. In some embodiments, the compounds employed in disclosed methods are effective as oral, mucosal (e.g., buccal, sublingual), rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, inhaled, and intranasal compositions. Such compositions are prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art and comprise at least one active compound (see, e.g., Remington, 2020).

[0260]

[0218] The disclosed compositions can be formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing a therapeutically effective amount of the active ingredients, for example in the dosage amounts disclosed below. The term “unit dosage form” refers to a physically discrete unit suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect(s), in association with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier, diluent, or excipient. Unit dosage forms are often used for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Unit dosage forms can contain a single or individual dose or unit, a sub-dose, or an appropriate fraction thereof (e.g., one half a “full” dose for a “booster” dose as described below), of the pharmaceutical composition administered.

[0261]

[0219] Unit dosage forms include capsules, troches, cachets, lozenges, tablets, ampules and vials, which may include a composition in a freeze-dried or lyophilized state; a sterile liquid carrier, for example, can be added prior to administration or delivery in vivo. Unit dosage forms also include ampules and vials with liquid compositions disposed therein. Unit dosage forms further include compounds for transdermal administration, such as “patches” that contact the epidermis (including the mucosa) for an extended or brief period of time.

[0262]

[0220] In embodiments, a disclosed composition is formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable oral dosage form. Oral dosage forms include oral liquid dosage forms (such as tinctures, drops, emulsions, syrups, elixirs, suspensions, and solutions, and the like) and oral solid dosage forms. A pharmaceutical composition may be prepared as a formulation suitable for intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous injection, comprising physiologically acceptable sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, liposomes, and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.

[0263]

[0221] In embodiments, disclosed pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated into a topical formulation (e.g., a topical dosage form). Topical formulations include transmucosal and transdermal formulations, such as aerosols, emulsions, sprays, ointments, salves, gels, pastes, lotions, liniments, oils, and creams; and may include a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients for topical formulations include, for example, penetration enhancers, carriers, diluents, emulsifiers, stabilizers, solvents and cosolvents, viscosity modifying agents (e.g., thickeners), adhesion modifying agents (e.g., tackifiers), preservatives, antioxidants, adhesive polymers, solubilizing agents, colorants, binders, humectants, surfactants, gelling agents, and other such ingredients as will be generally known to one of skill.

[0264]

[0222] In some embodiments, the topical formulation comprises a penetration enhancer. Without being bound by theory, penetration enhancers are generally characterized by their ability to increase the permeability of biological barriers, such as scalp skin. In embodiments, including a penetration enhancer in the formulation increases the bioavailability of the active agent(s) by improving the ability of the active agent(s) to diffuse into the skin tissue. Penetration enhancers include, for example, include fatty acids and oils such as castor oil, coconut oil, medium chain triglycerides (MCT), jojoba oil, sunflower oil, argan oil, almond oil, olive oil, mineral oil, petroleum jelly, cocoa butter, shea butter, or other esters, triglycerides, or functional derivatives thereof. In embodiments, the penetration enhancer is 1,2-lauryl ether, aprotinin, azone, benzalkonium chloride, benzalkonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, cetyltrimethyl ammonium, cyclodextrin, dextran sulfate, glycol, lauric acid, lauric acid, propylene, lysophosphatidylcholine, menthol, phosphatidylcholine, polyoxyethylene, polysorbate 80, sodium EDTA, chitosan, sodium glycocholate, sodium deoxyglycocholate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium salicylate, sodium taurocholate, dimethyl sulfoxide, or a combination thereof. In embodiments, the penetration enhancer is selected from a group comprising lower chain alcohol with a carbon chain length of 1 to 5, sodium glycocholate, sodium deoxycholate, sodium taurocholate, sodium glycodeoxycholate, sodium taurodeoxycholate, oleic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, lecithin, myristic acid, palmitic acid, fysophosphatidylchoiine, phosphatidylcholine, azone, cyclodextrin, sodium lauryl sulphate, Polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, Polyoxythylene-20-cetyiether, Benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, Vitamin E TPGS, Caprylocaproyl polyoxylglycerides, Stearoyl Macrogolglycerides, Propylene Glycol Dicaprylocaprate or mixtures thereof.

[0265]

[0223] In some embodiments, a topical formulation may comprise a penetration enhancer at a concentration of about 0.01 %, about 0.02%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1 %, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11 %, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 61 %, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 75%, about 75%, and about 80% of the formulation, on a weight or volume basis.

[0266]

[0224] In some embodiments, the topical formulation comprises a carrier. Carriers can be designed to give controlled release profiles, improved circulation times and better penetration across the epithelium. In some embodiments, the carrier is a hydrophobic drug carrier. Hydrophobic drug carriers can have the advantage of exhibiting slow sustained release and may adhere well to biological surfaces. Hydrophobic drug carriers can have slow (i.e., extended) release kinetics, or may also be constructed to have a rapid or immediate release profile. New techniques include the development of hydrophilic coatings on hydrophobic nanoparticles to improve their transport across tissue surfaces while retaining the slow-release profiles. These include polyethylene glycol and chitosan coatings (see, e.g., de la Fuente, et al. Nanomedicine 2008;3:845-857). Any of a variety of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be used including, without limitation, aqueous media such as water, saline, glycine, hyaluronic acid and the like; solid carriers such as starch, magnesium stearate, mannitol, sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, lactose, trehalose, magnesium carbonate, and the like; solvents; dispersion media; coatings; antibacterial and antifungal agents; isotonic and absorption delaying agents; or any other inactive ingredient. Selection of a pharmacologically acceptable carrier can depend on the mode of administration. Non-limiting examples of specific uses of such pharmaceutical carriers can be found in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms & Drug Delivery Systems (Howard Ansel et al., eds., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 7th ed. 1999); Remington: The Science & Practice of Pharmacy (Alfonso Gennaro ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 20th ed. 2000); Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Joel Hardman et al., eds., McGraw-Hill, 10th ed. 2001); and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (Raymond Rowe et al., APhA, 4th ed. 2003).

[0267]

[0225] In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises an emulsifier. The emulsifier may be an anionic, cationic, or neutral emulsifier. In certain embodiments, the emulsifier is an anionic emulsifier selected from the group consisting of alkyl sulfate, aralkyl sulfates, alkyl ethoxy ether sulfates, alkaryl sulphonates, alkyl succinates, alkyl sulfosuccinates, N-alkoyl sarconsinates, isethionates, N-acyl taurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate, sodium oleyl succinate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and sodium lauryl sarconsinate. Exemplary non-ionic or neutral emulsifiers include sorbitan ester, ethoxylated sorbitan ester, ethoxylated alkyl ether, ethoxylated fatty acid ether, fatty alcohol, ethoxylated fatty alcohol, and esters of glycerin and fatty acids. In certain embodiments, the emulsifiers are synthetic or natural polymers. In certain embodiments, the emulsifier includes silicon. In certain embodiments, the emulsifier is a silicone (e.g., dimethicone, phenyltrimethicone, PEG dimethicone, PPG dimethicone, etc.).

[0268]

[0226] In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises an antioxidant. Without being bound by theory, antioxidants generally can delay or inhibit the oxidative decomposition of components of the topical formulations, which may thereby improve the stability and extend the shelf-life thereof. The antioxidant may be amino acids (e.g., glycine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan) and derivatives thereof, imidazoles (e.g., urocanic acid) and derivatives thereof peptides, such as D,L-carnosine, D-carnosine, L-carnosine and derivatives thereof (e.g., anserine), carotenoids, carotenes (e.g., p-carotene, lycopene) and derivatives thereof, chlorogenic acid and derivatives thereof, liponic acid and derivatives thereof (e.g., dihydroliponic acid), aurothioglucose, propylthiouracil and other thiols (e.g., thiorodoxin, glutathione, cysteine, cystine, cystamine and the glycosyl, N-acetyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, amyl, butyl, and lauryl, palmitoyl, oleyl, y-linoleyl, cholesteryl and glyceryl esters thereof) and salts thereof, dilauryl thiodipropionate, distearyl thiodipropionate, thiodipropionic acid and derivatives thereof (esters, ethers, peptides, lipids, nucleotides, nucleosides and salts) and sulfoximine compounds (e.g., buthionine sulfoximines, homocysteine sulfoximines, buthionine sulfones, penta, hexa and heptathionine sulfoximine), in very low tolerated doses (e.g., pmol to pmol / kg), and furthermore (metal)chelators (e.g., a-hydroxy-fatty acids, palmitic acid, phytic acid, lactoferrin), a-hydroxy acids (e.g., citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid), humic acid, gallic acid, bile extracts, bilirubin, biliverdin, EDTA and derivatives thereof, unsaturated fatty acids and derivatives thereof (e.g., y-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid), folic acid and derivatives thereof, ubiquinone and ubiquinol and derivatives thereof vitamin C and derivatives thereof (e.g., sodium ascorbate, ascorbyl palmitate, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, ascorbyl acetate), tocopherol and derivatives (e.g., vitamin E acetate, tocotrienol), vitamin A and derivatives (vitamin A palmitate) and coniferyl benzoate of benzoic resin, rutinic acid and derivatives thereof, a-glycosylrutin, ferulaic acid, furfurylideneglucitol, carnosine, butylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole, nordihydroguajak resin acid, nordihydro- guaiaretic acid, trihydroxybutyrophenone, uric acid and derivatives thereof, mannose and derivatives thereof, zinc and derivatives thereof (e.g., ZnO, ZnSO4), selenium and derivatives thereof (e.g., selenium methionine), stilbenes and derivatives thereof (e.g., stilbene oxide, trans-stilbene oxide). In embodiments, the antioxidant is a-tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, methionine, citric acid, ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, ascorbyl palmitate, thioglycerol, propyl gallate, cysteine, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the antioxidant is a cyclodextrin, D-a-tocopherol, rosmarinic acid, or a combination thereof.

[0269]

[0227] In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises a thickener. The thickener may be crosslinked polyacrylic acids and derivatives thereof, polysaccharides and derivatives thereof, such as xanthan gum, agar agar, alginates or tyloses, cellulose derivatives (e.g., carboxymethylcellulose or hydroxycarboxymethylcellulose), fatty alcohols, monoglycerides and fatty acids, polyvinyl alcohol and PVP.

[0270]

[0228] In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises a cosmetically and / or dermo-cosmetically active substance. A cosmetically and / or dermo-cosmetically active substance may be a color-imparting active substance, skin- or hair-pigmenting composition, tinting composition, tanning composition, bleach, keratin-hardening substance, antimicrobial active substance, light filter active substance, repellent active substance, substance having hyperemic activity, substance having keratolytic or keratoplastic activity, anti-phlogistic agent, substance having keratinizing activity, antioxidant active substance or substance active as a free radical scavenger, skin-moisturizing substance or skin humectant, refatting active substance, substance having antierythematous or antiallergic activity, branched fatty acid, and any mixture thereof.

[0271]

[0229] In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises a perfume oil. Natural fragrances are extracts of blossoms (lily, lavender, rose, jasmine, neroli, ylang-ylang), stalks and leaves (geranium, patchouli, petitgrain), fruits (anise, coriander, caraway, juniper), fruit peels (bergamot, lemon, orange), roots (mace, angelica, celery, cardamom, costus, iris, calmus), woods (pinewood, sandalwood, guajak wood, cedar wood, rosewood), herbs and grasses (tarragon, lemongrass, sage, thyme), needles and branches (spruce, fir, pine, dwarf pine), resins and balsams (galbanum, elemi, benzoin, myrrh, olibanum, opoponax). Typical synthetic fragrance compounds are products of the type consisting of the esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and hydrocarbons. Essential oils of low volatility, which are generally used as aroma components, are also suitable as perfume oils, e.g., sage oil, chamomile oil, clove oil, balm oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, lime tree blossom oil, juniper oil, vetiver oil, oliban oil, galbanum oil, labolanum oil and lavandin oil. Bergamot oil, dihydromyrcenol, lilial, lyral, citronellol, phenylethyl alcohol, a-hexylcinnamaldehyde, geraniol, benzyl-acetone, cyclamenaldehyde, linalool, Boisambrene®Forte, ambroxan, indole, hedione, sandelice, lemon oil, mandarin oil, orange oil, allylamyl glycolate, cyclovertal, lavandin oil, muscatel sage oil, G39 damascene, Bourbon geranium oil, cyclohexyl salicylate, Vertofix®Coeur, iso-E-Super®, Fixolide®NP, evemyl, iraldein gamma, phenylacetic acid, geranyl acetate, benzyl acetate, rose oxide, romillate, irotyl and floramat.

[0272]

[0230] In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises a solvent, and optionally a cosolvent. Any solvent(s) and cosolvent(s) may be collectively referred to as a “solvent system.” Without being bound by theory, the solvent system chosen can affect the stability, bioavailability, and overall efficacy of the formulation. In some embodiments, the solvent system is capable of dissolving or solubilizing the active agent(s) and any included excipients at the desired concentration(s), and should be stable and compatible with the active agent(s) and any other excipients) in the formulation. In some embodiments, wherein the solvent system comprises more than one solvent, the ratio of cosolvents is optimized, for example to increase the penetration or bioavailability of an active agent. Preferred solvent systems are also safe and non-toxic for human consumption. In some embodiments, potential adverse effects, such as irritation or allergic reactions, are considered and minimized during selection of solvents included in a solvent system of the disclosure. Solvents that may be included in topical formulations may include, without limitations, water, ethanol, polyhydric alcohols (e.g., glycerin), 1 ,3-butylene glycol, propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, propane diol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, diglycerin, sorbitol, other sugars which are liquid at room temperature, water-soluble alkoxylated nonionic polymers such as polyethylene glycol, and combinations thereof. Solvents may be present, individually or in total (if more than one solvent is included), in the formulation in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt% to about 95 wt% (calculated as the total weight of solvents in the formulation divided by the total weight of the formulation).

[0273]

[0231] In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises a viscosity modifying agent. In embodiments, the viscosity modifying agent is a thickener. Common thickeners include but are not limited to: acrylates, carbomers, cellulose matrices, silicones, carrageenans, gums, resins, polysaccharides, and high melting point waxes and oils such as beeswax, coconut oil, palm oil, soybean oil, stearic acid, rapeseed, cocoa butter, shea butter, gums, rosins, resins, paraffins, and petroleum jelly. In embodiments, the viscosity modifying agent is a carbohydrate. Exemplary carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Exemplary polysaccharides include cellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, chitin, arabinogalactan / galactoarabinan, polygalactose, and polyarabinose. In embodiments, the viscosity modifying agent is a glyceride. Exemplary glycerides include hydroxystearic acid monoglyceride, hydroxystearic acid diglyceride, isostearic acid monoglyceride, isostearic acid diglyceride, oleic acid monoglyceride, oleic acid diglyceride, ricinoleic acid monoglyceride, ricinoleic acid diglyceride, linoleic acid monoglyceride, linoleic acid diglyceride, linolenic acid monoglyceride, linolenic acid diglyceride, erucic acid monoglyceride, erucic acid diglyceride, tartaric acid monoglyceride, tartaric acid diglyceride, citric acid monoglyceride, citric acid diglyceride, malic acid monoglyceride, malic acid monoglyceride, malic acid diglyceride, and mixture thereof. In embodiments, the viscosity modifying agent is a polymer. The polymer may be a natural or synthetic polymer. Natural polymers include polysaccharides, nucleic acid, and proteins. Synthetic polymers include polyesters, polyureas, polycarbonates, polyvinyl alcohol, polyamides, polyethers, polyesters, polyamines, polytyrosines, polyanhydrides, polyphosphazenes, polyacrylamides, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), etc. Exemplary thickening agents include alginate derivatives, preneutralized carbomer 430, hydrophilic silicas, polysaccharides, xanthan gum, guar guar, agar agar, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyacrylates, polyacrylamides, PVP, and salts.

[0274]

[0232] In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises an adhesion modifying agent. In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises an adhesive polymer. Adhesive polymers have physicochemical properties that allow prolonged binding to tissue surfaces. In embodiments, inclusion of an adhesive polymer in the formulation increases the amount of time that an active agent is in contact with, and can diffuse across, a barrier (e.g., skin). In embodiments, the adhesive polymer is chitosan, gelatin guar gum, lectins, sodium alginate, soluble starch, tragacanth, xanthan gum deacetylated gum, polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a thiomer, polycarbophil, hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, or a combination thereof. In embodiments, the adhesion modifying agent is a tackifier. Common tackifiers include but are not limited to gums, resins (natural or modified), carbomers, or other natural or synthetic polymers.

[0275]

[0233] In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises a preservative. Preservatives can be used to inhibit microbial growth or increase stability of the formulation, thereby prolonging the shelf life of the formulation. Suitable preservatives are known in the art and include EDTA, EGTA, benzalkonium chloride or benzoic acid or benzoates (e.g., sodium benzoate), vitamin A, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), citric acid, vitamin E, and tocopherol.

[0276]

[0234] In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises a solubilizing agent. Without being bound by theory, solubilizing agents generally form complexes with active ingredients which can have different physicochemical properties than the active ingredient alone. The properties of the complexes can increase the solubility of the active agent(s) in the formulation. In embodiments, the solubilizing agent is a water-soluble organic solvent, a non-ionic surfactant, a water insoluble lipid, an organic liquid, a cyclodextrin, or a phospholipid. In some embodiments the solubilizing agent is a water-soluble enhancing agent. In embodiments, the water-soluble enhancing agent is polyethylene glycol 300, polyethylene glycol 400, ethanol, propylene glycol, xanthan gum, glycerin, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, or a combination thereof. In embodiments, the solubilizing agent is propylene glycol. In embodiments, the solubilizing agent is xanthan gum. In some embodiments the solubilizing agent is a non-ionic surfactant. In embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is Cremophor EL, Cremophor RH 40, Cremophor RH 60, d-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, Solutol HS 15, sorbitan monooleate, poloxamer 407, Labrafil® M-1944CS, Labrafil® M-2125CS, Labrasol®, Gelucire® 44 / 14, Softigen® 767, mono- and di-fatty acid esters of PEG 300, 400, or 1750, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments the solubilizing agent is an organic liquid. In embodiments, the organic liquid is beeswax, d-alpha-tocopherol, oleic acid, or a medium-chain mono- or diglyceride. In some embodiments the solubilizing agent is a cyclodextrin. In some embodiments the solubilizing agent is a phospholipid. In embodiments, the phospholipid is hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, distearoyl-phosphatidylglycerol, L-alpha-dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine, or L-alpha- dimyristoyl-phosphatidylglycerol. In embodiments, the solubilizing agent is lecithin.

[0277]

[0235] In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises a colorant. Suitable colorants and / or dyes and / or pigments include colors such as e.g., white, black, yellow, blue, green, pink, red, orange, violet, indigo, brown, and combinations thereof, pigments such as, e.g., Timica® Extra Large Sparkles, titanium dioxide and chromium oxide greens, ultramarine blues and pinks and ferric oxides. Colorants and / or dyes and / or pigments may be present, individually or in total (if more than one colorant and / or dye and / or pigment is included), in disclosed formulations in an amount ranging from about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt% (calculated as the total weight of colorants and / or dyes and / or pigments in the formulation divided by the total weight of the formulation). Colorants may be present, individually or in total (if more than one colorant is included), in disclosed formulations in an amount ranging from about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt% (calculated as the total weight of colorants in the formulation divided by the total weight of the formulation).

[0278]

[0236] In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises a binder. Suitable binders include, without limitation, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), marine colloids, carboxyvinyl polymers, starches, cellulosic polymers such as hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose (carmellose), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylpropylcellulose, hydroxybutyl methyl cellulose, and salts thereof (e.g., carmellose sodium), natural gums such as karaya, xanthan, carrageenans, gellan gum, locust bean gum, gum arabic and tragacanth, chitosan, colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate, and colloidal silica. Binders may be present, individually or in total (if there is more than one binder), in disclosed formulations in an amount ranging from about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt% (calculated as the total weight of binders in the formulation divided by the total weight of the formulation).

[0279]

[0237] In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises a humectant. Humectants, such as low molecular weight polyethylene glycol (e.g., PEG6-PEG12), may be present, individually or in total (if more than one humectant is included), in the formulation in an amount of up to about 10 wt%, up to about 5 wt%, up to about 3 wt%, up to about 1 wt%, or up to about 0.1 wt% (calculated as the total weight of humectants in the formulation divided by the total weight of the formulation).

[0280]

[0238] In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises a surfactant. The surfactants that can be included in the formulation may be anionic, nonionic, or amphoteric compounds. Suitable examples of anionic surfactants are one or more of higher alkyl sulfates such as potassium or sodium lauryl sulfate, higher fatty acid monoglyceride monosulfates, such as the salt of the monosulfated monoglyceride of hydrogenated coconut oil fatty acids, alkyl sulfonates such as sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, higher fatty sulfoacetates, higher fatty acid esters of 1 ,2 di hydroxypropane sulfonate. Examples of water soluble nonionic surfactants are condensation products of ethylene oxide with various hydrogen-containing compounds that are reactive therewith and have long hydrophobic chains (e.g., aliphatic chains of about 12 of 20 carbon atoms), which condensation products contain hydrophilic polyoxyethylene moieties, such as condensation products of poly (ethylene oxide) with fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty amides and other fatty moieties, and with propylene oxide and polypropylene oxides, e.g., Pluronic materials such as Pluronic F127. Exemplary suitable alkyl polyglycoside (APG) surfactant(s) that may be used in the formulation may comprise APG C8-C10, APG C10-C16, decyl glucoside, coco-glucoside, anionic APG carboxylate, sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate, lauryl glucoside, D-glucopyranose (oligomeric, CIO-16 glycosides, carboxymethyl ethers, sodium salts), C12-C16 fatty alcohol glycoside, and combinations thereof. Exemplary APG surfactant(s) that may be used may have an industry designation of Plantaren® 2000 N UP / MB, Plantapon® LGC Sorb, Plantaren® 1200 N UP / MB, and Plantaren® 818 UP / MB. Surfactants may be present, individually or in total (if more than one surfactant is included) in the formulation in an amount ranging from about 0.01 wt% to about 10 wt% (calculated as the total weight of surfactants in the formulation divided by the total weight of the formulation).

[0281]

[0239] In embodiments, the topical formulation comprises a gelling agent. Exemplary gelling agent(s) used in disclosed formulations may comprise pectins, starches, and gelatin forms derived from animals or from plants (e.g., pork gelatin). The pectin in the formulation may include, e.g., high methoxyl pectin, low methoxyl pectin, or a combination thereof. In embodiments, the pectin is amidated pectin. In other embodiments, the pectin is non-amidated pectin. In certain embodiments, the pectin is a combination of amidated pectin and non-amidated pectin. The gelatin in the formulation may include Type A gelatin, Type B gelatin, a hide or skin gelatin (e.g., calf skin, pig skin) and / or a bone gelatin (e.g., calf bone, pig bone) used alone or in combination. Gelling agent(s) may be present, individually or in total (if more than one gelling agent is included) in the formulation in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt% (calculated as the total weight of gelling agents in the formulation divided by the total weight of the formulation).

[0282]

[0240] In some embodiments, a disclosed composition is formulated as an oral solid dosage form. Oral solid dosage forms may include but are not limited to, lozenges, troches, tablets, capsules, caplets, powders, pellets, multiparticulates, beads, spheres, and / or any combinations thereof. Oral solid dosage forms may be formulated as immediate release, controlled release, sustained release, extended release, or modified release formulations. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the disclosed oral solid dosage forms may be in the form of a tablet (including a suspension tablet, a fast-melt tablet, a bite-disintegration tablet, a rapid-disintegration tablet, an effervescent tablet, or a caplet), a pill, a powder (including a sterile packaged powder, a dispensable powder, or an effervescent powder), a capsule (including both soft or hard capsules, e.g., capsules made from animal-derived gelatin or plant-derived HPMC, or “sprinkle capsules”), solid dispersion, solid solution, bioerodible dosage form, controlled release formulations, pulsatile release dosage forms, multiparticulate dosage forms, pellets, granules, or an aerosol. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is in the form of a powder. In still other embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is in the form of a tablet, including a fast-melt tablet. Additionally, pharmaceutical formulations may be administered as a single capsule or in multiple capsule dosage form. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is administered in two, three, four, or more dosage forms, such as oral solid dosage forms, such as capsules or tablets.

[0283]

[0241] Oral solid dosage forms may contain pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as fillers, diluents, lubricants, surfactants, glidants, binders, dispersing agents, suspending agents, disintegrants, viscosity-increasing agents, film-forming agents, granulation aid, flavoring agents, sweetener, coating agents, solubilizing agents, and combinations thereof. Oral solid dosage forms also can comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as a compatible carrier, complexing agent, ionic dispersion modulator, disintegrating agent, surfactant, lubricant, colorant, moistening agent, plasticizer, stabilizer, penetration enhancer, wetting agent, anti-foaming agent, alone or in combination, as well as supplementary active compound(s). Supplementary active compounds include preservatives, antioxidants, antimicrobial agents including biocides and biostats such as antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal agents. Preservatives can be used to inhibit microbial growth or increase stability of the active ingredient thereby prolonging the shelf life of the formulation. Suitable preservatives are known and include EDTA, EGTA, benzalkonium chloride or benzoic acid or benzoates, such as sodium benzoate. Antioxidants include vitamin A, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin E, tocopherols, other vitamins or provitamins, and compounds such as alpha lipoic acid.

[0284]

[0242] In embodiments, a composition is formulated as an oral liquid dosage form. Oral liquid dosage forms include tinctures, drops, emulsions, syrups, elixirs, suspensions, and solutions, and the like. These oral liquid dosage forms may be formulated with any pharmaceutically acceptable excipient known to those of skill in the art for the preparation of liquid dosage forms, and with solvents, diluents, carriers, excipients, and the like chosen as appropriate to the solubility and other properties of the active agents and other ingredients. Solvents include water, glycerin, simple syrup, alcohol, medium chain triglycerides (MCT), and combinations thereof.

[0285]

[0243] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration may be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, syrups, elixirs, suspensions, and solutions, which may contain an inactive diluent, such as water. Pharmaceutical formulations may be prepared as liquid suspensions or solutions using a sterile liquid, such as but not limited to, an oil, water, an alcohol, and combinations of these pharmaceutically suitable surfactants, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, may be added for oral or parenteral administration. Liquid formulations also may be prepared as single dose or multi-dose beverages. Suspensions may include oils. Such oils include peanut oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, and olive oil. Suitable oils also include carrier oils such as MCT and long chain triglyceride (LCT) oils. Suspension preparation may also contain esters of fatty acids such as ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, fatty acid glycerides, and acetylated fatty acid glycerides. Suspension formulations may include alcohols, (such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, hexadecyl alcohol), glycerol, and propylene glycol. Ethers, such as polyethylene glycol), petroleum hydrocarbons such as mineral oil and petrolatum, and water may also be used in suspension formulations. Suspension can thus include an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid, an oil-in-water liquid emulsion, or a water-in-oil emulsion.

[0286]

[0244] In some embodiments, formulations are provided comprising the disclosed compositions and at least one dispersing agent or suspending agent for oral administration to a subject. The formulation may be a powder and / or granules for suspension, and upon admixture with water, a substantially uniform suspension is obtained. The aqueous dispersion can comprise amorphous and non-amorphous particles consisting of multiple effective particle sizes such that a drug is absorbed in a controlled manner over time.

[0287]

[0245] Dosage forms for oral administration can be aqueous suspensions selected from the group including pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous oral dispersions, emulsions, solutions, and syrups. See, e.g., Singh et al., Encyclopedia Pharm. Tech., 2nd Ed., 754-757 (2002). In addition to disclosed compounds, liquid dosage forms may comprise additives, e.g., one or more (a) disintegrating agents, (b) dispersing agents, (c) wetting agents, (d) preservatives, (e) viscosity enhancing agents, (f) sweetening agents, or (g) flavoring agents.

[0288]

[0246] Compositions may be prepared as formulations suitable for subcutaneous, IP, IM, or IV injection, comprising physiologically acceptable sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, liposomes, and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.

[0289]

[0247] In some embodiments, a disclosed pharmaceutical composition may be formulated in an ophthalmic formulation. Ophthalmic formulations of the disclosure include topical formulations, such as eye drops, gels, and ointments; and may comprise excipients suitable for topical formulations, e.g., penetration enhancers, carriers, diluents, emulsifiers, stabilizers, solvents and cosolvents, viscosity modifying agents (e.g., thickeners), adhesion modifying agents (e.g., tackifiers), preservatives, antioxidants, adhesive polymers, solubilizing agents, colorants, binders, humectants, surfactants, gelling agents, and other such ingredients described herein and as will be generally known to one of skill in the art.

[0290]

[0248] A disclosed ophthalmic formulation may contain one or more viscosity-modifying agents and have a viscosity that feels comfortable to the eye and does not cause blurring of the vision. For example, an ophthalmic formulation may have a viscosity of 1.0 to 100,000 cP (e.g., from about 2.0 to 90,000 cP or from about 2.5 to 75,000 cP). Viscosity-modifying agents are substances that have the ability to cause thickening (increase the viscosity) of ophthalmic formulations. Viscosity modifying agents include xanthan gum, edetate, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol alginate, chitosan, and tragacanth. Hydrogels may also be used as viscosity-enhancing excipients, particularly in artificial tears. Compatible viscosity-adjusting agents can be used in all formulations mentioned herein. Concentrations of viscosity-modifying agents in ophthalmic formulations of the disclosure can range from about 0.1 percent to about 10 percent by weight (e.g., between 1 percent and 5 percent by weight). Sorbitol may be used as a combined tonicity-adjusting and viscosity-modifying excipient. Sorbitol may be used in ophthalmic formulations of the disclosure in a concentration range from about 0.1 to about 10 percent (e.g., from 2 percent to 5 percent by weight).

[0291]

[0249] The ophthalmic formulation may comprise a penetration enhancer, for example to aid penetration of the active compound(s) into and across the skin or eyelid skin. Exemplary penetration enhancers for ophthalmic formulations include, e.g., any of an aliphatic alcohol, fatty acid (including salts thereof), fatty acid ester, polyalcohol alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, glyceride, polyalcohol medium chain fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, alkyl lactate ester, terpene, and organic amine. In some embodiments, the penetration enhancer is any of ethanol, glycerol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and higher aliphatic alcohols (e.g., a saturated or unsaturated higher aliphatic alcohol having 12 to 22 carbon atoms such as oleyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol and stearyl alcohol), capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid (including salts thereof); an ester of a fatty acid such as myristic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, pivalic acid, caproic acid, heptanoic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, cratonic acid, sorbic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, and sebacic acid with a lower aliphatic alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol and octanol, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, diisopropyl adipate and diethyl sebacate; an ether of a polyalcohol such as glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1 ,3-butylene glycol, diglycerol, polyglycerol, diethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, sorbitan, sorbitol, methyl glucoside, oligo-saccharide and reduced oligosaccharide with alkyl alcohol; polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether and polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, glycerol ester of fatty acid having 6 to 18 carbon atoms (e.g., monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride and a mixture thereof), glyceryl monolaurate, glyceryl monomyristate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl monooleate, glyceryl dilaurate, glyceryl dimyristate, glyceryl distearate, glyceryl trilaurate, glyceryl trimyristate and glyceryl tristearate, ethylene glycol monocaprylate, propylene glycol monocaprylate, glycerin monocaprylate, mono 2-ethylene glycol ethyl hexanoate, mono 2-propylene glycol ethyl hexanoate, di(2-propylene)glycol ethyl hexanoate, propylene glycol, dicaprylate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, methyl lactate, ethyl lactate, methyl 2-methoxy propionate, ethyl 2-methoxypropionate, monoethanolamine, triethanolamine, creatinine and meglumine. In embodiments, the ophthalmic formulation comprises a hydrating agent. Hydrating agents may also facilitate penetration of the active compound(s) through the cell or junctions of the barriers including mucosal, mucocutaneous, and stratum corneum layers. Exemplary hydrating agents include, e.g., hyaluronic acid (or a salt thereof, e.g., sodium hyaluronate), water, saline solution, and PVP, propylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol, dexpanthenol, panthothenic acid, ectoin, carboxyvinyl polymer, carmellose sodium, and povidone.

[0292]

[0250] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic formulation comprises a surfactant. Surfactants may facilitate dissolution and / or absorption of formulation components, and include, e.g., any of an anionic surfactant, cationic surfactant, nonionic surfactant and amphoteric surfactant. Exemplary surfactants include, e.g., any of a fatty acid salt, alkyl sulfate, polyoxyethylene alkyl sulfate, alkylsulfo carboxylate salt, alkylether carboxylate salt, amine salt, quaternary ammonium salt, polysorbate 80, poloxamer, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, alkyl betaine, dimethylalkylglycine, and lecithin.

[0293]

[0251] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic formulation comprises a gum and / or resin, e.g., any of a sodium polyacrylate, cellulose ether, calcium alginate, carboxyvinyl polymer, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, vinyl pyrrolidone polymer, vinyl alcohol-vinyl pyrrolidone copolymer, nitrogen-substituted acrylamide polymer, polyacrylamide, cationic polymer such as cationic guar gum, dimethylacrylic ammonium polymer, acrylic acid-methacrylic acid copolymer, polyoxyethylene-polypropylene copolymer, polyvinyl alcohol, pullulan, agar, gelatine, chitosan, polysaccharide from tamarindo seed, xanthan gum, carageenan, high-methoxyl pectin, low-methoxyl pectin, guar gum, acacia gum, microcrystalline cellulose, arabinogalactan, karaya gum, tragacanth gum, alginate, albumin, casein, curdlan, gellan gum, dextran, cellulose, polyethyleneimine, high polymerized polyethylene glycol, cationic silicone polymer, synthetic latex, acrylic silicone, trimethylsiloxysilicate, and fluorinated silicone resin.

[0294]

[0252] In embodiments, the ophthalmic formulation comprises a pH adjuster. A pH adjuster may be used to adjust the pH of the formulation to a desired range, such as pH 4-10, pH 5-8, or any range that maximizes the penetration through the skin of the compound(s) in the composition. In embodiments, the pH adjuster is any of hydrochloric acid, citric acid, sodium citrate, acetic acid, sodium acetate, ammonium acetate, succinic acid, tartaric acid, L-sodium tartrate, sodium hydrate, potassium hydrate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, lactic acid, calcium lactate, sodium lactate, sodium fumarate, sodium propionate, boric acid, ammonium borate, maleic acid, phosphoric acid, sodium hydrogenphosphate, malic acid, adipic acid, triethanol amine, diisopropanolamine, meglumine, monoethanolamine, sulfuric acid, and aluminum potassium sulfate.

[0295]

[0253] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic formulation comprises a stabilizer. Exemplary stabilizers include, e.g., sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, sodium pyrosulfite, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, L-ascorbic acid, erythorbic acid, L-cysteine, thioglycerol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate, ascorbyl palmitate, alpha-tocopherol, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, disodium edetate, tetrasodium edetate dehydrate, sodium citrate, sodium polyphosphate, sodium metaphosphate, gluconic acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid and / or succinic acid.

[0296]

[0254] Additional ophthalmic formulations of the disclosure include contact lenses. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound or pharmaceutical composition is incorporated into a contact lens for ocular drug delivery. The contact lens may be a hydrogel contact lens or a molecularly imprinted contact lens. Another exemplary contact lens drug delivery system known to those of skill in the art is the experimental SIGHT (Sustained Innovative Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension Treatment) treatment, which seeks to treat mild to moderate glaucoma and ocular hypertension (see Clinical Trial NCT04747808). The SIGHT drug-eluting lens for glaucoma treatment incorporates the FDA-approved drug bimatoprost into contact lenses that are formulated for controlled drug release. The SIGHT lens comprises drug and barrier layers on the lens surface to control the diffusion release kinetics of the drug. Ophthalmic formulations of the disclosure include those of similar material design as the SIGHT lens, as well as others generally known to those of skill in the art (e.g., as described in Franco, et al., Polymers, 2021, 13, 1102).

[0297]

[0255] A disclosed pharmaceutical composition may comprise any excipient (e.g., a surfactant, carrier, antioxidant, and the like) at a concentration of about 0.01 %, about 0.02%, about 0.05%, about 0.1 %, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1 %, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11 %, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21 %, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 61 %, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 75%, about 75%, or about 80% of the formulation, on a weight or volume basis.

[0298] E. Pharmaceutical Combinations

[0299]

[0256] It should be readily appreciated that the disclosed compositions are not limited to combinations of a single compound, or (when formulated as a pharmaceutical composition) limited to a single carrier, diluent, and / or excipient alone, but may also include combinations of multiple compounds (including additional active compounds), and / or multiple carriers, diluents, and excipients. Pharmaceutical compositions of this disclosure thus may comprise a compound of Formula (1) together with one or more other active agents (or their derivatives and analogs) in combination, together with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, diluents, and / or excipients, and additionally with one or more other active compounds.

[0300]

[0257] In some embodiments, a formulation of the disclosure will be prepared so as to increase an existing therapeutic effect, provide an additional therapeutic effect, increase a desired property such as stability or shelf-life, decrease an unwanted effect or property, alter a property in a desirable way (such as pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics), modulate a desired system or pathway (e.g., a neurotransmitter system), or provide synergistic effects.

[0301]

[0258] “Therapeutic effects” that may be increased or added in embodiments of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antineuropathic, antinociceptive, antimigraine, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antipsychotic, anti-PTSD, dissociative, immunostimulant, anti-cancer, antiemetic, orexigenic, antiulcer, antihistamine, antihypertensive, anticonvulsant, antiepileptic, bronchodilator, neuroprotective, empathogenic, psychedelic, sedative, and stimulant effects.

[0302]

[0259] “Synergistic effects” should be understood to include increases in potency, bioactivity, bioaccessibility, bioavailability, or therapeutic effect, that are greater than the additive contributions of the components acting alone. Numerous methods known to those of skill in the art exist to determine whether there is synergy as to a particular effect, i.e., whether, when two or more components are mixed together, the effect is greater than the sum of the effects of the individual components applied alone, thereby producing “1 +1 > 2.” Suitable methods include isobologram (or contour) analysis (Huang, Front Pharmacol., 2019; 10:1222), or the equation of Loewe additivity (Loewe & Muischnek, 1926, Arch. Exp. Pathol Pharmacol. 114: 313-326). A synergistic effect also may be calculated using methods such as the Sigmoid-Emax equation (Holford & Scheiner, 1981 , Clin. Pharmacokinet. 6: 429-453) and the median-effect equation (Chou & Talalay, 1984, Adv. Enzyme Regul. 22:27-55). The graphs corresponding to the equations referred to above are the concentration-effect curve and combination index curve, respectively. Each equation referred to above may be applied to experimental data to generate a corresponding graph to aid in assessing the effects of the drug combination.

[0303]

[0260] In embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises an additional active compound. In embodiments, the additional active compound is selected from the group consisting of: amino acids, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, antineuropathic and antinociceptive agents, antimigraine agents, anxiolytics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-PTSD agents, dissociatives, cannabinoids, immunostimulants, anti-cancer agents, antiemetics, orexigenics, antiulcer agents, antihistamines, antihypertensives, anticonvulsants, antiepileptics, bronchodilators, neuroprotectants, nootropics, empathogens, psychedelics, plasticity-inducing agents (e.g., psychoplastogens, neuroplastogens), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., selective MAO-A inhibitors, RIMAs), tryptamines, terpenes, phenethylamines, sedatives, stimulants, serotonergic agents, and vitamins. In embodiments, the additional active compound acts to increase a therapeutic effect, provide an additional therapeutic effect, decrease an unwanted effect, increase stability or shelf-life, improve bioavailability, induce synergy, increase plasticity (e.g., neural plasticity), or alter pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. In embodiments, the additional therapeutic effect is an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antineuropathic, antinociceptive, antimigraine, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antipsychotic, anti-PTSD, dissociative, immunostimulant, anti-cancer, antiemetic, orexigenic, antiulcer, antihistamine, antihypertensive, anticonvulsant, antiepileptic, bronchodilator, neuroprotective, empathogenic, psychedelic, sedative, or stimulant effect.

[0304]

[0261] In some embodiments, an additional active compound is a tryptamine. As understood in the art, tryptamines are compounds having the general structure below, wherein RN1, RN2, Ra, Rp, R2, R4, R5, R6, and R7are as defined herein and as generally understood in the art:

[0305]

[0262] In some embodiments, RN1, RN2, Ra, Rp, R2, R4, R5, R6, and R7are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I), OH, phosphoryloxy, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. Additionally, any two of RN1, RN2, Ra, Rp, R2, R4, R5, R6, and R7and the intervening atoms can be taken together to form an optionally substituted optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In embodiments, the tryptamine is a quaternary salt, in which an additional RN3is connected to the nitrogen to which RN1and RN2are bound; wherein RN3is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

[0306]

[0263] In some embodiments, the additional active compound is a tryptamine selected from the group consisting of psilocybin, psilocin, psilacetin, DBT, DET, DiPT, a,O-DMS, DMT, 2,a-DMT, a,N-DMT, DPT, EiPT, AET, 4-HO-DBT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO-TMT, 4-HO-DMT, 5-HO-DMT (i.e., bufotenine), 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-pyr-T, ibogaine, MBT, 4,5-MDO-DiPT, 5,6-MDO-DiPT,

[0307] 4.5-MDO-DMT, 5,6-MDO-DMT, 5,6-MDO-MiPT, 2-Me-DET, 5-Br-DMT, 5-CI-DMT, 5-F-DMT, 4,5-MDO-DMT,

[0308] 4.5-MDO-DiPT, 2-Me-DMT, melatonin, 5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DALT, 5-MeO-DMT, 4-MeO-MiPT,

[0309] 5-MeO-MiPT, 5,6-MeO-MiPT, 5-MeO-NMT, 5-MeO-pyr-T, 5-MeO-TMT, 5-MeS-DMT, MiPT, a-MT (i.e., AMT), NET, NMT, pyr-T, tryptamine, and a,N,O-TMS, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, prodrug, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a combination thereof. As known to one of skill, the systematic naming of tryptamines, such as those listed herein, involves the use of prefixes and suffixes to indicate substitutions on the indole ring and / or the side chain of the tryptamine core structure. For example, EiPT stands for ethyl isopropyl tryptamine, also known as N-ethyl-N-isopropyltryptamine (i.e., N-ethyl-N-[2-(1 H-indol-3-yl)ethyl] propan-2-amine). Examples of these tryptamines and others that may in embodiments be included in a disclosed composition as an additional active compound are known to those of skill, and include the compounds disclosed in Shulgin & Shulgin, TiHKAL: The Continuation, Transform Press (1997) (“TiHKAL”).

[0310]

[0264] In embodiments, an additional tryptamine is a complex tryptamine or indolamine, including iboga alkaloids such as ibogaine, and their analogs, metabolites, and derivatives, and beta-carbolines.

[0311]

[0265] In some embodiments, the additional active compound is a phenethylamine. As understood in the art, phenethylamines are compounds having the general structure below, wherein RN1, RN2, Ra, Rp, and each of R2-R6are as taught herein and as generally understood in the art:

[0312]

[0266] In some embodiments, RN1, RN2, Ra, Rp, and each of R2-6are independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R3and R4are joined together to form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, such as a dioxole (as with MDMA), a furan, a tetrahydrofuran, a thiophene, a pyrrole, a pyridine, a pyrrolidine, an ethylene oxide, an ethylenimine, a trimethylene oxide, a pyran, a piperidine, an imidazole, a thiazole, a dioxane, a morpholine, or a pyrimidine. In some embodiments, R3and R4are joined together to form an optionally substituted aryl, such as a phenyl. In some embodiments, the phenethylamine comprises a quaternary ammonium cation wherein each of RN1, RN2, and an additional RN3are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group, and with all other substituents as above. In some embodiments, the phenethylamine is a quaternary salt, in which an additional RN3is connected to the nitrogen to which RN1and RN2are bound; wherein RN3is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

[0313]

[0267] In some embodiments, the additional active compound is a phenethylamine selected from the group consisting of mescaline, a-ethylmescaline, escaline, symbescaline, metaescaline, allylescaline, methallyl- escaline, asymbescaline, cyclopropylmescaline, phenescaline, 4-desoxymescaline, isomescaline, proscaline, metaproscaline, isoproscaline, thiomescaline, thioescaline, thioproscaline, thiobuscaline, a thiomescaline analog (e.g., 3-TM, 4-TM), buscaline, a thioisomescaline (e.g., 2-TIM, 3-TIM, 4-TIM), Aleph (i.e., DOT), a thiometaescaline (e.g., 3-TME, 4-TME, 5-TME), a thiotrisescaline (e.g., 3-T-TRIS, 4-T-TRIS), a thiosymbescaline (e.g., 3-TSB, 4-TSB), Aleph-2, Aleph-4, Aleph-6, Aleph-7, Ariadne, Beatrice (i.e., MDO-D, MDOM), BIS-TOM, BOB, BOD, BOH, BOHD, BOM, 4-Br-3,5-DMA, 2-Br-4,5-MDA, MDEA, 3C-BZ, a 2C-X compound (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-B-AN, 2C-B-FLY, 2C-B-BUTTERFLY, 2C-B-FLY-NBOMe, 2C-B-FLY-NB2EtO5CI, 2C-Bn, 2C-Bu, 2C-B-5-HEMIFLY, 20-0, 2C-C-3, 2C-CN, 2C-CP, 2C-D, 2C-E, 2C-EF, 2C-F, 2C-G, 2C-G-1 , 2C-G-2, 2C-G-3, 2C-G-4, 2C-G-5, 2C-G-6, 2C-G-N, 2C-H, 2C-I, 2CB-lnd, 2C-iP, 2C-N, 2C-NH2, 2C-PYR, 2C-PIP, 20-0, 2C-O-4, 2C-M0M, 2C-P, 2C-Ph, 2C-Se, 2C-T, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-3, 2C-T-4, 2C-T-5, 2C-T-6, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-8, 2C-T-9, 2C-T-10, 2C-T-11 , 2C-T-12, 2C-T-13, 2C-T-14, 2C-T-15, 2C-T-16, 2C-T-17, 2C-T-18, 2C-T-19, 2C-T-21 , 2C-T-21.5, 2C-T-22, 2C-T-23, 2C-T-24, 2C-T-25, 2C-T-27, 2C-T-28, 2C-T-30, 2C-T-31, 2C-T-32, 2C-T-33, 2C-DFM, 2C-TFM, 2C-TFE, 2C-YN, 2C-V, 2C-AL, CPM, psi-2C-T-4, 2C-Se), 3C-BZ, 3C-E, 4-D, beta-D, 2,4-DMA, 2,5-DMA, 3,4-DMA, DMCPA, DME, DMMDA, DMMDA-2, DMPEA, DOAM, DOB, DOBU, DOC, DOEF, DOET, DOI, DOM (i.e., STP), psi-DOM, DON, DOPR, EEE, EEM, EME, EMM, ETHYL-J, ETHYL-K, F-2, F-22, FLEA, GANESHA, a GANESHA analog (e.g., G-3, G-4, G-5, G-N), HOT-2, HOT-7, HOT-17, IDNNA, IRIS, BDB, LOPHOPHINE, 4-MA (i.e., PMA), MADAM-6, MDA, MDMA, MDAL, MDBU, MDBZ, MDCPM, MDDM, MDE, MDHOET, MDIP, MDMC, MDMEO, MDMEOET, MDMP, MDOH, MDPEA, MDPH, MDPL, MDPR, MEDA, MEE, MEM, MEPEA, META-DOB, META-DOT, METHYL-DMA, METHYL-DOB, METHYL-J (i.e., MBDB), METHYL-K, METHYL-MA (i.e., PMMA), METHYL-MMDA-2, MMDA, MMDA-2, MMDA-3a, MMDA-3b, MME, MPM, ORTHO-DOT, PEA, PROPYNYL, tetramethoxy- amphetamine, 3-TASB, 4-TASB, 5-TASB, 3-TE, 4-TE, TMA, TMA-2, TMA-3, TMA-4, TMA-5, TMA-6, 2T-MMDA-3a, 4T-MMDA-2, TMPEA, 2-TOET, 5-TOET, 2-TOM, 5-TOM, TOMSO, 4-MTA, MDAI, 5-methyl-MDA, 5-APB, 6-APB, and DiFMDA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, prodrug, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a combination thereof. As known in the art, the systematic naming of phenethylamines, such as those herein, involves the use of prefixes and suffixes to indicate substitutions on the phenyl ring and / or side chain of the phenethylamine core structure. For example, MDBZ stands for methylenedioxybenzylamphetamine (i.e., 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-benzylamphetamine). Examples of these phenethylamines and others that, in embodiments, may be included in a disclosed composition as an additional active compound are known to those of skill, and include the compounds disclosed in Shulgin & Shulgin, PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story, Transform Press (1991) (“PiHKAL”); and Shulgin AT, The Shulgin Index Vol.1 : Psychedelic Phenethylamines & Related Compounds, Transform Press (2011).

[0268] In some embodiments, the additional active compound is an ergoline. In embodiments, the additional active compound is an ergot alkaloid. In some embodiments, the additional active compound is a lysergamide. As understood in the art, lysergamides are compounds having the general structure below, wherein RN1, RN2, R1, R2, R4, R6, R7, R8, R9, R12, R13, and R14are as taught herein and as generally understood in the art:

[0314]

[0269] In some embodiments, RN1, RN2, R1, R2, R4, R6, R7, R8, R9, R12, R13, and R14are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. Additionally, any two of RN1, RN2, R1, R2, R4, R6, R7, R8, R9, R12, R13, and R14and the intervening atoms can be taken together to form an optionally substituted optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, the lysergamide is a quaternary salt, in which an additional R6Ais connected to the nitrogen to which R6is bound; wherein R6Ais optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

[0315]

[0001] In some embodiments, the additional active compound is a lysergamide selected from the group consisting of LSD, ETH-LAD, PARGY-LAD, AL-LAD, PRO-LAD, IP-LAD, CIP-LAD, BU-LAD, FLUOROETH-LAD, ALD, ALD-52, N-acetyl-LSD, 1 P-LSD, 1 B-LSD, 1V-LSD, 1cP-LSD, 1 D-LSD, 1 P-AL-LAD, 1cP-AL-LAD, 1 P-ETH-LAD, LA-SS-Az, LSZ, LSD-Pip, and MIPLA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, prodrug, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a combination thereof.

[0316]

[0270] Other tryptamines, phenethylamines, and lysergamides useful as additional active compounds for purposes of the disclosure and thus contemplated for inclusion therein will be as generally known in the art (see, e.g., PiHKAL; TiHKAL; Grob & Grigsby, Handbook of Medical Hallucinogens, 2021 ; Luethi & Liechti, Arch. Toxicol., 2020; 94, 1085-1133; Nichols, Pharmacol Reviews, 2016; 68(2), 264-355; Glennon, Pharmacol Biochem Behavior, 1999; 64, 251-256; each of which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein).

[0317] F. Dose and Dosage

[0318]

[0271] In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprise a therapeutically effective amount or an effective amount of a disclosed compound, such as for administration to a subject. Administration of pharmaceutical compositions in a “therapeutically effective amount,” or an “effective amount” to a subject means administration of an amount of composition sufficient to achieve the desired effect. When an “effective amount” means an amount effective in treating the stated disorder or symptoms in a subject, “therapeutic effect” would be understood to mean the responses(s) in a mammal after treatment that are judged to be desirable and beneficial. Hence, depending on the mental health disorder to be treated, or improvement in mental health or functioning sought, and depending on the particular constituent(s) in the disclosed compositions under consideration, those responses shall differ, but would be readily understood by those of ordinary skill, through an understanding of the disclosure herein and the general knowledge of the art (e.g., by reference to the symptoms listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) for the stated disorder).

[0319]

[0272] In some embodiments, where a pharmaceutical composition includes a disclosed compound, it may be present in an amount so that a single dose is (in a milligram dosage amount calculated based on the kilogram weight of the patient), e.g., 0.25 mg / kg or less (including a dose of 0.10 mg / kg or less, 0.05 mg / kg or less, 0.01 mg / kg or less, and 0.005 mg / kg or less), at least 0.50 mg / kg, at least 0.55 mg / kg, at least 0.60 mg / kg, at least 0.65 mg / kg, at least 0.70 mg / kg, at least 0.75 mg / kg, at least 0.80 mg / kg, at least 0.85 mg / kg, at least 0.90 mg / kg, at least 0.95 mg / kg, at least 1 .0 mg / kg, at least 1.1 mg / kg, at least 1 .2 mg / kg, at least 1 .3 mg / kg, or at least 1.4 mg / kg, at least 1.5 mg / kg, at least 1.6 mg / kg, at least 1.7 mg / kg, at least 1.8 mg / kg, at least 1.9 mg / kg, at least 2.0 mg / kg, at least 2.1 mg / kg, at least 2.2 mg / kg, at least 2.3 mg / kg, at least 2.4 mg / kg, at least 2.5 mg / kg, at least 2.6 mg / kg, at least 2.7 mg / kg, at least 2.8 mg / kg, at least 2.9 mg / kg, or at least 3.0 mg / kg, as well as amounts within these ranges.

[0320]

[0273] In some embodiments, where a pharmaceutical composition includes a disclosed compound, it may be present in an amount so that a single dose is (in a milligram dosage amount calculated based on the kilogram weight of the patient) between about 0.001 mg / kg and 0.1 mg / kg, such as about 0.001 mg / kg, about 0.01 mg / kg, about 0.02 mg / kg, about 0.03 mg / kg, about 0.04 mg / kg, about 0.05 mg / kg, about 0.06 mg / kg, about 0.07 mg / kg, about 0.08 mg / kg, about 0.09 mg / kg, and about 0.1 mg / kg, as well as ranges between these values. In some embodiments, a single dose is between about 0.1 mg / kg and 1.0 mg / kg, such as about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.2 mg / kg, about 0.3 mg / kg, about 0.4 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 0.6 mg / kg, about 0.7 mg / kg about 0.8 mg / kg about 0.9 mg / kg, and about 1 .0 mg / kg, as well as ranges between these values.

[0321]

[0274] In some embodiments, where a pharmaceutical composition includes a disclosed compound, it may be present in an amount so that a single dose is (in a milligram dosage amount calculated based on the kilogram weight of the patient) about 20 pg / kg body weight or less (e.g., less than 20 pg / kg, less than 15 pg / kg, less than 10 pg / kg, or less than 5 pg / kg body weight, e.g., from 1 to 20 pg / kg body weight, e.g., from 1 to 5 pg / kg, from 5 to 10 pg / kg, from 10 to 15 pg / kg, or from 15 to 20 pg / kg, e.g., about 5 pg / kg, about 10 pg / kg, about 15 pg / kg, or about 20 pg / kg).

[0322]

[0275] In some embodiments, where a pharmaceutical composition includes a disclosed compound, it may be present in an amount so that a single dose is (in a milligram dosage amount calculated based on the kilogram weight of the patient) about less than about 20 ng / mL (e.g., 0.05 to 20 ng / mL, e.g., 0.1 to 15 ng / mL, 0.5 to 10 ng / mL, or 1 to 5 ng / mL, e.g., 0.05 to 0.1 ng / mL, 0.1 to 0.2 ng / mL, 0.2 to 0.3 ng / mL, 0.3 to 0.4 ng / mL, 0.4 to 0.5 ng / mL, 0.5 to 1 .0 ng / mL, 1.0 to 5 ng / mL, 5 to 10 ng / mL, 10 to 15 ng / mL, or 15 to 20 ng / mL, e.g., about 0.05 ng / mL, 0.1 ng / mL, 0.2 ng / mL, 0.5 ng / mL, 1 .0 ng / mL, 2.0 ng / mL, 2.5 ng / mL, 5.0 ng / mL, 7.5 ng / mL, 10 ng / mL, 12 ng / mL, 15 ng / mL, or 20 ng / mL). In some embodiments, the circulating drug plasma level of the compound is below the limit of detection (e.g., 0.1 ng / mL or less).

[0323]

[0276] In some embodiments, where a pharmaceutical composition includes a disclosed compound, it may be present in an amount so that a single dose is (whether or not such dose is present in a unit dosage form), e.g., 25 mg or less (including a dose of 10 mg or less, 5 mg or less, 1 mg or less, and 0.5 mg or less), at least 25 mg, at least 30 mg, at least 35 mg, at least 40 mg, at least 45 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 55 mg, at least 60 mg, at least 65 mg, at least 70 mg, at least 75 mg, at least 80 mg, at least 85 mg, at least 90 mg, at least 95 mg, at least 100 mg, at least 105 mg, at least 110 mg, at least 115 mg, at least 120 mg, at least 125 mg, at least 130 mg, at least 135 mg, at least 140 mg, at least 145 mg, at least 150 mg, at least 155 mg, at least 160 mg, at least 165 mg, at least 170 mg, at least 175 mg, at least 180 mg, at least 185 mg, at least 190 mg, at least 195 mg, at least 200 mg, at least 225 mg, or at least 250 mg, as well as amounts within these ranges.

[0324]

[0277] In some embodiments, where a pharmaceutical composition includes a disclosed compound, it may be present in an amount so that a single dose is (whether or not such dose is present in a unit dosage form) between about 0.1 and 1.0 mg, such as about 0.1 mg, about 0.2 mg, about 0.3 mg, about 0.4 mg, about 0.5 mg, about 0.6 mg, about 0.7 mg, about 0.8 mg, about 0.9 mg, or about 1.0 mg, as well as ranges between these values. In some embodiments, a single dose is between about 1 and 10 mg, such as about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, or about 10 mg, as well as ranges between these values. In embodiments, a single dose is between about 10 mg and 100 mg.

[0325]

[0278] In some embodiments, where a pharmaceutical composition includes an additional active compound, for instance where the additional active compound is a phenethylamine or a tryptamine, it may be present in an amount so that a single dose is (in a milligram dosage amount calculated based on the kilogram weight of the patient), e.g., 0.25 mg / kg or less (including a dose of 0.10 mg / kg or less, 0.05 mg / kg or less, 0.01 mg / kg or less, and 0.005 mg / kg or less), at least 0.50 mg / kg, at least 0.55 mg / kg, at least 0.60 mg / kg, at least 0.65 mg / kg, at least 0.70 mg / kg, at least 0.75 mg / kg, at least 0.80 mg / kg, at least 0.85 mg / kg, at least 0.90 mg / kg, at least 0.95 mg / kg, at least 1.0 mg / kg, at least 1.1 mg / kg, at least 1.2 mg / kg, at least 1.3 mg / kg, or at least 1.4 mg / kg, at least 1 .5 mg / kg, at least 1 .6 mg / kg, at least 1.7 mg / kg, at least 1 .8 mg / kg, at least 1.9 mg / kg, at least 2.0 mg / kg, at least 2.1 mg / kg, at least 2.2 mg / kg, at least 2.3 mg / kg, at least 2.4 mg / kg, at least 2.5 mg / kg, at least 2.6 mg / kg, at least 2.7 mg / kg, at least 2.8 mg / kg, at least 2.9 mg / kg, or at least 3.0 mg / kg, as well as amounts within these ranges.

[0326]

[0279] In some embodiments, where a pharmaceutical composition includes an additional active compound, for instance where the additional active compound is a phenethylamine or a tryptamine, it may be present in an amount so that a single dose is (whether or not such dose is present in a unit dosage form), e.g., 25 mg or less (including a dose of 10 mg or less, 5 mg or less, 1 mg or less, and 0.5 mg or less), at least 25 mg, at least 30 mg, at least 35 mg, at least 40 mg, at least 45 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 55 mg, at least 60 mg, at least 65 mg, at least 70 mg, at least 75 mg, at least 80 mg, at least 85 mg, at least 90 mg, at least 95 mg, at least 100 mg, at least 105 mg, at least 110 mg, at least 115 mg, at least 120 mg, at least 125 mg, at least 130 mg, at least 135 mg, at least 140 mg, at least 145 mg, at least 150 mg, at least 155 mg, at least 160 mg, at least 165 mg, at least 170 mg, at least 175 mg, at least 180 mg, at least 185 mg, at least 190 mg, at least 195 mg, at least 200 mg, at least 225 mg, or at least 250 mg, as well as amounts within these ranges.

[0327]

[0280] It will be appreciated that dosages may vary depending upon whether the treatment is therapeutic or prophylactic, the onset, progression, severity, frequency, duration, probability of or susceptibility of the symptom to which treatment is directed, clinical endpoint desired, previous, simultaneous or subsequent treatments, general health, age, gender, and race of the subject, bioavailability, potential adverse systemic, regional or local side effects, the presence of other disorders or diseases in the subject, and other factors that will be appreciated by the skilled artisan (e.g., medical or familial history).

[0328]

[0281] Dose amount, frequency or duration may be increased or reduced, as indicated by the clinical outcome desired, status of the pathology or symptom, any adverse side effects of the treatment or therapy, or concomitant medications. One of skill together with the teachings of this disclosure will appreciate the factors that may influence the dosage, frequency, and timing required to provide an amount sufficient or effective for providing a therapeutic effect or benefit, and to do so depending on the type of therapeutic effect desired, as well as to avoid or minimize adverse effects.

[0329]

[0282] It will be understood that, in some embodiments, the dose actually administered will be determined by a physician, in light of the relevant circumstances, including the disorder to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual composition or formulation administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, and the severity of the patient’s symptoms, and therefore any dosage ranges disclosed herein are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. In some instances, dosage levels below the lower limit of a disclosed range may be more than adequate, while in other cases doses above a range may be employed without causing any harmful side effects, provided for instance that such larger doses also may be divided into several smaller doses for administration, either taken together or separately.

[0330]

[0283] In some embodiments, especially where a formulation is prepared in single unit dosage form, such as a capsule, tablet, or lozenge, suggested dosage amounts shall be known by reference to the format of the preparation itself. In other embodiments, where a formulation is prepared in multiple dosage form, for instance liquid suspensions and topical preparations, suggested dosage amounts may be known by reference to the means of administration or by reference to the packaging and labeling, package insert(s), marketing materials, training materials, or other information and knowledge available to those of skill or the public.

[0284] Accordingly, another aspect of this disclosure provides pharmaceutical kits containing a pharmaceutical composition or formulation of the invention, suggested administration guidelines or prescribing information therefor, and a suitable container. Individual unit dosage forms can be included in multi-dose kits or containers. Pharmaceutical formulations also can be packaged in single or multiple unit dosage forms for uniformity of dosage and ease of administration.

[0331] G. Kits

[0332]

[0285] Another aspect of this disclosure provides pharmaceutical kits containing a pharmaceutical composition or formulation of the disclosure, suggested administration guidelines or prescribing information therefor, and a suitable container. Individual unit dosage forms can be included in multi-dose kits or containers. Pharmaceutical formulations also can be packaged in single or multiple unit dosage forms for uniformity of dosage and ease of administration.

[0333]

[0286] Kits generally comprise suitable packaging. The kits may comprise one or more containers comprising any compound described herein. Each component (if there is more than one component) can be packaged in separate containers or some components can be combined in one container where cross-reactivity and shelf life permit. The kits may be in unit dosage forms, bulk packages (e.g., multi-dose packages) or sub-unit doses. For example, kits may be provided that contain sufficient dosages of a compound as disclosed herein and / or an additional pharmaceutically active compound useful for a disease detailed herein to provide effective treatment of an individual for an extended period, such as any of a week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, or more. Kits may also include multiple unit doses of the compounds and instructions for use and be packaged in quantities sufficient for storage and use in pharmacies (e.g., hospital pharmacies and compounding pharmacies).

[0334]

[0287] In some embodiments, information pertaining to dosing and proper administration (if needed) is printed onto a multi-dose kit directly (e.g., on a blister pack or other interior packaging holding the compositions or formulations of the disclosure); however, kits of the disclosure can further contain package inserts and other printed instructions (e.g., on exterior packaging) for administering the disclosed compositions and for their appropriate therapeutic use.

[0335] H. Methods of Use

[0336]

[0288] In some aspects, provided herein are methods of using the disclosed compounds. In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are used to modulate neurotransmission. In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are used to treat a condition, such as a disease or a disorder. In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are used in the manufacture of a medicament for the therapeutic and / or the prophylactic treatment of a condition, such as a disease or a disorder. In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are administered as part of therapy. In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are administered along with psychotherapy, psychological support, or patient monitoring. In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are administered in a therapeutically effective amount to a subject having a condition, such as a disease or a disorder. In some embodiments, the condition is a mental health disorder. In some embodiments, the condition is a neurodegenerative disorder. In some embodiments, the condition is a pain disorder. In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are administered to a subject that is healthy.

[0337]

[0289] As used herein, the terms “subject,” “user,” “patient,” and “individual” are used interchangeably, and refer to any mammal, including murines, simians, mammalian farm animals, mammalian sport animals, and mammalian pets, such as canines and felines, although preferably humans. Such terms will be understood to include one who has an indication for which a compound, composition, or method described herein may be efficacious, or who otherwise may benefit by the invention. In general, all of the compounds, compositions, and methods will be appreciated to work for all individuals, although individual variation is to be expected, and will be understood. The disclosed methods of treatment also can be modified to treat multiple patients at once, including couples or families. Hence, these terms will be understood to also mean two or more individuals.

[0338]

[0290] In some embodiments, disclosed compounds or compositions thereof are orally, mucosally, rectally, subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, intranasally, by inhalation or transdermally administered to a subject. In some embodiments, when administered through one or more such routes, the disclosed compounds and the disclosed compositions and formulations comprising them are useful in methods for treating a patient in need of such treatment.

[0339]

[0291] Without being bound by theory, disclosed compounds bearing a 5-carboxyalkyl (e.g., 5-carboxymethyl) substituent can engage certain amino acid residues in a serotonin (e.g., 5-HT2A) receptor. As used herein, “engage” refers to non-covalent interactions between a compound and a receptor, leading to association, interaction, and / or binding between the compound and receptor. In some embodiments, the non-covalent interaction is a hydrogen-bonding, ionic, or van der Waals interaction. In some embodiments, disclosed compounds having a 5-carboxyalkyl substituent engage certain residues of transmembrane helices of serotonin receptors. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound engages certain amino acid residues in transmembrane helix 6 (TM6). For example, in some embodiments, a disclosed compound engages an asparagine residue on TM6 (e.g., N343 of TM6). In some embodiments, engaging amino acid residues (e.g., N343 in TM6) confers advantageous properties, such as increased receptor binding affinity, increased functional activity, improved selectivity for one receptor subtype (e.g., 5-HT2A) over another (e.g., 5-HT2B), and improved therapeutic efficacy (e.g., as anti-inflammatory agents).

[0340]

[0292] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound having a 5-carboxamido substituent may be useful as a locally active therapeutic agent. Systemic administration of therapeutically active agents may directly or indirectly affect multiple organs and tissues throughout the body. Consequently, systemic administration of a compound may give rise to a greater number or extent of adverse effects (e.g., side effects) at a therapeutically active dose. For example, certain psychedelics have been shown to exert potent antiinflammatory effects, but are also psychoactive or have other effects on the central nervous system (CNS) that may be undesired or unnecessary in the context of treating certain medical conditions (e.g., skin or muscle inflammation). It may be desired to administer a compound that exhibits minimal penetration into the CNS, but has therapeutic effects (e.g., anti-inflammatory effects) in tissues and organs in which the compound is directly administered, or in tissues and organs proximal to the site of administration. Such compounds may be referred to as “locally active,” because their action is localized to the area to which (or close to which) they are applied.

[0341]

[0293] Without being bound by theory, compounds having a 5-carboxamido substituent may be substrates for an enzyme (e.g., an amidase). Inactivation (e.g., hydrolysis) of such compounds (e.g., by an enzyme) may prevent systemic action or penetration into the CNS, thereby localizing their therapeutic effects to (or close to) the site of administration. In some embodiments, administration of a disclosed compound having a 5-carboxamido substituent in a disclosed topical formulation exerts therapeutic (e.g., anti-inflammatory) effects locally, without causing psychoactive or other effects associated with penetration into the CNS. a. Modulating Neurotransmission

[0342]

[0294] In some embodiments, disclosed compounds modulate neurotransmission in a subject, such as following administration of a therapeutically effective amount to said subject. In embodiments, modulating neurotransmission by administering a disclosed compound to a subject treats a disease or disorder in the subject. In embodiments, modulating neurotransmission comprises regulating levels of monoamines in, for example, the CNS and peripheral tissues. In embodiments, modulating neurotransmission by administering a disclosed compound to a subject treats a disease or disorder in the subject.

[0343]

[0295] In some embodiments, disclosed compounds activate serotonin receptors. In some embodiments, disclosed compounds agonize and / or antagonize serotonin receptors (5-HT receptors, such as the 5-HT2receptor). The 5-HT2receptor family consists of the three distinct receptor subtypes: 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C. S-HT^ and 5-HT2Creceptors are more highly expressed in the brain than the 5-HT2Bsubtype. Psilocin and other related psychoactive tryptamines exert their psychoactive effects primarily by acting as 5-HT2Areceptor agonists. However, many of these tryptamines (including psilocin) are also agonists at the 5-HT2Band 5-HT2Creceptors, owing to high sequence homology among the three 5-HT2receptor subtypes (Nichols, Pharmacol. Rev., 2016, 68, 264-355). Activation of all 5-HT2receptor subtypes may result in reduced efficacy or detrimental side effects. For example, activation of 5-HT2Creceptors has been shown to functionally oppose effects of 5-HT2Areceptor activation (id.), while activation of 5-HT2Breceptors in cardiac muscle tissue has been linked to heart valve disease (Hutcheson, et al., Pharmacol. Ther. 2011 , 132(2): 146-157). In embodiments, it may be desired for a compound, especially one that may be used regularly or over a relatively long time period, to have reduced activity (e.g., agonism) of 5-HT2B. In some embodiments, disclosed compounds agonize or partially agonize 5-HT receptors, such as any one or more of a 5-HT receptor, such as 5-HT1Aand 5-HT1B, a 5-HT2receptor, such as 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C, and a 5-HT6receptor.

[0344]

[0296] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound has an in vitro EC50(agonist mode) for any one or more of 5-HT1A, 5-HT1 B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT6that is less than 10 pM, less than 5 pM, less than 1 pM, less than 0.5 pM, or less than 0.1 pM. In embodiments, a disclosed compound has an in vitro EC50(agonist mode) for 5-HT2Athat is less than 1 pM, less than 0.5 pM, less than 0.1 pM, less than 0.05 pM, less than 0.01 pM, less than 0.005 pM, or less than 0.001 pM. In embodiments, a disclosed compound has an in vitro EC50(agonist mode) for 5-HT2Cthat is less than 1 pM, less than 0.5 pM, less than 0.1 pM, less than 0.05 pM, less than 0.01 pM, less than 0.005 pM, or less than 0.001 pM.

[0345]

[0297] In some embodiments, disclosed compounds show greater potency at 5-HT2Arelative to another 5-HT receptor. In some embodiments, disclosed compounds show greater potency at 5-HT2Arelative to any one or more of a 5-HT receptor, another 5-HT2receptor, such as 5-HT2Band 5-HT2C, a 5-HT5receptor, a 5-HT6receptor, and a 5-HT7receptor.

[0346]

[0298] Determining agonism and antagonism, and measuring EC50and IC50, respectively, may be determined according to methods available to one of skill in the art. In one example, measuring Gq-mediated calcium flux is a known method for assessing modulation, e.g., activation, of 5-HT^, a widely recognized target of psychedelic compounds. See, e.g., Klein et al., ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2020 14;4(2):533-542; Flanagan et al., ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2020;4(2):488-502; Toro-Sazo et al., PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0209804; Halberstadt et al., Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019; 236(2) : 799-808. As would be recognized by one of skill, a partial agonist is one that shows reduced maximum efficacy (EMAX) relative to a full agonist (EMAX= 100%), e.g., serotonin in the example of a 5-HT receptor.

[0347]

[0299] Because certain therapeutic benefits of disclosed compounds may derive, at least in part, from selective activation of a serotonin receptor (e.g., 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C), one potential approach for improved next-generation compounds with increased therapeutic efficacy, improved safety profiles, and reduced side effects may be optimizing for selective serotonin receptor activation. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a disclosed compound has increased selectivity for the 5-HT2Areceptor over another serotonin receptor (e.g., the 5-HT2Breceptor, or the 5-HT2Creceptor). In some embodiments, a disclosed compound has increased selectivity for the 5-HT2Areceptor over the 5-HT2Breceptor. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound has increased selectivity for the 5-HT^ receptor over the 5-HT2Creceptor. In some embodiments, selectivity is defined as functional activity selectivity, calculated by the ratio of the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of a disclosed compound for one receptor (e.g., the 5-HT2Areceptor) as compared to another receptor (e.g., a serotonin receptor, such as the 5-HT2Breceptor, or the 5-HT2Creceptor). For example, if a hypothetical compound had a 5-HT2AEC50of 0.2 pM and a 5-HT2BEC50of 1.0 pM, the compound could be said to have a 5-fold functional activity selectivity for the 5-HT2Areceptor over the 5-HT2Breceptor. In some embodiments, selectivity can be defined as affinity selectivity, defined by the ratio of binding affinity (e.g., as assessed by K for one receptor (e.g., the 5-HT2Areceptor) as compared to another receptor (e.g., a serotonin receptor, such as the 5-HT2Breceptor, or the 5-HT2Creceptor). For example, if a hypothetical compound had a 5-HT2AK, of 0.1 pM and a 5-HT2BEC50of 1.0 pM, the compound could be said to have a 10-fold affinity selectivity for the 5-HT2Areceptor over the 5-HT2Breceptor.

[0348]

[0300] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound has an affinity selectivity of about 1.1 -fold, 1.5-fold, 1.6-fold, 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 50-fold, 70-fold, 80-fold, 90-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, or at least 150-fold selectivity for the 5-HT2Areceptor over the 5-HT2Breceptor. In embodiments, a disclosed compound has improved affinity selectivity for the 5-HT^ receptor over the 5-HT2Breceptor, relative to a comparator.

[0349]

[0301] In embodiments, a disclosed compound has a functional activity selectivity of about 1.1 -fold, 1.5-fold,

[0350] 1.6-fold, 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 50-fold, 70-fold, 80-fold, 90-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, or at least 150-fold selectivity for the 5-HT2Areceptor over the 5-HT2Breceptor. In embodiments, a disclosed compound has improved affinity selectivity for the 5-HT2Areceptor over the 5-HT2Breceptor, relative to a comparator.

[0351]

[0302] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound has an affinity selectivity of about 1.1 -fold, 1.5-fold,

[0352] 1.6-fold, 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 50-fold, 70-fold, 80-fold, 90-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, or at least 150-fold selectivity for the 5-HT2Creceptor over the 5-HT2Breceptor. In embodiments, a disclosed compound has improved affinity selectivity for the 5-HT2Creceptor over the 5-HT2Breceptor, relative to a comparator.

[0353]

[0303] In embodiments, a disclosed compound has a functional activity selectivity of about 1.1 -fold, 1.5-fold,

[0354] 1.6-fold, 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 50-fold, 70-fold, 80-fold, 90-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, or at least 150-fold selectivity for the 5-HT2Creceptor over the 5-HT2Breceptor. In embodiments, a disclosed compound has improved affinity selectivity for the 5-HT2Creceptor over the 5-HT2Breceptor, relative to a comparator. b. Modulating Neuroplasticity

[0355]

[0304] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound modulates neurotransmission in a subject, such as following administration of a therapeutically effective amount to said subject. In some embodiments, modulating neurotransmission contributes to the therapeutic effects of a disclosed compound in a subject. In some embodiments, modulating neurotransmission by administering a disclosed compound to a subject treats a disease or disorder in the subject.

[0356]

[0305] Neurotransmission refers to the transfer of information between neurons. Information is emitted by a neuron when an action potential occurs, resulting in the release of neurotransmitters into a synapse. Neurotransmission can thus be quantified by measuring parameters of action potential firing in a population of neurons. In some embodiments, neurotransmission is quantified by measuring the general action potential firing activity (Obien et al. Front Neurosci. 2015;8:423; Morin et al. J Biosci Bioeng. 2005; 100(2): 131 -143). General action potential firing activity parameters include spike rate, burst rate, and / or spike contrast. In embodiments, neurotransmission is quantified by measuring burst structure. Burst structure parameters include burst spike number, burst duration, and / or burst amplitude. In some embodiments, neurotransmission is quantified by measuring oscillatory behavior. Oscillatory behavior is measured as the standard deviation of spike rate, burst rate, and / or burst amplitude. In some embodiments, neurotransmission is quantified by measuring the synchronicity of activity of a neuron population. Synchronicity is measured as the coefficient of variation in spike rate, burst rate, and / or burst duration across a neuron population. Synchronicity is also measured as synchronicity share, synchronicity distance, and / or spike simplex.

[0357]

[0306] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound modulates spike rate. Spike rate is the number of action potentials per second. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound modulates burst rate. Neurons may send out a series of action potentials in rapid succession, known as a burst. Burst rate is the number of bursts per second. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound modulates spike contrast. Spike contrast is a measure of variability in neuronal activity, measured as the difference between the number of spikes occurring in the first half and second half of a recording duration (i.e. 700 milliseconds). In some embodiments, a disclosed compound modulates burst spike number. Burst spike number is the number of spikes per burst. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound modulates burst duration. Burst duration is the mean duration of detected bursts. In some embodiments, neurotransmission is measured as the burst amplitude. To obtain burst amplitude, an integral function with a decay is calculated over the timestamps of bursts. The burst amplitude is the peak value of the integral, which increases with highly frequent and numerous spiking.

[0358]

[0307] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound modulates oscillatory behavior. Oscillatory behavior is a measure of variability in a parameter, measured as the standard deviation of a parameter over time within the experimental episode. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound modulates the synchronicity of activity in a neuron population. Synchronicity is a measure of the relative variability in activity across a neuron population. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound modulates synchronicity share. Synchronicity share is the average number of units involved in population bursts, higher values reflecting a higher degree of synchronicity in bursts occurring amongst populations of neurons. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound modulates synchronicity distances. Synchronicity distances are defined as the average distance of burst starts within a population burst from the population burst center, lower values reflecting a stronger synchronicity of a network. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound modulates spike simplex. Spike simplex is a measure of connectivity and complexity in a neuronal network, higher values reflecting higher synchronicity among neurons.

[0359]

[0308] In some embodiments, administration of a disclosed compound increases neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity, also known as neural plasticity or brain plasticity, refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experiences, learning, and environmental factors. Neuroplasticity occurs through several mechanisms, including synaptic plasticity, which involves the strengthening or weakening of connections (synapses) between neurons. Synaptic plasticity is often associated with learning and memory processes. Another form of plasticity is called structural plasticity, which involves changes in the physical structure of neurons, such as the growth of new dendritic branches or the formation of new synapses. In some embodiments, increasing neuroplasticity contributes to the therapeutic effects of a disclosed compound in a subject. In some embodiments, increasing neuroplasticity by administering a disclosed compound to a subject treats a disease or disorder in the subject.

[0360]

[0309] Neuroplasticity can be defined in terms of neuritogenesis, spinogenesis, and synaptogenesis in neurons. Neuritogenesis refers to the process by which neurons generate and extend their neurites (i.e., to form axons and dendrites). Neuritogenesis is a critical step in neural development and the formation of neuronal circuits. Spinogenesis refers to the formation of dendritic spines, which are small protrusions on the dendrites of neurons. Dendritic spines are crucial for synaptic connections and play a vital role in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Synaptogenesis refers to the formation of synapses, which is crucial for the establishment and refinement of neural circuits, and is a fundamental process underlying learning, memory, and information processing in the brain.

[0361]

[0310] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound increases neuritogenesis. Neuritogenesis can be measured in terms of total neurite length, maximum neurite length, number of neurite nodes, and / or number of neurite extremities. In embodiments, a disclosed compound increases total neurite length. In embodiments, a disclosed compound increases maximum neurite length. In embodiments, a disclosed compound increases the number of neurite nodes. In embodiments, a disclosed compound increases the number of neurite extremities.

[0362]

[0311] In some embodiments, administration of a disclosed compound to a subject results in an increase in the number of dendritic branches, the number of dendritic crossings, the density of dendritic spines, the density of synapses (i.e., number of synapses per neuron), or total dendritic length. These factors can be measured using a Sholl analysis and other techniques known to those of skill in the art (Ly et al. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sei. 2020;4(2):452-460). c. Treatment

[0363]

[0312] In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are used to treat a medical condition, such as a disease or disorder. In embodiments, disclosed compounds are used in the manufacture of a medicament to treat a condition, such as a disease or disorder. Also provided are methods of administering disclosed compounds to a subject having a condition, such as a disease or disorder, thereby treating said condition.

[0364]

[0313] In some embodiments, disclosed compounds or pharmaceutical compositions comprising the disclosed compounds are administered to a subject by one or more routes of administration, including, e.g., oral, mucosal, rectal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intranasal, inhaled, ocular, intraocular, topical, and transdermal routes. When administered through one or more of such routes, the compound(s) of the disclosure and the disclosed compositions and formulations comprising them are useful in methods for treating a patient in need of such treatment.

[0365]

[0314] In some embodiments are provided methods of treating and / or preventing a condition in a mammal, the method comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a disclosed compound or pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, “treating” or “treatment” refers to treating a disease or disorder in a mammal, and preferably in a human, and includes causing a desired biological or pharmacological effect, such as: (a) preventing a disorder from occurring in a subject who may be predisposed to the disorder but has not yet been diagnosed with it; (b) inhibiting a disorder, i.e. arresting its development; (c) relieving a disorder, i.e., causing regression thereof; (d) protecting from or relieving a symptom or pathology caused by or related to a disorder; (e) reducing, decreasing, inhibiting, ameliorating, or preventing the onset, severity, duration, progression, frequency or probability of one or more symptoms or pathologies associated with a disorder; and (f) preventing or inhibiting of a worsening or progression of symptoms or pathologies associated with a disorder or comorbid with a disorder. In embodiments, treatment includes prevention. In other embodiments, treatment does not include prevention. Other such measurements, benefits, and surrogate or clinical endpoints, alone or in combination, will be understood to one of skill in view of the teachings herein and the knowledge in the art.

[0366]

[0315] In embodiments, disclosed compounds are used to treat a central nervous system (CNS) disorder. Broadly, CNS disorders include diseases of the nervous system (e.g., movement disorders, neurodegenerative disorders) as well as mental, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as those in the DSM-5, Merck Manual, ICD-11 , or other such diagnostic resources known to one of skill. i. Mental, Behavioral, or Neurodevelopmental Disorders

[0367]

[0316] In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are used to treat a mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorder. In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are administered, such as in a therapeutically effective amount, to a subject having a mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorder, thereby treating said mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorder. In some methods herein, the disclosed compositions, when administered in a therapeutically effective amount, provide beneficial therapeutic effects for the treatment of a mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorder.

[0368]

[0317] The ICD-11 , which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, defines “mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorders” as syndromes characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes that underlie mental and behavioral functioning. Such disorders include, but are not limited to, neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorders, catatonia, mood disorders, anxiety or fear-related disorders, obsessive-compulsive or related disorders, disorders specifically associated with stress, dissociative disorders, feeding (or eating) disorders, elimination disorders, disorders of bodily distress or bodily experience, disorders due to substance use or addictive behaviors, impulse control disorders, disruptive behavior or dissocial disorders, personality disorders (and related traits), paraphilic disorders, factitious disorders, neurocognitive disorders, mental or behavioral disorders associated with pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium, sleep-wake disorders, sexual dysfunctions, and gender incongruence.

[0369]

[0318] A mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorder where otherwise undefined, will be understood to refer to the disorder as defined in the ICD-11. Within the category of mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorders, the term mental disorder (or “mental health disorder”) generally refers to a disease condition that involves negative changes in emotion, mood, thinking, and / or behavior. In general, mental health disorders are characterized by clinically significant disturbances in an individual's cognition, emotion, behavior, or a combination thereof, resulting in impaired functioning, distress, or increased risk of suffering. Although the terms “mental disorder” and “mental health disorder,” as well as terms that define specific diseases and disorders, generally shall refer to the criteria in the I CD-11 , or a patient with a diagnosis based thereon, it will be appreciated that disclosed methods are equally applicable to patients having an equivalent underlying disorder, whether that disorder is diagnosed based on the criteria in ICD-11 , ICD-10, DSM-5, or DSM-IV (each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) whether the diagnosis is based on other clinically acceptable criteria, or whether the patient has not yet had a formal clinical diagnosis.

[0370]

[0319] In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are used to treat a mental health disorder. In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are administered, such as in a therapeutically effective amount, to a subject having a mental health disorder, thereby treating said mental health disorder. In some methods herein, the disclosed compositions, when administered in a therapeutically effective amount, provide beneficial therapeutic effects for the treatment of a mental health disorder. In some embodiments, the compounds and compositions of the disclosure are used to reduce the symptoms of a mental health disorder. The symptoms of the mental health disorder to be treated shall be able to be determined by one of skill in the art, by reference to the general understanding of the art regarding that disorder.

[0371]

[0320] In some embodiments, measures of therapeutic efficacy include reports by a subject or an observer. In some embodiments, measures of therapeutic efficacy include responses to a questionnaire. Non-limiting representative examples of applicable measures of symptom improvement include the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale, Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Substance Abuse Questionnaire (SAQ), Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5 (MINI 5), Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), Short Form (36) Health Survey (SF-36), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ), Beck Depression Index (BDI), and related subject- or observer-reported measures.

[0372]

[0321] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a neurodevelopmental disorder. In some embodiments, a “neurodevelopmental disorder” is a neurological and / or cognitive disorder that arises during the developmental period that involves significant difficulties in the acquisition and execution of specific neurological functions (e.g., intellectual, motor, language, or social functions). In some embodiments, the neurodevelopmental disorder is a disorder of intellectual development, a developmental speech or language disorder, autism spectrum disorder, a developmental learning disorder, a developmental motor coordination disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or stereotypic movement disorder.

[0373]

[0322] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat schizophrenia or another primary psychotic disorder. In general, these disorders are characterized by significant impairments in reality and alterations in behavior manifest in positive symptoms like persistent delusions, persistent hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, grossly disorganized behavior, as well as experience of negative symptoms such as blunted or flat affect and avolition and psychomotor disturbances. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizotypal disorder, acute and transient psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, or a substance-induced psychotic disorder.

[0374]

[0323] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat catatonia. In some embodiments, “catatonia” refers to a category of syndromes characterized by the co-occurrence of several symptoms of decreased, increased, or abnormal psychomotor activity. In some embodiments, the catatonia is associated with another mental disorder. In some embodiments, the catatonia is induced by substances or medications.

[0375]

[0324] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a mood disorder. As defined in the ICD-11 , mood disorders are categorized according to the specific type(s) of mood episodes, and their pattern over time. The primary types of mood episodes are depressive episodes, manic episodes, mixed episodes, and hypomanic episodes. In some embodiments, the mood disorder is a bipolar or related disorder (e.g., bipolar type I disorder, bipolar type II disorder, cyclothymic disorder), a depressive disorder, or a substance-induced mood disorder. In some embodiments, the mood disorder is a depressive disorder. In embodiments, the depressive disorder is single-episode depressive disorder, major depressive episode disorder, persistent depressive disorder (formally known as dysthymia), disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, postpartum depression, substance / medication-induced depressive disorder, depressive disorder due to another medical condition, seasonal affective disorder, mixed depressive and anxiety disorder, or an unspecified depressive disorder. In embodiments, depression is assessed through the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) screening tool, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scales (SDS), Major Depression Inventory (MDI), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CED-D), Rome Depression Inventory (RDI), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), and Carroll Rating Scale (CRS).

[0376]

[0325] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat an anxiety or fear-related disorder. An “anxiety disorder” refers to a class of mental disorders that induce excessive or abnormal fear, dread, or worry. In some embodiments, the anxiety disorder is selected from the group consisting of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, or a substance-induced anxiety disorder.

[0377]

[0326] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat an obsessive-compulsive or related disorder. In general, these disorders are characterized by repetitive thoughts and behaviors, such as cognitive phenomena (obsessions, intrusive thoughts and preoccupations). In some embodiments, the disorder is characterized by a compulsive need to accumulate possessions and distress related to discarding them (i.e., hoarding disorder). In some embodiments, the disorder is body-focused and can be characterized by recurrent and habitual actions (hair-pulling, skin-picking). In some embodiments, the disorder is obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, olfactory reference disorder, hypochondriasis, hoarding disorder, a body-focused repetitive behavior disorder, or a substance-induced obsessive-compulsive disorder.

[0378]

[0327] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a disorder associated with stress. In some embodiments, the disorder associated with stress has an identifiable stressor that is a causal factor, like exposure to a stressful or traumatic event, or a series of such events or adverse experiences. Stressors may be within the normal range of life experiences (e.g., divorce, socioeconomic problems), or from a threatening or traumatizing experience. In general, the nature and duration of the symptoms that arise in response to the stressor can distinguish the disorder from everyday stress. In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder, complex post-traumatic stress disorder, prolonged grief disorder, adjustment disorder, reactive attachment disorder, or disinhibited social engagement disorder.

[0379]

[0328] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a dissociative disorder. Dissociative disorders can be characterized by involuntary disruption or discontinuity in the normal integration of one or more of the following: identity, sensations, perceptions, affects, thoughts, memories, control over body movements, or behavior. In some subjects, dissociative disorder symptoms can be severe, and may result in impairment in personal, social, educational, occupational or other areas of functioning. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat dissociative neurological symptom disorder, dissociative amnesia (including amnesia with dissociative fugue and without dissociative fugue), trance disorder, possession trance disorder, dissociative identity disorder, partial dissociative identity disorder, or depersonalization- derealization disorder.

[0380]

[0329] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a feeding or eating disorder. Feeding or eating disorders generally involve abnormal eating or feeding behaviors that are not explained by another health condition, and are not developmentally appropriate or culturally sanctioned. These disorders can involve preoccupation with food as well as body weight and shape concerns. In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat anorexia nervosa (including anorexia with significantly low body weight, anorexia with dangerously low body weight, or anorexia in recovery with normal body weight), bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder, pica, or rumination-regurgitation disorder.

[0381]

[0330] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat an elimination disorder. Elimination disorders include, for example, the repeated voiding of urine into clothes or bed, and the repeated passage of feces in inappropriate places once the individual has reached a developmental age when continence is ordinarily expected. In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat enuresis (including nocturnal enuresis, diurnal enuresis, and nocturnal and diurnal enuresis) or encopresis (including both with encopresis constipation or overflow incontinence, and encopresis without constipation or overflow incontinence).

[0382]

[0331] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a disorder of bodily distress or bodily experience. Disorders of bodily stress typically involve bodily symptoms that the subject finds distressing and to which the subject devotes excessive attention. Bodily integrity dysphoria typically involves a disturbance in the person’s experience of the body manifested by persistent discomfort or intense feelings of body configuration. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a bodily distress disorder (including mild, moderate, and severe bodily distress disorder) or body integrity dysphoria.

[0332] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a disorder due to substance use or addictive behaviors. Disorders due to substance use or addictive behaviors are mental and / or behavioral disorders that develop predominantly as a result of the use of psychoactive substances (including medications and illegal or illicit substances), or specific repetitive rewarding and reinforcing behaviors. In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat disorders due to substance use (i.e., a substance use disorder, or SUD). In embodiments, the substance use disorder is associated with alcohol, cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics, cocaine, stimulants (e.g., amphetamines, methamphetamines, methcathinone, synthetic cathinones, caffeine), hallucinogens, nicotine, volatile inhalants, MDMA or MDA, dissociative drugs like ketamine and phencyclidine, or another substance (including medications and non-psychoactive substances). In embodiments, the substance use disorder is selected from alcohol use disorder, cannabis use disorder, caffeine use disorder, phencyclidine use disorder, inhalants use disorder, opioids use disorder, sedatives use disorder, hypnotics use disorder, anxiolytics use disorder, stimulants use disorder, and tobacco use disorder. In embodiments, the substance use disorder is alcohol use disorder. In embodiments, the substance use disorder is cannabis use disorder. In embodiments, the substance use disorder is caffeine use disorder. In embodiments, the substance use disorder is phencyclidine use disorder. In embodiments, the substance use disorder is inhalant use disorder. In embodiments, the substance use disorder is opioids use disorder. In embodiments, the substance use disorder is sedatives use disorder. In embodiments, the substance use disorder is hypnotics use disorder. In embodiments, the substance use disorder is anxiolytics use disorder. In embodiments, the substance use disorder is stimulants use disorder. In embodiments, the substance use disorder is tobacco use disorder. In embodiments, the substance use disorder is alcohol use disorder, wherein said alcohol use disorder is selected from alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, and alcoholism. In embodiments, the disorder is associated with another addictive behavior (e.g., gambling disorders, gaming disorder). In embodiments, a substance use disorder can be screened using a Screening to Brief Intervention (S2BI), Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), Brief Screener for Alcohol, Tobacco, and other Drugs (BSTAD), Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medication, and other Substance use (TAPS), the Opioid Risk Tool - OLID (ORT-OUD) Chart, Drug Abuse Screen Test (DAST-10), and Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medication, and other Substance use (TAPS).

[0383]

[0333] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat an impulse control disorder. In general, impulse control disorders are characterized by the repeated failure to resist an impulse, drive, or urge to perform an act that is rewarding to the subject despite negative long-term consequences, such as harm to the subject or a significant impairment in important areas of the subject’s functioning. In some embodiments, impulse control behaviors include fire-setting, stealing, inappropriate sexual behavior, and explosive outbursts. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat pyromania, kleptomania, compulsive sexual behavior disorder, or intermittent explosive disorder.

[0384]

[0334] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a disruptive behavior disorder or a dissocial disorder. Such disorders may be broadly characterized by persistent behavior problems that range from persistently defiant, disobedient, provocative or spiteful behaviors to behaviors that violate the rights of others or norms, rules, or laws. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat oppositional defiant disorder (including oppositional defiant disorder with chronic irritability-anger and oppositional defiant disorder without chronic irritability-anger) or conduct-dissocial disorder (including childhood-onset conduct-dissocial disorder and adolescent-onset conduct-dissocial disorder).

[0385]

[0335] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a personality disorder. Personality disorders may be generally characterized by problems in perceiving one’s identity, self-worth, accuracy of self-view, and self-discretion that is manifest in patterns of cognition, emotional experience, emotional expression, and maladaptive behavior. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a mild, moderate, or severe personality disorder. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a prominent personality trait or patterns (e.g., negative affectivity, detachment, dissociality, disinhibition, anankastia, borderline pattern). In some embodiments, the personality disorder is antisocial personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, masochistic or sadistic behavior, narcissistic personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, psychopathy, sociopathy, schizoid personality disorder, or schizotypal personality disorder.

[0386]

[0336] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a paraphilic disorder. Paraphilic disorders can be characterized by persistent and intense patterns of atypical sexual arousal, the focus of which involves others whose age or status renders them unwilling or unable to consent. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat exhibitionistic disorder, voyeuristic disorder, pedophilic disorder, coercive sexual sadism disorder, frotteuristic disorder, other paraphilic disorders involving non-consenting individuals, or paraphilic disorders involving solitary behavior or consenting individuals.

[0387]

[0337] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a factitious disorder. In general, factitious disorders may be characterized by intentionally feigning, falsifying, inducing or aggravating medical, psychological, or behavior signs and symptoms or injury to oneself or another person. Subjects with factitious disorders may seek treatment or otherwise present themselves or another person as ill, injured, or impaired. In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat factitious disorder imposed on self or a factitious disorder imposed on another.

[0388]

[0338] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a neurocognitive disorder. Neurocognitive disorders may be characterized by primary clinical defects in cognitive functioning that are acquired (rather than developmental), and therefore the subject experiences a decline from a previously attained level of functioning. In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat delirium. In embodiments, the delirium is associated with another disease or disorder. In embodiments, the delirium is associated with a psychoactive substance (including medications and illicit or illegal substances). In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat mild neurocognitive disorder. In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat an amnestic disorder. In embodiments, the amnestic disorder is associated with another disease or disorder. In embodiments, the delirium is associated with a psychoactive substance (including medications and illicit or illegal substances). In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat dementia. In embodiments, the dementia is associated with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, cerebrovascular disease, Lewy body disease, or a psychoactive substance (including medications and illicit or illegal substances). In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a behavioral or psychological disturbance associated with dementia. In embodiments, dementia is assessed using a Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ), Ascertain Dementia 8 (AD8), Mini-Cog, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q).

[0389]

[0339] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a mental or behavioral disorder associated with pregnancy, childbirth, or the puerperium. In some embodiments, the syndrome associated with pregnancy or the puerperium involves significant mental and behavioral features, including a depressive symptom. In some embodiments, the disorder includes psychotic symptoms. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat mental or behavioral disorders associated with pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium, with psychotic symptoms. In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat mental or behavioral disorders associated with pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium, without psychotic symptoms.

[0390]

[0340] In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat a sleep-wake disorder. In general, sleep-wake disorders are associated with difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep (e.g., insomnia), excessive sleepiness (e.g., hypersomnolence disorders), respiratory disturbance during sleep (e.g., sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs), such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), central sleep apnea (CSA), sleep-related hypoventilation disorders, sleep-related hypoxemia disorder, snoring, catathrenia, Cheyne-Stokes breathing, and sleep-disordered breathing), disorders of the sleep-wake schedule (e.g., circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders), abnormal movements during sleep, or problematic behavioral or psychological events that occur while falling asleep, during sleep, or upon arousal from sleep (e.g., parasomnia disorders). In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat an insomnia disorder, a hypersomnolence disorder, a sleep-related breathing disorder, a circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, or a parasomnia disorder.

[0391]

[0341] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat sexual dysfunction. Sexual dysfunctions can be defined as syndromes wherein a subject may have difficulty experiencing personally satisfying, non-coercive sexual activities. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat hypoactive sexual desire dysfunction, sexual arousal dysfunction, orgasmic dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction, or sexual dysfunction associated with pelvic organ prolapse.

[0392]

[0342] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound or composition is administered together with psychotherapy, such as psychosocial or behavioral therapy, including any of (or adapted from any of) cognitive behavioral therapy (e.g., as described in Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:493-502), interpersonal therapy (e.g., as described in Psychol Addict Behav 2009; 23(1): 168-174), contingency management based therapy (e.g., as described in Psychol Addict Behav 2009; 23(1): 168-174; in J Consul Clin Psychol 2005; 73(2): 354-59; or in Case Reports in Psychiatry, Vol. 2012, Article ID 731638), motivational interviewing based therapy (e.g., as described in J Consul Clin Psychol 2001 ; 69(5): 858-62), meditation based therapy, such as transcendental meditation based therapy (e.g., as described in J Consul Clin Psychol 2000; 68(3): 515-52), or the therapeutic approach used by MAPS to treat patients with PTSD (e.g., as in Mithoefer, M (2017). Manual for MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder).

[0393]

[0343] In some embodiments, disclosed compounds and compositions may be administered in conjunction with or as an adjunct to psychotherapy. In other embodiments, psychotherapy is neither necessitated nor desired, or no specific type of psychotherapy is necessitated or desired, however any of the disclosed methods can be used in combination with one or more psychotherapy sessions. The flexibility to participate in specific therapies, as well as to choose between any such therapies (or to decide to forgo any specific therapy), while still receiving clinically significant therapeutic effects, is among the advantages of the invention. Furthermore, a patient can participate in numerous other therapeutically beneficial activities, where such participation follows or is in conjunction with the administration of the composition, including breathing exercises, meditation and concentration practices, focusing on an object or mantra, listening to music, physical exercise, stretching or bodywork, journaling, grounding techniques, positive self-talk, or engaging with a pet or animal, and it should be understood that such participation can occur with or without the participation or guidance of a therapist.

[0394]

[0344] In some embodiments, “psychotherapy” is specifically “psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.” Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, broadly, includes a range of related approaches that involve at least one session where the patient ingests a psychedelic and is monitored, supported, or otherwise engaged by one or more trained mental health professionals while under the effects of the psychedelic (see, e.g., Schenberg 2018). Protocols have been developed for the standardization of procedures which emphasize a high degree of care (see, e.g., Johnson 2008), such as the therapeutic approach used by MAPS to treat patients with PTSD using MDMA (e.g., as described in Mithoefer 2017).

[0395]

[0345] In some embodiments, the psychotherapy conducted with a disclosed compound is conducted in widely spaced sessions. These sessions can be as frequently as weekly but are more often approximately monthly or less frequently. In most cases, a small number of sessions, on the order of one to three, is needed for a patient to experience significant clinical progress, as indicated, for example, by a reduction in the symptoms of the mental health disorder being treated. In some embodiments, psychotherapy comprises multiple sessions, during some of which a disclosed compound is administered (“drug-assisted psychotherapy”); in others, the patient participates in psychosocial or behavioral therapy without concomitant administration of a drug, or without administration of a disclosed compound.

[0396]

[0346] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound or composition is administered together with standardized psychological treatment or support, which refers to any accepted modality of standard psychotherapy or counseling sessions, whether once a week, twice a week, or as needed; whether in person or virtual (e.g., over telemedicine or by means of a web program or mobile app); and whether with a human therapist or a virtual or Al “therapist.” As used herein, “therapist” refers to a person who treats a patient using the disclosed compositions and methods, whether that person is a psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, clinical therapist, registered therapist, psychotherapist, or other trained clinician, counselor, facilitator, or guide, although it will be understood that certain requirements will be appropriate to certain aspects of the drug-assisted therapy (e.g., prescribing, dispensing, or administering a drug, offering psychotherapeutic support). In some embodiments, a “person” may also include an Al.

[0397]

[0347] In embodiments, a patient will participate in a treatment protocol or method, or be administered a disclosed composition as part of a method, if the patient meets certain specified inclusion criteria, does not meet certain specified exclusion criteria, does not meet any specified withdrawal criteria during the course of treatment, and otherwise satisfies the requirements of the embodiment of the disclosure as claimed.

[0398]

[0348] In some embodiments, where the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions are administered, such administration occurs without or with reduced risk of side effects that would require physician supervision, and therefore allow for treatment at home or otherwise outside of a clinic and without the need for such supervision, and / or additionally without the requirement of adjunctive psychotherapy (although it also may be provided in certain embodiments herein).

[0399]

[0349] In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions may be administered in conjunction with or as an adjunct to psychotherapy. In other embodiments, psychotherapy is neither necessitated nor desired, or no specific type of psychotherapy is necessitated or desired. In some embodiments, the flexibility to participate in specific therapies, to choose between any such therapies, or to decide to forgo any specific therapy, while still receiving clinically significant therapeutic effects, is among the advantages of the disclosure. In embodiments, a patient can participate in numerous other therapeutically beneficial activities, where such participation follows or is in conjunction with the administration of the composition, including breathing exercises, meditation and concentration practices, focusing on an object or mantra, listening to music, physical exercise, stretching or bodywork, journaling, grounding techniques, positive self-talk, or engaging with a pet or animal, and it should be understood that such participation can occur with or without the participation or guidance of a therapist.

[0400]

[0350] In some embodiments, personalized approaches (i.e., “personalized” or “precision” medicine) may be used, based on individual characteristics, including drug metabolism (e.g., CYP2D6 or CYP3A4) or individual genetic variation. The term “genetic variation” refers to a change in a gene sequence relative to a reference sequence (e.g., a commonly-found and / or wild-type sequence). Genetic variation may be recombination events or mutations such as substitution / deletion / insertion events like point and splice site mutations.

[0401]

[0351] The genetic variation may be a variation in one or more cytochrome P450 enzymes that affect drug metabolism, including metabolism of a disclosed composition, and including CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Other examples of CYP enzymes include CYP1A1 , CYP1 B1 , CYP2A6, CYP2A13, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2E1, CYP2G1 , CYP2J2, CYP2R1 , CYP2S1 , CYP3A5P1, CYP3A5P2, CYP3A7, CYP4A11, CYP4B1 , CYP4F2, CYP4F3, CYP4F8, CYP4F11 , CYP4F12, CYP4X1 , CYP4Z1 , CYP5A1 , CYP7A1, CYP7B1, CYP8A1 , CYP8B1 , CYP11A1, CYP11 B1 , CYP11 B2, CYP17, CYP19, CYP21, CYP24, CYP26A1 , CYP26B1 , CYP27A1 , CYP27B1, CYP39, CYP46, and CYP51.

[0402]

[0352] In some embodiments, a disclosed composition is taken together with a compound that is metabolized by the same CYP enzyme(s) as the disclosed composition, so as to permit a lower dose to be taken, increase the effective bioavailability of one or both, or otherwise affect drug metabolism or pharmacokinetics. In some embodiments, the dose of a disclosed composition is adjusted, such as reduced, when administered to a subject known to be a poor metabolizer of an active compound in the composition (e.g., having a genetic variation in CYP2D6 and / or CYP3A4), or increased when administered to a subject known to be a rapid metabolizer. In some embodiments, a patient is tested using ordinary means known to those of skill to determine if the patient is a poor or rapid metabolizer for one or more such CYP enzymes.

[0403]

[0353] In some embodiments, the genetic variation is a genetic variation in metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5), which has been implicated in mood and anxiety symptoms in humans. In another embodiment, the genetic variation is one or more single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FKBP5 gene that are associated with elevated levels of FKBP51 protein relative to persons lacking such SNPs. The FKBP5 gene has been implicated in responses to stress and trauma, and such SNPs are correlated with susceptibility to certain depression, PTSD, and anxiety disorders. In some embodiments, a genetic variation is an inclusion criteria for the administration of a disclosed compound. In some embodiments, a genetic variation is an exclusion criteria for the administration of a disclosed compound.

[0404]

[0354] In some embodiments, the mammal being treated has altered epigenetic regulation of a gene, the expression of which is associated with a mental health condition or susceptibility to a mental health treatment, such as the SIGMAR1 gene for the non-opioid sigma-1 receptor. ii. Neurodegenerative Disorders

[0405]

[0355] In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are used to treat a neurodegenerative disorder. In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are administered, such as in a therapeutically effective amount, to a subject having a neurodegenerative disorder. In some methods herein, the disclosed compositions, when administered in a therapeutically effective amount, provide beneficial therapeutic effects for the treatment of a neurodegenerative disorder.

[0406]

[0356] The term “neurodegenerative disorder” refers to a class of progressive, chronic, and debilitating conditions characterized by the gradual loss of structure and function of neurons within the central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS). These disorders involve the degeneration, impairment, or death of neuronal cells, leading to a decline in cognitive, motor, and / or sensory abilities.

[0407]

[0357] Neurodegenerative disorders can be classified according to primary clinical features, e.g., dementia, parkinsonism, or motor neuron disease, anatomic distribution of neurodegeneration, e.g., frontotemporal degenerations, extrapyramidal disorders, or spinocerebellar degenerations, or principal molecular abnormality (Dugger B, Dickson DW. Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2017:9(7);a028035). These disorders may involve various etiologies, including but not limited to, presence of pathogenic proteins, age, environmental stressors, and genetic predisposition (Armstrong R. Folia Neuropathologica. 2020:58(2);93-112).

[0408]

[0358] In embodiments, the neurodegenerative disorder is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Charcot’s disease), chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Lytico-Bodig disease, Huntington’s disease, corticobasal degeneration, dementias including vascular dementia, Lytico-Bodig disease, mild cognitive impairment, multiple sclerosis, a motor neuron disease, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, Parkinson’s disease, Parkinsonisms, prion diseases, progressive supranuclear palsy, and traumatic brain injury (TBI) including mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). iii. Pain Disorders

[0409]

[0359] In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are used to treat a pain disorder. In some embodiments, disclosed compounds are administered, such as in a therapeutically effective amount, to a subject having a pain disorder. In some methods herein, the disclosed compositions, when administered in a therapeutically effective amount, provide beneficial therapeutic effects for the treatment of a pain disorder.

[0410]

[0360] A “pain disorder” refers to a class of medical conditions characterized by the experience of persistent or recurrent physical or psychological pain, either localized or widespread, that significantly impairs a subject’s daily functioning and quality of life. These disorders may involve various etiologies, including but not limited to nociceptive, neuropathic, psychogenic, idiopathic or radicular origins. In embodiments, a compound is used to treat neuropathic pain. In embodiments, a compound is used to treat psychogenic pain. In embodiments, a compound is used to treat idiopathic pain. In embodiments, a compound is used to treat radicular pain.

[0411]

[0361] Pain disorders may manifest as acute or chronic pain, and they can affect different parts of the body, such as musculoskeletal, neurological, gastrointestinal, or visceral systems. Pain can be expressed as, but is not limited to, post-herpetic pain, trigeminal pain, occipital pain, or pudendal pain. In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat pain associated with chemotherapy (e.g., chemotherapy associated neuropathy). In embodiments, a compound is used to treat arthritis, back pain, central pain, chronic fatigue syndrome, cluster headaches, migraine headaches, phantom limb pain, complex regional pain syndrome, compression mononeuropathy, diabetic neuropathy, fibromyalgia, focal neuropathy, herniated disc pain, or sciatica.

[0412]

[0362] In some embodiments, pain is assessed using the Pain, Enjoyment, and General Activity Scale (PEG), the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS), and the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R). iv. Inflammatory Disorders

[0413]

[0363] Inflammation is an essential immune response to tissue insults such as microbial infection, acute injury, chemical irritants or other such dysregulation of normal tissue functioning. The inflammatory process is a feature of the innate immune system, whereby molecular patterns of tissue damage are recognized and responded to by a variety of inflammatory agents such as cytokines and chemokines. These inflammatory agents act directly to remove harmful stimuli and initiate various signaling responses to return damaged tissue to a state of homeostasis. Although this response is often self-terminating, the resolution of inflammation may fail for multiple reasons, extending the inflammation response into a chronic stage (Ahmed AU. Front Biol. 2011 :6(4): 274-281). Chronic inflammation is often associated with or underlies a variety of pathological conditions, including major cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric disorders (Nichols CD. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2009:475108).

[0414]

[0364] Recent evidence suggests a significant role of the 5-HT2Aserotonin receptor subtype in mediating the termination of the inflammatory response. 5-HT2Areceptors are found throughout the body, including in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues (Flanagan & Nichols. In’l Rev of Psychiatry. 2018;30(4):363-375). In the brain, 5-HT2Areceptors are involved in cognitive function and working memory, mediate the effects of psychedelic compounds, and have been implicated in mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia (Nichols CD. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol. 2009;475108). In the periphery, 5-HT2Areceptors are found in multiple immune related tissues such as the spleen, thymus, and circulating lymphocytes, as well as in components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems (Stefulj J, et al. Brain Behav Immun. 2000 Sep; 14(3):219-24; Cloez-Tayarani I, et al. Int Immunol. 2003 Feb; 15(2):233-40). Research on 5-HT2Areceptors at these tissues have elucidated their role in modulating the immune response (Flanagan TW, Nichols CD. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2018 Aug;30(4):363-375).

[0415]

[0365] Due to their significant action on 5-HT2Areceptors in the brain, multiple studies have been performed to assess the effect of psychedelic compounds on the inflammation modulating effects of 5-HT2Areceptors. One such study found that (R)-2,4-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine ((R)-DOI) is able to potently repress TNF-a induced inflammation. This study found the same effect, albeit slightly less potent, induced by the psychedelic compounds 2C-BCB, LA-SS-Az and LSD (Yu et al. J Pharmacol Exp Then 2008;327:316-323). Notably, the potency required to achieve anti-inflammatory effects of some psychedelic compounds is at levels in the low picomolar range, approximately 500x more potent than conventional corticosteroids at their target. Anti-inflammatory doses of psychedelics also can be below the threshold for producing subjective or behavioral effects, meaning they may exhibit anti-inflammatory effects without triggering a psychedelic “trip.”

[0416]

[0366] This work, and subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that (R)-DOI inhibits TNF-a induced expression of genes encoding intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1), and inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10, and chemokines monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1 / CCL2). (R)-DOI also blocks activation and nuclear translocation of NF-KB, nitric oxide synthase activity, and downregulates asthma-associated protein arginase-1 (Nau F Jr, et al. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 2;8(10):e75426; Flanagan & Nichols. Int’l Review Psych. 2018. 30(4), 363-375; Flanagan et al. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2024;7(2):478— 492). Further, some psychedelic compounds potently suppress select key proinflammatory biomarkers, while leaving others unaffected. For the biomarkers where suppression is evident, suppression is potent and returns levels to baseline, not suppressed below baseline levels, even at relatively high doses of drug (Nichols CD. Neuropharmacol. 2022;219: 109232). Thus, some psychedelics can reduce expression of certain key inflammatory components, while leaving the immune response largely intact. This is a unique mechanism of action among known anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents, and may be advantageous as it is predicted to have fewer side effects such as opportunistic infections that are associated with broad immunosuppressants like corticosteroids (id.).

[0417]

[0367] Although there is great therapeutic potential for psychedelics as anti-inflammatory agents, there is considerable variation in the efficacy of different psychedelics. It has been hypothesized that chemical structural diversity among psychedelics may result in functional selectivity at the 5-HT2Areceptor, whereby certain ligands engage specific subsets of amino acid residues in the binding pocket of the receptor that induce stable conformational states that couple to different anti-inflammatory signal transduction affectors. This hypothesis is supported by the differential peripheral effects of (R)-DOI and (R)-DOTFM, wherein the former induces anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model of asthma while the latter does not (Flanagan et al. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2024). This finding supports earlier work that determined the primary pharmacophore for anti-inflammatory phenethylamine 5-HT2Areceptor agonists to be 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-H) (Flanagan TW, et al. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2020 Aug 13;4(2):488-502). However, structure- activity relationships of anti-inflammatory agents with 5-HT2Areceptor agonist properties remain unclear.

[0418]

[0368] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that acts on specific inflammation mediators, thereby returning chronically inflamed tissue to a healthy state. In some embodiments, the anti-inflammatory effect is enacted without broadly suppressing the immune system, and can therefore be beneficial to treat inflammatory disease where steroids are contraindicated, or the condition is steroid resistant.

[0419]

[0369] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound decreases an inflammatory response in a subject. In embodiments, the inflammatory response is quantified by a change in the level of an inflammation response biomarker. In embodiments, the level of an inflammation response biomarker represents the expression level of an inflammation response gene. For example, an increased level of an inflammation response biomarker in a subject can be compared to a baseline level of the same biomarker, said increase being indicative of increased expression of the inflammation response gene encoding that biomarker. In embodiments, increased expression of an inflammation response gene can be associated with chronic inflammation. In embodiments, decreased expression of an inflammation response gene can be associated with chronic inflammation.

[0420]

[0370] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties. In some embodiments, administration of a disclosed compound suppresses several pro-inflammatory markers (e.g., mRNA encoding IL6, IL1b, GMCSF, Arg1, and IL5). In some embodiments, administration of a disclosed compound suppresses pro-inflammatory markers to baseline levels. Without being bound by theory, disclosed compounds may exert their anti-inflammatory effects due to functional selectivity at the 5-HT2Areceptor, whereby the compound engages certain amino acid residues within receptor, stabilizing it in a conformation that triggers anti-inflammatory signal transduction pathway effectors.

[0421]

[0371] In some embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation response gene expression is mRNA. In embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation response gene expression is a protein. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene is, or encodes, TNFa, Arg-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-1 / 3, ll-IA, IL-12, IL-13, IFNa, IFNb, IFNg, TGF- / 3, IL-15, IL-17, IL-20, IL-22, LTA, IL-23, IL-18, VCAM1, ICAM1, MCP1 (CCL2), MMP-9, Muc5ac, Gm-csf (CSF2), CCL2, CCL5, CCL3, CCL4, CCL11, CD11a, CD3 (CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, CD3Z), CD4, CD8 (CD8A, CD8B), or CRP. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene encodes an inflammatory agent. An inflammatory agent is a protein that activates an inflammatory response. Inflammatory agents include, for example, the proteins IL-1 p, TNFa, IL-15, IL-17, Arg-1 , and IL-18. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene encodes an anti-inflammatory agent. An anti-inflammatory agent is a protein that reduces an inflammatory response. Anti-inflammatory agents include, for example, the proteins IL-1 , IL-4, IL-10, IL-11 , and IL-13. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene encodes an agent that may be inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. For example, leukemia inhibitory factor, interferon-alpha, IL-6, and transforming growth factor (TGF-P) can act as either inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines under various circumstances (Zhang JM, An J. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2007 Spring;45(2):27-37).

[0422]

[0372] In some embodiments, the inflammation response gene is ICAM1. In embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation response is an ICAM1 gene product. In embodiments, the biomarker is ICAM1 mRNA. In embodiments, the biomarker is the ICAM1 protein. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene is VCAM1. In embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation response is a VCAM1 gene product. In embodiments, the biomarker is VCAM1 mRNA. In embodiments, the biomarker is the VCAM1 protein. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene is CCL2. In embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation response is a CCL2 gene product. In embodiments, the biomarker is CCL2 mRNA. In embodiments, the biomarker is the MCP1 protein. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene is IL-5. In embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation response is a IL-5 gene product. In embodiments, the biomarker is IL-5 mRNA. In embodiments, the biomarker is the IL-5 protein. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene is IL-6. In embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation response is a IL-6 gene product. In embodiments, the biomarker is IL-6 mRNA. In embodiments, the biomarker is the IL-6 protein. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene is IL-9. In embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation response is a IL-9 gene product. In embodiments, the biomarker is IL-9 mRNA. In embodiments, the biomarker is the IL-9 protein. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene is IL-15. In embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation response is a IL-15 gene product. In embodiments, the biomarker is IL-15 mRNA. In embodiments, the biomarker is the IL-15 protein. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene is IL-1 / 3. In embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation response is a IL-1 / 3 gene product. In embodiments, the biomarker is IL-1 / 3 mRNA. In embodiments, the biomarker is the IL-1 p protein. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene is Arg-1. In embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation response is an Arg-1 gene product. In embodiments, the biomarker is Arg-1 mRNA. In embodiments, the biomarker is the Arg-1 protein. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene is Gm-csf. In embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation response is a Gm-csf gene product. In embodiments, the biomarker is Gm-csf mRNA. In embodiments, the biomarker is the Gm-csf protein. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene is Muc5ac. In embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation response is a Muc5ac gene product. In embodiments, the biomarker is Muc5ac mRNA. In embodiments, the biomarker is the Muc5ac protein. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene is MMP-9. In embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation response is a MMP-9 gene product. In embodiments, the biomarker is MMP-9 mRNA. In embodiments, the biomarker is the MMP-9 protein. In embodiments, the inflammation response gene is TGF-fi. In embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation response is a TGF-fi gene product. In embodiments, the biomarker is TGF-fi mRNA. In embodiments, the biomarker is the TGF-0 protein.

[0423]

[0373] In some embodiments, the inflammation response biomarker is a cytokine. Cytokines are small signaling proteins that coordinate the interactions of different cell types involved in the amplification and regulation of the inflammatory response. In some embodiments, the cytokine biomarker is IL-2, IFN-y, TNFa, TNFp, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IL-25, IL-33, or TGF-p. In some embodiments, the inflammation response biomarker is a chemokine. Chemokines are small signaling proteins that induce the movement of other cell types, such as toward a tissue injury site. In some embodiments, the chemokine biomarker is CCL-1 to CCL-28, CXCL-1 to CXCL-16, IL-8, MCP1 , RANTES, XCL1 , XCL2, or CX3CLI . In some embodiments, the inflammation response biomarker is an enzyme. In some embodiments, the enzyme biomarker is Arg-1. In some embodiments, the biomarker of inflammation for a particular inflammatory disease, comorbidity, or patient demographic will be known to those of skill in the art (See: Sreedhar R, et al. General Mechanisms of Immunity and Inflammation. In: Watanabe K & Arumugam S. eds. Japanese Kampo medicines for the treatment of common diseases: Focus on inflammation. Academic Press;2017:Chapter 3; Germolec DR et al. Markers of Inflammation. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1803:57-79; Calder PC, et al. Br J Nutr. 2013 Jan; 109 Suppl 1 :S1-34).

[0424]

[0374] In embodiments, a disclosed compound causes the level of an inflammation response biomarker in a subject to become closer to a baseline level. “Baseline level” refers to the level of a biomarker observed in healthy populations not experiencing inflammation. Baseline levels differ among biomarkers and will be known to those of skill, or can be measured by standard techniques (Calder PC, et al. Br J Nutr. 2013 Jan; 109 Suppl 1 :S1-34).

[0425]

[0375] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound reduces the level of an inflammatory biomarker. In embodiments, a disclosed compound does not reduce the level of an inflammatory biomarker below baseline. In embodiments, a disclosed compound reduces the level of an inflammatory biomarker (e.g., an mRNA biomarker, a cytokine biomarker, a chemokine biomarker) by about 1 %, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%. In embodiments, a disclosed compound reduces the level of an inflammatory biomarker (e.g., an mRNA biomarker, a cytokine biomarker, a chemokine biomarker) to within about 1 %, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of its baseline level. In embodiments, a disclosed compound decreases the concentration of one or more inflammatory biomarkers in a sample by about 100 pg / mL, 90 pg / mL, 80 pg / mL, 70 pg / mL, 60 pg / mL, 50 pg / mL, 40pg / mL, 30 pg / mL, 20 pg / mL, 10 pg / mL, 5 pg / mL, or 1 pg / mL. In embodiments, the sample is a tissue sample. In embodiments, the sample is a blood sample. In embodiments, the same is a plasma sample.

[0426]

[0376] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound increases the level of an anti-inflammatory biomarker. In embodiments, a disclosed compound does not increase the level of a pro-inflammation biomarker above baseline. In embodiments, a disclosed compound increases the level of a pro-inflammation biomarker (e.g., an mRNA biomarker, a cytokine biomarker, a chemokine biomarker) by about 1 %, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%. In embodiments, a disclosed compound increases the concentration of one or more anti-inflammatory biomarkers in a sample by about 100 pg / mL, 90 pg / mL, 80 pg / mL, 70 pg / mL, 60 pg / mL, 50 pg / mL, 40pg / mL, 30 pg / mL, 20 pg / mL, 10 pg / mL, 5 pg / mL, or 1 pg / mL. In embodiments, the sample is a tissue sample. In embodiments, the sample is a blood sample. In embodiments, the same is a plasma sample.

[0427]

[0377] In some embodiments, the dosage of a disclosed compound used to elicit an anti-inflammatory effect is sub-behavioral. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to elicit an anti-inflammatory effect at dosage between about 0.001 and 0.01 mg / kg, between about 0.01 and 0.05 mg / kg, between about 0.05 mg / kg and 0.1 mg / kg, between about 0.1 mg / kg and 0.2 mg / kg, between about 0.4 mg / kg and 0.3 mg / kg, between about 0.3 mg / kg and 0.4 mg / kg, or between about 0.4 mg / kg and 0.5 mg / kg.

[0428]

[0378] In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat an inflammatory disorder. In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to reduce inflammation. In embodiments, a disclosed compound is used in the manufacture of a medicament to treat an inflammatory disorder or reduce inflammation.

[0429]

[0379] In some embodiments, the disorder is an acute inflammatory disorder. In some embodiments, the disorder is a chronic inflammatory disorder. In some embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, neuroinflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, type II diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, septicemia, conjunctivitis, Alzheimer’s disease, or another inflammatory condition described herein.

[0430]

[0380] In embodiments, a disclosed compound is useful for treating an inflammatory condition in a patient with an autoimmune disorder. In embodiments, a compound is useful for treating an inflammatory condition in a patient with a compromised immune system. In embodiments, a compound is useful for treating chronic inflammation in a patient with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, Addison disease, Celiac disease, autoimmune encephalitis, gout, vasculitis, mixed connective tissue disease, undifferentiated connective tissue disease, myositis, scleroderma, Sjogren’s syndrome, uveitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Guillain-Barre syndrome, psoriasis, grave’s disease, scleroderma (systemic sclerosis), dermatomyositis, Hashimoto thyroiditis, pernicious anemia, Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, cardiovascular disease, chronic hepatic and renal disease, fibromyalgia, allergies, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In embodiments, a disclosed compound is useful for treating chronic inflammation in an immunocompromised chemotherapy patient.

[0431]

[0381] In embodiments, a disclosed compound is useful for treating an inflammatory condition in a patient with a steroid-resistant disease or disorder. In embodiments, the steroid-resistant disease or disorder is steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), steroid-resistant inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS), steroid-resistant asthma, steroid-resistant acute graft-versus-host disease, steroid-resistant ulcerative colitis, steroid-resistant Crohn's disease, steroid-resistant COPD, steroid-resistant pulmonary fibrosis, steroid-resistant leukemias, steroid-resistant rheumatoid arthritis, or steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrosis.

[0432]

[0382] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is useful for treating an inflammatory condition in a patient with a contraindication to a corticosteroid. Contraindications to corticosteroids can occur, for example, because of hypersensitivity to any component of a corticosteroid formulation, concurrent administration of live or live-attenuated vaccines (e.g., when using immunosuppressive doses), systemic fungal infection, osteoporosis, uncontrolled hyperglycemia, adrenal suppression, Cushing syndrome, diabetes mellitus, glaucoma, cataracts, joint infection, uncontrolled hypertension, herpes simplex keratitis, myopathy, certain psychiatric disturbances and / or disorders, or varicella infection. Additional exemplary contraindications include peptic ulcer disease, congestive heart failure, and viral or bacterial infections not controlled by anti-infective or antibacterial agents.

[0433]

[0383] In embodiments, a disclosed compound is useful for treating skin inflammation, muscle inflammation, tendon inflammation, ligament inflammation, bone inflammation, cartilage inflammation, lung inflammation, heart inflammation, liver inflammation, pancreatic inflammation, kidney inflammation, bladder inflammation, gastric inflammation, intestinal inflammation, neuroinflammation, ocular inflammation, or brain inflammation.

[0434]

[0384] In some embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is any of acne vulgaris, acid reflux / heartburn, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), allergies, allergic rhinitis, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Anemia, appendicitis, arteritis, arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, spondyloarthropathy such as ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome), psoriatic arthritis, enteroarthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease, Whipple and Behcet's disease, septic arthritis, gout (also known as gouty arthritis, crystalline synovitis, metabolic arthritis), pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease), and Still's disease. Arthritis can affect a single joint (monoarthritis), two to four joints (oligoarthritis), or five or more joints (polyarthritis).

[0435]

[0385] In some embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is any of long COVID, a food allergy, an ulcer, asthma, atherosclerosis, autoimmune disorder, balanitis, blepharitis, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, bullous pemphigoid, burns, bursitis, cancer, including NF-KB-induced inflammatory cancer; cardiovascular disease, including hypertension, endocarditis, myocarditis, heart valve dysfunction, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, diabetic heart abnormalities, vascular inflammation, including arteritis, phlebitis, and vasculitis; arterial occlusive disease, including arteriosclerosis and stenosis; inflammatory cardiac hypertrophy, peripheral arterial disease, aneurysm, embolism, incision, pseudoaneurysm, vascular malformation, vascular nevus, thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, varicose veins, stroke, cardiac arrest, and carditis; celiac disease, cellulitis, cervicitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, chorioamnionitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, conjunctivitis, colitis, cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis, cystic fibrosis, cystitis, lacrimal inflammation, and dementia.

[0436]

[0386] In some embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is a dermatitis disorder. Without being bound by theory, dermatitis refers to inflammation of the skin which can occur chronically due to skin barrier dysfunction, abnormal inflammatory response, and persistent itching (Nakahara T, et al. J Dermatol. 2021 ;48(2):130-139; Beck LA, et al. JID Innov. 2022;2(5):100131 ). Whereas common among dermatitis disorders include redness, persistent itching, and dry skin, further clinical phenotypes of dermatitis disorders are highly heterogeneous, reflecting the diversity and complexity of the underlying mechanisms leading to the disorder (Renert-Yuval Y, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021 ;147(4):1174-119O.e1). Many of the inflammatory agents involved in chronic inflammation are also involved in the inflammatory response to dermatitis disorders, including but not limited to CCL17, CCL18, CCL22, CCL27, IL-4, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-19, IL-22, IL-26, IL-33, MMP12, and Th2 (Ahn K, et al. Curr Opin Immunol. 2020;66:14-21 ; Renert-Yuval Y, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021 ;147(4):1174-1190.e1 ; Furue M, et al. Iran J Immunol. 2019; 16(2):97-107; Sroka-Tomaszewska J, Trzeciak M. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 ;22(8):4130; Fallon et al., Nat Genetics, 2009, 41 : 602-608). Effective treatments of dermatitis disorders often target inflammatory pathways, thereby regulating the inflammatory response and ameliorating the symptoms of the dermatitis disorder (Wollenberg A, et al. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170 Suppl 1 :7-11).

[0437]

[0387] In some embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is a dermatitis disorder, including atopic dermatitis, chronic photosensitivity dermatitis, eczema, atopic eczema, contact eczema, dryness eczema, seborrheic eczema, discoid eczema, varicose eczema, herpetic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, autosensitizing dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, purulent dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema, follicular eczema, spongiotic dermatitis, hand dermatitis, diaper dermatitis, occupational contact dermatitis, and lichen planus-like atopic dermatitis.

[0438]

[0388] In some embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is atopic dermatitis. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is chronic photosensitivity dermatitis. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is eczema. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is atopic eczema. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is contact eczema. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is dryness eczema. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is seborrheic eczema. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is discoid eczema. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is varicose eczema. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is herpetic dermatitis. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is neurodermatitis. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is herpetic dermatitis. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is autosensitizing dermatitis. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is stasis dermatitis. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is purulent dermatitis. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is dyshidrotic eczema. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is follicular eczema. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is spongiotic dermatitis. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is hand dermatitis. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is diaper dermatitis. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is occupational contact dermatitis. In embodiments, the dermatitis disorder is lichen planus-like atopic dermatitis.

[0439]

[0389] In some embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is any of dermatitis, including atopic dermatitis, chronic photosensitivity dermatitis, eczema, atopic eczema, contact eczema, dryness eczema, seborrheic eczema, sweating disorders, discoid eczema, venous eczema, herpetic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, and autosensitizing dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, purulent sweaty, lichen planus, psoriasis, including psoriasis vulgaris, nail psoriasis, prickly psoriasis, scalp psoriasis, inverse psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis; rosacea, and scleroderma, including morphea; pharmacologically induced inflammation, including from legal or illegal drugs, and chemicals; chronic neurogenic inflammation, including primary and secondary neural inflammation; dermatomyositis, diabetes, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic ulcer, digestive system disease, emphysema, encephalitis, endocarditis, endometritis, enterocolitis, epicondylitis, epididymis, fasciitis, fibromyalgia, fibrosis, connectitis, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gingivitis, glomerulonephritis, glossitis, heart disease, heart valvular dysfunction, hepatitis, purulent spondylitis, Huntington's disease, hyperlipidemic pancreatitis, hypertension, ileitis, infection, including lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, bacterial cystitis, bacterial encephalitis, pandemic influenza, viral encephalitis, and viral hepatitis (types A, B, and C); inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease; inflammatory heart enlargement, inflammatory neuropathy, insulin resistance, interstitial cystitis, interstitial nephritis, iritis, ischemia, ischemic heart disease, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, laryngitis, lupus nephritis, mastitis, mastoiditis, meningitis, metabolic syndrome (syndrome X), migraine, multiple sclerosis, myelitis, myocarditis, myositis, nephritis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity, umbilitis, ovitis, testitis, osteochondritis, osteopenia, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, otitis, pancreatitis, Parkinson's disease, parotitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, pemphigus vulgaris, pericarditis, Peritonitis, pharyngitis, phlebitis, pleurisy, interstitial pneumonia, polycystic nephritis, polymyositis, proctitis, prostatitis, psoriasis, pulpitis, pyelonephritis, portal vein, renal failure, reperfusion injury, retinitis, rheumatic fever Rhinitis, fallopianitis, sarcoidosis, salivary glanditis, sepsis, including bacteremia and viremia; sinusitis, spastic colon, stenosis, stomatitis, stroke, inflammation associated with surgical complications, synovitis, tendonitis, tendonitis, tendonitis, thrombophlebitis, tonsillitis, trauma, traumatic brain injury, graft rejection, including graft versus host disease (GVHD); a Th1 -mediated inflammatory disease, trigonitis, tuberculosis, tumor, urethritis, bursitis, uveitis, vaginitis, vasculitis, including Buerger's disease, cerebral vasculitis, Churg-Strauss arteritis, cryoglobulinemia, essential cryoglobulin vasculitis, giant cells arteritis, golfer vasculitis, Henoch-Schbnlein purpura, hypersensitivity vasculitis, Kawasaki disease, microscopic polyarteritis / polyvasculitis, nodular polyarteritis, rheumatoid polymuscular muscle pain (PMR), rheumatic vasculitis, Takayasu arteritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), relapsing polychondritis, Behcet's disease; ulcerative colitis such as ulcerative proctitis, left side colitis, total colitis, and fulminant colitis; and vulvitis.

[0440]

[0390] A reduction in inflammation, such as chronic systemic inflammation, may be measured according to various methods available to one of skill. Inflammatory biomarkers may be detected from biological specimens, for example, a subject’s blood, such as plasma or serum, or saliva. In one example, inflammation may be detected by measuring high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell count from a blood test. CRP may also be detected in a saliva sample. Salivary CRP is not synthesized locally in the mouth and may reflect more systemic levels of inflammation compared to other inflammatory biomarkers, such as cytokines (Szabo & Slavish, Psychoneuroendocrin. 202; 124: 105069). Additionally clinical pathology data, e.g., hematology data on erythrocyte parameters, platelet count, total number of leukocytes, and leukocyte differentials and morphology, coagulation data on clotting times and fibrinogen, and clinical chemistry data on total protein, albumin and globulin, liver enzymes, renal parameters, electrolytes, and bilirubin can provide an initial indication of the presence and potentially the location of inflammation, in the absence of specific data on immune tissues (e.g., Germolec et al. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1803:57-79; Luo et al. Clin Lab. 2019 1 ;65(3)). v. Ophthalmic Diseases and Disorders

[0441]

[0391] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat an ophthalmic disease or disorder. Ophthalmic diseases and disorders often result from infection and / or inflammation of ocular tissue, and are the leading cause of corneal blindness and visual morbidity worldwide (Bourne RR, et al. Lancet Glob Health. 2013; 1 (6):e339-49). Repeated episodes of either infection or inflammation triggers a chronic inflammatory disease process that can result in vascularization and subsequent vision threatening scarring of the cornea (Vaidyanathan U, et al. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol. 2019;8(3):163-176). Corticosteroids are often used to control the ophthalmic inflammatory response, however, this treatment is immunosuppressive and can result in uncontrolled pathogen replication, loss of an intact corneal epithelial barrier, increased ocular pressure and eventual deterioration of vision (Fung AT, et al. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;48(3):366-401). By contrast, modulation with 5-HT receptor agonists has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-vascularization properties, and the ability to decrease ophthalmic pressure (Foster T, et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61 (7):429).

[0442]

[0392] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound can be used to reduce, ameliorate, or prevent an ophthalmic disease or disorder, non-limiting examples of which are described herein.

[0443]

[0393] In some embodiments, administration of a disclosed compound reduces intraocular pressure in a subject. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat ocular hypertension.

[0444]

[0394] The range for normal intraocular pressure is generally considered to be between 10 and 21 mmHg. This pressure is primarily determined by the balance between how much aqueous humour is produced in the eye and how much is drained away. Factors such as the thickness and stiffness of the cornea also play a role in influencing this pressure. Typically, intraocular pressure averages around 15 to 16 mmHg, with potential variations of up to 6 mmHg. For instance, during nighttime, this pressure often drops due to reduced aqueous humour production. Moreover, intraocular pressure can change in response to several physiological factors, including exercise, heart rate, breathing, fluid consumption, and the use of certain systemic or topical medications. Elevated intraocular pressure can lead to optic nerve damage, a condition known as glaucoma. If there's no optic nerve damage, the term ocular hypertension is used. Various factors can contribute to increased intraocular pressure, including conditions like orbital swelling, traumatic hyphema, blockage in the pupil, retained surgical materials, inflammation within the eye, or the use of corticosteroids. High intraocular pressure is a significant risk factor for glaucoma, and conversely, glaucoma frequently involves an increase in intraocular pressure. Symptoms that may arise from elevated intraocular pressure or from a combination of glaucoma and increased pressure include optic nerve damage, bleeding of the optic disc, defects in the nerve fiber layer, notching, a vertically elongated cup, uneven or progressive enlargement of the optic cup, diminished field of vision, seeing halos, blurry vision, and eye discomfort, among others.

[0445]

[0395] In some embodiments, a disclosed compound is used to treat glaucoma. In some embodiments, the glaucoma is open-angle glaucoma, normal-tension glaucoma, angle-closure glaucoma, congenital glaucoma, neovascular glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma, exfoliation glaucoma, uveitic glaucoma, or glaucoma caused by another factor (e.g., cataracts, tumors, eye injury).

[0446]

[0396] In some embodiments, a compound is used to treat allergic conjunctivitis, including vernal keratoconjunctivitis; atopic keratoconjunctivitis; dry eye syndrome and meibomian gland dysfunction; cataracts; keratoconus; bullous and other keratopathy; Fuch's endothelial dystrophy; ocular cicatricial pemphigoid; conditions associated with photoreactive keratotomy (PRK) healing and other corneal healing; conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction; uveitis, including anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, panuveitis, non-infectious uveitis, and infectious uveitis; keratitis; scleritis; iritis; cyclitis; ocular GVHD; optic neuritis; ocular Stevens Johnson Syndrome; blepharitis; ocular rosacea, with or without meibomian gland dysfunction; post cataract; persistent corneal erosion; and inflammation associated with corneal trauma, corneal transplantation, and refractive surgery.

[0447]

[0397] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic disease or disorder is an inflammatory disorder. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic disease or disorder is macular degeneration (e.g., age-related macular degeneration), keratoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, ischemic proliferative retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, cone dystrophy, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, Leber's disease, retinal detachment, retinal pigment epithelial detachment, rubeosis iridis, corneal neovascularization, retinal neovascularization, choroidal neovascularization, retinochoroidal neovascularization, or a combination thereof.

[0448]

[0398] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is macular degeneration. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is keratoconjunctivitis. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is conjunctivitis. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is keratitis. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is diabetic retinopathy. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is retinopathy of prematurity. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is ischemic proliferative retinopathy. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is retinitis pigmentosa. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is cone dystrophy. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is proliferative vitreoretinopathy. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is retinal artery occlusion. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is retinal vein occlusion. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is Leber's disease. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is retinal detachment. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is retinal pigment epithelial detachment. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is rubeosis iridis. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is corneal neovascularization. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is retinal neovascularization. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is choroidal neovascularization. In embodiments, the ophthalmic disease is retinochoroidal neovascularization.

[0449] I. Examples

[0450]

[0399] The examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

[0451] EXAMPLE 1 : Synthesis of 2-(4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine HCI

[0452]

[0400] Step 1: 5-Methoxy-4-(2-methylprop-1 -en-1 -yl)benzofuran

[0453]

[0401] To a solution of 4-bromo-5-methoxy-benzofuran (2.00 g, 8.81 mmol, 1.00 eq) in dioxane (80 mL) and H2O (20 mL) were added 2-methylprop-1 -enylboronic acid (1.76 g, 17.6 mmol, 2.00 eq), Pd(dppf)CI2CH2Cl2 (504 mg, 617 pmol, 0.07 eq) and K2CO3(4.87 g, 35.2 mmol, 4.00 eq) at 20 °C under N2atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 12 hours. H2O (20 mL) was added to the mixture at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (10 mL * 3). The organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO2, petroleum ether / ethyl acetate = 1 / 0 to 10 / 1) to give 5-methoxy-4-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)benzofuran (1.69 g, 8.36 mmol, 94.9% yield) as a yellow oil.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 = 7.94 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.65 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.27 (s, 1 H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 1.94 (s, 3H), 1.57 (s, 3H)

[0402] Step 2: 4-lsobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran

[0454]

[0403] 10%Pd / C (2.80 g, 50% purity) was added to MeOH (50 mL) at 20 °C under N2atmosphere, then 5-methoxy-4-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)benzofuran (1.40 g, 6.92 mmol, 1.00 eq) was added to the mixture at 20 °C, the suspension was degassed and purged with H2three times. The mixture was stirred at 40 °C for 12 hours under H2(50 psi) atmosphere. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (1.30 g, crude) as a yellow oil.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 = 6.67 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.54 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.47 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.10 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 2.40 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.97 - 1.83 (m, 1 H), 0.88 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 6H)

[0455]

[0404] Step 3: 7-Bromo-4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran

[0456]

[0405] To a solution of 4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (1.00 g, 4.85 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DCM (20 mL) was added Br2(775 mg, 4.85 mmol, 250 pL, 1.00 eq) at 20 °C under N2atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 20 °C for 17 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove solvent. The residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO2, petroleum ether / ethyl acetate=1 / 0 to 10 / 1) to give 7-bromo-4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (1.00 g, 3.51 mmol, 72.3% yield) as a yellow solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 = 6.83 (s, 1 H), 4.53 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.20 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 1 .90 - 1 .78 (m, 1 H), 0.84 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H)

[0457]

[0406] Step 4: Tert-butyl (2-(4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-di hydrobenzofuran-7-yl) ethylcarbamate

[0458]

[0407] To a solution of 7-bromo-4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (800 mg, 2.81 mmol, 1.00 eq) in toluene (24 mL) and H2O (8 mL) were added Pd(OAc)2(44.1 mg, 196 pmol, 0.07 eq), potassium 2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)ethyl-trifluoro-boranuide (1.76 g, 7.01 mmol, 2.50 eq), Cs2CO3(3.20 g, 9.82 mmol, 3.50 eq) and RuPhos (262 mg, 561 pmol, 0.20 eq) at 20 °C under N2atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 12 hours, then was stirred at 110 °C for 5 hours. Water (20 mL) was added to the mixture at 20 °C. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (10 mL * 3). The organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO2, Petroleum ether / Ethyl acetate = 1 / 0 to 10 / 1) to give tert-butyl N-[2-(4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethyl]carbamate (500 mg, 1.43 mmol, 51.0% yield) as a white solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 = 6.50 (s, 1 H), 4.45 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.14 - 3.05 (m, 4H), 2.57 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.92 - 1.80 (m, 1 H), 1.37 (s, 9H), 0.85 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H) LCMS (ESI+): m / z 250.2 [M+H-100]+

[0459]

[0408] Step 5: 2-(4-lsobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine HCI (Compound 8)

[0460]

[0409] A solution of tert-butyl N-[2-(4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3- dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethyl]carbamate (500 mg, 1 .43 mmol, 1 .00 eq) in HCI / EtOAc (7 mL) was stirred at 20 °C for 2 hours. EtOAc (7 mL) was added to the mixture at 20 °C. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filter cake was dried in vacuum to give 2-(4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethanamine (290 mg, 1.01 mmol, 70.9% yield, 100% purity, HCI) as a white solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 = 8.07 (br s, 3H), 6.58 (s, 1 H), 4.49 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.12 - 3.08 (m, 2H), 2.98 (s, 2H), 2.79 (br d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.90 -

[0461] 1.83 (m, 1 H), 0.86 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H) LCMS (ESL): m / z 250.1 [M+H]+

[0462] EXAMPLE 2: Synthesis of 1-(4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)butan-2-amine HCI

[0463]

[0410] Step 1: 5-Methoxy-4-(2-methylprop-1 -en-1 -yl) benzofuran

[0464]

[0411] A mixture of 4-bromo-5-methoxy-benzofuran (3 g, 13.2 mmol, 1 eq), 2-methylprop-1 -enylboronic acid

[0465] (1.58 g, 15.9 mmol, 1.2 eq), Pd(dppf)CI2.CH2CI2(755 mg, 925 pmol, 0.07 eq), K2CO3(7.30 g, 52.6 mmol, 4 eq) in dioxane (40 mL) and H2O (10 mL) was degassed and purged with N2for 3 times, and the mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 2h under N2atmosphere. The organic phase was separated, washed with EtOAc (30 mL * 3), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, petroleum ether / ethyl acetate = 5 / 1 to 4 / 1) to give 5-methoxy-4-(2-methylprop-1-enyl) benzofuran (2.4 g, 11.87 mmol, 89.81 % yield) as a yellow oil. LCMS (ES ): m / z 203.2 [M+H]+

[0466]

[0412] Step 2: 4-lsobutyl-5-methoxy-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran

[0467]

[0413] To a solution of 5-methoxy-4-(2-methylprop-1-enyl) benzofuran (2.4 g, 11.9 mmol, 1 eq) in MeOH (30 mL) was added wet Pd / C (1.26 g, 1.19 mmol, 10% purity, 0.1 eq) under N2atmosphere. The suspension was degassed and purged with H2for 3 times. The mixture was stirred under H2(50 psi) at 40 °C for 12 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran (2.2 g, crude) as a yellow oil.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 ppm 0.86 (d, J=6.75 Hz, 6H), 1.88 (dt, J=13.63, 6.82 Hz, 1 H), 2.38 (d, J=7.25 Hz, 2H), 3.09 (t, J=8.57 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 4.45 (t, J=8.57 Hz, 2H), 6.52 (d, J=8.50 Hz, 1 H), 6.66 (d, J=8.50 Hz, 1 H)

[0468]

[0414] Step 3: 4-lsobutyl-5-methoxy-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-carbaldehyde

[0469]

[0415] To a solution of POCI3(2.97 g, 19.4 mmol, 1.81 mL, 4 eq) in DMF (1.5 mL) at O °C. After addition, the mixture was stirred at this temperature for 0.1 h, and then 4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran (1 g, 4.85 mmol, 1 eq) in DMF (1.7 mL) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 20 °C for 0.9 h. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition saturated aqueous NaOH (6N, 50 mL) at 0°C. The resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL * 3). The combined organic phase was washed with brine (50 mL* 2), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, petroleum ether / ethyl acetate = 5 / 1 to 4 / 1) to give 4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3- dihydrobenzofuran-7-carbaldehyde (1 g, 4.27 mmol, 88.04% yield) as a yellow solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 ppm 0.93 (d, J=6.63 Hz, 6H), 1.99 (dt, J=13.57, 6.85 Hz, 1 H), 2.50 (d, J=7.25 Hz, 2H), 3.22 (t, J=8.57 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 4.72 (t, J=8.57 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (s, 1 H), 10.11 (s, 1 H)

[0470]

[0416] Step 4: (Z)-4-l so butyl-5-methoxy-7- (2- n itro but-1 -en-1 -yl)-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran

[0471]

[0417] To a solution of 4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-carbaldehyde (0.6 g, 2.56 mmol, 1 eq) in 1 -nitropropane (2.5 mL) was added NH4OAc (197 mg, 2.56 mmol, 1 eq). The mixture was stirred at 90 °C for 1 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was added into HCI (1 N, 15 mL), and extracted with DCM (15 mL * 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine 15 mL, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, petroleum ether / ethyl acetate = 1 / 0 to 10 / 1) to give 4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-7-[(Z)-2-nitrobut-1-enyl]-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran (440 mg, 1.44 mmol, 56.26% yield) as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI+): m / z 306.2 [M+H]+

[0472]

[0418] Step 5: 1-(4-lsobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)butan-2-amine (Compound 224)

[0473]

[0419] To a solution of 4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-7-[(Z)-2-nitrobut-1-enyl]- 2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran (0.4 g, 1.31 mmol, 1 eq) in THF (5 mL) was added LAH (2.5 M, 2.10 mL, 4 eq) was degassed and purged with N2for 3 times. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h under N2atmosphere. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition of 0.2 mL of H2O at 0 °C, followed by 0.2 mL of 15% aqueous NaOH at 0 °C followed by 0.6 mL of H2O at 0 °C. After being stirred at room temperature for 5 min, the solid was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness to give a residue. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (HCI condition) (column: Phenomenex luna C18 150 * 25 mm * 10pm; mobile phase: [water (HCI)-ACN]; gradient: 1 %-40% B over 8.0 min) to give 1-(4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl) butan-2-amine (114 mg, 349.49 pmol, 26.68% yield, 96.22% purity, HCI salt) as a white solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 ppm 0.87 (d, J=6.63 Hz, 6H), 0.92 (t, J=7.50 Hz, 3H), 1.52 (dq, J=14.34, 7.31 Hz, 2H), 1.88 (dt, J=13.63, 6.82 Hz, 1 H), 2.37 (d, J=7.25 Hz, 2H), 2.67-2.82 (m, 2H), 3.11 (t, J=8.50 Hz, 2H), 3.26-3.33 (m, 1 H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 4.49 (t, J=8.57 Hz, 2H), 6.60 (s, 1 H), 7.90 (br s, 3H) LCMS (ESI+): m / z 278.2 [M+H]+

[0474] EXAMPLE 3: Synthesis of 2-(4-allyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine

[0475] 1 2 3

[0476]

[0420] Step 1: 7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl formate (2)

[0477]

[0421] To a solution of 7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-carbaldehyde (21.0 g, 92.5 mmol, 1 eq) in DCM (400 mL) was added m-CPBA (26.3 g, 129 mmol, 85% purity, 1 .40 eq) at 0 °C, the mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 12 h. Add Na2S03solvent (400 mL) and stir for 10 minutes, then the aqueous layer was alkalized by Na2C03solvent (400 mL) to adjust pH = 8-9 and extracted with DCM (400 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4and then concentrated under reduced pressure to give 7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl formate (23 g, crude) as a white solid. TLC (Si02, petroleum ether / ethyl acetate = 5:1) indicated 7-bromo-2,3-DHB-5-carbaldehyde was consumed and one new spot was detected

[0478]

[0422] Step 2: 7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-ol (3)

[0479]

[0423] To a solution of (7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl) formate (23.0 g, 94.6 mmol, 1 eq) in MeOH (240 mL) and H20 (80 mL) was added KOH (15.9 g, 284 mmol, 3 eq) at 25 °C, the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The mixture was diluted with H20 (300 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (250 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The mixture was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product. The mixture was purified by MPLC (Si02, petroleum ether / ethyl acetate = 1 :0 to 3:1) to give 7-bromo-2,3-DHB-5-ol (20.4 g, 93.1 mmol, 98.4% yield, 98.4% purity) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESP): m / z 215.8 [M+H]+

[0480]

[0424] Step 3: 7-bromo-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (4)

[0481]

[0425] To a stirred solution of 7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-ol (20.9 g, 97.2 mmol, 1 eq) and K2C03(20.2 g, 146 mmol, 1.5 eq) in acetone (400 mL) were added TBAF (1 M, 9.72 mL, 0.1 eq) and Mel (69.0 g, 486 mmol, 30.3 mL, 5 eq) at 20 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 55 °C for 12 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was purified by MPLC (Si02, petroleum ether / ethyl acetate = 1 :0 to 5:1) to give 7-bromo-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (19.5 g, 85.1 mmol, 87.6% yield) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESI+): m / z 229.7 [M+H]+

[0482]

[0426] Step 4: Tert-butyl (2-(5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethyl)carbamate (5)

[0483]

[0427] To a solution of 7-bromo-5-methoxy-2,3-DHB (9.50 g, 41.5 mmol, 1 eq) and 2-(tert-butoxy-carbonyl- amino)ethyl-trifluoro-boron;potassium hydride (26.0 g, 104 mmol, 2.5 eq) in toluene (300 mL) and H20 (100 mL) were added Pd(0Ac)2(652 mg, 2.90 mmol, 0.07 eq) and RuPhos (3.87 g, 8.29 mmol, 0.2 eq), Cs2C03(47.3 g, 145 mmol, 3.5 eq) at 20 °C under N2. The resulting mixture was stirred at 60 °C under N2for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The mixture was diluted with H20 (250 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (200 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The mixture was purified by MPLC (Si02, petroleum ether / ethyl acetate = 1 :0 to 5:1) to give tert-butyl (2-(5-methoxy-2,3-DHB-7-yl)ethyl) carbamate (8.50 g, 29.0 mmol, 70.0% yield) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESP): m / z 194.1 [M- 100+H]+

[0484]

[0428] Step 5: (2-(4-iodo-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethyl)-l2-azane (6)

[0485]

[0429] To a solution of tert-butyl N-[2-(5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethyl]carbamate (4.00 g, 13.64 mmol, 1 eq) in DCM (160 mL) was added silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (3.50 g, 13.6 mmol, 1 eq) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 0.5 h. To the reaction was added l2(4.15 g, 16.4 mmol, 3.30 mL, 1.2 eq) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 12 h. The mixture was diluted with H20 (170 mL) and then extracted with DCM (170 mL x 2). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give (2-(4-iodo-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethyl)-l2-azane (4.00 g, crude) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESP): m / z 320.0 [M+H]+

[0486]

[0430] Step 6: Tert-butyl (2-(4-iodo-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethyl)-l2-azanecarboxylate (7)

[0487]

[0431] To a solution of 2-(4-iodo-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethanamine (4 g, 12.5 mmol, 1 eq) in DCM (100 mL) was added Na2C03(2.66 g, 25.1 mmol, 2 eq) and (Boc)2O (5.47 g, 25.1 mmol, 5.76 mL, 2 eq) at 25 °C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue, the mixture was diluted with H20 (30 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The mixture was purified by MPLC (Si02, petroleum ether / ethyl acetate = 1 :0 to 2:1) to give the product. The residue was purified by acidic prep-HPLC (column: Phenomenex Luna C18 100 x 30 mm x 3 pm; mobile phase: [H20 (0.2% FA)-ACN]; gradient: 45%— 75% B over 8.0 min) to give tert-butyl (2-(4-iodo-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethyl)-l2-azanecarboxylate (300 mg, 716 pmol, 5.71 % yield) as a white solid. LCMS (ESP): m / z 320.0 [M-20+H]+

[0488]

[0432] Step 7: Tert-butyl (4-allyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)carbamate (8)

[0489]

[0433] To a solution of tert-butyl N-[2-(4-iodo-5-MeO-2,3-DHB-7-yl)ethyl]carbamate (200 mg, 477 pmol, 1 eq) and 2-allyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1 ,3,2-dioxaborolane (802 mg, 4.77 mmol, 10 eq) in THF (15 mL) were added CsF (217 mg, 1.43 mmol, 3 eq) and Pd(PPh3)4(55.1 mg, 47.7 pmol, 0.1 eq) at 25 °C under N2. The mixture was stirred at 80 °C under N2for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The mixture was purified by prep-TLC (Si02, PE / EtOAc = 5:1) to give tert-butyl (4-allyl-2,5-diMeO- phenethyl)carbamate (150 mg, 450 pmol, 94.3% yield) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESP): m / z 234.2 [M- 100+H]+

[0490]

[0434] Step 8: 2-(4-all yl-5-methoxy-2, 3-di hyd robenzofu ran-7-y l)eth an- 1 -amine (Compound 9)

[0491]

[0435] To a solution of tert-butyl N-[2-(4-allyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethyl] carbamate (150 mg, 450 pmol, 1 eq) in DCM (1 mL) was added TFA (6.91 g, 60.6 mmol, 4.50 mL, 135 eq) at 25 °C, the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by neutral prep-HPLC (column: Waters XBridge BEH C18 100 x 30 mm x 10 pm; mobile phase: [H20 (10 mM NH4HC03)-ACN]; gradient: 25%— 55% B over 8.0 min) to give 2-(4-allyl-5-methoxy-2,3- DHB-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine (41.2 mg, 177 pmol, 39.3% yield) as a white solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 = 6.42 (s, 1 H), 5.89-5.73 (m, 1 H), 4.96-4.83 (m, 2H), 4.45 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.24 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.05 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.66-2.58 (m, 2H). LCMS (ESP): m / z 234.1 [M+H]+

[0492] EXAMPLE 4: 2-(4-isobutyl-5-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethan-1-amine HCI Synthesis

[0493]

[0364] Step 1: 2-(5-(2-methoxyethyl)-4-(2-Me-prop-1 -en-1 -yl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine (2)

[0494]

[0365] Two reactions were carried out in parallel. A mixture of 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-[2-[4-iodo-5-(2-methoxy- ethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl]ethyl]acetamide (0.3 g, 677 pmol, 1 eq), 2-methylprop-1 -enylboronic acid

[0495] (135 mg, 1.35 mmol, 2 eq), 2-methylprop-1 -enylboronic acid (135 mg, 1.35 mmol, 2 eq), Pd(dppf)CI2(49.5 mg,

[0496] 67.7 pmol, 0.1 eq), K2C03(431 mg, 3.12 mmol, 4.61 eq) in dioxane (6 mL) and H20 (1 mL) was degassed and purged with N2for 3 times, and then the mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 12 hours under N2atmosphere. LCMS showed 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-[2-[4-iodo-5-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,3-DHB-7-yl]ethyl]acetamide was consumed completely and desired mass was detected. The two reactions were combined and concentrated to give 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-[2-[5-(2-methoxyethyl)-4-(2-methyl-prop-1-enyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl]ethyl]acetamide (500 mg, crude) as a yellow solid. [M+H]+m / z: 276.2

[0366] Step 2: tert-butyl (2-(5-(2-methoxyethyl)-4-(2-methylprop-1 -en-1 -yl)-2,3-DHB-7-yl)ethyl)carbamate (3)

[0497]

[0367] To the solution of 2-[5-(2-methoxyethyl)-4-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl]ethan- amine (370 mg, 1.34 mmol, 1 eq) and DIEA (521 mg, 4.03 mmol, 3 eq) in THF (10 mL) and H20 (3 mL) was added Boc2O (381 mg, 1.75 mmol, 1.3 eq) (“DHB” refers to dihydrobenzofuran). The solution was stirred at 20 °C for 2 hours. LCMS showed 2-[5-(2-methoxyethyl)-4-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl] ethanamine was consumed completely and desired mass. The reaction was quenched with saturated citric acid solution (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 30 mL). The combined organics were washed with brine (30 mL) and concentrated to get a residue. The residue was purified by column chromatography (Si02, petroleum ether / ethyl acetate = 1 :0 to 3:1) to give tert-butyl N-[2-[5-(2-methoxyethyl)-4-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)- 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl]ethyl]carbamate (500 mg, crude) as a colorless oil. [M+H]+m / z: 376.2

[0498]

[0368] Step 3: tert-butyl (2-(4-isobutyl-5-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)ethyl)carbamate (4)

[0499]

[0369] To a solution of tert-butyl N-[2-[5- (2-methoxyethy l)-4-(2-methylp rop- 1 -enyl)-2, 3-di hydro be nzofuran-7-yl] ethylcarbamate (500 mg, 1.33 mmol, 1 eq) in MeOH (10 mL) was added Pd / C (0.25 g, 10% purity) under N2. The suspension was degassed under vacuum and purged with H2several times. The mixture was stirred under H2(50 psi) at 40 °C for 2 hours. LCMS showed tert-butyl N-[2-[5-(2-methoxyethyl)-4-(2-methylprop-1- enyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl]ethyl]carbamate was consumed completely and desired mass was detected. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to give tert-butyl N-[2-[4-isobutyl-5-(2- MeO-ethyl)-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl]ethyl]carbamate (500 mg, crude) as a colorless oil. [M+H]+m / z: 378.2

[0500]

[0370] Step 4: 2-(4-isobutyl-5-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,3-DHB-7-yl)ethan-1 -amine HCI (Compound 44)

[0501]

[0371] The solution of tert-butyl N-[2-[4-isobutyl-5-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,3-DHB-7-yl]ethyl]carbamate (500 mg, 1 .32 mmol, 1 eq) in HCI / EtOAc (4 M, 4.97 mL, 15 eq) was stirred at 20 °C for 1 hour. LCMS showed tert-butyl N-[2-[4-iBu-5-(2-MeO-ethyl)-2,3-DHB-7-yl]ethyl]carbamate was consumed completely and desired mass was detected. The reaction was concentrated to get a residue. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (column: Phenomenex Luna C18 100 x 40 mm x 5 pm; mobile phase: [H20 (0.04% HCI)-ACN]; gradient: 1%— 30% B over 8.0 min) to give 2-[4-isobutyl-5-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,3-DHB-7-yl]ethanamine (107 mg, 340.91 pmol, 25.74% yield, 100% purity, HCI) as a white solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMS0-d6) 5 ppm 0.89 (d, J = 6.60 Hz, 6 H), 1.70-1.87 (m, 1 H), 2.40 (d, J = 7.34 Hz, 2 H), 2.67-2.79 (m, 4 H), 2.95 (br s, 2 H), 3.11 (t, J = 8.62 Hz, 2 H), 3.24 (s, 3 H), 3.39-3.43 (m, 2 H), 4.50 (t, J = 8.62 Hz, 2 H), 6.80 (s, 1 H), 8.03 (br s, 3 H). [M+H]+m / z: 278.2

[0502] EXAMPLE 5: Synthesis of (S)-3-(4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)-3-methylpiperidine and (R)-3-(4-isobutyl-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)-3-methylpiperidine

[0503]

[0504]

[0372] Step 1: 7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl formate (2)

[0505]

[0373] To a solution of 7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-carbaldehyde (10 g, 44.0 mmol, 1 eq) in DCM (350 mL) was added m-CPBA (26.8 g, 132 mmol, 85% purity, 3 eq) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition of sat. aq. Na2S03(300 mL) at 0 °C, and extracted with

[0506] DCM (200 mL x 3). The organic phase was washed with sat. aq. NaHC03(200 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl formate (10.7 g, crude) as a yellow oil, which was used in the next step without further purification

[0507]

[0374] Step 2: 7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-ol (3)

[0508]

[0375] To a solution of 7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl formate (10.7 g, 44.0 mmol, 1 eq) in MeOH (200 mL) was added K2C03(12.17 g, 88.0 mmol, 2 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 12 hours. The mixture was filtered, concentrated, and added to ice-1 N HCI solution to adjust pH to 3 at 0 °C, and then extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-ol (9.4 g, crude) as a yellow oil, which was used in the next step without further purification.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 6.78 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.70-6.63 (m, 1 H), 4.67-4.58 (m, 2H), 3.26 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H). LCMS (NEG-): m / z 213.0 / 215.0 [M-H]+

[0509]

[0376] Step 3: 7-bromo-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (4)

[0377] To a solution of 7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-ol (9.4 g, 43.7 mmol, 1 eq) in DMF (100 mL) was added K2C03(18.1 g, 131 mmol, 3 eq) and Mel (12.4 g, 87.4 mmol, 5.44 mL, 2 eq). The mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was diluted with H20 (1 L) at 0 °C, and then extracted with EtOAc (200 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by flash silica gel chromatography (ISCO®; 20 g SepaFlash® Silica Flash Column, Eluent of 0-10% ethyl acetate / petroleum ether gradient @ 80 mL / min) to give 7-Br-5-MeO-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (5.5 g, 24.0 mmol, 54.9% yield) as a white solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 6.80-6.70 (m, 1 H), 6.69-6.60 (m, 1 H), 4.55 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.20 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H)

[0510]

[0378] Step 4: 4-(5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)isoxazole (5)

[0511]

[0379] A mixture of 7-bromo-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (5.5 g, 24.0 mmol, 1 eq), 4-(4,4,5,5-tetra- methyl-1 ,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)isoxazole (4.92 g, 25.2 mmol, 1.05 eq), K3P04(10.19 g, 48.0 mmol, 2 eq), cataCXiumA Pd G2 (1.61 g, 2.40 mmol, 0.1 eq) in THF (100 mL) and H20 (30 mL) was degassed and purged with N2for 3 times, and the mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 1 hour under N2atmosphere. The reaction mixture was dilut...

Claims

CLAIMSThe invention claimed is:wherein:R4is CrC6alkyl, H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, C2-C6alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl, CrC6haloalkyl, CrC6alkoxy, CrC6haloalkylthio, CrC6alkylthio, C3-C6cycloalkylmethyl, or — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl;R5is — (CH2)0.3-O-C1-C6alkyl, CrC6alkoxy, — (CH2)0.3OH, — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl,— (CH2)0.3-C(O)-NH2, or -(CH2)M-C(O)-NH-CrC6alkyl;R and R' are each independently H or CrC6alkyl;RNis H or — CH2-Ar; wherein Ar is 6- to 12-membered heterocyclyl or C6-C12aryl optionally substituted by F, Cl, Br, I, OH, CrC6alkoxy, or phenyl; andRais H or C^Cg alkyl; and Rbis H; or Raand Rbtogether with the intervening atoms form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl; or RNand Rbtogether with the intervening atoms form a 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl, and Rais H or CrC6alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R4is C^Cg alkyl.

3. The compound of claim 2, wherein R4is isobutyl.

4. The compound of claim 2, wherein R4is ethyl.

5. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R5is — (CH2)2OCH3.

6. The compound of claim 1 , wherein RNis H.

7. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Rais H.

8. The compound of claim 1 , wherein RNis CH2-Ar.

9. The compound of claim 1.wherein Rais CrCg alkyl.

10. The compound of claim 9, wherein Rais methyl.11 . The compound of claim 9, wherein Rais ethyl.

12. The compound of claim 1, wherein R4is F, Cl, Br, or I.

13. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R4is Br.

14. The compound of claim 1, wherein R4is I.

15. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R4is — (CH2)0.3-C(O)-O-C1-C6alkyl.

16. The compound of claim 15, wherein R4is — CH2COOCH3.

17. The compound of claim 15, wherein R4is — CH2COOCH2CH3.

18. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R5is methoxy.

19. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R5is — (CH2)2OH.

20. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R5is — CH2COOCH3.21 . The compound of claim 1 , wherein R5is — COONH2or— COONHCH3.

22. The compound of claim 1, wherein R and R' are both H.

23. The compound of claim 1, wherein R is H and R' is C^Cg alkyl.

24. The compound of claim 1, wherein R and R' are both C^Cg alkyl.

25. The compound of claim 1 , having the structure of Formula (2):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

26. The compound of claim 1 , having the structure of Formula (3):wherein:X, Y, and Z are each independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C^Cg alkoxy, or phenyl; orX and Y are taken together to form a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, and Z is H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, CrCg alkoxy, C3-C6cycloalkyl, or phenyl; orY and Z are taken together to form a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, and X is H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, CrCg alkoxy, C3-C6cycloalkyl, or phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, or isotopic derivative thereof.

27. The compound of claim 26, wherein X is OH.

28. The compound of claim 26, wherein X is methoxy.

29. The compound of claim 26, wherein X is F, Cl, Br, or I.

30. The compound of claim 26, wherein X is phenyl.31 . The compound of claim 26, wherein X is C3-C6cycloalkyl.

32. The compound of claim 26, wherein X is cyclopropyl.

33. The compound of claim 26, wherein Y and Z are H.

34. The compound of claim 1 , selected from the group consisting of the compounds in Table 1 herein.

35. The compound of claim 1 , selected from the group of compounds defined herein as Group A.

36. The compound of claim 1 , selected from the group of compounds defined herein as Group B.

37. The compound of claim 1 , selected from the group of compounds defined herein as Group C.

38. The compound of claim 1 , selected from the group of compounds defined herein as Group D.

39. The compound of claim 1 , selected from the group of compounds consisting of:

40. The compound of claim 39, as an individual enantiomer of either of:

41. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of any one of claims 1-40, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.

42. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 41 , wherein the composition is suitable for oral, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, injectable, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraocular, topical, or transdermal administration.

43. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 41 , wherein the composition is in unit dosage form.

44. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 43, comprising the compound in a total amount of between about 0.01 and 100 mg.

45. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 41 , formulated for topical administration.

46. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 45, formulated as an aerosol, emulsion, spray, ointment, salve, gel, paste, lotion, liniment, oil, or cream.

47. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 45, comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients selected from the group consisting of penetration enhancers, carriers, diluents, emulsifiers, stabilizers, solvents and cosolvents, viscosity modifying agents, adhesion modifying agents, preservatives, antioxidants, adhesive polymers, solubilizing agents, colorants, binders, humectants, surfactants, and gelling agents.

48. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 51 , further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an additional active compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof.

49. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 48, wherein the additional active compound is selected from the group consisting of amino acids, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, antineuropathic and antinociceptive agents, antimigraine agents, anxiolytics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-PTSD agents, dissociatives, cannabinoids, immunostimulants, anti-cancer agents, antiemetics, orexigenics, antiulcer agents, antihistamines, anti hypertensives, anticonvulsants, antiepileptics, bronchodilators, neuroprotectants, nootropics, empathogens, psychedelics, plasticity-inducing agents, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tryptamines, terpenes, phenethylamines, sedatives, stimulants, serotonergic agents, NMDA modulators, NMDA antagonists, and vitamins.

50. A method of modulating neurotransmission in a subject, comprising administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 41.51 . The method of claim 50, wherein modulating neurotransmission comprises agonizing the 5-HT2Aor 5-HT2Creceptor.

52. A method of increasing neuroplasticity in a subject, comprising administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 41.

53. A method of treating a medical condition in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 41.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the medical condition is a disorder linked to dysregulation or inadequate functioning of serotonergic neurotransmission.

55. The method of claim 53, wherein the medical condition is a mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorder.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein the medical condition is a neurodevelopmental disorder, schizophrenia or another primary psychotic disorder, catatonia, a mood disorder, an anxiety or fear-related disorders, an obsessive-compulsive or related disorder, a disorder specifically associated with stress, a dissociative disorder, a feeding or eating disorder, an elimination disorder, a disorder of bodily distress or bodily experience, a disorder due to substance use or addictive behavior, an impulse control disorder, a disruptive behavior or dissocial disorder, a personality disorder, a paraphilic disorder, a factitious disorder, a neurocognitive disorder, a mental or behavioral disorder associated with pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium, a sleep-wake disorder, or a sexual dysfunction.

57. The method of claim 53, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered together with one or more sessions of psychotherapy.

58. The method of claim 53, wherein the medical condition is inflammation or an inflammatory disorder.

59. The method of claim 58, wherein inflammation is skin inflammation, muscle inflammation, tendon inflammation, ligament inflammation, bone inflammation, cartilage inflammation, lung inflammation, heart inflammation, liver inflammation, pancreatic inflammation, kidney inflammation, bladder inflammation, gastric inflammation, intestinal inflammation, neuroinflammation, ocular inflammation, or brain inflammation.

60. The method of claim 58, wherein the inflammatory disorder is an acute inflammatory disorder.61 . The method of claim 58, wherein the inflammatory disorder is a chronic inflammatory disorder.

62. The method of claim 58, wherein the inflammatory disorder is a steroid-resistant disorder.

63. The method of claim 58, wherein the inflammatory disorder is selected from the group consisting of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, neuroinflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, type II diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, septicemia, conjunctivitis, and Alzheimer’s disease.

64. The method of claim 63, wherein the inflammatory disorder is dermatitis.

65. The method of claim 64, wherein dermatitis is atopic dermatitis, chronic photosensitivity dermatitis, eczema, atopic eczema, contact eczema, dryness eczema, seborrheic eczema, discoid eczema, varicose eczema, herpetic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, autosensitizing dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, purulent dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema, follicular eczema, spongiotic dermatitis, hand dermatitis, diaper dermatitis, occupational contact dermatitis, and lichen planus-like atopic dermatitis.

66. The method of claim 58, wherein the subject has a compromised immune system.

67. The method of claim 58, wherein the subject has an autoimmune disorder.

68. The method of claim 58, wherein the subject has a contraindication to a corticosteroid.

69. The method of claim 58, wherein treating inflammation or an inflammatory disorder comprises reducing the level of an inflammatory biomarker by about 1 %, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%.

70. The method of claim 69, wherein the inflammatory biomarker is an inflammatory response gene product.71 . The method of claim 70, wherein the inflammatory response gene product is mRNA.

72. The method of claim 69, wherein the mRNA is Arg-1, ICAM1, VCAM1, CCL2, IL-6, IL-1 / 3, Gm-csf, IL-5,IL-9, IL-15, Muc5ac, mmp9, or TGF-ft mRNA.

73. The method of claim 72, wherein the inflammatory response gene product is a protein.

74. The method of claim 73, wherein the protein is Arg-1 , ICAM1 , VCAM1 , MCP1, IL-6, IL-10, Gm-csf,IL-5, IL-9, IL-15, Muc5ac, mmp9, or TGF-0.

75. The method of claim 53, wherein the medical condition is an ophthalmic disorder.

76. The method of claim 75, wherein the ophthalmic disorder is an inflammatory disorder.

77. The method of claim 75, wherein the medical condition is macular degeneration, keratoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, ischemic proliferative retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, cone dystrophy, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, Leber's disease, retinal detachment, retinal pigment epithelial detachment, rubeosis iridis, corneal neovascularization, retinal neovascularization, choroidal neovascularization, or retinochoroidal neovascularization.

78. The method of claim 53, wherein the medical condition is a neurodegenerative disorder.

79. The method of claim 78, wherein the neurodegenerative disorder is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Charcot’s disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, corticobasal degeneration, dementias including vascular dementia, Huntington’s disease, Lytico-Bodig disease, mild cognitive impairment, multiple sclerosis, a motor neuron disease, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, Parkinson’s disease or Parkinsonisms, prion diseases, progressive supranuclear palsy, and traumatic brain injury.

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