Antigen peptide and use thereof
Antigen peptides targeting the BRCA1 c.5470_5477del8 mutation in ovarian cancer activate T-cells to kill tumor cells, addressing the lack of effective therapies by enhancing immune response and enabling personalized treatment strategies.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/084115
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-07-26
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-21
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-26
AI Technical Summary
Current therapies for ovarian cancer, particularly those targeting BRCA1 c.5470_5477del8 mutation, lack effective tumor neoantigens that are specific, immunogenic, and capable of activating an immune response, leading to challenges in early detection and personalized treatment.
Development of antigen peptides, such as MVRWAAASK, derived from the BRCA1 c.5470_5477del8 mutation, with high binding affinity for MHC class I molecules, designed to stimulate T-cell responses and activate immune cells, including the use of these peptides in vaccines and immunotherapy.
The antigen peptides effectively activate T-cells to target and kill tumor cells, offering potential for early diagnosis, personalized treatment, and reduced side effects, with high immunogenicity and specificity to BRCA1-mutated ovarian cancer cells.
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Abstract
Description
ANTIGEN PEPTIDE AND USE THEREOFBACKGROUND OF THE APPLICATION1. Technical Field
[0001] The present application relates to the field of tumor immunotherapy, specifically to an antigen peptide, and more particularly to a design of tumor neoantigen polypeptides based on c.5470_5477del8 mutation of BRCA1 gene and its use in the treatment of ovarian cancer. 2. Description of Related Art
[0002] Ovarian cancer (OC) is the third most common malignancy of the female reproductive system, originating from ovarian or fallopian tube cells. It can be classified into three types based on the tumor’s cell origin: epithelial tumors, germ cell tumors, and stromal tumors, with epithelial cancers being the most prevalent. The exact pathogenesis of ovarian cancer remains unclear, and there are no specific early screening methods available. Consequently, about 70%of OC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, missing the optimal window for treatment. Standard first-line treatment typically involves extensive tumor resection, followed by platinum-based chemotherapy, angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab, and, in some cases, maintenance therapy with poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) . Given the challenges associated with early detection, high recurrence rates, and poor prognosis, the development of novel therapies for ovarian cancer is of significant clinical and social importance.
[0003] BRCA1 (Breast Cancer gene 1) and BRCA2 (Breast Cancer gene 2) are the first identified hereditary susceptibility genes for ovarian cancer, and are the most commonly mutated genes in OC cases. Studies have shown that individuals with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations have a significantly higher risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer. Both BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks via homologous recombination. Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 lead to homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) , a condition that contributes to the development of malignancies. Among known risk factors, pathogenic germline mutations in BRCA1 / 2 account for 12%-14%of all ovarian cancer cases, with lifetime risks of 15 -45%for BRCA1 mutation carriers and 10 -40%for BRCA2 mutation carriers, compared to a 1.4%lifetime risk for the general female population. Therefore, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines recommend that all patients with advanced ovarian cancer undergo BRCA genetic testing upon diagnosis.
[0004] Tumor immunotherapy is a novel treatment approach for cancer, considered the next generation of cancer treatment after surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and small-molecule targeted therapies. Effective tumor immunotherapy relies on the presence of functional, antigen-specific T-cells within the tumor. Neoantigens, which are ideal targets for immunotherapy, offer promising therapeutic potential. Tumor neoantigens are peptides presented on the surface of tumor cells, derived from mutated genes in the tumor. These neoantigens are generated through point mutations, deletions, and gene fusions. Thus, tumor neoantigens are distinct from the proteins expressed by normal cells. Tumor neoantigens bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, and are presented on the surface of tumor cells as protein complexes, which can be specifically recognized by cytotoxic T-cell receptors (TCRs) , thereby activating immune responses. Unlike traditional therapies, immunotherapy focuses on utilizing and enhancing the patient’s own immune system to target and destroy tumor cells. This approach offers several advantages, including precise targeting, minimal side effects, and long-lasting effects. Additionally, the immune system’s ability to create immune memory enables immunotherapy to help prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis.
[0005] Mutated proteins generate antigenic epitopes that are absent in wild-type proteins. Therefore, identifying somatic mutation sites specific to tumor-associated genes and designing effective tumor neoantigen polypeptides based on these mutations is a key focus of current research. A patent published as CN104962612A discloses the BRCA1 gene g. 41256139delT frameshift mutation and its use in the development of an auxiliary diagnostic kit for breast cancer. This patent identifies high-specificity mutation sites associated with breast cancer, supporting screening and diagnostic efforts for the disease. Earlier research by Lucksica Ruangapirom et al. (Vaccines. 2022 Sep 22; 10 (10) : 1597) demonstrated that by calculating the binding affinity between mutant epitopes and MHC class I complexes, the antigenic potential of recurrent somatic mutations can be evaluated. Their study found that most recurrent mutations are predicted to be antigenic. The researchers designed tumor neoantigen polypeptides IKILCATYVK and KILCATYVK for N345K mutations in PIK3CA (which showed antigenicity in in-vitro studies) and found these neoantigen polypeptides had strong binding affinities for HLA‐A*11: 01 and HLA-A*31: 01 molecules, effectively activating T-cells to kill tumor cells. According to a study published in Human Mutation, prior research focused mainly on exonic regions and a few intronic positions, with reported BRCA gene mutations being widely distributed without any discernible concentration pattern. Notably, the c. 5470_5477del ATTGGGCA mutation in BRCA1 and the c. 3109C>T mutation in BRCA2 were reported most frequently (Comprehensive Profiling of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Variants in Breast and Ovarian Cancer in Chinese Patients. Hum Mutat. 2019 Dec 11. doi: 10.1002 / humu. 23965) . Among BRCA1 mutations, the c. 5470_5477del8 mutation occurs most frequently.
[0006] An effective neoantigen must meet the following criteria: it must be tumor-specific to prevent off-target effects on healthy tissues; it must be capable of being presented on the surface of tumor cells to allow immune cells to recognize and target tumor cells; and it must be capable of activating an immune response (i.e., it must be immunogenic) . Identifying neoantigens from a large pool of tumor peptides is challenging, requiring consideration of multiple factors. To date, no effective tumor neoantigens specific to the c. 5470_5477del8 mutation of BRCA1 have been reported.
[0007] Furthermore, due to differences in understanding among those skilled in the art, and given that the applicant has reviewed a substantial amount of literature and patents during the development of the present application, not all details can be provided due to space limitations. However, this should not imply that the present disclosure lacks the features of the prior technologies. On the contrary, the present application incorporates all relevant features of the prior art. The applicant further reserves the right to include additional details or features from related prior art in the background section as appropriate, in compliance with applicable regulations. SUMMARY OF THE APPLICATION
[0008] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the present disclosure provides, in one aspect, an antigen peptide for the treatment of ovarian cancer. The antigen peptide is selected from amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 6, or any amino acid sequence derived from the aforementioned sequences by substitution and / or deletion and / or addition of at least one amino acid.
[0009] Specifically, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 1 is MVRWAAASK.
[0010] Specifically, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 2 is MPVSTTLVA.
[0011] Specifically, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 3 is ILSVMNVHDF.
[0012] Specifically, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 4 is SSAKRPLWLK.
[0013] Specifically, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 5 is RVAQDTPHL.
[0014] Specifically, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 6 is SLPPLPFWV.
[0015] It has been reported that the frequency of large rearrangements in BRCA1 and BRCA2 is less than 10%of all BRCA1 / 2 mutations in Asian populations, likely due to population heterogeneity. Hence, stratified genetic analyses across different regions are necessary. Based on a review of extensive literature, the present inventors discovered that Shi T et al. (Int J Cancer. 2017 May 1; 140 (9) : 2051-2059) reported a high frequency of the c. 5470_5477del8 mutation in BRCA1 in the Chinese population, which is strongly associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. This mutation is particularly relevant for OC cases in China and supports the development of more effective personalized treatment strategies for patients.
[0016] The present application also provides a design for polypeptide sequences based on the antigenic recognition region determined by the BRCA1 c. 5470_5477del8 mutation. The antigenic potential of these polypeptides is evaluated by calculating the binding affinity between mutant epitopes and MHC class I molecules. The inventors employed the immune epitope database (IEDB) algorithm to analyze the antigen’s protein structure, surface accessibility, hydrophilicity, and other properties. Meanwhile, the expression levels of these antigens in tumor cells and their recognition by immune cells are considered. Based on this, epitopes with potential immunogenicity are selected from predicted neoantigens, and polypeptides with specific amino acid sequences are designed based on the determined antigenic recognition region. The resulting neoantigen polypeptides include MVRWAAASK (SEQ ID NO. 1) , also referred as serial number 6 in the description below, or polypeptides derived from these sequences by substitution, deletion, and / or addition of at least one amino acid. The polypeptides functioning identically or similarly (tumor antigen polypeptides) can stimulate HLA differentiation to HLA-A*03: 01 and generate specific antibodies in patients with the c. 5470_5477del8 mutation of BRCA1. These high-immunogenicity, tumor-specific neoantigens offer a promising approach for personalized immunotherapy for ovarian cancer.
[0017] Furthermore, the present application provides a method for verifying in-vitro immunogenicity of these tumor neoantigen polypeptides, which includes three main steps: in-vitro isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from tumor patients, incubation of T-cells, and enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) to detect IFN-γ secretion by T-cells. Through a scientifically designed and optimized procedure, the present application provides an efficient approach for isolating and culturing PBMCs. A chromogenic reaction is used for in-vitro verification of specific T lymphocytes activated by the polypeptides and the IFN-γ they secrete. This allows for the assessment of the immunocompetence of the synthetized tumor neoantigens, providing a theoretical foundation for the development of neoantigen-based tumor vaccines. The tumor antigen peptides described herein can stimulate and activate T-cells in-vitro, specifically targeting T-cells for the c. 5470_5477del8 mutation of BRCA1, and support significant amplification of the activated T-cells. These tumor antigen peptides can then be used for adoptive T-cell therapy in patients.
[0018] According to a preferred embodiment, the antigen peptide is derived from the BRCA1 gene c. 5470_5477del8 mutation. More preferably, it is based on SEQ ID NO. 1 or derived from SEQ ID NO. 1 by substitution, deletion and / or addition of at least one amino acid.
[0019] According to a preferred embodiment, the antigen peptide is an HLA tumor antigen peptide corresponding to MHC class I complexes.
[0020] According to a preferred embodiment, in the first aspect of the present application, the HLA tumor antigen peptide has one or more mutations compared to wild-type HLA tumor antigen peptides. Compared to the wild-type HLA tumor antigen peptides, when the HLA tumor antigen peptide of the first aspect of the present application is used to stimulate an organism, the binding affinity of the organism’s T-cell receptors for the peptide increases.
[0021] According to a preferred embodiment, the antigen peptide stimulates T lymphocytes, activating and causing the release of the cytokine IFN-γ to improve the immune responses of the organism.
[0022] According to a preferred embodiment, the affinity IC50 between the antigen peptide and MHC class I complexes is less than 500 nM. Preferably, the affinity IC50 between the antigen peptide and MHC class I complexes is less than 50 nM.
[0023] The present application further relates to a use of the antigen peptide provided in the first aspect of the present application for early diagnosis and prognosis assessment of ovarian cancer. This use specifically involves the preparation of reagents, reagent kits, or substances used therein for early diagnosis and prognosis assessment of ovarian cancer.
[0024] In the second aspect, the present application provides a polynucleotide, comprising a base sequence that encodes the antigen peptide provided in the first aspect of the present application.
[0025] In the third aspect, the present application provides an antigen-presenting cell population, which is obtained by pulsing with the antigen peptide provided in the first aspect of the present application or by transfecting with the polynucleotide provided in the second aspect of the present application.
[0026] In the fourth aspect, the present application provides a vaccine or immunogenic composition capable of inducing T-cell responses, comprising: the antigen peptide provided in the first aspect of the present application; and / or the polynucleotide provided in the second aspect of the present application; and / or the antigen-presenting cell population provided in the third aspect of the present application; and / or optionally, a physiologically acceptable buffer, carrier, or excipient; and / or optionally, an adjuvant or immunostimulant.
[0027] A vaccine composition refers to a composition designed to generate immunity for the prevention and / or treatment of diseases. Specifically, a vaccine is a pharmaceutical that contains or generates antigens, allowing a human or animal to produce specific antibodies and protective substances.
[0028] An immunogenic composition refers to a composition that contains or generates antigens and is capable of triggering an antigen-specific humoral or cellular immune response (e.g., T-cell responses) .
[0029] The vaccine or immunogenic composition discussed herein may be a pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, immunostimulant, stabilizer, carrier, diluent, and / or excipient, all of which are non-toxic and do not interfere with the efficacy of the active ingredients.
[0030] In the fifth aspect, the present application provides an antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, its T-cell receptor, or its chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , which specifically binds the antigen peptide provided in the first aspect of the present application.
[0031] According to a preferred embodiment, the antibody may be a T-cell receptor-like antibody.
[0032] Preferably, the antibody may be a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody, which comprises a complete antibody or functional antibody fragments (i.e., antigen-binding fragments) .
[0033] Preferably, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region and a heavy chain variable region, such as in the form of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) .
[0034] Preferably, the antibody includes variant polypeptide forms with one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions in the natural amino acid sequence. The antibody retains or essentially retains its specific binding function.
[0035] According to a preferred embodiment, the CAR is a chimeric antigen receptor based on a T-cell receptor-like antibody.
[0036] Preferably, the CAR comprises: an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, one or more costimulatory domains, and an intracellular signaling domain.
[0037] Preferably, the CAR is designed to specifically recognize tumor neoantigen peptides on its own or, alternatively, to recognize tumor neoantigen peptides in combination with HLA or MHC molecules.
[0038] In the sixth aspect, the present application provides a method for producing the antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, its T-cell receptor, or its CAR as provided in the fifth aspect of the present application. The method comprises the step of selecting the antibody, its antigen-binding fragment, its T-cell receptor, or its CAR that specifically binds the antigen peptide provided in the first aspect of the present application. In this process, the antibody, its antigen-binding fragment, its T-cell receptor, or its CAR is optionally bound to MHC complexes or HLA molecules or expressed on the surface of cells.
[0039] In the seventh aspect, the present application provides a polynucleotide encoding the antibody, its antigen-binding fragment, T-cell receptor, or CAR as provided in the fifth aspect of the present application.
[0040] In the eighth aspect, the present application provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide provided in the seventh aspect of the present application.
[0041] In the ninth aspect, the present application provides an immunocyte that specifically binds the antigen peptide provided in the first aspect of the present application. Preferably, the immunocyte is a T-cell, NK cell, or dendritic cell.
[0042] The present application also relates to a use of the antigen peptide provided in the first aspect, the polynucleotide provided in the second aspect, the antigen-presenting cell population provided in the third aspect, the vaccine or immunogenic composition capable of inducing T-cell responses provided in the fourth aspect, the antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, T-cell receptor, or chimeric antigen receptor provided in the fifth aspect, the method for producing the antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, T-cell receptor, or chimeric antigen receptor provided in the sixth aspect, the polynucleotide provided in the seventh aspect, the vector provided in the eighth aspect, and the immunocyte provided in the ninth aspect in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Preferably, this use specifically relates to the use of these substances in the treatment of ovarian cancer. More preferably, this use includes using these substances to directly or indirectly treat ovarian cancer.
[0043] In addition, the present application also relates to a use of the antigen peptide provided in the first aspect, the polynucleotide provided in the second aspect, the antigen-presenting cell population provided in the third aspect, the vaccine or immunogenic composition capable of inducing T-cell responses provided in the fourth aspect, the antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, T-cell receptor, or chimeric antigen receptor provided in the fifth aspect, the method for producing the antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, T-cell receptor, or chimeric antigen receptor provided in the sixth aspect, the polynucleotide provided in the seventh aspect, the vector provided in the eighth aspect, and the immunocyte provided in the ninth aspect in adoptive immunotherapy for ovarian cancer. Preferably, this use specifically relates to the use of these substances in the adoptive immunotherapy for ovarian cancer.
[0044] Technical effects of the present application are as follows:
[0045] The neoantigen polypeptide of the present application can be used as a target for tumor immunotherapy. It can activate the patient’s own immune system or enhance the patient’s immune responses to attack tumor cells. The neoantigen polypeptide of the present application may consist of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide of each of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO.6 or a polypeptide that is obtained by substituting, deleting and / or adding at least one amino acid to the amino acid sequence, where the resulting polypeptide retains or exhibits similar functionality. Specifically, a polypeptide that functions identically or similarly refers to a tumor antigen polypeptide that can activate T-cells in patients with HLA-A*03: 01 typing, who also have the c. 5470_5477del8 mutation in BRCA1, and generate a specific T-cell response against tumors bearing the c. 5470_5477del8 mutation in BRCA1. In particular, the neoantigen polypeptide of the present application can significantly activate T lymphocytes specific to the c. 5470_5477del8 mutation in BRCA1 in-vitro, and stimulate the release of the cytokine IFN-γby these T lymphocytes. This indicates that the polypeptide has significant immunogenicity and enhances the ability of T-cells to kill cancer cells in ovarian cancer patients with the BRCA1 c. 5470_5477del8 mutation. The antigen peptide of the present application fills a gap in personalized antigen peptide therapy for ovarian cancer patients with BRCA1-c. 5470_5477del8 somatic mutation. The expression of this tumor neoantigen varies among individuals, making it possible to develop personalized treatment plans based on the tumor neoantigen expression profile, thereby increasing therapeutic efficacy. The antigen polypeptide of the present application can be synthesized on a large scale and used in both standardized and personalized immunotherapy for patients with tumors associated with the BRCA1-c. 5470_5477del8 mutation.
[0046] Further, an experiment using antigen peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) as effector cells and A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells as target cells was conducted to assess the ability of neoantigen-specific CTLs to kill tumor cells at effector-to-target ratios of 1: 1 and 4: 1, respectively, in in-vitro settings. The results show that at an effector-to-target ratio of 4: 1, the tumor-killing rate of the neoantigen peptide (MVRWAAASK) reached 18.8%, indicating that the peptide enhanced the effectiveness of CTLs in killing tumor cells.
[0047] The tumor neoantigen of the present application can be used as a tumor marker for ovarian cancer, facilitating early diagnosis and prognosis assessment of ovarian cancer. By measuring the level of the tumor neoantigen in patient body fluids, the presence and progression of the tumor can be monitored.
[0048] In drug development, the tumor neoantigen of the present application can be used as a target in the development of antibody drugs or small-molecule targeted therapies specific to the tumor neoantigen of ovarian cancer. These drugs can selectively target tumor cells, inhibiting their growth and spread, while sparing normal healthy tissues.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0049] Fig. 1 shows immune infiltration levels in (selected) ovarian cancer patients, assessed by immunohistochemical staining using four different molecular markers according to the present application;
[0050] Fig. 2 shows immune infiltration score results for 38 ovarian cancer patients (Pt01 -Pt38) , as described in Embodiment 2 of the present application;
[0051] Fig. 3 shows results of in-vitro evaluation for the effectiveness of synthetic polypeptide sequences No. 6 and No. 2, as described in Embodiment 3 of the present application;
[0052] Fig. 4 shows ELISPOT results of the synthetic polypeptide sequences No. 6 and No. 2, as described in Embodiment 3 of the present application, wherein SFU / 106 cells represent spot-forming units per million cells, calculated by multiplying 2×105 (the number of plated cells) by 5 (i.e., the average number of spots multiplied by 5) ; and
[0053] Fig. 5 shows the tumor cell killing rates of the neoantigen-specific CTLs, as described in Embodiment 4 of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATION
[0054] The present application will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0055] BRCA1 refers to the Breast cancer 1 gene.
[0056] In the present application, the term “antigen peptide” is equivalent to “neoantigen” , “neoantigen peptide” , “neoantigen polypeptide” , and “tumor neoantigen” . Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I may also be referred to as MHC class I complexes. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) , also called histocompatibility antigen, represents a group of human genes that play a crucial role in the immune system. HLA antigen peptides serve as mediators between the corresponding MHC complexes presented on the cell surface and T-cell receptors (TCRs) . The TCRs are highly diverse and play an important role in the recognition of antigens. CD3 is a molecular marker specific to T-cells and expressed on the surface of all T-cells. CD8 is a leucocyte differentiation antigen that aids in the recognition of antigens by TCRs and participates in T-cell activation signal transduction. CD45RO is a marker of memory T-cells. FoxP3 is a hallmark molecule of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) .
[0057] In all of the experiments described below, each assay was performed at least three times, and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was conducted using Student’s t-tests.
[0058] It should be noted that when the term “distinct” is used to describe any electrophoretic band, it refers to the expression of the protein or DNA in a group where the electrophoretic band is clearly visible, indicating a higher expression of the protein or DNA in that group compared to a group where the electrophoretic band is less distinct.
[0059] Unless otherwise specified, the equipment and reagents used in the embodiments and experimental examples of the present application are commercially available. The specific embodiments described in these examples are intended to illustrate the present application, rather than limit its scope. To better understand the present application without restricting its scope, all numerical values for quantities, times, percentages, and other values used in the present application should be understood as being modified by the term “approximately” . Therefore, unless otherwise stated, the numerical parameters listed in the description and the appended claims are approximate values and may be adjusted depending on the desired outcome. Embodiment 1
[0060] The present embodiment provides a process for predicting and screening tumor neoantigens using a tumor neoantigen prediction platform.
[0061] Tumor tissue samples and corresponding para-tumoral tissue samples were collected from 38 ovarian cancer (OC) cases, and genomic DNA was extracted for whole exome sequencing and transcriptome sequencing. First, in this embodiment, a pairwise analysis between the whole exome and the para-tumoral tissue (i.e., normal tissue) was conducted to identify mutations specific to the tumor tissue (e.g., insertions / deletions, INDELs, etc. ) . A first-stage tumor neoantigen database was created containing peptide fragments from these specific mutations. Next, gene expression levels (Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads, FPKM) were calculated based on the transcriptome sequencing data of the tumor samples. These data were then compared to a reference genome. Neoantigens with an FPKM < 10 were filtered out from the first-stage tumor neoantigen database to form a second-stage tumor neoantigen database. At last, the HLA genotype of the patients was determined. According to the patients’ HLA types and the second-stage tumor neoantigen database, antigen affinity predictions were made. A lower IC50 value indicates higher affinity and stronger immune response. Tumor neoantigens with IC50 < 500 nM were selected to form the final tumor neoantigen database. In this embodiment, six tumor neoantigen polypeptides were selected as candidates. Specifically, the amino acid sequences of the tumor neoantigen peptide epitopes are as follows: SLPPLPFWV (SEQ ID NO. 6) ; RVAQDTPHL (SEQ ID NO. 5) ; SSAKRPLWLK (SEQ ID NO. 4) ; ILSVMNVHDF (SEQ ID NO. 3) ; MPVSTTLVA (SEQ ID NO. 2) ; and MVRWAAASK (SEQ ID NO. 1) (referring to Table 1) .
[0062] Table 1: Candidate tumor neoantigen peptides
[0063]
[0064] As shown in Table 1, neoantigen peptides with the amino acid sequences of SLPPLPFWV, SSAKRPLWLK, and MVRWAAASK showed IC50 values <50 nM, indicating that these neoantigen peptides have a high affinity for binding with HLA molecules. This suggests that they are highly effective in activating T-cells, especially in enhancing T-cell recognition and killing functions.
[0065] The neoantigen peptide with the amino acid sequence MVRWAAASK was identified based on the c. 5470_5477del8 mutation in BRCA1. BRCA1 is a gene closely linked to hereditary breast cancer and ovarian cancer, and this antigen peptide may have particular value in the prevention and treatment of these cancers. The high affinity of this peptide for HLA-A*03: 01 (with an IC50 value of 29.71) suggests that it can be easily recognized by T-cells during immune surveillance, helping the immune system detect and eliminate potential tumor cells at an early stage. The antigen peptide can be effectively presented to the immune system, both in individuals with cancers and in healthy individuals with a genetic risk. Specifically, the antigen peptide is first captured and processed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) , such as dendritic cells (DCs) , macrophages, and B cells. The processed antigen peptide then binds with MHC complex molecules, particularly HLA-A*03: 01, before being presented on the cell surface. When T-cell receptors recognize the antigen peptide-MHC molecule complex, the T-cells are activated. This recognition is highly specific, depending on the close match between the antigen peptide and HLA molecules. The activated T-cells proliferate and differentiate into effector T-cells and memory T-cells. Effector T-cells can be further divided into cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) and helper T-cells (e.g., Th1 and Th2) . The cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) can recognize the same antigen peptide-MHC complex on tumor cells surfaces and release cytotoxic molecules, such as perforins and granzymes, which cause tumor cell lysis and death. Helper T-cells enhance immune responses by releasing cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) . These cytokines promote inflammation and activate other immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages. Memory T-cells persist in the body and can respond rapidly when encountering the same antigen again, providing long-term immunity. This antigen peptide may be used in a preventive vaccine to alert the immune system to potential tumor cells, offering protection before the tumor forms. Since the antigen peptide targets specific mutations, it guides the immune system to selectively recognize and eliminate tumor cells expressing these mutations, minimizing damage to normal cells.
[0066] The neoantigen peptide with the amino acid sequence SLPPLPFWV showed high affinity for HLA-A*02: 01 (with an IC50 value of 12.05 nM) , indicating that it is particularly specific to individuals with this HLA genotype, thereby having a higher potential for immune activation in such individuals. Due to the low IC50 value, this antigen peptide is easily recognized by T-cells during immune surveillance, aiding in early detection and elimination of tumor cells. TP53 is a tumor suppressor gene, and its mutations are common in many cancers, including breast, ovarian, lung, and colorectal cancers. Therefore, this antigen peptide has promising applications across multiple tumor types. The p53 protein encoded by TP53 is involved in several biological processes, including cell cycle control, DNA repair, and apoptosis. The immune activation process involving the antigen peptide could promote tumor cell apoptosis, reducing tumor cell survival, and inhibiting tumor growth. TP53 also inhibits tumor angiogenesis by regulating the expression of angiogenesis inhibitors. The immune activation process related to this antigen peptide may help reduce blood supply to tumors, thereby limiting tumor growth and metastasis. Once activated, the immune system can form memory for TP53-mutated cells, enabling a rapid immune response when encountering the same or similar tumor cells in the future, thus providing long-term protection.
[0067] The neoantigen peptide with the amino acid sequence SSAKRPLWLK can be effectively presented to the immune system, especially to CD8+ T-cells. This enhances T-cell recognition of PIK3CA-mutant tumor cells, helping the immune system more accurately locate and attack the tumors. The high affinity of this peptide for HLA-A*11: 01 (with an IC50 value of 15.14 nM) indicates significant immune activation potential in individuals with this HLA genotype. The relatively low IC50 value suggests that the antigen peptide has high immune potential, which could play a key role in immunotherapy. PIK3CA is a key regulator in the PI3K / AKT / mTOR signaling pathway, which is crucial for cell growth, proliferation, survival, and metabolism. Mutations in this pathway are common in various cancers. The antigen peptide may enhance the immune system’s ability to target tumors by affecting this crucial signaling pathway. PIK3CA gene mutations often lead to abnormal PI3K activation, which subsequently activates downstream AKT and mTOR. By activating the immune system, this antigen peptide may indirectly inhibit PI3K activity, blocking or weakening its signaling. It may further suppress the abnormal progress of the cell cycle by affecting AKT activity. Additionally, this antigen peptide can activate immune cells, such as T-cells, to release cytokines, indirectly influencing AKT activity and promoting cell apoptosis, thus reducing tumor cell survival. mTOR, a key regulator of cellular metabolism, influences protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and glucose uptake. The antigen peptide may affect mTOR activity, altering tumor cell metabolism and inhibiting their energy supply and biosynthesis.
[0068] To sum up, MVRWAAASK, SLPPLPFWV, and SSAKRPLWLK exhibit high affinity for HLA molecules and specifically match certain HLA types (with close match to specific HLA molecules) . This ensures that these peptides can be effectively presented to the immune system in individuals with corresponding HLA types. These characteristics make the selected neoantigen peptides highly promising for cancer immunotherapy, offering personalized treatment options that enhance the immune system’s ability to attack tumors. Embodiment 2
[0069] The present embodiment provides results of immune infiltration assessment based on immunohistochemical staining.
[0070] In this embodiment, immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironments was assessed for the 38 ovarian cancer (OC) patients. The specific steps included: performing immunohistochemical staining for four molecule markers, i.e., CD3, CD8, CD45RO, and FOXP3. The results are shown in Fig. 1 (only the results of some patients are presented) ; performing Immune Score analysis of immune infiltration for the tumor-affected patients, with the results shown in Fig. 2; and analyzing infiltration levels of 10 types of cells in tumor tissues. In Fig. 2, Pt01 -Pt38 represent the 38 patients with ovarian cancer, respectively. Fig. 1 shows the immunohistochemical staining results from patients Pt09 -Pt12.
[0071] When diseases occur, macrophages infiltrate the affected tissues to participate in the removal of pathogens and tissue repair. The extent of this infiltration can serve as an indicator of disease severity and prognosis. Based on immunostaining assessment, the following findings were made: 1) overall, immune infiltration in ovarian cancer patients was low; 2) the immune levels varied among the different patients with ovarian cancer. Embodiment 3
[0072] The present embodiment provides an in-vitro cell experiment to assess the effectiveness of tumor neoantigen polypeptide sequences.
[0073] The experiment involved the following steps:
[0074] 1) Acquisition of PBMCs
[0075] Peripheral blood (5 mL) was drawn from the patient, and an equal volume of PBS buffer was added. In a 50 mL centrifugal tube containing 6 mL of Ficoll (lymphocyte separation medium) , the diluted blood sample was added and centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 30 minutes at room temperature. The upper plasma layer was removed, and the buffy coat layer (PBMC) was collected and preserved in liquid nitrogen.
[0076] 2) T-cell incubation
[0077] The frozen PBMCs were removed from liquid nitrogen and rapidly thawed in a 37℃ water bath, then centrifuged at 1600 rpm for 5 minutes to remove the supernatant. The cells were resuspended in a culture medium containing 5%fetal bovine serum, mixed thoroughly, and stained with Trypan blue. The number of viable cells was counted, and the cell concentration was adjusted to 2×105 / mL. The cells were cultured in a 24-well plate. The six synthetic peptide fragments from Embodiment 1 and the cell growth factor IL-2 / IL-7 (working concentration of 50 ng / mL) were added, and the cells were cultured in an 37℃ incubator. After ten days, the cells were collected and washed with PBS buffer (three times the volume) and centrifuged at 1600 rpm for 5 minutes.
[0078] 3) Enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) for detection and counting
[0079] First, 100 μL of a coating antibody was added to each well of an ELISPOT plate and incubated at 4 -8℃ overnight. Then, 200 μL of 1640 culture medium was added, followed by at least 30 minutes of incubation at room temperature. The peptide fragments from Embodiment 1 were added (working concentration of 5 μg / mL) , respectively. Positive and negative groups (water) were set, and the plates were incubated at 37℃ (5%CO2) for 12 -48 hours. After the incubation, a chromogenic reaction was initiated by adding detection antibodies and streptavidin. Excess antibodies were washed away, and a chromogenic substrate was added. The plates were then washed three times with sterile water, air-dried, and observed under a dissecting microscope for spot detection and counting.
[0080] 4) Results analysis
[0081] Spot counting using the ELISPOT method systematically analyzed the activation effects of the selected six tumor neoantigen polypeptides on the patients’ T-cells. As shown in Fig. 3, the increase in the number of spots directly reflects the degree of T-cell activation. Fig. 3 shows the activation effects of the No. 6 synthetic peptide fragment and the No. 2 synthetic peptide fragment on the T-cells of the patients. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) , used as the positive control, had a working concentration of 5 μg / mL, and Medium, as the negative control, used sterile water in equal volume. The results of spot counting in the experiment are shown in Fig. 4. The No. 6 polypeptide resulted in 297.5 positive SFU / million cells, which is greater than the positive threshold of 50 (Porter M et al., J Invest Dermatol. 2022) . The number of spots induced by the No.6 peptide fragment was significantly higher than that of the control group and the No. 2 peptide fragment, suggesting that the polypeptide can effectively activate T lymphocytes and release cytokine IFN-γ. Specifically, the polypeptide derived from BRCA1 with the c.5470_5477del8 mutation can stimulate the immune system to generate an immune response, showing strong immunogenicity. It enhances the ability of T-cells to kill cancer cells expressing the c. 5470_5477del8 mutation in BRCA1. In contrast, the No. 2 peptide fragment resulted in 7.5 positive SFU / million cells, which is below the positive threshold, indicating that it cannot effectively stimulate T lymphocytes to activate and release cytokine IFN-γ, and thus it has weak or no immunogenicity. The No. 6 polypeptide is derived from c. 5470_5477del8 mutation in BRCA1. The strong T-cell response induced by the No. 6 peptide fragment not only aids in tumor elimination but may also facilitate the formation of immune memory, providing long-term protection against potential future tumor recurrence. The strong immunogenicity of the No. 6 peptide fragment makes it a promising candidate for cancer vaccine development, particularly for patients with the corresponding HLA types.
[0082] The experiment results in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 demonstrate that the polypeptide MVRWAAASK (No. 6 synthetic peptide fragment) , targeting the BRCA1-c. 5470_5477del8 somatic mutation, significantly activates T lymphocytes in ovarian cancer patients and releases cytokine IFN-γ. The polypeptide exhibits clear immunogenicity. The results of this embodiment suggest that the neoantigen polypeptide targeting the c. 5470_5477del8 mutation site in BRCA1 could be applied in both standardized and personalized tumor immunotherapy in the future. Embodiment 4
[0083] The present embodiment provides an investigation of neoantigen-specific CTLs in-vitro killing tumor cells.
[0084] The synthetic peptide fragment #2 and #6 from Embodiment 1 were presented by dendritic cells (DCs) and co-cultured with cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) , referred to as antigen peptide 2 and antigen peptide 6, respectively, as effector cells. The human ovarian cancer cell line A2780 was used as the target cell line. Effector-to-target ratios of 1: 1 and 4: 1 were set. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was used to assess the killing activity of CTLs on tumor cells, and the killing efficiency of CTLs was calculated. As shown in Fig. 5, at an effector-to-target ratio of 1: 1, the tumor-killing rate of neoantigen peptide 6 was 5.5%, and for neoantigen peptide 2, it was 0.2%. At an effector-to-target ratio of 4: 1, the tumor-killing rate of neoantigen peptide 6 was 18.8%, and for neoantigen peptide 2, it was 3.7%. In both conditions (1: 1 and 4: 1) , the tumor-killing rate of the No. 6 peptide fragment was significantly higher than that of the No. 2 peptide fragment, indicating that under the same conditions, the No. 6 peptide fragment was more effective in activating effector cells. This suggests that the No. 6 peptide fragment has a higher tumor cell killing rate, reflecting a broader effector-cell coverage and stronger activation intensity in immune activation. The experimental results indicate that neoantigen peptide 6 (MVRWAAASK) effectively promotes CTLs to kill tumor cells under different effector-to-target ratios. When the effector-to-target ratio increased to 4: 1, the tumor-killing rate of No. 6 further increased, while the increase for No. 2 was relatively small. This suggests that the No. 6 peptide fragment can more effectively exert its killing effect when the number of effector cells is higher. The high tumor-killing rate of the No. 6 peptide fragment may be attributed to its specific immune response, which allows more accurate recognition and targeting of tumor cells, thereby reducing damage to normal cells. The results show that DC-CTL cell immunotherapy targeted at MVRWAAASK has potential therapeutic effects for ovarian cancer, and this antigen peptide provides a foundation for further laboratory research and clinical development, contributing to the exploration of new cancer treatment strategies.
[0085] It should be noted that the specific embodiments provided above are exemplary. Those skilled in the art, inspired by the present disclosure, may devise various solutions that are within the scope of the present application and fall under its protection.
[0086] For instance, an antigen peptide for ovarian cancer treatment is provided, characterized in that the antigen peptide is selected from amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 6, or any amino acid sequence derived from the aforementioned sequences by substitution and / or deletion and / or addition of at least one amino acid. Preferably, the antigen peptide is an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 1, or any amino acid sequence derived from SEQ ID NO. 1 by substitution and / or deletion and / or addition of at least one amino acid.
[0087] A use of the aforementioned antigen peptide in the preparation of reagents, reagent kits, or substances used for early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of ovarian cancer is provided.
[0088] A polynucleotide, characterized in that it contains a base sequence encoding the aforementioned antigen peptide.
[0089] An antigen-presenting cell population, characterized in that it is obtained by pulsing the aforementioned antigen peptide or transfecting the aforementioned polynucleotide.
[0090] A vaccine or immunogenic composition capable of inducing a T-cell response, characterized in that it includes: the aforementioned antigen peptide; and / or the aforementioned polynucleotide; and / or the aforementioned antigen-presenting cell population; and / or optionally, a physiologically acceptable buffer, carrier, or excipient; and / or optionally, an adjuvant or immunostimulant.
[0091] An antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, T-cell receptor, or chimeric antigen receptor, characterized in that it specifically binds with the aforementioned antigen peptide.
[0092] A polynucleotide, characterized in that it encodes the aforementioned antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, T-cell receptor, or chimeric antigen receptor.
[0093] A vector, characterized in that it includes the aforementioned polynucleotide.
[0094] An immune cell, characterized in that it specifically binds the aforementioned antigen peptide.
[0095] A use of the aforementioned antigen peptide, the aforementioned polynucleotide, the aforementioned antigen-presenting cell population, the aforementioned vaccine or immunogenic composition capable of inducing T-cell responses, the aforementioned antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, T-cell receptor, or chimeric antigen receptor, the aforementioned method for producing the antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, T-cell receptor, or chimeric antigen receptor, the aforementioned antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, T-cell receptor, or chimeric antigen receptor, vector and immune cell in substances used for the ovarian cancer treatment.
[0096] Preferably, the ovarian cancer treatment is tumor immunotherapy.
[0097] Preferably, the tumor immunotherapy is cell immunotherapy.
[0098] A method for treating individuals suffering from ovarian cancer, characterized in that the method includes administering a pharmacologically effective amount of the aforementioned antigen peptide to the individuals.
[0099] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the description and accompanying drawings provided herein are illustrative and form no limitation to any of the appended claims. The scope of the present application is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof. The present application provided herein encompasses multiple inventive concepts, with phrases such as “preferably” and “according to a preferred embodiment” indicating independent concepts disclosed in the respective paragraphs. The applicant reserves the right to file divisional applications for each inventive concept. The features introduced by the term “preferably” are optional and not mandatory, and the applicant also reserves the right to withdraw or delete such features at any time.
Claims
An antigen peptide for ovarian cancer treatment, characterized in that the antigen peptide is selected from amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 6, or any amino acid sequence derived from the aforementioned sequences by substitution and / or deletion and / or addition of at least one amino acid.The antigen peptide of claim 1, characterized in that the antigen peptide is an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 1, or any amino acid sequence derived from SEQ ID NO. 1 by substitution and / or deletion and / or addition of at least one amino acid.The antigen peptide of claim 1, characterized in that the amino acid sequence of the antigen peptide is MVRWAAASK.The antigen peptide of claim 1, characterized in that the amino acid sequence of the antigen peptide is MPVSTTLVA.The antigen peptide of claim 1, characterized in that the amino acid sequence of the antigen peptide is ILSVMNVHDF.The antigen peptide of claim 1, characterized in that the amino acid sequence of the antigen peptide is SSAKRPLWLK.The antigen peptide of claim 1, characterized in that the amino acid sequence of the antigen peptide is RVAQDTPHL.The antigen peptide of claim 1, characterized in that the amino acid sequence of the antigen peptide is SLPPLPFWV.An immunogenic composition capable of eliciting a T-cell response, characterized in that the immunogenic composition comprises one or more of the antigen peptides according to any one of claims 1 to 8.The immunogenic composition of claim 9, characterized in that it further comprises a physiologically acceptable buffer, carrier, or excipient.The immunogenic composition of claim 9, characterized in that it further comprises an adjuvant or immunostimulant.Use of the antigen peptide of any one of claims 1 to 8, or the immunogenic composition of any one of claims 9 to 11, in preparation of a substance for ovarian cancer treatment.The use of claim 12, characterized in that the ovarian cancer treatment is tumor immunotherapy.The use of claim 13, characterized in that the tumor immunotherapy is cell immunotherapy.The use of claim 12, characterized in that the ovarian cancer treatment comprises administering a pharmacologically effective amount of the antigen peptide of any one of claims 1 to 8 to individuals suffering from ovarian cancer.