New layer for QOS management on data processing and forwarding
The PSF layer addresses QoS management challenges by implementing packet classification and data processing, enhancing data forwarding and processing efficiency in wireless communication systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/087059
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-08-14
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-03
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-19
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in effectively managing quality of service (QoS) for various applications, particularly in handling diverse data types and ensuring efficient data processing and forwarding.
A new layer, referred to as the PSF layer, is introduced for QoS management that performs packet classification, marking, and data processing, mapping service data packets to QoS flows based on QoS rules and profiles, and includes functionalities such as AI training and data processing.
The PSF layer enhances QoS management by optimizing data forwarding and processing, ensuring efficient handling of diverse data types and applications, thereby improving overall system performance.
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Figure CN2025087059_19022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
NEW LAYER FOR QOS MANAGEMENT ON DATA PROCESSING AND FORWARDINGCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 683,138 filed on Aug. 14, 2024, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The application relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to precoding techniques for quality of service (QoS) configuration and execution.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communications system such as fourth generation (4G) system (for example, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) system) , fifth generation (5G) system (for example, New Radio (NR) system) have been deployed to provide various types of applications, such as message, voice, video, and other data.SUMMARY
[0004] One or more implementations of the present application provide communication methods and communication apparatuses.
[0005] According to a first aspect, a network function is provided. The network function includes a quality of service (QoS) management (QoM) component configure to receive, from an electronic device, a service data packet of a service data flow; and map the service data packet to a quality of service (QoS) flow, wherein the QoS flow belongs to a mission session.
[0006] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the network function further includes a data processing (DaP) component. The DaP component is configured to process the service data packet based on a QoS flow identifier (QFI) or one or more fields in the QFI to generate a processing result.
[0007] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the mission session is configured to provide a mission service. The mission session includes a data forwarding resource and a DaP resource for executing a mission to provide the mission service.
[0008] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the QFI is one of a plurality of QFIs configured to identify a corresponding plurality of QoS flows of the mission session.
[0009] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, mission includes at least one computing block (CB) , each of the at least one CB corresponds to a computational step for providing the mission service and is identified by a CB identifier (CBID) .
[0010] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, wherein the mission session includes information of one or more identifiers. The one or more identifiers are one or more of a mission ID identifying the mission, the CBID, or a service function chain (SFC) ID identifying a SFC implementing the mission service, and wherein the SFC ID is supported by at least one of the network function or the electronic device.
[0011] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the one or more identifiers are added to the service data packet by the QoM component or a data buffer and labeling (DaBL) component.
[0012] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the electronic device is a user equipment (UE) , a processing service function (PSF) , a radio access network (RAN) device, a core network (CN) function, or a data network (DN) function.
[0013] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the DaP component is configured to perform one or more of: artificial intelligence (AI) training, AI inference, data pre-processing, data privacy protection, data cleaning, data collection, data analytics, sensing data processing, data sanitization, data management, data normalization, useless data filtering, data feature engineering, data compression, data embedding, data representation learning, or data feature extraction.
[0014] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the network function is a processing service function (PSF) .
[0015] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the QoM component is configured to, before sending the service data packet, map the service data packet to a QoS flow based on at least one of: one or more pre-configured rules of the network function, one or more identifiers, or a source or destination address.
[0016] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, mapping the service data packet includes determining whether the data service packet matches an existing QoS flow. In response to determining that the data service packet does not match the existing QoS flow: service QoS parameters / characteristics are obtained based on a mapping between the one or more identifiers and the service QoS parameters / characteristics; and the QoS flow are generated based on the service QoS parameters / characteristics, to map the service data packet to. In response to determining that the data service packet matches the existing QoS flow, the existing QoS flow as the QoS flow are determined to map the service data packet to.
[0017] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, processing the service data packet includes processing the service data packet based on the one or more identifiers or the QFI.
[0018] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, processing the service data packet includes determining, as the processing result, whether processing QoS equals a QoS indicated by at least one of the one or more pre-configured rules or the one or more identifiers. The DaP component is configured to in response to determining the processing result being that the processing QoS equals the QoS, send the processing result to a data forwarding (DaF) component or a lower layer; and in response to determining that the processing QoS being that the processing QoS does not equal the QoS: send, to the QoM component, feedback including a varied value ID indicating a value or a value range for the QoM component to adjust the QFI or the varied value ID; receive, from the QoM component, the adjusted QFI or the adjusted varied value ID; and send the adjusted QFI or the processing result including the adjusted varied value ID to the DaF component or the lower layer.
[0019] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the lower layer is a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, a GPRS tunnelling protocol-U (GTP-U) layer, or a quick UDP internet connections (QUIC) layer.
[0020] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the DaF component is included in the network function or the lower layer, or the DaF component is between the network function and the lower layer.
[0021] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the DaF component performs one or more of: classification and marking of traffic for data forwarding, QoS adaptation for data forwarding, mapping traffic from the DaP component to the QoS flow.
[0022] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, at least one of the QFI, or the one or more identifiers are encapsulated in a header of the service data packet.
[0023] According to a second aspect, a method is provided. The method includes receiving, from an electronic device, a service data packet of a service data flow; and mapping the service data packet to a quality of service (QoS) flow, wherein the QoS flow belongs to a mission session.
[0024] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method includes processing the service data packet based on a QoS flow identifier (QFI) or one or more fields in the QFI to generate a processing result.
[0025] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the mission session is configured to provide a mission service, and wherein the mission session includes a data forwarding resource and a DaP resource for executing a mission to provide the mission service.
[0026] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the QFI is one of a plurality of QFIs configured to identify a corresponding plurality of QoS flows of the mission session.
[0027] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the mission includes at least one computing block (CB) , each of the at least one CB corresponds to a computational step for providing the mission service and is identified by a CB identifier (CBID) .
[0028] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the mission session includes information of one or more identifiers, wherein the one or more identifiers are one or more of a mission ID identifying the mission, the CBID, or a service function chain (SFC) ID identifying a SFC implementing the mission service, and wherein the SFC ID is supported by at least one of a network function or the electronic device.
[0029] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method includes adding the one or more identifiers to the service data packet.
[0030] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the electronic device is a user equipment (UE) , a processing service function (PSF) , a radio access network (RAN) device, a core network (CN) function, or a data network (DN) function.
[0031] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method includes performing one or more of: artificial intelligence (AI) training, AI inference, data pre-processing, data privacy protection, data cleaning, data collection, data analytics, sensing data processing, data sanitization, data management, data normalization, useless data filtering, data feature engineering, data compression, data embedding, data representation learning, or data feature extraction.
[0032] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method includes before sending the service data packet, mapping the service data packet to a QoS flow based on at least one of: one or more pre-configured rules of a network function, one or more identifiers, or a source or destination address.
[0033] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, mapping the service data packet includes determining whether the data service packet matches an existing QoS flow. In response to determining that the data service packet does not match the existing QoS flow: service QoS parameters / characteristics are obtained based on a mapping between the one or more identifiers and the service QoS parameters / characteristics; and the QoS flow are generated based on the service QoS parameters / characteristics, to map the service data packet to. In response to determining that the data service packet matches the existing QoS flow, the existing QoS flow as the QoS flow are determined to map the service data packet to.
[0034] According to a third aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage has instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0035] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic illustration of an example communication system according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0036] FIG. 2 illustrates another example communication system according to an implementation of the present disclosure
[0037] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an apparatus wirelessly communicating with another apparatus in a communication system according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0038] FIG. 4 illustrates an example apparatus according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0039] FIG. 5 illustrates example apparatus according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0040] FIG. 6 illustrates a 5G protocol data unit (PDU) session, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0041] FIG. 7 illustrates a 5G user plane protocol stack between UE and gNB, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0042] FIG. 8 illustrates a mission service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0043] FIG. 9 illustrates a mission session of a mission service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0044] FIG. 10 illustrates a tunnel configured for a data session or an inter-GW session, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0045] FIG. 11 illustrates a tunnel configured for a mission session. according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0046] FIG. 12 illustrates a tunnel configured for network entity, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0047] FIGS. 13-14 illustrate a protocol stack on data plane to support XaaS service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0048] FIG. 15 illustrates a protocol stack between XaaS layer and TNL or radio layer, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0049] FIG. 16 illustrates a protocol stack on data plane to support XaaS service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0050] FIG. 17 illustrates traffic between XaaS functions, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0051] FIG. 18 illustrates 5G traffic, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0052] FIG. 19 illustrates mapping from application packet to QoS flow on UE side, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0053] FIG. 20 illustrates mapping application packet to QoS flow on anchor User Plane Function (UPF) side, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0054] FIG. 21 illustrates 6G traffic, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0055] FIG. 22 illustrates a conceptual structure of a 6G system, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0056] FIG. 23 illustrates an example deployment of a 6G system, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0057] FIG. 24 illustrates an example apparatus in a communication system, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0058] FIG. 25 illustrates functions of a processing service function (PSF) layer, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0059] FIG. 26 illustrates a PDU format of a PSF layer, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0060] FIG. 27 illustrates a protocol stack on UE side or RAN side, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0061] FIG. 28 illustrates a protocol stack on Data-TW-GW / eUPF side., according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0062] FIG. 29 illustrates example traffic flows, according to some aspects of the present disclosure.
[0063] FIG. 30 illustrates a call flow of in-network processing, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0064] FIG. 31 illustrates a call flow of PDU connectivity service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0065] FIG. 32 illustrates splitted QoS management component, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0066] FIG. 33 illustrates external QoS management on data forwarding, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0067] FIG. 34 illustrates a flow chart of an example process, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0068] The present disclosure provides techniques relating to a new layer (e.g., PSF layer) for performing QoS management on both data processing and data forwarding. For example, the new layer can perform functionalities including packet classification and marking, QoS management, and data processing. In some implementations, XaaS service data flows are mapped to QoS flows for data forwarding and data processing based on QoS rule, QoS profile and packet detection rule (PDR) , which can include new parameters or characteristics on XaaS service.
[0069] The details of one or more implementations of the subject matter of this present disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.
[0070] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example communication system according to an implementation of the present disclosure. As shown a communication system 100 (e.g., a wireless system) that includes a radio access network (RAN) 120, one or more communication electronic devices (EDs) 10a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (collectively referred to as 110) , a core network 130, a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. The RAN 120 may include, but is not limited to, a future generation RAN, or a legacy RAN such as, but not limited to, 5th generation (5G) , 4th generation (4G) , 3rd generation (3G) or 2nd generation (2G) radio access network. The RAN 120 may be, for example, an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) , a NextGen RAN (NG RAN) , or some other type of RAN. Examples of RAN 120 based on the evolution of telecommunications standards include, but is not limited to, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) for 2G, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) based on WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) and CDMA2000 for 3G; LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) for 4G; and NR (New Radio) for 5G. In some implementations, The RAN 120 may use any radio access technology (RAT) in the wireless interface between the one or more EDs 110 and the RAN 120. In some implementations, the term “radio access” may refer to the future generation air interface standards which may include both terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) . These networks will be described in greater detail below in conjunction with various implementations. The one or more communication EDs 110 (also referred to as “user equipment” ) are configured to connect (e.g., communicatively couple) with each other or to one or more network nodes 170a, 170b (collectively referred to as 170) in the RAN 120. The core network (CN) 130 is a part of the communication system 100 and consists of network nodes (e.g., 170a , 170b) which provide support for the network features and telecommunication services. In some implementations, the CN 130 may be dependent on the RAT used in the communication system 100. In other implementations, the CN 130 may be access-agnostic, e.g., the CN 130 may be independent of the RAT used in the communication system 100. There are different types of CN 130, for different 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) system generations. For example, the CN 130 is the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in 4G, also known as the Evolved Packet System (EPS) . In another example, the CN 130 is the 5G Core (5GC) which was developed as part of the 5G System (5GS) . The CN 130 also enables integration of different 3GPP and non-3GPP access types. In some implementations and referring to FIG. 1, the CN 130 also provides the interface towards external networks that may include the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160 in the communication system 100.
[0071] In general, the communication system 100 facilitates interaction between multiple wireless or wired elements. The communication system 100 can transmit different types of content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, through different transmission methods such as, but not limited to, broadcast, multicast, groupcast, and unicast. Additionally, the communication system 100 operates by allocating and / or sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, among its constituent elements.
[0072] The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications including, but not limited to, Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services, Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) services, Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) services, Integrated Sensing And Communication (ISAC) , immersive communication, Ultra-massive Machine-Type Communication (uMTC) , hyper reliable and low-latency communication, ubiquitous connectivity, integrated AI and communication, and other services that can be provided by a future generation communication system. The communication system 100 may provide other services and applications such as, but not limited to, earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, among others.
[0073] The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system (or network) and / or a non-terrestrial communication system (or network) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of the terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in a heterogeneous network including multiple layers. The heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing, and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks. The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered as sub-systems of the communication system 100.
[0074] FIG. 2 illustrates another example communication system 100 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2, the communication system 100 includes EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (collectively referred to as ED 110) , RANs 120a, 120b, one or more CNs 130, a PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. The communication system 100 may also include a non-terrestrial network (NTN) 120c. The RANs 120a and120b may include network nodes 170a and 170b respectively. Examples of network nodes 107a, 107b include base stations, which can be generally referred to as terrestrial network (TN) devices or terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRP (s) 170a and 170b (collectively referred to as 170) . In the present disclosure, the terms “TRP” and “base station” are used interchangeably, unless otherwise specified. For simplicity, the present disclosure primarily refers to network nodes as base stations; however, unless explicitly stated otherwise, references to TRP are considered non-limiting and interchangeable. The T-TRPs 170a, 170b may be base stations mounted on a building or tower. In one implementation, the NTN 120c includes a RAN node such as a base station 172, which may be generally referred to as an NTN device, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, or a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0075] In some implementations, the NT-TRP 172 is not attached to the ground, for example, as in the case of an airborne base station. An airborne base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a flying device. For example, a flying device may include, but is not limited to, an airborne platform (such as a blimp or an airship) , balloon, drone (such as quadcopter) , and other types of aerial vehicles. In some implementations, an airborne base station may be supported or carried by an unmanned aerial system (UAS) or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , such as a drone. An airborne base station may be a moveable or mobile base station that can be flexibly deployed in different locations to meet network demand. A satellite base station is another example of a non-terrestrial base station. A satellite base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a satellite. A satellite base station may also be referred to as an orbiting base station. High altitude platforms are yet another example of non-terrestrial base stations, including international mobile telecommunication base stations.
[0076] As referred to herein, and unless specified otherwise, a “TRP” may also refer to a T-TRP or an NT-TRP, a “T-TRP” may also refer to a “TN TRP” , and an “NT-TRP” may also refer to an “NTN TRP” . The NTN 120c may be considered a RAN, sharing operational aspects with RANs 120a, 120b. The NTN 120c may include at least one NTN device and at least one corresponding terrestrial network device. The at least one NTN device may function as a transport layer device and the at least one corresponding terrestrial network device may function as a RAN node, communicating with the ED 110 via the NTN device. Additionally, there may be an NTN gateway on the ground (referred to as a terrestrial network device) that also functions as a transport layer device facilitating communication with both the NTN device and the RAN node. The RAN node may communicate with the ED 110 via the NTN device and the NTN gateway. In some implementations, the NTN gateway and the RAN node may be located within the same device.
[0077] A base station 170 (also referred to as a TRP as stated above) is a network element within a radio access network responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to or from the ED (such as a user equipment) . In different implementations, the base station 170 may also be known as a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, and a positioning node, among other possibilities. The base station 170 may be a macro base station (BS) , a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or combinations thereof. When the base station 170 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the base station itself, one or more modules (or units) in the base station, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions within the base station.
[0078] The EDs 110a-110d and TRPs 170a-170b, 172 are examples of communication equipment configured to implement some or all of the operations and / or implementations described herein. The T-TRP 170a forms part of the RAN 120a, which may include other TRPs, and / or other devices. Also, the TRP 170b forms part of the RAN 120b, which may include other TRPs, and / or devices. Each TRP 170a, 170b may transmit and / or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region or area, sometimes referred to as a “cell” or a “coverage area” . The TRPs 170a-170b may be responsible for allocating and / or configuring resources and transmission and / or reception in a set of cell (s) . A cell is a radio network object that can be uniquely identified by a cell identification that is broadcasted over a geographical region or area from base stations associated with the cell. A cell can work in either FDD or TDD mode. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors, and a base station 170a-170b may, for example, employ one or more transceivers to provide services to one or more sectors. Some implementations may include pico or femto cells if supported by the radio access technology. In some implementations, one or more transceivers could be used for each cell, such as with Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology. The number of RANs 120a-120b shown is merely an example. Any number of RANs may be contemplated when designing the communication system 100.
[0079] A base station may be a single element, as shown in the figures, or multiple elements distributed throughout the corresponding RAN, or otherwise configured. In some implementations, a plurality of RAN nodes coordinate to assist the ED 110 in implementing radio access, and different RAN nodes separately implement and handle different functions of the base station. For example, the RAN node may be a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a CU-control plane (CP) , a CU-user plane (UP) , or a radio unit (RU) etc. The CU and the DU may be separately deployed, or included within the same element (i.e., a baseband unit (BBU) ) . The RU may be included in a radio frequency device or a radio frequency unit (i.e., a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , or a remote radio head (RRH) ) . In different systems, the CU (or the CU-CP and the CU-UP) , the DU, or the RU may be known by different names, but their functions are understood by person skilled in the art. For example, in an open radio access network (ORAN) system, a CU may be referred to as an open CU (O-CU) , a DU may be referred to as an open DU (O-DU) , and a CU-CP may be referred to as an open CU-CP (O-CU-CP) . The CU-UP may also be referred to as an open CU-UP (O-CU-UP) , and the RU may also be referred to as an open RU (O-RU) . Any one of the CU (or the CU-CP, the CU-UP) , the DU, and the RU may be implemented using a software module, a hardware module, or a combination of a software module and a hardware module.
[0080] Furthermore, communication between different devices / apparatuses in various implementations of the present disclosure may refer to direct communication (that is, without the need of forwarding by another device / apparatus) , or may refer to communication (s) between different devices / apparatuses via another device / apparatus (that is, requiring forwarding by another device / apparatus) . Alternatively, such communication (s) may involve one functional unit inside a device / apparatus using another functional unit within the device / apparatus to communicate with another device / apparatus. In other words, phrases such as "sending (or transmitting) information to... (an ED or a base station) " in the present disclosure may be understood as a destination endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including, sending / transmitting information directly or indirectly to an ED or a base station. Similarly, phrases like "receiving information from... (an ED or a base station) " may be understood as a source endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including directly or indirectly receiving information from an ED or a base station. Between the source endpoint that sends the information and the destination endpoint, necessary processing such as, but not limited to, format conversion, digital-to-analog conversion, amplification, and filtering may be performed on the information. However, the destination endpoint may understand valid information from the source endpoint. A similar understanding applies to other descriptions in the present disclosure without reiterating details already described. In the present disclosure, the terms "send" and "transmit" may be used interchangeably in different implementations of the present disclosure.
[0081] The ED 110 is used to connect people, objects, machines, and other entities. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, but not limited to, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , MTC, internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, and autonomous delivery and mobility.
[0082] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to as, but not limited to) a user equipment (UE) or a user device or a terminal device, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , an MTC device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus (such as a module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to by other terms. When an ED 110 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the ED itself, one or more modules (or units) in the ED, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, or system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the ED.
[0083] Each ED 110 connected to TRPs 170a-170b, and / or TRPs 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability and connection necessity.
[0084] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any of the TRPs 170a, 170b and 172, the Internet 150, the CN 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the ED 110a may communicate an uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with station-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 190b. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110d may communicate using an UL and / or DL transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0085] An air interface (such as, for example, 190a, 190b, 190c) generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices such as EDs and base station (s) . For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (such as, data) over a wireless communications link. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, that may include any suitable radio access technology.
[0086] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the EDs 110a, 110d and one or more NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or more NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0087] The TRPs 170a-170b, 172 may communicate with one another over one or more air interfaces 190e, 190f using wireless communication links (such as radio frequency (RF) , microwave, infrared (IR) , etc. ) or wired communication links. The air interfaces 190e, 190f may utilize any suitable radio access technology, and may be substantially similar to the air interfaces 190a, 190c over which the EDs 110a-110d communicate with one or more of the TRP 170a-170b, 172 or they may be substantially different. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) , Low Density Signature Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (LDS-MC-CDMA) , Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) , Pattern Division Multiple Access (PDMA) , Lattice Partition Multiple Access (LPMA) , Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) , and Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) .
[0088] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the CN 130 to provide the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c with various services such as voice, data, multimedia, and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the CN 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by the CN 130, and may employ different radio access technologies from RAN 120a and / or RAN 120b. The CN 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b and / or the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. For example, the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c communicate using different cellular communications protocols, such as, but not limited to, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a Push-to-Talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over Cellular (POC) protocol, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a New Radio (NR) protocol, and the like. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may communicate using wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and / or to the Internet 150. The PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . The Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as internet protocol (IP) , transmission control protocol (TCP) , user datagram protocol (UDP) . EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and may incorporate one or multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0089] In addition, the communication system 100 may comprise a sensing agent (not shown in FIG. 2) to manage the sensed data from ED 110 and / or any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In some implementations, the sensing agent may be part of any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In some other implementations, the sensing agent is a separate node that can communicate with the CN 130 and / or the RAN 120 (such as any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172) .
[0090] FIG. 3 illustrates an apparatus 310 wirelessly communicating with another apparatus 320 within a communication system (e.g., the communication system 100) according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 310 may be an electronic device (such as ED 110) . The apparatus 320 may be a network node (e.g., the network node 170) such as T-TRP 170 or an NT-TRP 172. Although only one apparatus 310, and one apparatus 320 are shown in the figure, the number of apparatus 310 and / or number of apparatus 320 can vary, potentially including one or more of each. For example, a single ED 110 may be served by a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) , or by multiple T-TRPs 170 (or multiple NT-TRPs 172) . Similarly, a single ED 110 may be served by one or more T-TRPs 170 and one or more NT-TRPs 172. Similarly, a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) may serve one or more EDs 110.
[0091] The apparatus 310 may include one or more processors 210. For clarity and to avoid overcrowding the illustration, only a single processor 210 is illustrated. The apparatus 310 may further include a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. For clarity, only a single antenna 204 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may alternatively be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated into a single unit, for example, as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by the one or more antennas 204 or a network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver may also be configured to demodulate data or other content received by the one or more antennas 204. A transceiver may include any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or for processing signals received through wireless or wired communication. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals. The apparatus 310 may include a memory 208. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 may include multiple memories 208. Only a single transmitter 201, receiver 203, processor 210, memory 208, and antenna 204 is illustrated for simplicity, but the apparatus 310 may include one or more other components. In some implementations of the present disclosure, the transceiver (or transmitter 201 and / or receiver 203) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0092] The memory 208 is configured to store instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 208 may also be configured to store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 310. For example, the memory 208 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or operations described herein and that which are executed by the one or more processors 210.
[0093] The apparatus 310 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces. The input / output devices or interfaces facilitate interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes suitable components for facilitating transmission of information to a user and reception of information from a user, and for various network interface communications. Such components may include, but are not limited to, a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, touch screen, and the like.
[0094] The processor 210 may be configured to perform (or control the apparatus 310 to perform) operations (or methods) described herein as being performed by the apparatus 310. For example, the processor 210 performs or controls the apparatus 310 to perform the operations of: a) receiving one or more transport blocks (TBs) , b) using a resource for decoding at least one of the received TBs, c) releasing the resource for decoding another of the received TBs, and / or d) receiving configuration information configuring a resource. Specifically, the operations may include tasks related to: preparing a transmission for UL transmission to the apparatus 320, processing DL transmissions received from the apparatus 320, and handling SL transmission to and from another apparatus 310. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for UL transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing DL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Processing operations related to processing SL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, transmit / receive beamforming, modulating / demodulating and encoding / decoding symbols. Depending upon the implementation, a DL transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the DL transmission (such as by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, such as beam angle information (BAI) , received from the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 may be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, which includes operations for detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, such as using a reference signal received from the apparatus 320.
[0095] Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 210 may either be a part of the transmitter 201 or a part of the receiver 203 or a part of both the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the memory 208 may be a part of the processor 210.
[0096] The processor 210, along with the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may each be implemented by one or more processors that may the same or different. These processors are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (such as in the memory 208) .
[0097] The apparatus 320 includes one or more processors 260 (only one processor 260 is illustrated) . The apparatus 320 may further include one or more transmitters 252 and one or more receivers 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only a single antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid clutter in the illustration. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may alternatively be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated into a single unit such as, for example, as a transceiver. The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may include multiple memories 258. The apparatus 320 may further include a scheduler 253. Only a single transmitter 252, receiver 254, processor 260, memory 258, antenna 256 and scheduler 253 are illustrated for simplicity, however the apparatus 320 may include one or more other components. In the present disclosure, in some implementations, the transceiver (or transmitter 252 and / or receiver254) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0098] In some implementations, various components of the apparatus 320 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the apparatus 320 may be located remotely from the equipment housing the antennas 256 for the apparatus 320 (and therefore also can be viewed as one or more nodes) . These modules, which can be considered as one or more nodes, may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) , sometimes referred to as front haul, such as the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some implementations, the term apparatus 320 may also refer to network-side nodes that perform processing operations such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that which are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the apparatus 320. The nodes may also be coupled to other apparatuses 320. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may actually be a plurality of nodes that are operating together to serve the apparatus 310, such as through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions, or through the use of ORAN system as described above in the disclosure.
[0099] The processor 260 is configured to perform operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for DL transmission to the apparatus 310, processing an UL transmission received from the apparatus 310, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to another apparatus 320, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from another apparatus 320. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for DL or backhaul transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, precoding (such as MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the UL or over backhaul may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or DL synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 is further configured to generate an indication of beam direction, such as beam angle information (BAI) , which may be scheduled for transmission by the scheduler 253 which will be described below. In some implementations, the processor 260 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (such as BAI) received from another apparatus 320. The processor 260 is configured to perform other network side processing operations described herein, such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, determining where to deploy another apparatus 320, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 may generate signaling data, to configure one or more parameters of the apparatus 310 and / or one or more parameters of another apparatus 320. Any signaling data generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 implements physical layer processing. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may perform higher layer functions such as those at the Medium Access Control (MAC) or Radio Link Control (RLC) layers in addition to physical layer processing. In the apparatus 320, the scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260 or integrated within the processor 260. In some implementations, the scheduler 253 may be integrated within the apparatus 320 or may be operated separately from the apparatus 320. The scheduler 253 may schedule UL, DL, SL, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (such as “configured grant” ) resources.
[0100] The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258 that is configured to store instructions for performing the operations described herein. The memory 258 may also store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 320. For example, the memory 258 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or implementations described herein and that which are executed by the processor 260.
[0101] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may be implemented as part of the transmitter 252 and / or a part of the receiver 254. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253 and the memory 258 may be implemented as part of the processor 260.
[0102] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252, and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, such as in the memory 258.
[0103] The apparatus 320 and / or the apparatus 310 may include other components, not shown or described herein for the sake of clarity.
[0104] Note that the term “signaling” , as used herein, may alternatively be referred to as control signaling, control message, control information, or message for simplicity. Signaling between a base station (such as the TRP 170a. 170b, 172) and a UE or sensing device (such as ED 110) , or signaling between a different UE or sensing device (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be carried in physical layer signaling (also called as dynamic signaling) , which is transmitted in a physical layer control channel. For DL, the physical layer signaling may be known as downlink control information (DCI) which is transmitted in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . For UL, the physical layer signaling may be known as uplink control information (UCI) which is transmitted in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) . For SL, signaling between different UEs or sensing devices (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be known as SL control information (SCI) which is transmitted in a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . Signaling may be carried in a higher layer (such as higher than physical layer) signaling, which is transmitted in a physical layer data channel, such as in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for downlink signaling, in a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for uplink signaling, and in a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) for sidelink signaling. Higher layer signaling may also be called static signaling, or semi-static signaling. The higher layer signaling may include radio resource control (RRC) protocol signaling or media access control-control element (MAC-CE) signaling. Signaling may be included in a combination of physical layer signaling and higher layer signaling.
[0105] It should be noted that in the present disclosure, “information” , when different from “message” , may be carried within a single message, or may be carried in multiple separate messages.
[0106] FIG. 4 illustrates an example apparatus 410 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 410 may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device such as the ED 110 or the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. For example, the apparatus 410 implemented in an ED may be an integrated circuit, which in some instances may be referred to as a chip, a modem, a modem chip, a baseband chip, or a baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into a system-on-chip, a system-in-package, or a multi-chip module. The apparatus 410 can include one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within the ED 110, or within the apparatus 310. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within one of the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172, or the apparatus 320.
[0107] In an example, the apparatus 410 may include one or more processors 411, and an interface circuit 412. The apparatus 410 may further include a memory 413. The one or more processors 411 are configured to process signals and execute one or more communication protocols. The memory 413 is configured to store at least a part of corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. In an example, the one or more processors 411 execute the computer program instructions stored in the memory 413 to implement related operations (for example, inputting, outputting, receiving, and transmitting) in the method embodiments disclosed herein. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store all of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data for execution by the one or more processors 411. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store a part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. For example, the part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may include computer program instructions and / or data that need to be currently executed by the one or more processors 411. Thus, the memory 413 may store different parts of computer program instructions and / or data for a plurality times for the one or more processors 411 to perform related operations in the method embodiments disclosed herein. As a communication interface, the interface circuit 412 is configured to implement communication with another component. For example, the interface circuit 412 may communicate a signal with other apparatus / system such as a radio frequency processing apparatus, or processor system. The communication includes transmitting signal (or data, information) to another component or device, or receives signal from another component or device. “Transmitting” includes outputting the signal to a component or device that is directly or indirectly coupled to the interface circuit (transmitting unit) . “Receiving” includes inputting or obtaining a signal from a component or device that is directly or indirectly couped to the interface circuit (receiving unit) . Optionally, to reduce a load of the one or more processors, a baseband signal processing circuit 414 may be also disposed to implement processing of at least a part of baseband signals, including signal demodulation, modulation, encoding, decoding, or the like.
[0108] The apparatus 410 may be the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) , in some scenarios, or may be included within the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) in some scenarios. The apparatus 410 may be a baseband chip or may include a baseband chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be independently packaged into a chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 (or 320) includes different types of chips. The apparatus 410 may be packaged into a processor chip (for example, an SoC chip or an SIP chip) with the different types of chips. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be packaged into a chip with some or all of circuits of a radio frequency processing system that may further be included in the apparatus 310 (or 320) .
[0109] FIG. 5 illustrates example apparatus 510 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 510 may include corresponding modules or units configured to implement methods and / or implementations described herein. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 includes a processing unit 512 and a communication unit 513. Optionally, the apparatus 510 may further include a storage unit 511 configured to store apparatus program code (or instructions) and / or data.
[0110] The apparatus 510 may be an ED side apparatus, for example, an ED or a module in an ED, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in an ED. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be the apparatus 310. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 210. The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 201 and / or the receiver 203 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 208.
[0111] The apparatus 510 may be a base station side apparatus, for example, a base station or a module in a base station, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in a base station. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be apparatus 320. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 260 (the scheduler 253 may also be included) . The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 252 and / or the receiver 254 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 258.
[0112] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is an ED 110 or a module in an ED 110, a function of the apparatus 510 may be implemented by one or more processors. Specifically, the processor may include a modem chip, or a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by a transceiver circuit.
[0113] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is a circuit or a chip that is responsible for a communication function in an ED 110, such as a modem chip, a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core. A function of the processing unit 512 may be implemented by a circuit system within the chip which includes one or more processors. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by an interface circuit or a data transceiver circuit on the chip.
[0114] It may be understood that the units in the apparatus 510 may be logical or functional. Each function may correspond to one functional unit, or two or more functions may be integrated into a single functional unit. In some implementations, all or some of the units may be integrated into a single physical entity, or may be distributed across different physical entities. In addition, the functional units may be implemented in the form of hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether a function is implemented in the form of hardware or software depends on particular applications and design constraint conditions of the technical solutions. A person skilled in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for specific applications, but it should not be considered that the implementation goes beyond the scope of the present disclosure.
[0115] In an example, a functional unit in any one of the apparatuses may be configured as one or more integrated circuits for implementing the methods disclosed herein, for example, as one or more application-specific integrated circuits (application-specific integrated circuits, ASICs) , one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more microprocessors or microprocessor units (MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers or microcontroller units (MCUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , or a combination of these.
[0116] In an example, the storage unit 511 may include a random access memory, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a programmable read-only memory, an electrically erasable programmable memory, and / or a register.
[0117] A processor may be referred to as a processor system, an application processor, a baseband processor, a processor circuit, or a processor core. The processor may include one or a combination of one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more microprocessors (microprocessor units, MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers (microcontroller units, MCUs) , one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , one or more artificial intelligence processors (AI processors) , or one or more neural network processing units (NPUs) .
[0118] Memory or a storage unit may include one or more of the following storage media: a random access memory (RAM) , a static random access memory (static RAM, SRAM) , a dynamic random access memory (dynamic RAM, DRAM) , a phase-change memory (PCM) , a resistive random access memory (resistive RAM, ReRAM) , a magnetoresistive random access memory (magnetoresistive RAM, MRAM) , a ferroelectric random access memory (ferroelectric RAM, FRAM) , a cache, a register, a read-only memory (ROM) , a flash memory (flash memory) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (erasable programmable ROM, EPROM) , a hard disk, and the like. In an example, computer program instructions used to execute embodiments may be stored in a non-volatile memory, for example, at least a part of a memory or storage unit (for example, one or more of a ROM, a flash memory, an EPROM, or a hard disk) . When a terminal runs, a part or all of corresponding computer program instructions may be loaded to a memory that has a higher transmission speed with the processor, for example, at least a part of a memory or a storage unit (for example, one or more of a RAM, an SRAM, a DRAM, a PCM, a RERAM, an MRAM, a FRAM, a cache, or a register) , so that the processor executes the computer program instructions to perform the steps in the method embodiments disclosed herein.
[0119] FIG. 6 illustrates a 5G protocol data unit (PDU) session, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. PDU connectivity service is provided by 5G network. PDU connectivity service is a service that provides exchange of PDUs between a UE and a Data Network (DN) . 5G network provides PDU connectivity service to a UE via one or more PDU sessions. As in FIG. 6, for a PDU session, it is an association between the UE and a Data Network (DN) that provides a PDU connectivity service. There are intermediate network nodes (e.g., RAN node gNB, UPF) in the PDU session between UE and DN. One or more QoS flows may be transmitted via a PDU session. The QoS Flow is a fine granularity of QoS differentiation in the PDU Session. User Plane traffic within a QoS flow of a PDU Session receives the same traffic forwarding treatment (e.g. scheduling, admission threshold, delay, loss rate) .
[0120] On network side, user plane tunnels (e.g., GPRS Tunnelling Protocol for User Plane (GTP-U) tunnel) are established to deliver the data of a PDU session. For example, there are NG-U tunnel (e.g., N3 tunnel) between RAN and UPF, tunnel (e.g., N9 tunnel) between two UPFs, and tunnel (e.g., N6 tunnel) between UPF and DN, etc. The data of a PDU session is delivered via the tunnels on network side.
[0121] Over the air, data radio bearer is established between UE and RAN. The data radio bearer transports the packets of a PDU session over the air. There is a one-to-multiple mapping between the PDU session and the data radio bearer. The data of a PDU session is mapped to one or more data radio bearers by RAN. For example, one QoS flow of a PDU session is mapped to one data radio bearer, and different QoS flows of the PDU session can be mapped to the same or different data radio bearers.
[0122] To establish a PDU session for data forwarding, the 5G control plane functions (e.g., AMF, SMF, RAN CP) configures the user plane functions (e.g., UPF, RAN UP) to establish the resources for the PDU session, e.g., to establish the tunnels (e.g., GTP-U tunnel) on the network side and data radio bearers over the air. For example, GTP-U tunnel (e.g., for N3 tunnel, N9 tunnel) is established per PDU session, and a GTP-U tunnel is dedicated to a PDU session. One or multiple data radio bearers are established over the air for a PDU session. Packet detection rule and forwarding action rule are configured to user plane function when the PDU session resource is setup under the control of control plane function. For example, the mapping between GTP-U tunnel and PDU session is configured to user plane function to enable data forwarding.
[0123] The QoS flow is a fine granularity of QoS differentiation in the PDU Session. A QoS Flow ID (QFI) is used to identify a QoS Flow in the 5G System. User plane traffic with the same QFI within a PDU Session receives the same traffic forwarding treatment (e.g. scheduling, admission threshold) . The QFI is carried in an encapsulation header on N3 (and N9) i.e. without any changes to the end to end packet header. QFI shall be used for all PDU Session Types. The QFI shall be unique within a PDU Session. The QFI may be dynamically assigned or may be equal to the 5G QoS identifier (5QI) . A QoS Flow is associated with QoS requirements as specified by QoS parameters and QoS characteristics.
[0124] User plane functions (e.g., UPF, RAN UP) performs suitable actions to deliver uplink and / or downlink data. For example, UPF classifies PDU layer packets for QoS flow marking (e.g., based on packet detection rule) and maps the QoS flows to GTP-U tunnels. And other user plane function (e.g., UPF, RAN) decides the QoS flow that a received packet belongs to, for example, based on the QoS flow identifier marked in the packet header, and decides the PDU session that a received packet belongs to, for example, based on the tunnel via which the packet is delivered. RAN can map QoS flows of a PDU session received in a specific GTP-U tunnel to data radio bearers.
[0125] FIG. 7 illustrates a 5G user plane protocol stack between UE and gNB, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0126] Data radio bearer (DRB) is configured with Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) sublayer, Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) sublayer, Radio Link Control (RLC) sublayer, Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayer and Physical Layer (PHY) .
[0127] User plane functions (e.g., UPF, RAN UP) performs suitable actions to deliver uplink and / or downlink data. For example, UPF classifies PDU layer packets for QoS flow marking (e.g., based on packet detection rule) and maps the QoS flows to GTP-U tunnels. And other user plane function (e.g., UPF, RAN) decides the QoS flow a received packet belongs to, based on the QoS flow identifier marked in the packet header, and decides the PDU session that a received packet belongs to, based on the tunnel via which the packet is delivered. RAN (i.e., SDAP) maps QoS flows of a PDU session received in a specific GTP-U tunnel to data radio bearers.
[0128] As described in 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 37.324, the SDAP entities are located in the SDAP sublayer. Several SDAP entities may be defined for a UE. There is an SDAP entity configured for each individual PDU session for NR Uu. SDAP entity is per PDU session.
[0129] However, for a next generation (e.g. sixth generation (6G) or later) network, or a legacy (e.g. 5G, 4G, 3G or 2G) network, e.g., in 6G era, the 6G network is expected to not only for connectivity, but also for data processing. In-network data processing (or termed as in-network computing interchangeably) is supported. The in-network data processing is for XaaS service (e.g., NET4AI, Data Analytics and Management (DAM) , NET4DW, etc. ) , e.g., to execute AI model training or inferencing, ISAC data processing, data pre-processing (e.g., data normalization, data cleaning) .
[0130] FIG. 8 illustrates a mission service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0131] As shown in FIG. 8, mission service is expected to be provided by 6G network. A mission is to achieve a designated goal, known as mission goal, which includes (1) providing PDU connectivity and optionally (2) providing data processing. Mission service is a service that provides achieving of a mission goal (i.e., PDU connectivity and / or data processing) . When the mission goal includes providing data processing, the mission goal is associated with specific computational problem (s) , and providing data processing refers to solving the specific computational problem (s) . In this case, the mission includes one or multiple computing blocks (CBs) and is associated with a networking procedure among the CBs for solving the specific computational problem (s) . A CB within the mission corresponds to a defined computational step toward the mission goal (i.e. solving the specific computational problem (s) ) and may be supported by a XaaS service (in the form of a task) , a data network (DN) , or another mission service; accordingly, the CB is referred to as a task CB, an external CB or a sub-mission CB. A CB corresponds to a particular action of data processing, e.g., AI training, AI inference, data pre-processing, data de-privatization, data cleaning, data collection, data analytics, sensing, etc. Different CBs of a mission may be executed in sequence or parallel. When the mission goal only includes providing PDU connectivity, the mission service is reduced to the 5G PDU connectivity service.
[0132] When the mission goal includes providing data processing, the data is forwarded to one or more CB entities and processed by the CB entities, then the processed data is forwarded to next-hop one or more CB entities, until the mission goal is completed. Each of the CB entities executing one or more CBs. The CB entities are supported by XaaS services and / or DN. The CB entities can be deployed in device (e.g., UE, vehicle, radar, sensor, drone, and actuator) , RAN, CN, and even in third parties. In some implementations, the mission service including the CB entities are configured and under the control of control or management plane (C / M plane) functions, e.g., a mission management function (MM) . As in FIG. 8, devices deploying CB entities and other CB entities provided by XaaS services and / or DN are involved in a mission service to perform data processing in parallel and / or sequence. For example, CB entities 1, 2, 3 and 4 are provided by XaaS services 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, and the two devices may also provide other CB entities (not illustrated in the figure) or not. In some implementations, the CB entities 1, 2, 3 and 4 may be provided by a same XaaS service instead of 4 different XaaS services. The CB entities and devices are connected via data trustworthy gateway (Data-TW-GW) . In some implementations, the CB entity, Data-TW-GW are deployed on 6G data plane, and the data plane may be also termed as user plane, or enhanced user plane, etc. In some implementations, the Data-TW-GW could be UPF, or enhanced UPF. CB DP entities (e.g., deployed in device, RAN, CN and DN) are connected via Data-TW-GW. The Data-TW-GW is helpful to get rid of mesh topology among CBs and to support anonymous communication among CBs.
[0133] The data processing (computing) procedure within the mission service can include the following steps:
[0134] (1) the two devices may deliver data (non-processed or processed data by CB entities in the devices) to CB entity 1 being provided by XaaS service 1 (e.g., DAM service) ;
[0135] (2) CB entity 1 delivers the data directly or deliver the data after processing to CB entity 2 being provided by XaaS service 2 (e.g., NET4AI service) , via Data-TW-GW 1;
[0136] (3) in parallel, CB entity 2 receives data from CB entity 4 being provided by XaaS service 4 (e.g., NET4DW service) , via Data-TW-GW1 and Data-TW-GW2. The data received by CB entity 2 from CB entity 4 is the processed results of the data received by CB entity 4 from CB entity 3 being provided by XaaS service 3 (e.g., NET4Data) , via Data-TW-GW2;
[0137] (4) then CB entity 2 performs data processing of AI training (or AI inference, etc. ) using all the received data from CB entities 1, 3 and 4, and sends the processed results to CB entity 4;
[0138] (5) CB entity 4 perform data processing using the data sent by CB entity 2 and the data from CB entity 3, and sends the processed results to CB entity 2; and then, back and forth data processing and forwarding are performed among CB entities 2, 3 and 4 until the mission goal is completed.
[0139] In some case, a mission corresponds to a service function chain as defined by Internet engineering task force (IETF) , e.g., in request for comments (RFC) 7665. A service function chain is defined as a logical representation of an ordered set (sequence) of service functions that need to successively handle some traffic, e.g. traffic is first handled by service function1 (e.g. Deep Packet Inspection) , then service function 2 (e.g. TCP / IP optimization) and lastly by Service function 3 (e.g. Firewall) .
[0140] FIG. 9 illustrates a mission session of a mission service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 9, a mission service subscriber (e.g., a 6G device, an application server (AS) ) can access mission service via one or multiple mission sessions. A CB is identified by CBID. A mission ID identifies a mission. A SFC ID identifies a SFC. Refer to 3GPP technical report (TR) 23.700-18 for the service function chain. In some implementations, a CBID corresponds to a XaaS service ID. In some implementations, a mission ID corresponds to a XaaS service ID. In some implementations, a SFC ID corresponds to a XaaS service ID.In some implementations, a mission comprise one or more SFCs.
[0141] A mission session is an association between a network entity (e.g. a user equipment (UE) , a network function (NF) , and an application server (AS) ) and a Data Network (DN) , providing a mission service. And the DN may be virtual and dummy DN. A mission session includes the data forwarding and data processing resources to execute a mission. A mission session includes a collection (group) of data sessions and optional inter-GW sessions.
[0142] Mission service is a service that provides achieving of a mission goal (i.e., PDU connectivity and / or data processing) . When the mission goal includes providing data processing, the mission goal is associated with specific computational problem (s) , and providing data processing refers to solving the specific computational problem (s) . In this case, the mission includes one or multiple computing blocks (CBs) and is associated with a networking procedure among the CBs for solving the specific computational problem (s) . A CB within the mission corresponds to a defined computational step toward the mission goal (i.e. solving the specific computational problem (s) ) and may be supported by a XaaS service (in the form of a task) , a data network (DN) , or another mission service; accordingly, the CB is referred to as a task CB, an external CB or a sub-mission CB. A CB corresponds to a particular action of data processing, e.g., AI training, AI inference, data pre-processing, data de-privatization, data cleaning, data collection, data analytics, sensing, etc. Different CBs of a mission may be executed in sequence or parallel.
[0143] A Data Session is an association at least terminates at a Computing Block (CB) entity to execute one or more CBs of a mission. The CB entity is an entity to execute the actions corresponding to the one or more CBs. Particular data transmission and / or data processing are executed among the CB entities in specific order (e.g., in sequence and / or parallel) to complete the mission. The CB entity is supported by XaaS service and / or DN. The CB entity is a network entity which can be deployed in: device (e.g., UE, vehicle, radar, sensor, drone, and actuator) , RAN, CN, DN, and even in third parties. In some implementations, the CB entity is deployed on 6G data plane. In some implementations, the CB entity is supported by a XaaS service, e.g., by a processing service function (PSF) of the XaaS service. Different CB entities may execute the same or different CBs. In some implementations, a data session corresponds to one CB of a mission. In some implementations, a data session corresponds to multiple CBs of a mission.
[0144] In some implementations, the data session may be regarded as only including the data forwarding resource to execute one or more CBs of a mission, i.e., a pipe to connect a CB entity with another network entity, and the data processing resources configured in the CB entity do not belong to the data session.
[0145] In some implementations, the data session may be regarded as including both the data forwarding and data processing resources to execute one or more CBs of a mission, i.e., the data processing resources configured in the CB entity also belongs to the data session.
[0146] In some implementations, a data session is an association between a CB entity and a Data-TW-GW.
[0147] In some implementations, a data session is an association between a CB entity and another CB entity.
[0148] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between a device (e.g., UE, vehicle, radar, sensor, drone, and actuator) and a Data-TW-GW. The Data-TW-GW may be deployed in RAN or CN.
[0149] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between a Data-TW-GW and a processing service function (PSF) provided by a XaaS service. The Data-TW-GW may be deployed in RAN or CN. The PSF may be deployed in RAN or CN.
[0150] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between a device and a PSF provided by a XaaS service. The PSF may be deployed in RAN or CN.
[0151] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between a PSF and another PSF, and the two PSFs may be provided by a same or different XaaS services. Both or either of the two PSFs may be deployed in RAN or CN.
[0152] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between a DN and a PSF provided by a XaaS service. The PSF may be deployed in RAN or CN.
[0153] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between a DN and a Data-TW-GW. The Data-TW-GW may be deployed in RAN or CN.
[0154] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between two devices.
[0155] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between two DNs.
[0156] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between a device and a DN.
[0157] An Inter-GW Session is an association between two Data-TW-GW for data forwarding. In some implementations, the Data-TW-GW could be UPF, or enhanced UPF. CB DP entities (e.g., deployed in device, RAN, CN and DN) are connected via Data-TW-GW. The Data-TW-GW is helpful to get rid of mesh topology among CBs and to support anonymous communication among CBs.
[0158] A CB entity (deployed in device, RAN, CN or DN) may participate into one or multiple Mission Sessions. A CB entity may participate into one or multiple Data Sessions.
[0159] A mission session can be identified by a mission session ID or a session group ID. A data session can be identified by a data session ID or a session group ID.
[0160] As shown in FIG. 9, a mission session consists of one or multiple Data Sessions. There are two CB entities deployed in RAN, two CB entities deployed in core network functions (NFs) or DN. Devices may also deploy CB entities or be active as CB entities not illustrated in the figure. The CB entity may be supported by XaaS service. Over the air, radio bearer is established between device and 6G RAN node. Data session is established between device deploying CB entity and a Data-TW-GW. Each device establishes one or multiple data sessions belongs to a mission session. On or multiple devices are involved in a mission session. Flexible mapping are enabled between radio bearer and Data Session. On network side, data session is established between a CB entity and a Data-TW-GW. There could be one or multiple Data Sessions between a CB entity and a Data-TW-GW, and a CB entity (e.g., deployed in PSF of XaaS) could belong to one or multiple Data Sessions. A CB entity (e.g., deployed in PSF of XaaS) could belong to one or multiple Mission Sessions. One or multiple Inter-GW sessions are established between Data-TW-GWs. As in FIG. 9, two devices are involved in a mission session, and each device establishes two data sessions. A data session may be mapped to a radio bearer, or multiple data sessions are mapped to a radio bearer. It does not rule out the possibility that a data session is mapped to multiple radio bearers. One of the two CB entities in RAN establishes 2 data sessions illustrated as small rectangular boxes, another one of the two CB entities in RAN establishes 1 data session. One CB entity in NFs or DN establishes 2 data sessions, and one CB entity in NFs or DN establishes 1 data session. Two Inter-GW sessions are established between the two Data-TW-GWs.
[0161] A mission includes no CBs (i.e. no computing-related functionalities) when its goal is only to provide PDU connectivity. In this case, A Mission Session is reduced to a PDU Session. Different Mission Session Types can be defined: PDU connectivity only type, and both data connectivity and processing type (i.e., non PDU connectivity only type) . The PDU connectivity only type indicates that no CB entity is involved in the mission session, i.e., the mission session is reduced to PDU session in this case. The both data connectivity and processing type (i.e., non PDU connectivity only type) indicates that there is CB entity involved in the mission session, both data forwarding and processing are supported via the mission session, e.g., to support 6G services of data processing (e.g., AI, sensing, data service) .
[0162] In some implementations, the CB entity of a mission session is a virtual and dummy entity, e.g., for a mission session of PDU connectivity only type.
[0163] In the present disclosure, the terms forward (forwarding) , transmit (transmission) and deliver (delivery) are used interchangeably. Data connectivity and data forwarding are used interchangeably.
[0164] In some implementations, a mission session consists of one or more data sessions.
[0165] In some implementations, a data session corresponds to one or more CBs.
[0166] In some implementations, one or multiple QoS flows are delivered in a data session. QoS flow is a fine granularity of QoS differentiation in the mission service. Traffic within the same QoS flow receives the same data processing treatment and data forwarding treatment. In some implementations, a data session is implemented as a QoS flow.
[0167] New radio bearers dedicated for mission service may be established over the air on control or management (C / M) plane and data plane to provide service with particular QoS. For example, new data radio bearer dedicated for a mission session is established over the air on data plane to provide service with particular QoS.
[0168] Different data sessions of a mission session may be mapped and connected via one or more Data-TW-GWs, e.g., depending on whether, and how many Data-TW-GWs are deployed.
[0169] Different data sessions of a mission session may be mapped and connected internally within a CB entity.
[0170] FIG. 10 illustrates a tunnel configured for a data session or an inter-GW session, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0171] As an example shown in FIG. 10, a rectangular represents a data session or an inter-GW session of a mission session, and a cylindrical represents a tunnel dedicatedly configured for a data session or an inter-GW of the mission session. The tunnel is configured per data session for a mission session and cannot be shared by different data sessions or inter-GW sessions between two network entities. The type of the tunnel is not limited to GTP-U tunnel, quick UDP Internet connections (QUIC) , etc. CB entity 1 establishes data sessions 1 and 2 with Data-TW-GW 1. CB entity 2 establishes data sessions 3, 4 and 5 with Data-TW-GW 1. CB entity 3 establishes data sessions 1 and 2 with Data-TW-GW 2. There are inter-GW sessions 1 and 2 established between Data-TW-GW1 and Data-TW-GW2.7 tunnels are established each of which is dedicated for a data session, and 2 tunnels are established each of which is dedicated for an inter-GW session. As illustrated by the dash line, data sessions 1 and 2 of CB entity 1 are mapped to data session 3 of CB entity 2 via Data-TW-GW 1, data session 3 of CB entity 2 is mapped to data session 4 of CB entity 2 within CB entity 2, data session 4 of CB entity 2 is mapped to inter-GW session 1 via Data-TW-GW 1, inter-GW session 1 is mapped to data session 2 of CB entity 3 via Data-TW-GW2, data session 2 of CB entity 3 is mapped to data session 1 of CB entity 3 within CB entity 3, data session 1 of CB entity 3 is mapped to inter-GW session 2 via Data-TW-GW2. For example, CB entity 1 executes two CB 1 and CB 2 corresponding to data session 1 and data session 2, respectively. CB entity 1 sends the data processing results of CBs 1 and 2 (corresponding to data sessions 1 and 2, respectively) to data session 3 of CB entity 2 via Data-TW-GW 1. CB entity 2 executes CB 3 to using the received data from CB entity 1 and then sends the new data processing results to CB entity 1. Back and forth data forwarding and data processing are performed between CB entity 1 and CB entity 2 until they are completed. Then CB entity 2 sends the final data processing results of CB 3 to data session 4 of CB entity 2. CB entity 2 executes CB 4 corresponding to data session 4 and sends data processing results to data session 2 of CB entity 3 via Data-TW-GW1 and Data-TW-GW2 through inter-GW session 1. CB entity 3 executes CB 6 corresponding to data session 2. Back and forth data forwarding and data processing are performed between CB entity 2 and CB entity 3 until CB 4 of CB entity 2 and CB 6 of CB entity 3 are completed. Then CB entity 3 sends the final data processing results of CB 6 to data session 1 of CB entity 3. CB entity 3 executes CB 7 corresponding to data session 1 and sends data processing results to data session 5 of CB entity 2 via Data-TW-GW2 and Data-TW-GW1 through inter-GW session 2. CB entity 2 executes CB 5 corresponding to data session 5. Back and forth data forwarding and data processing are performed between CB entity 3 and CB entity 2 until CB 5 of CB entity 2 and CB 7 of CB entity 3 are completed. Then the mission may be completed. It can be observed that, some data from CB entity 2 should be sent to CB entity 1 via Data-TW-GW1, and some data from CB entity 2 should be sent to CB entity 3 via Data-TW-GW1. In order to enable the CB entities and the Data-TW-GWs to deliver data in specific sequence of CBs of a mission via suitable tunnel, and to enable them to detect and recognize the packet received via a tunnel, data forwarding information, e.g., data mapping information and tunnel information, should be configured to the CB entities and Data-TW-GWs, and data processing information, e.g., CB sequence, should be configured to the CB entities.
[0172] In some implementations, CB entity 1, CB entity 2 and Data-TW-GW1 are in network domain 1, CB entity 3 and Data-TW-GW 2 are in network domain 2. Network domain 1 and Network domain 2 can be the same or not. The network domain can be RAN, CN, DN and terminal device. For example, network domain 1 is RAN and network domain 2 is CN, and vice versa. Network domain 1 is RAN and network domain 2 is DN, and vice versa. Network domain 1 is CN and network domain 2 is DN, and vice versa. Network domain 1 is RAN and network domain 2 is device, and vice versa.
[0173] In some implementations, one or more of the CB entities are in the DN. For example, the CB entity 1, CB entity 2, Data-TW-GW 1 and Data-TW-GW2 are in CN, and CB entity 3 is in DN. As another example, the CB entity 1, CB entity 2 and Data-TW-GW 1 are in RAN, Data-TW-GW2 is in CN, and CB entity 3 is in DN. As another example, Data-TW-GW2 and CB entity 3 are in RAN, Data-TW-GW1 is in CN, and CB entity 1 and CB entity 2 are in DN. As another example, Data-TW-GW2, CB entity 3 and Data-TW-GW1 are in CN, and CB entity 1 and CB entity 2 are in DN.
[0174] FIG. 11 illustrates a tunnel configured for a mission session. according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0175] As an example shown in FIG. 11, compared with FIG. 10, a rectangular represents a data session or an inter-GW session of a mission session, and the difference is that a cylindrical represents a tunnel configured for the mission session between two network entities. The tunnel is configured per mission session and can be shared by different data sessions or inter-GW sessions between two network entities. The type of the tunnel is not limited to GTP-U tunnel, QUIC connection, etc. Tunnel 1 between CB entity 1 and Data-TW-GW 1 for the mission session is established, Tunnel 2 between CB entity 2 and Data-TW-GW 1 for the mission session is established, Tunnel 3 between CB entity 3 and Data-TW-GW 2 for the mission session is established, and Tunnel 4 between Data-TW-GW 1 and Data-TW-GW 2 for the mission session is established. For example, some packets (e.g., packets of data session 3) received from Tunnel 2 should be forwarded by Data-TW-GW 1 to CB entity 1, but some packets (e.g., packets of data session 4) received from Tunnel 2 should be forwarded by Data-TW-GW 1 to Data-TW-GW2 then to CB entity 3. Different from the case where a dedicated tunnel is configured per data session, when tunnel is configured per mission session, additional information should be configured to enable CB entity and Data-TW-GW to detect, recognize and deliver packet, and necessary
[0176] FIG. 12 illustrates a tunnel configured for network entity, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0177] As an example shown in FIG. 12, compared with FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, there are two mission sessions illustrated in FIG. 12 respectively represented by the dash line and the solid line, a rectangular represents a data session or an inter-GW session of a mission session, and a cylindrical represents a tunnel shared by the two mission sessions between the network entities. Three data sessions 1, 2 and 3 are established between CB entity 1 and Data-TW-GW1, four data sessions 4, 5, 6 and 7 are established between CB entity 2 and Data-TW-GW1, and two data sessions 1 and 2 are established between CB entity 3 and Data-TW-GW2. Data sessions 1 and 2 of CB entity 1, data sessions 4 and 5, and data session 2 of CB entity 3 belongs to mission session 1. Data sessions 3, data sessions 6 and 7 and data session 1 of CB entity 3 belongs to mission session 2. The tunnel is configured per network entity. It means the tunnel can be shared by different mission sessions of the network entity. The type of the tunnel is not limited to GTP-U tunnel, QUIC connection, etc. Tunnel 1 between CB entity 1 and Data-TW-GW 1 for the two mission sessions is established, Tunnel 2 between CB entity 2 and Data-TW-GW 1 for the two mission sessions is established, Tunnel 3 between CB entity 3 and Data-TW-GW 2 for the two mission sessions is established, and Tunnel 4 between Data-TW-GW 1 and Data-TW-GW 2 for the two mission sessions is established. For example, some packets (e.g., packets of data session 4) received from Tunnel 2 should be forwarded by Data-TW-GW 1 to CB entity 1, but some packets (e.g., packets of data session 5) received from Tunnel 2 should be forwarded by Data-TW-GW 1 to Data-TW-GW2 then to CB entity 3. Different from the cases where a tunnel is configured per data session or mission session, when tunnel is configured per network entity, additional information should be configured to enable CB entity and Data-TW-GW to detect, recognize and deliver packet, and necessary information should be encapsulated into packet (e.g., packet header or payload) .
[0178] As described above, over the air, radio bearer is established between device and 6G RAN node. Radio bearers dedicated for mission service may be established over the air on data plane to provide service with particular QoS. For example, data radio bearer dedicated for a mission session is established over the air on data plane to provide service with particular QoS. On or multiple devices are involved in a mission session. Each device establishes one or multiple data radio bears corresponding to a mission session. As in FIG. 9, two devices are involved in a mission session, and each device establishes two data sessions. Flexible mapping are enabled between radio bearer and Data Session. A data session may be mapped to a radio bearer (one-to-one mapping) , or multiple data sessions are mapped to a radio bearer (multiple-to-one mapping) . It does not rule out the possibility that a data session is mapped to multiple radio bearers (one-to-multiple mapping) .
[0179] FIGS. 13-14 illustrate a protocol stack on data plane to support XaaS service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0180] As shown in FIG. 13, XaaS service layer is deployed to support XaaS service. On data plane, the XaaS service layer (e.g., PSF layer) is the upper layer of Transport Network Layer (TNL) or radio layer (e.g., SDAP layer) . For example, for the protocol stack on the network side (e.g., the protocol stack for the core network (CN) interface, or the protocol stack for the interface between RAN and CN) , the XaaS service layer (e.g., PSF layer) is the upper layer of TNL (e.g., GTP-U, UDP, IP, Layer 2 (L2) and Layer 1 (L1) in sequence) . In some implementations, the GTP-U protocol can be replaced by QUIC. In some implementations, the IP layer can based on IPv4, IPv6, or SRv6. For the protocol stack over the air (e.g., the protocol stack on UE, protocol stack for the air interface between UE and RAN) , the XaaS service layer (e.g., PSF layer) is the upper layer of SDAP (e.g., SDAP, PDCP, RLC, MAC and PHY in sequence) .
[0181] As shown in FIG. 14, , on UE side, the PSF layer is the upper layer of SDAP layer. The PSF layer is the upper layer of SDAP layer on RAN side for radio interface. In core network, there is PSF network function (CN-PSF) , and the CN-PSF network function is implemented via deploying PSF layer as the upper layer of TNL. For the protocol stack on the RAN side for the interface oriented to CN-PSF, the PSF layer is the upper layer of TNL. In some case, as in FIG. 14, there is intermediate data plane functions between RAN and CN-PSF, e.g., a Data-TW-GW or a UPF+ for data forwarding. In some case, there are not intermediate data plane functions between RAN and CN-PSF. RAN and CN-PSF can be connected with each other via direct interface.
[0182] The XaaS layer can be deployed PSF layer within 3GPP network (e.g., 3GPP defines PSF layer functionality or PDU format) , it has the advantage that 3GPP network can have strong control of XaaS service, e.g., the C / M plane of the 3GPP network can configure the data plane XaaS layer (e.g., PSF layer) . For example, the C / M plane can configure QoS parameters, data processing parameters to XaaS service layer (e.g., PSF layer) .
[0183] In some implementations, PSF layer is directly above TNL.
[0184] FIG. 15 illustrates a protocol stack between XaaS layer and TNL or radio layer, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0185] In some implementations, as shown in FIG. 15, there are other layers between XaaS service layer and TNL or SDAP layer, e.g., TCP layer, QUIC layer, UDP layer, IP layer. For example, there are TCP and IP layers in sequence between PSF layer and SDAP layer. For example, there are UDP and IP layers in sequence between PSF layer and SDAP layer. For example, there are QUIC, UDP and IP layers in sequence between PSF layer and SDAP layer.
[0186] In some implementations, there is PDU layer between XaaS layer and TNL or SDAP layer.
[0187] In some implementations, there is data plane security protection (DP-Sec) layer between XaaS layer and TNL or SDAP layer.
[0188] In some implementations, some of layers TNL are not deployed, e.g., GTP-U layer, UDP layer.
[0189] In some implementations, some of layers of radio layer are not deployed, e.g., SDAP layer.
[0190] FIG. 16 illustrates a protocol stack on data plane to support XaaS service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0191] As shown in FIG. 16, compared with FIG. 14, there are other layers between PSF layer and TNL or radio layer (e.g., SDAP layer) , e.g., TCP and IP layers in sequence, UDP and IP layers in sequence, QUIC, UDP and IP layers in sequence.
[0192] In some implementations, if there are other layer deployed between XaaS service layer and TNL or radio layer (e.g., SDAP layer) . XaaS service layer may be considered to be out of the scope of 3GPP, and 3GPP network may have relatively fewer control on XaaS service (e.g., PSF layer) .
[0193] PSF entity can be established in the PSF layer. In some implementations, a CB entity is implemented as a PSF entity. A PSF entity executes one or more CBs.
[0194] In some implementations, the PSF entity can be configured per mission session, per mission session, per data session (group) , per CB (group) , or per network function.
[0195] For a PSF entity per mission session in a network function, the PSF entity is dedicated for a mission session. The network function corresponds to one or more data sessions of the mission session, and the PSF entity is shared by the one or more data sessions. The network function should execute one or more CBs corresponding to the mission session, and the PSF entity executes the one or more CBs. Each data session of the mission session corresponds to a number of CBs. Different PSF entities should be established for different mission sessions.
[0196] For a PSF entity per data session (group) in a network function, the PSF entity is dedicated for a data session (group) of a mission session. The network function corresponds to one or more data sessions of the mission session, the one or more data sessions includes the data session (group) , and the PSF entity corresponds to the data session (group) and is not shared by the other data sessions of the one or more data sessions. The network function should execute one or more CBs corresponding to the data session (group) , and the PSF entity executes the one or more CBs. Each data session (group) of the mission session corresponds to a number of CBs. Different PSF entities should be established for different data sessions (groups) of the mission session.
[0197] For a PSF entity per CB (group) in a network function, the PSF entity is dedicated for a CB (group) of a mission session. The network function should execute one or more CBs of the mission session, the one or more CBs includes the CB (group) , and the PSF entity corresponds to the CB (group) and is not shared by the other CBs of the one or more CBs. Different PSF entities should be established for different CBs (groups) of the mission session.
[0198] For a PSF entity per network function, the PSF entity is established in a network function. The network function corresponds to one or more mission sessions, and the PSF entity is shared by the one or more mission sessions. The PSF entity is established for all the different mission sessions corresponding to the network function.
[0199] In some implementations, the PSF entity can be established per mission session group in a network function, the PSF entity is dedicated for a mission session group. The network function corresponds to one or more mission sessions, and the PSF entity is shared by the mission session group and is not shared by the other mission sessions of the one or more mission sessions. If the mission session group comprises all the one or more mission sessions, the PSF entity can be also considered as being established per network function.
[0200] In some implementations, a data session comprise a number of QoS flows, or is implemented with a QoS flow.
[0201] Similarly, entities of other layers (e.g., SDAP entity, PDCP entity, RLC entity, MAC entity, PHY entity, GTP-U layer entity, UDP layer entity, IP layer entity) can be configured per mission session, per data session (group) , per CB (group) , or per network function. Taking a SDAP entity as an example:
[0202] For a SDAP entity per mission session in a network function, the SDAP entity is dedicated for a mission session. The network function corresponds to one or more data sessions of the mission session, and the SDAP entity is shared by the one or more data sessions. The network function should execute one or more CBs corresponding to the mission session, and the SDAP entity executes the one or more CBs. Each data session of the mission session corresponds to a number of CBs. Different SDAP entities should be established for different mission sessions.
[0203] For a SDAP entity per data session (group) in a network function, the SDAP entity is dedicated for a data session (group) of a mission session. The network function corresponds to one or more data sessions of the mission session, the one or more data sessions includes the data session (group) , and the SDAP entity corresponds to the data session (group) and is not shared by the other data sessions of the one or more data sessions. The network function should execute one or more CBs corresponding to the data session (group) , and the SDAP entity executes the one or more CBs. Each data session (group) of the mission session corresponds to a number of CBs. Different SDAP entities should be established for different data sessions (groups) of the mission session.
[0204] For a SDAP entity per CB (group) in a network function, the SDAP entity is dedicated for a CB (group) of a mission session. The network function should execute one or more CBs of the mission session, the one or more CBs includes the CB (group) , and the SDAP entity corresponds to the CB (group) and is not shared by the other CBs of the one or more CBs. Different SDAP entities should be established for different CBs (groups) of the mission session.
[0205] For a SDAP entity per network function, the SDAP entity is established in a network function. The network function corresponds to one or more mission sessions, and the SDAP entity is shared by the one or more mission sessions. The SDAP entity is established for all the different mission sessions corresponding to the network function.
[0206] In some implementations, the SDAP entity can be established per mission session group in a network function, the SDAP entity is dedicated for a mission session group. The network function corresponds to one or more mission sessions, and the SDAP entity is shared by the mission session group and is not shared by the other mission sessions of the one or more mission sessions. If the mission session group comprises all the one or more mission sessions, the SDAP entity can be also considered as being established per network function.
[0207] FIG. 17 illustrates traffic between XaaS functions, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0208] As in FIG. 17, there may be multiple XaaS service functions deployed on data plane, e.g., XaaS PSF network function. And the PSF network function can be deployed in RAN and / or CN (e.g., CN-PSF) . For the multiple PSF network functions (e.g., CN-PSFs) , they can be connected to each other via direct interface, as illustrated by dashed line in FIG. 17, or they are connected via intermediate data plane function, e.g., a Data-TW-GW or a UPF+.
[0209] For example, the interface between XaaS PSFs (e.g., CN-PSF#1, CN-PSF#2, and CN-PSF#3) can be IP-based interface. The traffic between the XaaS PSFs (e.g., CN-PSFs) can be exchanged as in the dashed line via the IP-based interface. Segment Routing over IPv6 (SRv6) or other segment routing (SR) schemes for the traffic path among XaaS PSFs can be applied. For example, for the IP-based interface, there is not GTP-U or UDP layers deployed above IP layer. If the traffic is delivered among multiple XaaS PSFs (e.g., CN-PSFs) , only the XaaS PSFs in the first-hop (e.g., for the traffic going into RAN) or in the last-hop (e.g., for the traffic going out from RAN) needs to connect to an intermediate data plane function, e.g., a Data-TW-GW or a UPF+. Traffic between other XaaS PSFs does not pass through the intermediate data plane function (e.g., Data-TW-GW or UPF+) . Then the traffic can be forwarded by the Data-TW-GW or the UPF+ to / from the RAN. The interface between the intermediate data plane function (e.g., Data-TW-GW or UPF+) and the XaaS PSF can be IP-based interface. In some implementations, there is not transport layer (e.g., GTP-U or UDP layer) deployed above IP layer. In some implementations, for the IP-based interface, the traffic between the intermediate data plane function (e.g., Data-TWGW or UPF+) and the (first-hop or last-hop) XaaS PSF is in the granularity of XaaS service data flow.
[0210] For example, the interface between XaaS PSFs (e.g., CN-PSF#1, CN-PSF#2, and CN-PSF#3) can be connected via an intermediate data plane function (e.g., Data-TWGW or UPF+) . The traffic between the CN-PSFs can be exchanged as in the solid line. For the interface between XaaS PSF and the intermediate data plane function, transport layer (e.g., GTP-U layer, UDP layer or QUIC layer) can be deployed as the upper layer of IP layer. Segment Routing over IPv6 (SRv6) or other segment routing (SR) schemes can be applied for the IP layer. Traffics between XaaS PSFs can be configure to steer to GW / UPF+. Each XaaS PSF needs to connect to the intermediate data plane function. If the traffic is delivered among multiple XaaS PSFs (e.g., CN-PSFs) , the traffic between XaaS PSFs needs to pass through the intermediate data plane function. The traffic among the XaaS PSFs can be forwarded by the Data-TW-GW or the UPF+. In some implementations, the traffic between the intermediate data plane function (e.g., Data-TW-GW or UPF+) and XaaS PSF is in the granularity of quality of service (QoS) flow. In some implementations, the network (e.g., network control function) can program data plane tunnels (e.g., GTP-U tunnel, QUIC connection) for the traffic path among XaaS PSFs.
[0211] In comparison, if the XaaS PSFs connect with each other via direct interface (e.g., IP-based interface) without going through the intermediate data plane function (e.g., Data-TW-GW, or UPF+) , XaaS PSFs directly see and connect to each other without the intermediate log or supervision of the intermediate data plane function, it may lead to trustworthiness problem (e.g., security problem or privacy problem) . QoS management on the segment between the intermediate data plane function and XaaS PSF is not feasible. The interactions of XaaS PSFs may be left to external implementation out of 3GPP network. It leaves fewer spaces for 3GPP network to control and program the XaaS services.
[0212] FIG. 18 illustrates 5G traffic, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0213] As shown in FIG. 18, in 5G, a QoS flow is characterized by: QoS Rule on device side, QoS profile on RAN side, and packet detection rule (PDR) on UPF side. For a QoS Rule, it corresponds to the following one or more of: QoS Flow Identifier (QFI) , packet filter set, and a precedence value. For a QoS profile, it corresponds to the following one or more of: QFI, Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP) , Guaranteed Flow Bit Rate (GFBR) , Maximum Flow Bit Rate (MFBR) , and Maximum Packet Loss Rate. For a PDR, it corresponds to the following one or more of: QFI, Packet filter set, QoS Enforcement rule, forwarding enforcement rule (QER) , Usage report rule (URR) , Application ID, etc.
[0214] A QFI is used to identify a QoS Flow in the 5G System. The QFI is carried in an encapsulation header on N3 (and N9) interfaces. The QFI may be dynamically assigned or may be equal to the 5QI. A 5QI is bound to a QFI.
[0215] A QFI corresponds to a 5G QoS Identifier (5QI) , and a 5QI corresponds to QoS characteristics. A 5QI is a scalar that is used as a reference to 5G QoS characteristics, 5G QoS characteristics describe the packet forwarding treatment that a QoS Flow receives edge-to-edge between the UE and the UPF. 5QI values can be standardized, or dynamically assigned. Standardized 5QI values are specified for services that are assumed to be frequently used and thus benefit from optimized signaling by using standardized QoS characteristics. Standardized or pre-configured 5G QoS characteristics, are indicated through the 5QI (5G QoS Identifier) value, and are not signaled on any interface. Dynamically assigned 5QI values (which require a signaling of QoS characteristics as part of the QoS profile) can be used for services for which standardized 5QI values are not defined. Standardized or pre-configured value of 5G QoS characteristics, are indicated through the 5QI (5G QoS Identifier) value. For example, the one-to-one mapping of standardized 5QI values to value of 5G QoS characteristics is specified. 5G QoS characteristics corresponds to one or more of: Priority level, Packet delay budget, Packet error rate, Maximum data burst volume, and average window. On N3, each PDU (i.e. in the tunnel used for the PDU Session) is associated with one 5QI via the QFI carried in the encapsulation header.
[0216] For IP PDU Session Type, the Packet Filter Set shall support Packet Filters based on at least any combination of: Source / destination IP address or IPv6 prefix, Source / destination port number, Protocol ID of the protocol above IP / Next header type, Type of Service (TOS) (IPv4) / Traffic class (IPv6) and Mask, Flow Label (IPv6) , Security parameter index, and Packet Filter direction.
[0217] FIG. 19 illustrates mapping from application packet to QoS flow on UE side, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0218] As shown in FIG. 19, UE maps application packets to QoS flow (s) based on the QoS rule. For example, UE performs classification and marking of user plane traffic, e.g., performs the association of application traffic to QoS flow (s) . The UE SDAP layer maps QoS flow to radio bearer. SDAP layer encapsulates QFI into SDAP packet header, and the application packets are the payload.
[0219] FIG. 20 illustrates mapping application packet to QoS flow on anchor UPF side, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0220] As shown in FIG. 20, UPF (e.g., anchor UPF) maps application packets (e.g., service data flow) to QoS flow (s) based on the PDR. For example, UPF performs classification and marking of user plane traffic, e.g., performs the association of application traffic to QoS flow (s) . The UPF maps QoS flow to GTP-U tunnels. GTP-U layer encapsulates QFI into GTP-U packet header, and the application packets are the payload.
[0221] In 5G, RAN is a pipe and RAN node forwards packets based on the QFI in SDAP packet header or GTP-U header, e.g., maps QoS flow to radio bearer, or maps radio bearer to QoS flow.
[0222] FIG. 21 illustrates 6G traffic, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0223] In 6G, as shown in FIGS. 8-17 and FIG. 21, XaaS service (e.g., mission service) will be provided. XaaS service function (e.g., PSF function) or XaaS service layer (e.g., PSF layer) will be deployed in UE, RAN and CN. Note that in the present disclosure, we will use X+ and eX interchangeably, e.g., UPF+ and eUPF, SMF+ and eSMF.
[0224] 5G QoS characteristics or parameters are only on data forwarding. QoS management operations (e.g., QoS flow classification, marking, and mapping) of UE, UPF and RAN are only on data forwarding. As in FIG. 19 and FIG. 20, 5G UE, UPF and RAN performs QoS management operations (e.g., QoS flow classification, marking, and mapping) based on QoS rule, PDR and QoS profile, to enable data forwarding for 5G PDU connectivity service.
[0225] In 6G, in-network processing is performed by network function / layer (i.e., PSF function / layer) . The functionality of PSF layer on UE, RAN, and CN side should perform QoS management operations (e.g., QoS flow classification, marking, and mapping) to enable both data processing and data forwarding for 6G services (e.g., mission service, XaaS service, DAM service) .
[0226] 6G QoS rule, PDR, and QoS profile and corresponding QoS characteristics or parameters should cover both data processing and data forwarding, based on which the UE, Data-TW-GW / UPF+, PSF, and RAN performs on-demand operations on data processing and data forwarding.
[0227] This present disclosure solves one or more of the following problems:
[0228] (1) How does the PSF function / layer perform QoS management, what is the functionality of PSF layer?
[0229] (2) What is new parameters / characteristics to be included in QoS rule, PDR, and QoS profile for both data processing and data forwarding?
[0230] This present disclosure protects a new layer (i.e., PSF layer) performing QoS management on both data processing and data forwarding, its functionalities includes packet classification and marking, QoS management, and data processing. Compared with 5G where service data flows are mapped to QoS flows for data forwarding, the present disclosure provides the methods to map XaaS service data flows to QoS flows for both data forwarding and data processing, e.g., based on QoS rule, QoS profile and PDR (Packet Detection Rule) which includes new parameters or characteristics on XaaS service (e.g., CBID / mission ID) .
[0231] An evolutionary solution of a 6G system architecture design and procedure design are described in the present application. The evolutionary solution is designed by enhancement of 5G system.
[0232] The proposed 6G network architecture has been designed with a few important principles and requirements: openness, trustworthiness, simplicity in standardization, scalability, rapid deployment of 6G networks and future-proofing.
[0233] The proposed 6G network architecture design applies modularization strategy, utilizes service-based (XaaS) concepts and network virtualization techniques.
[0234] For all of the procedure designs, we are trying modularization of procedures. A procedure of the 6G System may include some procedures that can be reused by other procedures. Such a reusable procedure is defined as a basic procedure.
[0235] A complex procedure can, thus, include multiple sequential or parallel basic procedures. It is expected that such methodology can simplify designs of procedures.
[0236] The 6G System leverages service-based architecture and XaaS concept. XaaS services in the 6G System are categorized into three layers. The 6G System conceptual structure is shown in FIG. 22.
[0237] Infrastructure Layer includes infrastructures supporting 6G services. Among them are wireless networks (Radio Access Network (RAN) , Core Network (CN) ) infrastructures, Cloud / data center infrastructures, satellite networks, storage / database infrastructures, and sensing networks, and etc. These infrastructures can be provided by a single provider or by multiple providers.
[0238] As shown in FIG. 22, each XaaS service is provided by identified 5G logical functions. In the evolutionary solution, a XaaS service can be provided with 5G enhancement by more than one approaches. The figure above is only an example.
[0239] A conceptual structure of a 6G system can have the following characteristics:
[0240] (1) Network for AI (NET4AI) is a new type of service in 6G core network (CN) / RAN which enables network with the capability to conduct / execute AI training / inferencing task (s) . i.e., AI task (s) , by network-based computing and communication resources. In the present disclosure, the evolutionary solution to support NET4AI service by enhancing the network data analytics function (NWDAF) in 5G system are described.
[0241] (2) A NET4Data service provides a decentralized architecture for data stakeholders to collaboratively manage data lifecycle events. These data lifecycle events include data storage and data sharing. The data could be public, private, sensitive, confidential. In the present application, the NET4Data service could be integrated into the 5GS, or could be enhanced by the 5GS.
[0242] (3) Data analysis and management (DAM) focus on different types of data: network data (e.g., data collected from network functions, XaaS service) , ISAC data (3GPP-based sensing data (e.g., from UE and RAN) , Non-3GPP-based sensing data (e.g., from Radar, LiDAR, WiFi Sensing) ) , sensor data (e.g., data from camera sensor, video sensor) , and other data (e.g., Digital user data, 3rd party data, synthetization data, and AI data) . DAM provides services for a variety of data consumers, e.g., XaaS service, 3rd party, NF, UE, etc. 5G system logical functions for example: NWDAF, data collection coordination function (DCCF) , and messaging framework adaptor function (MFAF) of control plane can be enhanced to support DAM service in an evolutionary solution.
[0243] (4) Network for Digital World (NET4DW) as a service provides the capability of intelligent integration / synthesis of information from the physical world and digital world (DW) . Customers of NET4DW can be individuals, industries, governments. The customers can have the capability of creation, control, and management of a variety of applications running in the DW such as virtual reality applications. DW services can be supported by enhancing 5G functions and adding new functions (e.g., an evolutionary solution) where necessary.
[0244] (5) Network for connectivity (NET4CON) as a service provides a capability to support exchange of messages and data among new 6G services. The basic capabilities of NET4CON include to manage logical topology among XaaS services and between 6G XaaS services and all types of 6G system customers, to introduce intelligent GWs for controlling dynamic forwarding based on configured procedure principle and to support anonymous interactions among these XaaS services and customers by the introduced intelligent GWs. The NET4CON service is provided by enhancement of 5G system.
[0245] (6) Mission Management (MM) as a Service provides a capability to program provisioning of XaaS services at Service Layer to provide mission services. A mission is to achieve a designated goal, known as mission goal, which includes providing PDU connectivity and optionally providing data processing. The mission management (MM) services include the following: mission information management service, mission session management service, mission execution and access management service.
[0246] (7) Resource Management (RM) as a Service provides a capability of life-cycle management of a variety of slices and over-the-air resource assignment to wireless devices.
[0247] (8) Management of 6G service access by customers and provisioning of requested services. The capability is provided by ID management, unified authentication, anonymous service authorization and key management.
[0248] (9) Connectivity Management (CM) as a service provides a capability of reachability management of 6G wireless devices and D-users in NET4DW in order to support connectivity establishment between wireless devices / D-Users and XaaS services of 6G System. Note that physical locations of D-Users can be changed. A CM service can be deployed across multiple basic architecture structure (BAS) domains.
[0249] (10) Protocol as a Service provides a capability to design service customized protocol stacks for identified interfaces.
[0250] FIG. 23 illustrates an example deployment of a 6G system, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0251] The symbol “+” represents “enhanced” , for example, the 5G Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) is enhanced, denoted as AMF-Mobility+, the 5G RRC function is enhanced, denoted as RRC+, the 5G Network Repository Function (NRF) is enhanced, denoted as NRF+, the 5G Session Management Function (SMF) is enhanced, denoted as SMF+, the 5G Network Exposure Function (NEF) is enhanced, denoted as NEF+, the 5G Authentication Server Function (AUSF) is enhanced, denoted as AUSF+, other enhanced functions are not described in detail herein.
[0252] Control or management (C / M) Radio Bearer (C / M RB) of a 6G device: over-the-air connection for carrying control signaling for over-the-air interface management and C / M plane messages. A 6G device can have multiple C / M RBs.
[0253] Data Radio Bearer (Data RB) of a 6G device: over-the-air connection for carrying Data plane traffic. A 6G device can have multiple Data RBs.
[0254] RB endpoint: endpoint of an RB at network side. An endpoint of an RB protocol stack (e.g., PDCP) can be in, e.g., a RAN BAS domain, but not limited to. In other words, an RB endpoint can be flexibly deployed / selected for a device.
[0255] RB handler: over-the-air interface protocol stack handler. An RB handler is defined as a logical function which perform RB protocol stack operations after getting configurations. A protocol handler is PDCP-only handler or whole protocol stack handler. An RB handler accepts RB configuration from Connectivity Management (CM) service. An RB handler also accepts security configuration, e.g., keying material, from Service Provisioning Management (SPM) service.
[0256] The NET4CON service which is main service impacting on 6G system architecture is implemented by enhanced 5G Service Communication Proxy (SCP+) as C / M plane GW and enhanced 5G User Plane Function (UPF+) as data plane GW. Proposed per device / D-User C / M session and data session are defined as logical connection between a device / D-User and its serving SCP+ (C / M-TW-GW) and serving UPF+ (Data-TW-GW) . All XaaS services are deployed across multiple BAS / clouds.
[0257] The 6G customer can be of various types, including a device (e.g., electronic device ED, terminal device) , apparatus, a chip, an equipment (e.g., user equipment) etc. For example, the customer may be an individual customer, a business customer, etc. The 6G customer is used to connect persons, objects, machines, etc. The 6G customer may be widely used in various scenarios including, for example, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , MTC, internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc.
[0258] Each 6G customer represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to but not limited to) as a user equipment (UE) or a user device or a terminal device, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , a MTC device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus in (e.g. module, modem, or chip) or comprising the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation 6G customer may be referred to using other terms. When an 6G customer performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the ED, one or more module (or units) in the ED, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, may perform the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, or system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the ED.
[0259] FIG. 24 illustrates an example apparatus 320 in a communication system (e.g., the 6G system in FIG. 23) , according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0260] The apparatus 320 may be an electronic device (e.g. ED or other 6G customer) , a network node such as RAN, any components in RAN, CN or any Network Function of CN. As shown in FIG. 20, apparatus 320 may include at least one processor 260. Only one processor 260 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. The processor 260 may perform (or control the apparatus 320 to perform) operations (or methods) described herein as being performed by the apparatus 320.
[0261] When the apparatus is RAN, components of the RAN or the apparatus is the UE, the apparatus 320 may further include a transmitter 252 and a receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated, e.g. as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by at least one antenna or network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver is also configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals. In present disclosure, the transceiver (or transmitter 252 and / or receiver 254) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0262] The apparatus 320 may include at least one memory 258. The memory 258 stores instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 258 may also stores data used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 320. For example, the memory 258 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by one or more processor 260.
[0263] A person skilled in the art should understand that embodiments of this application may be provided as a method, an apparatus (or system) , computer-readable storage medium, or a computer program product. Therefore, this application may use a form of a hardware-only embodiment, a software-only embodiment, or an embodiment with a combination of software and hardware. Moreover, this application may use a form of a computer program product that is implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to a disk memory, an optical memory, and the like) that include computer-usable program code.
[0264] Implementation 1 - functional view of PSF layer
[0265] FIG. 25 illustrates functions of a processing service function (PSF) layer, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0266] As shown in FIG. 25, it illustrates the functional view of PSF layer, e.g., for a PSF entity on transmitting side. A PSF entity comprises one or more components of: Data buffer and labeling, QoS management, Data processing, and header (de) encapsulation.
[0267] For the Data Buffer and Labeling (DaBL) component: it buffers XaaS service packets (e.g., mission service packets) and optionally label the packets. In some implementations, the XaaS service packets belongs to a file, e.g., image dataset, video dataset, or radio signal measurement dataset to be used for processing (e.g., for training or inferencing) . In some implementations, the packets belongs to XaaS service data flow. One or more of: CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, and XaaS service ID, are encapsulated in the packets. A CBID identifies a CB. A mission ID identifies a mission. A SFC ID identifies a SFC. Refer to 3GPP TR 23.700-18 for the service function chain. An XaaS service ID identifies an XaaS service. Based on the one or more of: a CBID, a Mission ID, a SFC ID, and XaaS service ID, the PSF entity (e.g., QoS management component) can distinguish packets, e.g., distinguish which CB, mission, SFC, or XaaS service the packets belong to. For example, based on the one or more of: CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, and XaaS service ID, each PSF can know which CB should be executed using the corresponding packets.
[0268] In some implementations, if the PSF entity is shared by multiple data sessions or mission sessions, i.e., the PSF entity is configured per data session group or mission session group, one or more of: data session ID, and mission session ID, are encapsulated in the packets. Based on the one or more of: data session ID, and mission session ID, the PSF entity (e.g., QoS management component) can distinguish packets, e.g., distinguish which CB, mission or SFC the packets belong to.
[0269] In some implementations, if one or more information of: CBID, Mission ID, SFC, XaaS service ID, data session ID, and mission session ID is not encapsulated in the packets, the DaBL component performs labeling if necessary, and labels the packets with the one or more information. For example, if the QoS Management Component needs to read the one or more information while they are not encapsulated in the packets, the DaBL component performs labeling. In some implementations, the DaBL component classifies the packets of different CBs, Missions or SFCs, and labels the corresponding IDs to the XaaS service packet.
[0270] In some implementations, the DaBL component adds source / destination address to the packets. The source / destination address is one or more of: IP address, PSF layer ID, PSF node / entity ID. In some implementations, the source / destination address is assigned by 3GPP network, e.g., by MCF / eSMF or Data-TW-GW / eUPF. In some implementations, the source / destination address is 3GPP-network internal address instead of external address.
[0271] For the QoS management (QoM) component: it performs one or more of: classification and marking of traffic, QoS adaptation.
[0272] QoM component performs classification and marking of traffic from DaBL component. For example, QoM component maps XaaS service packets of XaaS service data flow to QoS flows, e.g., based on QoS rule, PDR or QoS profile and one or more of: CBID, Mission ID, SFC, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address, in the packets. The QoS rule, PDR or QoS profile can be pre-configured by C / M plane to the PSF layer. The QoM component marks a QFI to the packets of a QoS flow. The QFI identifies the QoS flow. The QFI indicates QoS parameters / characteristics on either or both of: data processing and data forwarding. For example, the QFI is bound to a set of QoS parameters / characteristics, and the binding information can be configured via QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile.
[0273] In some implementations, the QFI comprises fields of QFI on data processing (QFI-DaP) and QFI on data forwarding (QFI-DaF) . QFI-DaP indicates data processing QoS parameters / characteristics. QFI-DaF indicates data forwarding QoS parameters / characteristics.
[0274] In some implementations, for a total QoS, the QoM component decides the split of data forwarding and data processing. In some implementations, a total QoS is a Function of data processing QoS and data forwarding QoS. Some data forwarding QoS parameters and data processing QoS parameters have correlation, they can together achieve a total QoS. For example, total delay budget on a QoS flow may be the sum of delay budget for data processing and delay budget for data forwarding. As another example, a total packet loss rate on a QoS flow may be equal to the product of “1-data forwarding loss rate” and “1-data processing loss rate” .
[0275] A total QoS can be split into different sets of data processing QoS and data forwarding QoS, for example:
[0276] (1) Total QoS value 1 can be splitted into the following Splitting set 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3:
[0277] Splitting set 1.1: data processing QoS parameter set 1.1 &data forwarding QoS parameter set 1.1;
[0278] Splitting set 1.2: data processing QoS parameter set 1.2 &data forwarding QoS parameter set 1.2;
[0279] Splitting set 1.3: data processing QoS parameter set 1.3 &data forwarding QoS parameter set 1.3.
[0280] (2) Total QoS value 2 can be splitted into the following Splitting set 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3:
[0281] Splitting set 2.1: data processing QoS parameter set 2.1 &data forwarding QoS parameter set 2.1;
[0282] Splitting set 2.2: data processing QoS parameter set 2.2 &data forwarding QoS parameter set 2.2;
[0283] Splitting set 2.3: data processing QoS parameter set 2.3 &data forwarding QoS parameter set 2.3.
[0284] Each splitting set can achieve the total QoS value. The QoM component can decides to choose which splitting set to achieve the total QoS value. In some implementations, data processing QoS parameters / characteristics and data forwarding QoS parameters / characteristics of a splitting set can be indicated by QFI-DaP and QFI-DaF, respectively.
[0285] QoM component performs QoS adaptation. For example, QoM component adjusts the value of QFI or add QoS Varied Value ID in packet, e.g., based on the feedback from Data Processing Component. A varied value ID corresponds to a set of values or value Ranges, each value or value range indicates a varied value or value range of a data processing / forwarding QoS parameter (s) or characteristic (s) . The varied value or value range is calculated compared with a baseline value indicated by a QFI, a QFI-DaF, or a QFI-DaP, or with a baseline value pre-configured by C / M plane. It is the difference between the value of QoS parameters or characteristics actually performed by network node (e.g., PSF) and the baseline value. For example, a QFI (or a QFI-DaP, a QFI-DaF) indicates a baseline value of a data processing QoS (or data forwarding QoS) parameters / characteristics (e.g., delay budget) , based on which data plane function (e.g., PSF entity) performs data processing / forwarding, but the actual data processing / forwarding QoS executed by the data plane function is higher or lower than the baseline value, the varied value is the difference between the baseline and the actual value. For example, if the baseline of delay budget is 3ms, while the actual delay is 4ms, the varied value is 1ms.
[0286] For Data processing (DaP) component: it performs on-demand data processing based on the marked information of the packet, the marked information comprises one or more of: QFI, CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID. It performs data processing with specific data processing method and data processing QoS parameters / characteristics. The processing method and QoS parameters / characteristics can be indicated by the marked information. For example, if CBID (or mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID) is marked, the mapping between CBID (or mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID) and data processing method (or data processing QoS parameters / characteristics) can be indicated, e.g., the mapping is pre-configured in QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile. If QFI is marked, binding between QFI and data processing method (or data processing QoS parameters / characteristics) may be pre-configured, e.g., in QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile. In some implementations, If QFI is marked, binding between QFI and CBID (or mission ID, SFC ID, function ID, XaaS service ID) may be pre-configured, e.g., in QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile. In some implementations, both QFI and CBID are marked, e.g., when multiple CBIDs correspond to a QFI, or, a QFI may correspond to different QoS rules related to different CBIDs.
[0287] Data processing (also termed as in-network processing, in-network computing, in-network data processing, data computing, processing, or computing, interchangeably) can be but not limited to AI training, AI inference, data pre-processing, data de-privatization (data privacy protection) , data cleaning, data collection, data analytics, processing on sensing / ISAC data (e.g., sensing data compression, sensing data analytics, sensing data pre-processing, sensing data fusion) , data sanitization, data management, data normalization, useless data filtering, data feature engineering, data compression, data embedding, data representation learning, and data feature extraction.
[0288] For the header (de) encapsulation component, it performs header (de) encapsulation. For example, it adds necessary information (e.g., sequence number, QFI) to PSF layer packet header. In some implementations, the header (de) encapsulation component adds source / destination address into PSF layer packet header, e.g., if the DaBL does not add.
[0289] As in FIG. 25, for XaaS service for in-network processing, packets sent between different components are as follows.
[0290] The packets (XaaS service packets) sent by DaBL to QoM component are marked with one or more information of: CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0291] The packets (XaaS service packets) sent by QoM component to DaP component are marked with one or more information of: QFI, QFI-DaP, QFI-DaF, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0292] The packets (e.g., processing result of XaaS service packets) sent by DaP component to Header (de) encapsulation component are marked with one or more information of: QFI, QFI-DaP, QFI-DaF, QoS Varied Value ID, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0293] The packets (e.g., processing result of XaaS service packets) sent by Header (de) encapsulation component to lower layer (e.g., SDAP layer, GTP-U layer) are marked with one or more information of: SN, D / C, Length, QFI, QFI-DaP, QFI-DaF, QoS Varied Value ID, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0294] The packets (e.g., processing result of XaaS service packets) sent by QoM component to Header (de) encapsulation component are marked with one or more information of: QFI, QFI-DaP, QFI-DaF, QoS Varied Value ID, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0295] For XaaS service for PDU connectivity service (e.g., PDU connectivity service provided by 5G) , packets sent between different components are as follows.
[0296] The packets (XaaS service packets , e.g., application packets) sent by DaBL to QoM component are marked with one or more information of: CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address. In some implementations, the one or more information of: CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address, are dummy values.
[0297] The packets (e.g., XaaS service packets , e.g., application packets) sent by QoM component to Header (de) encapsulation component are marked with one or more information of: QFI, QFI-DaF, QoS Varied Value ID, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address. In some implementations, one or more of: QFI-DaF, QoS Varied Value ID, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address, are dummy values.
[0298] The packets (e.g., XaaS service packets , e.g., application packets) sent by Header (de) encapsulation component to lower layer (e.g., SDAP layer, GTP-U layer) are marked with one or more information of: SN, D / C, Length, QFI, QFI-DaP, QFI-DaF, QoS Varied Value ID, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address. In some implementations, one or more of: SN, D / C, Length, QFI-DaP, QFI-DaF, QoS Varied Value ID, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address, are dummy values.
[0299] In some implementations, for XaaS service for PDU connectivity service (e.g., PDU connectivity service provided by 5G) , the DaBL component, the DaP component and the Header (de) encapsulation component are in transparent mode and do not perform any operations on XaaS service packets (e.g., application packets) . The QoM component only performs classification and marking on traffic for data forwarding, e.g., based on QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile, on data forwarding.
[0300] In some implementations, Application layer is the upper-layer of PSF layer, e.g., in PDU connectivity service. In PDU connectivity service, parts of the components of the PSF layer is in reduced mode and performs reduced operations, or in transparent mode and does not perform any operations. For example, the QoM only performs QoS management on data forwarding. The Header (de) encapsulation component may be in transparent mode and does not perform any operations, and left adding source / destination address for implementation of lower-layers (e.g., IP layer) .
[0301] Implementation 2 - Information in PSF packet and lower layer
[0302] FIG. 26 illustrates a PDU format of a PSF layer, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. For PSF layer PDU, it includes the following one or more fields, locations of the fields are not limited by FIG. 26:
[0303] (1) D / C: it indicates the PDU is a Data PDU (D) or a control PDU (C) . PSF layer PDU can have two types: Data PDU or control PDU. For example, Data PDU comprises payload and packet header, and control PDU only comprises packet header.
[0304] (2) Sequence number (SN) : the value of the SN of this PSF PDU. In some implementations, it can be used as ciphering and integrity material. In some implementations, the context on the value of SN can be maintained per data session (group) , per mission session (group) , per CB (group) , per radio bearer (group) , or per QoS flow (group) . For example, if the value of SN is maintained per data session (mission session, radio bearer, or QoS flow) , then the values of SNs of different data sessions (mission sessions, radio bearers, or QoS flows) are set and accumulated independently.
[0305] (3) Session ID: The session ID fields includes one or more of: a data session ID, a mission session ID. The data session ID identifies a data session the PSF PDU belongs to. The mission session ID identifies a mission session the PDU belongs to. PDU session ID can be regard as a type of mission session ID.
[0306] (4) CBID: it identifies a CB the PSF PDU belongs to.
[0307] (5) Mission ID: it identifies a mission the PSF PDU belongs to.
[0308] (6) SFC ID: it identifies a SFC the PSF PDU belongs to.
[0309] (7) XaaS service ID: it identifies a XaaS service the PSF PDU belongs to.
[0310] (8) QFI: it identifies a QoS flow the PSF PDU belongs to.
[0311] (9) Source address: it is the source address of the PSF PDU, e.g., IP address, PSF layer ID, PSF node / entity ID.
[0312] (10) Destination address: it is the destination address of the PSF PDU, e.g., IP address, PSF layer ID, PSF node / entity ID. In some implementations, the destination address (e.g., IP) can be the address of a Data-TW-GW / eUPF instead of a PSF, the data-TW-GW / eUPF selects and forwards the PSF packet to its connected PSFs based on the one or more of: CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, and mission ID, included in the packet header. In some implementations, the Data-TW-GW / eUPF can read the source / destination address in PSF PDU header.
[0313] (11) Length: the length of this DP-Sec PDU.
[0314] (12) R: reserved field.
[0315] (13) Data: it is the payload of PSF PDU.
[0316] The PSF layer may include other fields, e.g., Indication (D / A) . It indicates the PSF PDU is security protected or not, or it indicates the security protection of the PSF PDU is activated (A) or deactivated (D) . For example, the Indication filed can be 1bit.
[0317] FIG. 27 illustrates a protocol stack on UE side or RAN side, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. FIG. 28 illustrates a protocol stack on Data-TW-GW / eUPF side., according to an implementation of the present disclosure. There is PSF layer deployed on UE side, or RAN side. On Data-TW-GW / eUPF side, PSF layer is deployed within UPF, or a PSF network function is deployed as a separate network function with UPF.
[0318] In some implementations, Application layer is an upper layer of PSF layer, e.g., when PDU connectivity service is provided and PSF layer is activated in reduced mode or transparent mode. PSF layer / function performs classification and marking of XaaS service traffic, QoS management and data processing. The packet (e.g., processing result or raw packet of XaaS service traffic) output by PSF layer / function is XaaS service packet (e.g., mission service packet) marked with QFI and one or more of: CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, and mission session ID. In some implementations, one or more of: CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID and mission session ID, are in PSF packet header, or out of PSF packet and informed to lower-layer together with PSF packet.
[0319] On UE side, SDAP layer maps QoS flows carrying PSF packet into radio bearers. SDAP layer can encapsulate QFI and the one or more of: CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID and mission session ID, into SDAP packet header.
[0320] On CN side, PSF layer (e.g., PSF layer of Data-TW-GW / eUPF / PSF function) maps XaaS service packet into QoS flows, then maps QoS flows into GTP-U tunnels. Then GTP-U layer encapsulates QFI and the one or more of: CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID and mission session ID, into GTP-U packet (extension) header (e.g., in session container of extension header) .
[0321] On RAN side, performs similarly as UE side or CN side, e.g., performs similarly as UE side when XaaS service packet is originated from RAN to UE, or performs similarly as CN side when XaaS service packet is originated from RAN to CN. For example, the SDAP layer of RAN maps QoS flows carrying PSF packet into radio bearers. SDAP layer of RAN can encapsulate QFI and the one or more of: CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID and mission session ID, into SDAP packet header. For example, PSF layer (e.g., PSF layer of Data-TW-GW / eUPF / PSF function) of RAN maps XaaS service packet into QoS flows, then maps QoS flows into GTP-U tunnels. Then GTP-U layer encapsulates QFI and the one or more of: CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID and mission session ID, into GTP-U packet (extension) header (e.g., in session container of extension header) .
[0322] In some implementations, if a PSF entity is established dedicatedly for a CB, a mission, a SFC, an XaaS service, a data session, or a mission session, there is no need for the PSF entity to output a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, an XaaS service ID, a data session ID, or a mission session ID to lower layer.
[0323] Implementation 3 - New information in QoS rule, PDR, QoS Profile
[0324] In order to enable UE, RAN, Data-TW-GW / eUPF and PSF layer / function to perform QoS management on XaaS service, QoS rule is configured to UE, QoS profile is configured to RAN, PDR is configured to Data-TW-GW / eUPF, and QoS rule is configured to PSF layer / function, e.g., by C / M plane function (e.g., MCF / eSMF) . In some implementations, PSF layer / function can be deployed in UE, RAN, or Data-TW-GW / eUPF. In some implementations, the QoS rule configured to PSF layer / function can be included in QoS rule configured to UE, QoS profile configured to RAN, and PDR configured to Data-TW-GW / eUPF.
[0325] The QoS rule configured to UE comprises one or more of: QFI, packet filter set, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, QoS enforcement rule (QER) , processing action rule (PAR) , and forwarding action rule (FAR) .
[0326] A QFI can indicate data forwarding and processing QoS parameters / characteristics. For example, a QFI corresponds to a standardized QI which corresponds to a set of QoS characteristics, e.g., one or more of: priority level, data forwarding delay budget, data processing delay budget, data forwarding error rate, data processing error rate, AI service QoS parameters or characteristics, Sensing / ISAC service QoS parameters or characteristics, XaaS service QoS parameters or characteristics, etc.
[0327] A QER comprises QER on processing and QER on forwarding. For QER on forwarding, it corresponds to data forwarding parameters / characteristics, e.g., one or more of: Maximum bitrate, guaranteed bitrate. For QER on processing, it corresponds to data processing parameters / characteristics, e.g., one or more of: accuracy level, AI service QoS parameters / characteristics, Sensing / ISAC service QoS parameters / characteristics, XaaS service QoS parameters / characteristics.
[0328] A Packet filter Set comprises one or more of: CBDI, mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, source / destination address, Protocol ID of the protocol above IP / Next header type, a tunnel end ID (TEID) (e.g., a GTP-U tunnel ID, a QUIC connection ID) .
[0329] A forwarding action rule (FAR) is used to instruct to perform suitable data forwarding actions.
[0330] A processing action rule (PAR) is used to instruct to perform suitable data processing actions. For example, the PAR indicates the processing method or algorithm to be used to perform processing / computing, e.g., method or algorithm for AI training, AI inferencing, privacy protection of data, data cleaning, and data pre-processing.
[0331] Protocol ID of the protocol above IP / Next header type comprises the protocol type QUIC, SRv6, etc.
[0332] The QoS profile configured to RAN comprises one or more of: QFI, packet filter set, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, QoS enforcement rule (QER) , processing action rule (PAR) , and forwarding action rule (FAR) .
[0333] The PDR configured to Data-TW-GW / eUPF comprises one or more of: QFI, packet filter set, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, QoS enforcement rule (QER) , processing action rule (PAR) , and forwarding action rule (FAR) .
[0334] The QoS rule configured to PSF function / layer comprises one or more of: QFI, packet filter set, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, QoS enforcement rule (QER) , processing action rule (PAR) , and forwarding action rule (FAR) . In some implementations, the QoS rule configured to Data-TW-GW / eUPF is included in one or more of: QoS rule of UE, QoS profile of RAN, and PDR of Data-TW-GW / eUPF. PSF layer / function can be also deployed in UE, RAN and Data-TW-GW / eUPF, so QER on data processing, PAR can be also included in QoS profile for RAN, QoS rule for UE, and PDR for Data-TW-GW / eUPF, or not included in QoS profile for RAN, QoS rule for UE, or PDR for Data-TW-GW / eUPF, but included in QoS rule for PSF layer / function.
[0335] In some implementations, a CBID corresponds to a XaaS service ID.
[0336] In some implementations, a mission ID corresponds to a XaaS service ID.
[0337] In some implementations, a SFC ID corresponds to a XaaS service ID.
[0338] In some implementations, PSF layer already performs the mapping from XaaS service data flow to QoS flow, the Data-TW-GW / eUPF only performs data forwarding and does not perform the mapping from XaaS service data flow to QoS flow. In some implementations, PDR is not needed to be configured to Dat-TW-GW / eUPF and only data forwarding parameters / characteristics are needed to be configured to Data-TW-GW / eUPF, e.g., the Data-TW-GW / eUPF is active as the 5G RAN node based on TNL protocol (e.g., GTP-U protocol) .
[0339] In some implementations, PSF layer may map XaaS service Requirements (e.g., from XaaS service customer) to suitable QoS parameters / characteristics.
[0340] When a XaaS service data packet or request is received, the PSF layer determines if there is any existing QoS Flow matching the service data packet or request, e.g., based on the QoS Rules for the existing QoS Flow (s) . If there is no QoS Flow matching the service data packet or request, the UE derives XaaS service QoS parameters / characteristics. For example, the PSF layer determines the XaaS QoS parameters / characteristics based on the mapping between the XaaS service ID (or CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, data session ID, mission session ID) and QoS parameters / characteristics. Then the PSF layer creates a new QoS Flow for the derived QoS parameters / characteristics and may assign a QFI for the new QoS Flow. If there is an existing QoS Flow matching the XaaS service data packet or request, the PSF layer maps the XaaS service data packet to the existing QoS Flow.
[0341] In some implementations, the UE updates the Packet Filter Set in the QoS Rule of PSF. The PSF layer can distinguish traffic from different XaaS services that is transported within a same QoS Flow, e.g., based on the CBID, mission ID, XaaS service ID, or SFC ID in the packet of the traffic.
[0342] The following one or more of information is maintained in the PSF layer / function for each QoS flow: QoS context, and QoS rule. The QoS context comprises one or more of: QFI, QoS parameters / characteristics, CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, and mission session ID. The QoS Rule comprises one or more of: QFI, packet filter set, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, QoS enforcement rule (QER) , processing action rule (PAR) , and forwarding action rule (FAR) .
[0343] Implementation 4 - information between QoM and Data processing components
[0344] As in FIG. 25, after QoM performs classification and marking, it sends XaaS service (e.g., Mission service) packet marked with QFI (or parts fields of QFI) . The QFI is obtained by QoM based on a QoS rule and the information (e.g., CBID, SFC ID, mission DI) in the packet from DaBL. In some implementations, only parts of the QFI fields (e.g., the parts related to data processing) is sent, e.g., if the QoS parameters on data forwarding is not need for Data processing component.
[0345] In some implementations, one or more of: CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID and mission session ID is sent (e.g., together with XaaS service packet) by QoM to Data Processing component. For example, a CBID (or a Mission ID, a SFC ID, a XaaS service ID) is needed if a QFI is bound to multiple CBIDs (or Mission IDs, SFC IDs, XaaS service IDs) , and it is not needed if a QFI is bound to only one CBID (Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID) .
[0346] As in FIG. 25, after Data Processing component performs data processing on the XaaS service packets and gets the processing result, the Processed result is sent to QoM component, if the processing result is delivered to lower-layer (or lower component) by QoM component. In some implementations, the processing result is marked with one or more of: QFI (or parts of the QFI fields) , CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID and mission session ID, e.g., to enable the QoM component to distinguish different processing results. The processing result is not sent to QoM component, e.g., if the resulted is delivered to lower-layer (or lower component) by Data Processing component.
[0347] In some implementations, the Data Processing component sends Feedback information, e.g., a varied value ID, to QoM component. A varied value ID corresponds to a set of values or value Ranges, each value or value range indicates a varied value or value range of a data processing / forwarding QoS parameter.
[0348] Data Processing Component feedbacks a Varied Value ID to QoM Component based on the actual execution of processing. After receiving the feedback, the QoM Component may dynamically adjust and select a new value of fields (e.g., QFI-DaF) corresponding to the total QoS. For example, if the varied value ID indicates that the actual Data processing QoS is lower / higher than the baseline value, the QoM Component may improve / reduce the Data forwarding QoS, and chooses a suitable QFI-DaF ID while keeps the total QoS unchanged.
[0349] QoM component performs QoS adaptation. For example, QoM component adjusts the value of QFI or adjusts QoS Varied Value ID, e.g., based on the feedback from Data Processing Component. In some implementations, the QoM component sends packet or processing result marked with the adjusted QFI or adjusted Varied Value ID to lower layer (or lower component) . In some implementations, the QoM component sends the adjusted QFI or adjusted Varied Value ID to Data Processing component if the Data Processing component needs send packet or processing result to lower layer (or lower component) . The Data Processing component sends packet or processing result marked with the adjusted QFI or adjusted Varied Value ID to lower layer (or lower component) .
[0350] Implementation 5 - PSF entity call flow
[0351] FIG. 29 illustrates the traffic flow 3000 between PSF components for different cases, illustrated as solid line, short dashed line, long dashed line. FIG. 30 illustrates the corresponding call flows.
[0352] The detailed procedures are as follow:
[0353] At 3002, DaBL receives and buffers XaaS service packets (e.g., mission service packets) . In some implementations, the XaaS service packets belongs to XaaS service data flow. In some implementations, the XaaS service packets can be packets of files (e.g., dataset for training, inferencing) to be processed.
[0354] At 3004, In some implementations, if one or more information of: CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, and mission session ID, are not encapsulated in the packets, the DaBL component performs labeling if necessary, and labels the packets with the one or more information.
[0355] In some implementations, DaBL adds source / destination address to the packets.
[0356] At 3006, DaBL sends the XaaS service packets marked with the one or more information to QoM component. In some implementations, the source / destination address are sent together with the XaaS service packets. In some implementations, the source / destination address is one or more of: IP address, PSF layer ID, and PSF node / entity ID.
[0357] At 3008, QoM component maps the XaaS service packets into a QoS flow. QoM component performs mapping based on pre-configured QoS rules of PSF and / or the one or more information marked with the packets. In some case, the source / destination address are also considered to perform mapping.
[0358] When XaaS service packets is received, the QoM component determines if there is any existing QoS Flow matching the service XaaS packets, e.g., based on the QoS Rules for the existing QoS Flow (s) . If there is no QoS Flow matching the XaaS service packets, the UE derives XaaS service QoS parameters / characteristics. For example, the QoM component determines the XaaS QoS parameters / characteristics based on the mapping between the XaaS service ID (or CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, data session ID, mission session ID) and QoS parameters / characteristics. Then the QoM component creates a new QoS Flow for the derived QoS parameters / characteristics and may assign a QFI for the new QoS Flow. If there is an existing QoS Flow matching the XaaS service packets, the QoM component maps the XaaS service packets to the existing QoS Flow identified by a QFI.
[0359] At 3010, QoM component marks a QFI or parts of fields of the QFI (e.g., QFI-DaP, QFI-DaF) to the XaaS service packets.
[0360] At 3012, QoM component sends the XaaS service packets marked with the QFI or the parts of fields of the QFI to Data processing (DaP) component.
[0361] In some implementations, the one or more information: CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, and mission session ID, are also marked sent together with the XaaS service packets.
[0362] At 3014, Data processing (DaP) component performs processing on the XaaS service packets.
[0363] DaP component performs on-demand data processing based on the one or more marked information: QFI, parts of fields of the QFI (e.g., QFI-DaP) , CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, and XaaS service ID. It performs data processing with specific data processing method and data processing QoS parameters / characteristics. The processing method and QoS parameters / characteristics can be indicated by the one or more marked information. For example, if CBID (or mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID) is marked, the mapping between CBID (or mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID) and data processing method (or data processing QoS parameters / characteristics) can be indicated, e.g., the mapping is pre-configured in QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile. If QFI is marked, binding between QFI and data processing method (or data processing QoS parameters / characteristics) may be pre-configured, e.g., in QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile. In some implementations, If QFI is marked, binding between QFI and CBID (or mission ID, SFC ID, function ID, XaaS service ID) may be pre-configured, e.g., in QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile. In some implementations, both QFI and CBID are marked, e.g., when multiple CBIDs correspond to a QFI, or, a QFI may correspond to different QoS rules related to different CBIDs. The data processing method (or data processing QoS parameters / characteristics) can be indicated by the QFI and CBID. The binding between QFI and CBID and data processing method (or data processing QoS parameters / characteristics) can be configured in QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile.
[0364] At 3016, After DaP component completes processing, it checks whether actual processing QoS equals to that indicated by the QoS rule of PSF and / or the one or more marked information with the packets. The checking result is that they equals.
[0365] At 3018. DaP component sends processing results to lower layer (e.g., SDAP layer, GTP-U layer, QUIC layer) , as illustrated by the solid line in FIG. 29.
[0366] DaP component may sends processing results to lower layer via the Header (de) encapsulation component of PSF entity. The Header (de) encapsulation component may add PSF header to processing result, and then send the PSF header and processing results to lower layer.
[0367] In some implementations, the processing results are marked with one or more of: QFI, parts of fields of QFI (e.g., QFI-DaF) , CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, and mission session ID.
[0368] In some implementations, actual processing QoS does not equal to that indicated by the QoS rule of PSF and / or the one or more marked information with the packets. Then the procedure are as follows, e.g., if the Data Processing component needs send packet or processing result to lower layer (or lower component) :
[0369] At 3020, After DaP component completes processing, it checks whether actual processing QoS equals to that indicated by the QoS rule of PSF and / or the one or more marked information with the packets. The checking result is that they do not equals.
[0370] At 3022. DaP component sends feedback to QoM component, which is not illustrated in FIG. 29. The feedback comprises a Varied Value ID.
[0371] At 3024, QoM component performs QoS adaptation based on the Varied Value ID. For example, QoM component adjusts the value of QFI or adjusts QoS Varied Value ID, e.g., based on the feedback from Data Processing Component.
[0372] An Adaptable Indication on whether the QoS are allowed to be adjusted can be configured to the PSF entity. The Adaptable Indication can be pre-configured to PSF entity when necessary, e.g., when a mission session is established or after a mission session is established to update the session. Adaptable Indication can be included in QoS rule of UE, PDR of Data-TW-GW / eUPF, QoS profile of RAN, or QoS rule of PSF.
[0373] In some implementations, the QoM component performs QoS adaptation if the Adaptable Indication is configured.
[0374] At 3026, the QoM component sends the adjusted QFI or adjusted Varied Value ID to Data Processing component, e.g., if the Data Processing component needs send packet or processing result to lower layer (or lower component) .
[0375] At 3028. the Data Processing component sends the processing result marked with the adjusted QFI or adjusted Varied Value ID to lower layer.
[0376] DaP component may sends processing results to lower layer via the Header (de) encapsulation component of PSF entity. The Header (de) encapsulation component may add PSF header to processing result, and then send the PSF header and processing results to lower layer.
[0377] In some implementations, the processing results are marked with one or more of: adjusted QFI, adjusted Varied Value ID, parts of fields of QFI (e.g., QFI-DaF) , CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, and mission session ID.
[0378] In some implementations, actual processing QoS does not equal to that indicated by the QoS rule of PSF and / or the one or more marked information with the packets. Then the procedure are as follows, e.g., if the QoM component needs send packet or processing result to lower layer (or lower component) :
[0379] At 3030, after DaP component completes processing, it checks whether actual processing QoS equals to that indicated by the QoS rule of PSF and / or the one or more marked information with the packets. The checking result is that they do not equals.
[0380] At 3032, DaP component sends feedback to QoM component, as illustrated by the long dashed line in FIG. 29. The feedback comprises a Varied Value ID and the processing results.
[0381] At 3034, QoM component performs QoS adaptation based on the Varied Value ID. For example, QoM component adjusts the value of QFI or adjusts QoS Varied Value ID, e.g., based on the feedback from Data Processing Component.
[0382] An Adaptable Indication on whether the QoS are allowed to be adjusted can be configured to the PSF entity. The Adaptable Indication can be pre-configured to PSF entity when necessary, e.g., when a mission session is established or after a mission session is established to update the session. Adaptable Indication can be included in QoS rule of UE, PDR of Data-TW-GW / eUPF, QoS profile of RAN, or QoS rule of PSF.
[0383] In some implementations, the QoM component performs QoS adaptation if the Adaptable Indication is configured.
[0384] At 3036, QoM component sends the processing results marked with the adjusted QFI or adjusted Varied Value ID to lower layer.
[0385] QoM component may sends processing results to lower layer via the Header (de) encapsulation component of PSF entity. The Header (de) encapsulation component may add PSF header to processing result, and then send the PSF header and processing results to lower layer.
[0386] In some implementations, the processing results are marked with one or more of: QFI, parts of fields of QFI (e.g., QFI-DaF) , CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, and mission session ID.
[0387] FIG. 31 illustrates a call flow 3100 of PDU connectivity service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0388] In some implementations, the XaaS service is only for connectivity without data processing, i.e., PDU connectivity service. Parts of the components of the PSF layer is in reduced mode and performs reduced operations, or in transparent mode and does not perform any operations. For example, the QoM only performs QoS management on data forwarding. The Header (de) encapsulation component may be in transparent mode and does not perform any operations, and left adding source / destination address for implementation of lower-layers (e.g., IP layer) .
[0389] The detailed procedures are as follow:
[0390] At 3102, DaBL receives and buffers application packets (i.e., PDU connectivity service packets which is type of XaaS service packets) . In some implementations, the application packets belongs to XaaS service data flow.
[0391] At 3104, in some implementations, if one or more information of: CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, and mission session ID, are not encapsulated in the packets, the DaBL component labels one or more information of: dummy CBID, dummy Mission ID, dummy SFC ID, dummy XaaS service ID, dummy data session ID, and dummy mission session ID, to the application packets. Or, the DaBL component does not perform labelling.
[0392] In some implementations, DaBL adds source / destination address to the packets.
[0393] At 3106, DaBL sends the Application packets marked with the one or more information to QoM component. In some implementations, the source / destination address are sent together with the Application packets. In some implementations, the source / destination address is one or more of: IP address, PSF layer ID, and PSF node / entity ID.
[0394] At 3108, QoM component maps the Application packets into a QoS flow. QoM component performs mapping based on pre-configured QoS rules of PSF. In some case, the source / destination address are also considered to perform mapping.
[0395] When XaaS service packets is received, the QoM component determines if there is any existing QoS Flow matching the Application packets, e.g., based on the QoS Rules for the existing QoS Flow (s) . If there is no QoS Flow matching the Application packets, the UE derives QoS parameters / characteristics. For example, the QoM component determines the QoS parameters / characteristics based on the mapping between the PDU connectivity service (a type of XaaS service) and QoS parameters / characteristics. Then the QoM component creates a new QoS Flow for the derived QoS parameters / characteristics and may assign a QFI for the new QoS Flow. If there is an existing QoS Flow matching the Application packets, the QoM component maps the application packets to the existing QoS Flow identified by a QFI.
[0396] At 3110, QoM component marks a QFI or parts of fields of the QFI (e.g., QFI-DaF) to the Application packets.
[0397] At 3112, QoM component sends the Application packets marked with the QFI or the parts of fields of the QFI to lower layer.
[0398] In some implementations, the one or more information: the dummy CBID, the dummy Mission ID, the dummy SFC ID, the dummy XaaS service ID, the dummy data session ID, and the dummy mission session ID, are also marked sent together with the Application packets.
[0399] QoM component may sends the Application packets to lower layer via the Header (de) encapsulation component of PSF entity. The Header (de) encapsulation component may add PSF header (e.g., dummy PSF header) to the Application packets, and then send the PSF header and the Application packets to lower layer.
[0400] In some case, the Header (de) encapsulation component may be in transparent mode and does not perform any operations, and left adding source / destination address for implementation of lower-layers (e.g., IP layer) .
[0401] There are other implementation of PSF entity as in FIG. 32 and FIG. 33.
[0402] Implementation 6 - Another implementation of PSF entity
[0403] FIG. 32 illustrates splitted QoS management component, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0404] As in FIG. 32, compared with FIG. 25, the difference is that the QoM component is decoupled into QoM for data processing (QoM-DaP) component and QoM for data forwarding (QoM-DaF) . QoM-DaP component is between DaBL and DaP component, QoM-DaF component is between DaP component and Header (de) encapsulation component. In some implementations, there is other layers (e.g., one or more of: TCP layer, UDP layer, QUIC layer, IP layer) between the PSF layer and lower layer (e.g., SDAP layer, GTP-U layer) . For example, the PSF layer is the upper layer of one or more of: TCP layer, UDP layer, QUIC layer, and IP layer, as in FIG. 15 and FIG. 16.
[0405] For XaaS service for in-network processing, as in FIG. 32, on transmitting side, DaBL component receives XaaS service packets (e.g., files from local storage or remote storage) , and sends to QoM-DaP component, QoM-DaP performs classification and marking of the XaaS service packets and sends the XaaS service packets to DaP component, DaP component performs processing on the XaaS service packets and send processing result to QoM-DaF component, QoM-DaF component performs classification and marking of the processing result and sends to Header (de) encapsulation component, Header (de) encapsulation component adds PSF header to processing results and sends to lower layer (e.g., SDAP layer, GTP-U layer) .
[0406] For the QoM-DaP component: it performs one or more of: classification and marking of traffic for data processing, QoS adaptation.
[0407] QoM-DaP component performs classification and marking of traffic from DaBL component. For example, QoM component maps XaaS service packets of XaaS service data flow to QoS flows, e.g., based on QoS rule, PDR or QoS profile and one or more of: CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address, in the packets. The QoS rule, PDR or QoS profile can be pre-configured by C / M plane to the PSF layer. The QoM component marks a QFI (or QFI-DaP) to the packets of a QoS flow. The QFI identifies the QoS flow. The QFI indicates QoS parameters / characteristics on either or both of: data processing and data forwarding. For example, the QFI is bound to a set of QoS parameters / characteristics, and the binding information can be configured via QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile. The QFI-DaP indicates QoS parameters / characteristics on data processing. For example, the QFI-DaP is bound to a set of QoS parameters / characteristics on data processing, and the binding information can be configured via QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile.
[0408] QoM-DaP component performs QoS adaptation. For example, on receiving side, QoM-DaP component adjusts the value of QFI in a packet which is sent to the current PSF entity by a previous hop PSF entity. A QoS Varied Value ID may be included in the packet and added by the previous hop PSF entity. QoS-DaP marks the packet with a suitable QFI or QFI-DaP by considering the Varied Value ID, e.g., when performs classification and marking.
[0409] For the QoM-DaF component: it performs one or more of: classification and marking of traffic for data forwarding, QoS adaptation.
[0410] QoM component performs classification and marking of traffic from DaP component (e.g., for XaaS service for in-network processing) or DaBL (e.g., for PDU connectivity service) . For example, QoM-DaF component maps the traffic from DaP component (e.g., Processing result) to QoS flows, e.g., based on QoS rule, PDR or QoS profile and one or more of: CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address, in the packets (e.g., processing result) of the traffic. The QoS rule, PDR or QoS profile can be pre-configured by C / M plane to the PSF layer. The QoM-DaF component marks a QFI (or a QFI-DaF) of a QoS flow to the packets. The QFI identifies the QoS flow. The QFI indicates QoS parameters / characteristics on either or both of: data processing and data forwarding. For example, the QFI is bound to a set of QoS parameters / characteristics, and the binding information can be configured via QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile. The QFI-DaF indicates QoS parameters / characteristics on data forwarding. For example, the QFI-DaF is bound to a set of QoS parameters / characteristics on data forwarding, and the binding information can be configured via QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile.
[0411] QoM-DaF component performs QoS adaptation. For example, QoM-DaF component adjusts the value of QFI or adjust QoS Varied Value ID in packets of traffic from DaP component, e.g., based on a QoS Varied Value ID sent from DaP Component. In some implementations, the varied value ID sent from DaP component indicates a set of values or value Ranges of a data processing QoS parameter (s) or characteristic (s) . The varied value or value range is calculated compared with a baseline value indicated by a QFI or a QFI-DaP, or with a baseline value pre-configured by C / M plane. It is the difference between the value of data processing QoS parameters or characteristics actually performed by DaP component and the baseline value. For example, QoS-DaF marks the packet with a suitable QFI or QFI-DaF by considering the Varied Value ID, e.g., when performs classification and marking. For example, if the varied value ID indicates that data processing QoS parameters or characteristics actually performed by DaP component is higher than a baseline, then the QoM-DaF component reduces corresponding data forwarding QoS parameters or characteristics to be performed, e.g., by lower layer (e.g., radio layer, TNL layer) , and adjust the QFI-DaF or adjust the Varied Value ID.
[0412] The packets (XaaS service packets) sent by DaBL to QoM-DaP component are marked with one or more information of: CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0413] The packets (XaaS service packets) sent by QoM-DaP component to DaP component are marked with one or more information of:QFI, QFI-DaP, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0414] The packets (e.g., processing result of XaaS service packets) sent by DaP component to QoM-DaF component are marked with one or more information of: QFI, QFI-DaP, QoS Varied Value ID, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0415] The packets (e.g., processing result of XaaS service packets) sent by QoM-DaF component to Header (de) encapsulation component are marked with one or more information of: QFI, QFI-DaF, QFI-DaP, QoS Varied Value ID, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0416] The packets (e.g., processing result of XaaS service packets) sent by Header (de) encapsulation component to lower layer (e.g., SDAP layer, GTP-U layer) are marked with one or more information of: SN, D / C, Length, QFI, QFI-DaF, QFI-DaP, QoS Varied Value ID, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0417] For XaaS service for PDU connectivity service (e.g., PDU connectivity service provided by 5G) , as in FIG. 32, on transmitting side, DaBL component receives XaaS service packets (i.e., Application packet from application layer) and sends to QoM-DaF component, QoM-DaF component performs classification and marking of the XaaS service packets and sends to Header (de) encapsulation component, Header (de) encapsulation component adds PSF header to the XaaS service packets and sends to lower layer (e.g., SDAP layer, GTP-U layer) . In some implementations, Header (de) encapsulation component works in transparent mode and does not add PSF header to the XaaS service packets.
[0418] In some implementations, for XaaS service for PDU connectivity service (e.g., PDU connectivity service provided by 5G) , the DaBL component, the QoM-DaP component, the DaP component and the Header (de) encapsulation component are in transparent mode and do not perform any operations on XaaS service packets (e.g., application packets) . The QoM-DaF component performs classification and marking on traffic for data forwarding, e.g., based on QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile, on data forwarding.
[0419] FIG. 33 illustrates external QoS management on data forwarding, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0420] As in FIG. 33, compared with FIG. 25 and FIG. 32, the difference is that the QoM-DaF component is an external component of PSF layer, QoM-DaF component is between Header (de) encapsulation component of PSF layer and lower layer (e.g., SDAP layer, TNL layer) , and QoM-DaP component is connected to Header (de) encapsulation component in PSF layer. In some implementations, there is other layers (e.g., one or more of: TCP layer, UDP layer, QUIC layer, IP layer) between the PSF layer and the QoM-DaF component. For example, the PSF layer is the upper layer of one or more of: TCP layer, UDP layer, QUIC layer, and IP layer, as in FIG. 15 and FIG. 16. In some implementations, there is other layers (e.g., one or more of: TCP layer, UDP layer, QUIC layer, IP layer) between the QoM-DaF component and the lower layer.
[0421] For XaaS service for in-network processing, as in FIG. 33, on transmitting side, DaBL component receives XaaS service packets (e.g., files downloaded from local storage or remote storage) , and sends to QoM-DaP component, QoM-DaP performs classification and marking of the XaaS service packets and sends the XaaS service packets to DaP component, DaP component performs processing on the XaaS service packets and sends processing result to Header (de) encapsulation component, Header (de) encapsulation component adds PSF header to processing results and sends PSF layer packets (comprising the PSF header and the processing results) to QoM-DaF component, QoM-DaF component performs classification and marking of the PSF layer packets and sends to lower layer (e.g., SDAP layer, GTP-U layer) .
[0422] Functions of QoM-DaP component are same to those descrbied in FIG. 27. QoM-DaP performs one or more of: classification and marking of traffic for data processing, QoS adapation.
[0423] For the QoM-DaF component: it performs one or more of: classification and marking of traffic for data forwarding, QoS adapation.
[0424] QoM component performs classification and marking of traffic from PSF layer, e.g., from Header (de) encapsulation component (e.g., for XaaS service for in-network processing) or DaBL (e.g., for PDU connectivity service) . For example, QoM-DaF component maps the traffic from PSF layer to QoS flows, e.g., based on QoS rule, PDR or QoS profile and one or more of: CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address, in the packets (e.g., processing result) of the traffic. The QoS rule, PDR or QoS profile can be pre-configured by C / M plane to the PSF layer. The QoM-DaF component marks a QFI (or a QFI-DaF) of a QoS flow to the packets of the traffic from PSF layer. The QFI identifies the QoS flow. The QFI indicates QoS parameters / characteristics on either or both of: data processing and data forwarding. For exmaple, the QFI is bound to a set of QoS parameters / characteristics, and the binding information can be configured via QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile. The QFI-DaF indicates QoS parameters / characteristics on data forwarding. For exmaple, the QFI-DaF is bound to a set of QoS parameters / characteristics on data forwarding, and the binding information can be configured via QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile.
[0425] QoM-DaF component performs QoS adaptation. For example, QoM-DaF component adjusts the value of QFI or adjust QoS Varied Value ID in packets of traffic from PSF layer, e.g., based on a QoS Varied Value ID sent from PSF layer. In some implementations, the varied value ID sent from PSF layer indicates a set of values or value Ranges of a data processing QoS parameter (s) or characteristic (s) . The varied value or value range is calculated compared with a baseline value indicated by a QFI or a QFI-DaP, or with a baseline value pre-configured by C / M plane. It is the difference between the value of data processing QoS parameters or characteristics actually performed by PSF layer (e.g., DaP component) and the baseline value. For example, PSF layer (e.g., QoS-DaF component) marks the packet with a suitable QFI or QFI-DaF by considering the Varied Value ID, e.g., when performs classification and marking. For example, if the varied value ID indicates that data processing QoS parameters or characteristics actually performed by DaP component is higher than a basesline, then the QoM-DaF component reduces corresponding data forwarding QoS parameters or characteristics to be performed, e.g., by lower layer (e.g., radio layer, TNL layer) , and adjust the QFI-DaF or adjust the Varied Value ID.
[0426] The packets (XaaS service packets) sent by DaBL to QoM-DaP component are marked with one or more information of: CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0427] The packets (XaaS service packets) sent by QoM-DaP component to DaP component are marked with one or more information of:QFI, QFI-DaP, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0428] The packets (e.g., processing result of XaaS service packets) sent by DaP component to Header (de) encapsulation component are marked with one or more information of: QFI, QFI-DaP, QoS Varied Value ID, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0429] The packets (e.g., processing result of XaaS service packets) sent by Header (de) encapsulation component to QoM-DaF component are marked with one or more information of: SN, D / C, Length, QFI, QFI-DaP, QoS Varied Value ID, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0430] The packets (e.g., processing result of XaaS service packets) sent by QoM-DaF component to lower layer (e.g., SDAP layer, GTP-U layer) are marked with one or more information of: SN, D / C, Length, QFI, QFI-DaF, QFI-DaP, QoS Varied Value ID, CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0431] For XaaS service for PDU connectivity service (e.g., PDU connectivity service provided by 5G) , as in FIG. 33, on transmitting side, DaBL component receives XaaS service packets (i.e., Application packet from application layer) and sends to QoM-DaF component, QoM-DaF component performs classification and marking of the XaaS service packets and sends to lower layer (e.g., SDAP layer, GTP-U layer) . In some implementations, DaBL may sends XaaS service packets (i.e., Application packet from application layer) to QoM-DaF component via Header (de) encapsulation component, which is not illustrated in FIG. 33. Header (de) encapsulation component adds PSF header (e.g., dummy PSF header) to the XaaS service packets and sends to QoS-DaF component.
[0432] As in FIG. 33, the packets (XaaS service packets) sent by DaBL to QoM-DaF component are marked with one or more information of: CBID, Mission ID, SFC ID, XaaS service ID, data session ID, mission session ID, and source / destination address.
[0433] In some implementations, as in FIG. 33, for XaaS service for PDU connectivity service (e.g., PDU connectivity service provided by 5G) , the DaBL component, the QoM-DaP component, the DaP component and the Header (de) encapsulation component are in transparent mode and do not perform any operations on XaaS service packets (e.g., application packets) . That is, the PSF layer is in transparent mode and does not perform any operations on the XaaS service packets (e.g., application packets) , or the PSF layer is not established. The QoM-DaF component performs classification and marking on traffic for data forwarding, e.g., based on QoS rule, PDR, or QoS profile, on data forwarding.
[0434] In some implementations, as in FIG. 33, it does not rule out the possibility that the QoM-DaF is implemented as an internal component of PSF entity.
[0435] The present disclosure enables a new layer (PSF layer) to perform QoS management on data processing and data forwarding for 6G XaaS service.
[0436] The present disclosure enables QoS adaptation between data processing and data forwarding within a new layer for 6G XaaS service.
[0437] The present disclosure provides new QoS rule, PDR, and QoS profile, based on which network node performs classifying XaaS service data flow for data processing and / or forwarding into QoS flow.
[0438] Although the present disclosure refers to illustrative embodiments, this is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the disclosure, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description.
[0439] Features disclosed herein in the context of any particular embodiments may also or instead be implemented in other embodiments. Method embodiments, for example, may also or instead be implemented in apparatus, system, and / or computer program product embodiments. In addition, although embodiments are described primarily in the context of methods and apparatus, other implementations are also contemplated, as instructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer-readable media, for example. Such media could store programming or instructions to perform any of various methods consistent with the present disclosure.
[0440] FIG. 34 illustrates a flow chart of an example process 3400, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The process 3400 can be performed by a communication system (e.g., the communication system 100 of FIGS. 1-2) that includes control plane functions for a base station (e.g., TRP 170) and one or more user equipment (e.g., ED 100) .
[0441] At 3402, a service data packet of a service data flow is received. At 3404, the service data packet is mapped a quality of service (QoS) flow, where the QoS flow belongs to a mission session.
[0442] In the present disclosure, the terms “a” , “an” and “one” are defined to mean “at least one” , that is, these terms do not exclude a plural number of items, unless stated otherwise.
[0443] In the present disclosure, terms such as “substantially” , “generally” and “about” , which modify a value, condition or characteristic of a feature of an exemplary embodiment, should be understood to mean that the value, condition or characteristic is defined within tolerances that are acceptable for the proper operation of this exemplary embodiment for its intended application.
[0444] In the present disclosure, unless stated otherwise, the terms “connected” and “coupled” , and derivatives and variants thereof, refer herein to any structural or functional connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements. For example, the connection or coupling between the elements can be acoustical, mechanical, optical, electrical, thermal, logical, or any combinations thereof.
[0445] In the present disclosure, expressions such as “match” , “matching” and “matched” , including variants and derivatives thereof, are intended to refer herein to a condition in which two or more elements are either the same or within some predetermined tolerance of each other. That is, these terms are meant to encompass not only “exactly” or “identically” matching the two elements but also “substantially” , “approximately” or “subjectively” matching the two or more elements, as well as providing a higher or optimal match among a plurality of matching possibilities.
[0446] In the present disclosure, the expression “based on” is intended to mean “based at least partly on” , that is, this expression can mean “based solely on” or “based partially on” , and so should not be interpreted in a limited manner. More particularly, the expression “based on” could also be understood as meaning “depending on” , “representative of” , “indicative of” , “associated with” or similar expressions.
[0447] In the present disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably in embodiments of this application. "At least one" means one or more, and "a plurality of" means two or more. The term "and / or" describes an association relationship of associated objects, and indicates that three relationships may exist. For example, A and / or B may indicate the following three cases: Only A exists, both A and B exist, and only B exists, where A and B may be singular or plural. The character " / " usually indicates an "or" relationship between associated objects. "At least one of the following items (pieces) " or a similar expression thereof indicates any combination of these items, including a single item (piece) or any combination of a plurality of items (pieces) . For example, "at least one of A, B, or C" includes A, B, C, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A, B, and C, and "at least one of A, B, and C" may also be understood as including A, B, C, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A, B, and C. In addition, unless otherwise specified, ordinal numbers such as "first" and "second" in embodiments of this application are used to distinguish between a plurality of objects, and are not used to limit a sequence, a time sequence, priorities, or importance of the plurality of objects.
[0448] A person skilled in the art should understand that embodiments of this application may be provided as a method, an apparatus (or system) , computer-readable storage medium, or a computer program product. Therefore, this application may use a form of a hardware-only embodiment, a software-only embodiment, or an embodiment with a combination of software and hardware. Moreover, this application may use a form of a computer program product that is implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to a disk memory, an optical memory, and the like) that include computer-usable program code.
[0449] This application is described with reference to the flowcharts and / or block diagrams of the method, the device (system) , and the computer program product according to this application. It should be understood that computer program instructions may be used to implement each process and / or each block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams and a combination of a process and / or a block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may be provided for a general-purpose computer, a dedicated computer, an embedded processor, or a processor of another programmable data processing device to generate a machine, so that the instructions executed by the computer or the processor of another programmable data processing device generate an apparatus for implementing a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or in one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0450] The computer program instructions may alternatively be stored in a computer-readable memory that can indicate a computer or another programmable data processing device to work in a specific manner, so that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory generate an artifact that includes an instruction apparatus. The instruction apparatus implements a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or in one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0451] The computer program instructions may alternatively be loaded onto a computer or another programmable data processing device, so that a series of operations and steps are performed on the computer or the other programmable data processing device, so that computer-implemented processing is generated. Therefore, the instructions executed on the computer or the other programmable data processing device provide steps for implementing a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or in one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0452] It is clearly that a person skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this application without departing from the scope of this application. This application is intended to cover these modifications and variations of this application provided that they fall within the scope of protection defined by the following claims and their equivalent technologies.
Claims
1.A network function comprising:a quality of service (QoS) management (QoM) component configure to:receive, from an electronic device, a service data packet of a service data flow; andmap the service data packet to a quality of service (QoS) flow, wherein the QoS flow belongs to a mission session.2.The network function according to claim 1, wherein the network function further comprising:a data processing (DaP) component, wherein the DaP component is configured to:process the service data packet based on a QoS flow identifier (QFI) or one or more fields in the QFI to generate a processing result.3.The network function of claim 2, wherein the mission session is configured to provide a mission service, and wherein the mission session comprises a data forwarding resource and a DaP resource for executing a mission to provide the mission service.4.The network function of claim 3, wherein the QFI is one of a plurality of QFIs configured to identify a corresponding plurality of QoS flows of the mission session.5.The network function of claim 3 or 4, wherein the mission comprises at least one computing block (CB) , each of the at least one CB corresponds to a computational step for providing the mission service and is identified by a CB identifier (CBID) .6.The network function of claim 5, wherein the mission session comprises information of one or more identifiers, wherein the one or more identifiers are one or more of a mission ID identifying the mission, the CBID, or a service function chain (SFC) ID identifying a SFC implementing the mission service, and wherein the SFC ID is supported by at least one of the network function or the electronic device.7.The network function according to claim 6, wherein the one or more identifiers are added to the service data packet by the QoM component or a data buffer and labeling (DaBL) component.8.The network function of claim 6, wherein the electronic device is a user equipment (UE) , a processing service function (PSF) , a radio access network (RAN) device, a core network (CN) function, or a data network (DN) function.9.The network function according to any one of claims 2 to 8, wherein the DaP component is configured to perform one or more of:artificial intelligence (AI) training, AI inference, data pre-processing, data privacy protection, data cleaning, data collection, data analytics, sensing data processing, data sanitization, data management, data normalization, useless data filtering, data feature engineering, data compression, data embedding, data representation learning, or data feature extraction.10.The network function of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the network function is a processing service function (PSF) .11.The network function of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the QoM component is configured to:before sending the service data packet, map the service data packet to a QoS flow based on at least one of: one or more pre-configured rules of the network function, one or more identifiers, or a source or destination address.12.The network function of claim 11, wherein mapping the service data packet comprises:determining whether the data service packet matches an existing QoS flow; andin response to determining that the data service packet does not match the existing QoS flow:obtaining service QoS parameters / characteristics based on a mapping between the one or more identifiers and the service QoS parameters / characteristics; andgenerating, based on the service QoS parameters / characteristics, the QoS flow to map the service data packet to; andin response to determining that the data service packet matches the existing QoS flow, determining the existing QoS flow as the QoS flow to map the service data packet to.13.The network function of any one of claims 4 to 12, wherein processing the service data packet comprises:processing the service data packet based on the one or more identifiers or the QFI.14.The network function of any one of claims 4 to 13, wherein processing the service data packet comprises:determining, as the processing result, whether processing QoS equals a QoS indicated by at least one of the one or more pre-configured rules or the one or more identifiers; and whereinthe DaP component is configured to:in response to determining the processing result being that the processing QoS equals the QoS, send the processing result to a data forwarding (DaF) component or a lower layer; andin response to determining that the processing QoS being that the processing QoS does not equal the QoS:send, to the QoM component, feedback comprising a varied value ID indicating a value or a value range for the QoM component to adjust the QFI or the varied value ID;receive, from the QoM component, the adjusted QFI or the adjusted varied value ID; andsend the adjusted QFI or the processing result comprising the adjusted varied value ID to the DaF component or the lower layer.15.The network function of claim 14, wherein the lower layer is a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, a GPRS tunnelling protocol-U (GTP-U) layer, or a quick UDP internet connections (QUIC) layer.16.The network function according to claim 14 or 15, wherein the DaF component is comprised in the network function or the lower layer, or the DaF component is between the network function and the lower layer.17.The network function of any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the DaF component performs one or more of: classification and marking of traffic for data forwarding, QoS adaptation for data forwarding, mapping traffic from the DaP component to the QoS flow.18.The network function of any one of claims 4 to 17, wherein at least one of the QFI, or the one or more identifiers are encapsulated in a header of the service data packet.19.A method, comprising:receiving, from an electronic device, a service data packet of a service data flow; andmapping the service data packet to a quality of service (QoS) flow, wherein the QoS flow belongs to a mission session.20.The method of claim 19, comprising:processing the service data packet based on a QoS flow identifier (QFI) or one or more fields in the QFI to generate a processing result.21.The method of claim 20, wherein the mission session is configured to provide a mission service, and wherein the mission session comprises a data forwarding resource and a DaP resource for executing a mission to provide the mission service.22.The method of claim 21, wherein the QFI is one of a plurality of QFIs configured to identify a corresponding plurality of QoS flows of the mission session.23.The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the mission comprises at least one computing block (CB) , each of the at least one CB corresponds to a computational step for providing the mission service and is identified by a CB identifier (CBID) .24.The method of claim 23, wherein the mission session comprises information of one or more identifiers, wherein the one or more identifiers are one or more of a mission ID identifying the mission, the CBID, or a service function chain (SFC) ID identifying a SFC implementing the mission service, and wherein the SFC ID is supported by at least one of a network function or the electronic device.25.The method of claim 24, comprising:adding the one or more identifiers to the service data packet.26.The method of claim 19, wherein the electronic device is a user equipment (UE) , a processing service function (PSF) , a radio access network (RAN) device, a core network (CN) function, or a data network (DN) function.27.The method of claim 19, comprising:performing one or more of: artificial intelligence (AI) training, AI inference, data pre-processing, data privacy protection, data cleaning, data collection, data analytics, sensing data processing, data sanitization, data management, data normalization, useless data filtering, data feature engineering, data compression, data embedding, data representation learning, or data feature extraction.28.The method of claim 19, comprising:before sending the service data packet, mapping the service data packet to a QoS flow based on at least one of: one or more pre-configured rules of a network function, one or more identifiers, or a source or destination address.29.The method of claim 19, wherein mapping the service data packet comprises:determining whether the data service packet matches an existing QoS flow; andin response to determining that the data service packet does not match the existing QoS flow:obtaining service QoS parameters / characteristics based on a mapping between one or more identifiers and the service QoS parameters / characteristics; andgenerating, based on the service QoS parameters / characteristics, the QoS flow to map the service data packet to; andin response to determining that the data service packet matches the existing QoS flow, determining the existing QoS flow as the QoS flow to map the service data packet to.30.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 19 to 29.
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