Hierarchical QOS configuration and execution
The method addresses QoS configuration challenges in wireless communication systems by using QoS flow and computing block identifiers to optimize data processing and forwarding resources, enhancing the performance of mission sessions and applications like AI and data analytics.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/087123
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-08-14
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-03
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-19
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in efficiently configuring and executing quality of service (QoS) for various applications, such as message, voice, and video, particularly in complex mission sessions involving multiple computing blocks and data processing resources.
A method is provided for receiving policy information from a network function, generating identifiers for QoS flows and computing blocks, and sending rules to communication apparatuses to manage QoS, including QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) and computing block identifiers (CBIDs), to optimize data forwarding and processing resources.
This approach enables efficient management of QoS flows and computing blocks, enhancing the quality of service for mission sessions by optimizing data processing and forwarding resources, thereby improving the performance of applications like AI training, inference, and data analytics.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025087123_19022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
HIERARCHICAL QOS CONFIGURATION AND EXECUTIONCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 683, 128 filed on Aug. 14, 2024, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The application relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to precoding techniques for quality of service (QoS) configuration and execution.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communications system such as fourth generation (4G) system (for example, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) system) , fifth generation (5G) system (for example, New Radio (NR) system) have been deployed to provide various types of applications, such as message, voice, video, and other data.SUMMARY
[0004] One or more implementations of the present application provide communication methods and communication apparatuses.
[0005] According to a first aspect, a method is provided. The method includes receiving policy information from a network function; generating, based on the policy information, a plurality of identifiers corresponding to a plurality of quality of service (QoS) flows associated with a mission session; and sending, to a communication apparatus, a message including the plurality of identifiers and one or more rules corresponding to the plurality of QoS flows. The plurality of identifiers include one or more of a plurality of QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) or a plurality of computing block identifiers (CBIDs) .
[0006] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the mission session is configured to provide a mission service. The mission session includes a data forwarding resource and a data processing resource for executing a mission to provide the mission service.
[0007] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the plurality of QFIs are configured to identify a corresponding plurality of QoS flows of the mission session.
[0008] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the mission includes at least one computing block (CB) , each of the at least one CB corresponds to a computational step for providing the mission service. Each of the plurality of CBIDs identifies a CB of the at least one CB.
[0009] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, data processing includes one or more of: AI training, AI inference, data pre-processing, data privacy protection, data cleaning, data collection, data analytics, sensing data processing, data sanitization, data management, data normalization, useless data filtering, data feature engineering, data compression, data embedding, data representation learning, or data feature extraction.
[0010] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, before receiving the policy information from the network function, the method further includes selecting the network function based on information of the mission session reported by a mission customer, and sending, to the network function, a request for requesting the policy information.
[0011] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the information of the mission session includes one or more of a mission ID identifying the mission, a CBID identifying a CB, or a service function chain (SFC) ID identifying a SFC implementing the mission service. The SFC ID is supported by at least one of the network function or the communication apparatus.
[0012] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the plurality of QoS flows are a plurality of segment QoS flows associated with the mission session. Before generating the plurality of identifiers, the method further includes determining, based on the policy information, a global QoS associated with the mission session, where the global QoS includes one or more domain QoSs; determining, based on the global QoS, the one or more domain QoSs, where each of the one or more domain QoSs includes a plurality of segment QoSs; determining, based on the one or more domain QoSs, the plurality of segment QoSs for each of the one or more domain QoSs, where each segment QoS indicates data processing or data forwarding between two communication apparatuses; and determining, based on the plurality of segment QoS, the plurality of segment QoS flows.
[0013] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, before sending the message, the method further includes selecting the communication apparatus based on the information of the mission session reported by the mission customer.
[0014] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes determining at least one of a QFI mapping or a CBID mapping to the communication apparatus. The message includes the at least one of the QFI mapping or the CBID mapping.
[0015] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes the QFI mapping or the CBID mapping is used for performing traffic mapping.
[0016] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the one or more rules are one or more of: QoS rule, packet detection rule, or a QoS profile. The communication apparatus is a user equipment (UE) , or a processing service function (PSF) , a radio access network (RAN) , a core network (CN) function, or a data network (DN) function.
[0017] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the one or more rules includes one or more of: a QFI, segment QoS parameters and / or characteristics, domain QoS parameters and / or characteristics, packet filter set, service type, processing action rule (PAR) , or forwarding action rule (FAR) .
[0018] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the segment QoS parameters and / or characteristics and the domain QoS parameters and / or characteristics include at least one of: data forwarding parameters and / or characteristics, or data processing parameters and / or characteristics. The data forwarding parameters and / or characteristics include one or more of: uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) maximum bitrate, a loss rate, or a UL and / or DL lowest delay. The data processing parameters or characteristics include one or more of: sensing service QoS parameters and / or characteristics, artificial intelligence (AI) service QoS parameters and / or characteristics, or anything as a service (XaaS) service QoS parameters and / or characteristics.
[0019] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the data forwarding parameters and / or characteristics and the data processing parameters and / or characteristics are indicated by a QoS identifier (QI) .
[0020] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the packet filter set includes one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, a XaaS service ID, a tunnel end ID (TEID) or an IP address.
[0021] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the PAR indicates an algorithm or a method to perform data processing.
[0022] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the service type includes one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, or a XaaS service ID identifying an XaaS service.
[0023] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the policy information includes one or more of a mission session ID, a mission session type, a data network name (DNN) , a session rule, or a policy and charging control (PCC) rule.
[0024] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the session rule includes one or more of: authorized session aggregate maximum bit rate (AMBR) or authorized default QoS information. The authorized default QoS information includes one or more of: QoS information on data processing, or QoS information on data forwarding.
[0025] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the PCC rule includes one or more of: service data flow detection information, policy control information, RAN supported information, or UE support information.
[0026] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the service data flow detection information comprises one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, a tunnel end ID (TEID) , or an IP address.
[0027] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the policy control information comprises one or more of:a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, a QI, control Information on data forwarding, or control Information on data processing.
[0028] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the RAN supported information comprises one or more of: supported CBID, supported mission ID, supported SFC ID, data forwarding QoS parameters and / or characteristics, data processing QoS parameters and / or characteristics.
[0029] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the UE support information comprises one or more of:supported CBID, supported mission ID, supported SFC ID, and corresponding data forwarding QoS parameters and / or characteristics, data processing QoS parameters and / or characteristics.
[0030] According to a second aspect, a method is provided. The method includes receiving, from a network function, a message including a plurality of identifiers and one or more rules. The plurality of identifiers include one or more of a plurality of QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) or a plurality of computing block identifiers (CBIDs) ; and determining, based on the plurality of identifiers, a plurality of quality of service (QoS) flows associated with a mission session.
[0031] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes sending an indication indicating a codeword-to-layer mapping.
[0032] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the plurality of identifiers are generated by the network function based on policy information received from another network function.
[0033] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the plurality of QoS flows are a plurality of segment QoS flows associated with the mission session.
[0034] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the message includes at least one of the QFI mapping or a CBID mapping between the network function and the communication apparatus.
[0035] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes the QFI mapping or the CBID mapping is used for performing traffic mapping.
[0036] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the one or more rules are one or more QoS rules or a QoS profile. The communication apparatus is a device or a processing service function (PSF) of the device, of a radio access network (RAN) , a core network (CN) , or a data network (DN) .
[0037] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the one or more rules includes one or more of: a QFI, segment QoS parameters and / or characteristics, domain QoS parameters and / or characteristics, packet filter set, service type, processing action rule (PAR) , or forwarding action rule (FAR) .
[0038] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the segment QoS parameters and / or characteristics and the domain QoS parameters and / or characteristics include at least one of data forwarding parameters and / or characteristics, or data processing parameters and / or characteristics. The data forwarding parameters and / or characteristics include one or more of: uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) maximum bitrate, a loss rate, or a UL and / or DL lowest delay. The data processing parameters or characteristics include one or more of: sensing service QoS parameters and / or characteristics, artificial intelligence (AI) service QoS parameters and / or characteristics, or anything as a service (XaaS) service QoS parameters and / or characteristics.
[0039] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the data forwarding parameters and / or characteristics and the data processing parameters and / or characteristics are indicated by a QoS identifier (QI) .
[0040] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the packet filter set includes one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a service function chain (SFC) ID, a XaaS service ID, a tunnel end ID (TEID) or an IP address.
[0041] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the PAR indicates an algorithm or a method to perform data processing.
[0042] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the service type includes one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, or a XaaS service ID identifying an XaaS service.
[0043] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the PCC rule includes one or more of: service data flow detection information, policy control information, RAN supported information, or UE support information.
[0044] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the service data flow detection information comprises one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, a tunnel end ID (TEID) , or an IP address.
[0045] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the policy control information comprises one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, a QI, control Information on data forwarding, or control Information on data processing.
[0046] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the RAN supported information comprises one or more of: supported CBID, supported mission ID, supported SFC ID, data forwarding QoS parameters and / or characteristics, data processing QoS parameters and / or characteristics.
[0047] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the UE support information comprises one or more of: supported CBID, supported mission ID, supported SFC ID, and corresponding data forwarding QoS parameters and / or characteristics, data processing QoS parameters and / or characteristics.
[0048] According to a third aspect, a communication apparatus is provided. The communication apparatus is configured to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect, or the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0049] With reference to the third aspect, in some implementations, the communication apparatus includes a receiving unit configured to receive policy information from a network function; a processing unit configured to generate, based on the policy information, a plurality of identifiers corresponding to a plurality of quality of service (QoS) flows associated with a mission session, and a transmitting unit configured to send, to a communication apparatus, a message including the plurality of identifiers and one or more rules corresponding to the plurality of QoS flows. The plurality of identifiers include one or more of a plurality of QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) or a plurality of computing block identifiers (CBIDs) .
[0050] With reference to the third aspect, in some implementations, the communication apparatus includes a receiving unit configured to receive, from a network function, a message including a plurality of identifiers and one or more rules, and a processing unit configured to determine, based on the plurality of identifiers, a plurality of quality of service (QoS) flows associated with a mission session. The plurality of identifiers include one or more of a plurality of QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) or a plurality of computing block identifiers (CBIDs) .
[0051] With reference to the third aspect, in some implementations, the communication apparatus includes an interface circuit configured to receive policy information from a network function, and one or more processors configured to generate, based on the policy information, a plurality of identifiers corresponding to a plurality of quality of service (QoS) flows associated with a mission session. the plurality of identifiers include one or more of a plurality of QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) or a plurality of computing block identifiers (CBIDs) . The interface circuit is further configured to send, to a communication apparatus, a message including the plurality of identifiers and one or more rules corresponding to the plurality of QoS flows.
[0052] With reference to the third aspect, in some implementations, the communication apparatus includes an interface circuit configured to receive, from a network function, a message including a plurality of identifiers and one or more rules. The plurality of identifiers include one or more of a plurality of QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) or a plurality of computing block identifiers (CBIDs) . The communication apparatus further includes one or more processors configured to determine, based on the plurality of identifiers, a plurality of quality of service (QoS) flows associated with a mission session.
[0053] With reference to the third aspect, in some implementations, the interface circuit includes one or more transceivers.
[0054] According to a fourth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes one or more processors and one or more memories. The one or more memories store instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect, or the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0055] According to a fifth aspect, a communication system is provided. The communication system includes a first communication apparatus configured to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect. The communication system further includes a second communication apparatus configured to perform the method according to the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0056] According to a sixth aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage has instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect, or the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0057] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic illustration of an example communication system according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0058] FIG. 2 illustrates another example communication system according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0059] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an apparatus wirelessly communicating with another apparatus in a communication system according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0060] FIG. 4 illustrates an example apparatus according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0061] FIG. 5 illustrates example apparatus according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0062] FIG. 6 illustrates a 5G protocol data unit (PDU) session, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0063] FIG. 7 illustrates a 5G user plane protocol stack between UE and gNB, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0064] FIG. 8 illustrates a mission service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0065] FIG. 9 illustrates a mission session of a mission service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0066] FIG. 10 illustrates a tunnel configured for a data session or an inter-GW session, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0067] FIG. 11 illustrates a tunnel configured for a mission session, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0068] FIG. 12 illustrates a tunnel configured for network entity, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0069] FIGS. 13-14 illustrate a protocol stack on data plane to support XaaS service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0070] FIG. 15 illustrates a protocol stack between XaaS layer and TNL or radio layer, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0071] FIG. 16 illustrates a protocol stack on data plane to support XaaS service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0072] FIG. 17 illustrates traffic between XaaS functions, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0073] FIG. 18 illustrates 5G traffic, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0074] FIG. 19 illustrates mapping from application packet to QoS flow on UE side, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0075] FIG. 20 illustrates mapping application packet to QoS flow on anchor User Plane Function (UPF) side, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0076] FIG. 21 illustrates 6G traffic, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0077] FIG. 22 illustrates a conceptual structure of a 6G system, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0078] FIG. 23 illustrates an example deployment of a 6G system, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0079] FIG. 24 illustrates an example apparatus in a communication system, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0080] FIG. 25 illustrates a framework of hierarchical QoS, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0081] FIG. 26 illustrates a QoS model configured for a flow group, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0082] FIG. 27 illustrates a QoS model configured for a mission (CB) , according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0083] FIG. 28 illustrates actions of C / M plane function, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0084] FIG. 29 illustrates a swimlane diagram of QoS configuration, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0085] FIG. 30 illustrates a flow chart of an example process of data transmission, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0086] The present disclosure provides techniques relating to control or management (C / M) plane functions, data plane functions, and QoS management and execution associated with data processing and / or data forwarding (e.g., to perform XaaS service) . Example techniques provided includes configuration information on QoS to UE, RAN, PSF, and Data-TW-GW, hierarchical QoS framework and QoS flow model, and new QoS model, such as per-flow-group QoS model and per-mission (CB) QoS model.
[0087] The details of one or more implementations of the subject matter of this present disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.
[0088] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example communication system according to an implementation of the present disclosure. As shown a communication system 100 (e.g., a wireless system) that includes a radio access network (RAN) 120, one or more communication electronic devices (EDs) 10a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (collectively referred to as 110) , a core network 130, a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. The RAN 120 may include, but is not limited to, a future generation RAN, or a legacy RAN such as, but not limited to, 5th generation (5G) , 4th generation (4G) , 3rd generation (3G) or 2nd generation (2G) radio access network. The RAN 120 may be, for example, an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) , a NextGen RAN (NG RAN) , or some other type of RAN. Examples of RAN 120 based on the evolution of telecommunications standards include, but is not limited to, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) for 2G, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) based on WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) and CDMA2000 for 3G; LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) for 4G; and NR (New Radio) for 5G. In some implementations, The RAN 120 may use any radio access technology (RAT) in the wireless interface between the one or more EDs 110 and the RAN 120. In some implementations, the term “radio access” may refer to the future generation air interface standards which may include both terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) . These networks will be described in greater detail below in conjunction with various implementations. The one or more communication EDs 110 (also referred to as “user equipment” ) are configured to connect (e.g., communicatively couple) with each other or to one or more network nodes 170a, 170b (collectively referred to as 170) in the RAN 120. The core network (CN) 130 is a part of the communication system 100 and consists of network nodes (e.g., 170a, 170b) which provide support for the network features and telecommunication services. In some implementations, the CN 130 may be dependent on the RAT used in the communication system 100. In other implementations, the CN 130 may be access-agnostic, e.g., the CN 130 may be independent of the RAT used in the communication system 100. There are different types of CN 130, for different 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) system generations. For example, the CN 130 is the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in 4G, also known as the Evolved Packet System (EPS) . In another example, the CN 130 is the 5G Core (5GC) which was developed as part of the 5G System (5GS) . The CN 130 also enables integration of different 3GPP and non-3GPP access types. In some implementations and referring to FIG. 1, the CN 130 also provides the interface towards external networks that may include the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160 in the communication system 100.
[0089] In general, the communication system 100 facilitates interaction between multiple wireless or wired elements. The communication system 100 can transmit different types of content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, through different transmission methods such as, but not limited to, broadcast, multicast, groupcast, and unicast. Additionally, the communication system 100 operates by allocating and / or sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, among its constituent elements.
[0090] The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications including, but not limited to, Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services, Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) services, Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) services, Integrated Sensing And Communication (ISAC) , immersive communication, Ultra-massive Machine-Type Communication (uMTC) , hyper reliable and low-latency communication, ubiquitous connectivity, integrated AI and communication, and other services that can be provided by a future generation communication system. The communication system 100 may provide other services and applications such as, but not limited to, earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, among others.
[0091] The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system (or network) and / or a non-terrestrial communication system (or network) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of the terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in a heterogeneous network including multiple layers. The heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing, and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks. The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered as sub-systems of the communication system 100.
[0092] FIG. 2 illustrates another example communication system 100 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2, the communication system 100 includes EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (collectively referred to as ED 110) , RANs 120a, 120b, one or more CNs 130, a PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. The communication system 100 may also include a non-terrestrial network (NTN) 120c. The RANs 120a and120b may include network nodes 170a and 170b respectively. Examples of network nodes 107a, 107b include base stations, which can be generally referred to as terrestrial network (TN) devices or terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRP (s) 170a and 170b (collectively referred to as 170) . In the present disclosure, the terms “TRP” and “base station” are used interchangeably, unless otherwise specified. For simplicity, the present disclosure primarily refers to network nodes as base stations; however, unless explicitly stated otherwise, references to TRP are considered non-limiting and interchangeable. The T-TRPs 170a, 170b may be base stations mounted on a building or tower. In one implementation, the NTN 120c includes a RAN node such as a base station 172, which may be generally referred to as an NTN device, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, or a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0093] In some implementations, the NT-TRP 172 is not attached to the ground, for example, as in the case of an airborne base station. An airborne base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a flying device. For example, a flying device may include, but is not limited to, an airborne platform (such as a blimp or an airship) , balloon, drone (such as quadcopter) , and other types of aerial vehicles. In some implementations, an airborne base station may be supported or carried by an unmanned aerial system (UAS) or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , such as a drone. An airborne base station may be a moveable or mobile base station that can be flexibly deployed in different locations to meet network demand. A satellite base station is another example of a non-terrestrial base station. A satellite base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a satellite. A satellite base station may also be referred to as an orbiting base station. High altitude platforms are yet another example of non-terrestrial base stations, including international mobile telecommunication base stations.
[0094] As referred to herein, and unless specified otherwise, a “TRP” may also refer to a T-TRP or an NT-TRP, a “T-TRP” may also refer to a “TN TRP” , and an “NT-TRP” may also refer to an “NTN TRP” . The NTN 120c may be considered a RAN, sharing operational aspects with RANs 120a, 120b. The NTN 120c may include at least one NTN device and at least one corresponding terrestrial network device. The at least one NTN device may function as a transport layer device and the at least one corresponding terrestrial network device may function as a RAN node, communicating with the ED 110 via the NTN device. Additionally, there may be an NTN gateway on the ground (referred to as a terrestrial network device) that also functions as a transport layer device facilitating communication with both the NTN device and the RAN node. The RAN node may communicate with the ED 110 via the NTN device and the NTN gateway. In some implementations, the NTN gateway and the RAN node may be located within the same device.
[0095] A base station 170 (also referred to as a TRP as stated above) is a network element within a radio access network responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to or from the ED (such as a user equipment) . In different implementations, the base station 170 may also be known as a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, and a positioning node, among other possibilities. The base station 170 may be a macro base station (BS) , a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or combinations thereof. When the base station 170 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the base station itself, one or more modules (or units) in the base station, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions within the base station.
[0096] The EDs 110a-110d and TRPs 170a-170b, 172 are examples of communication equipment configured to implement some or all of the operations and / or implementations described herein. The T-TRP 170a forms part of the RAN 120a, which may include other TRPs, and / or other devices. Also, the TRP 170b forms part of the RAN 120b, which may include other TRPs, and / or devices. Each TRP 170a, 170b may transmit and / or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region or area, sometimes referred to as a “cell” or a “coverage area” . The TRPs 170a-170b may be responsible for allocating and / or configuring resources and transmission and / or reception in a set of cell (s) . A cell is a radio network object that can be uniquely identified by a cell identification that is broadcasted over a geographical region or area from base stations associated with the cell. A cell can work in either FDD or TDD mode. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors, and a base station 170a-170b may, for example, employ one or more transceivers to provide services to one or more sectors. Some implementations may include pico or femto cells if supported by the radio access technology. In some implementations, one or more transceivers could be used for each cell, such as with Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology. The number of RANs 120a-120b shown is merely an example. Any number of RANs may be contemplated when designing the communication system 100.
[0097] A base station may be a single element, as shown in the figures, or multiple elements distributed throughout the corresponding RAN, or otherwise configured. In some implementations, a plurality of RAN nodes coordinate to assist the ED 110 in implementing radio access, and different RAN nodes separately implement and handle different functions of the base station. For example, the RAN node may be a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a CU-control plane (CP) , a CU-user plane (UP) , or a radio unit (RU) etc. The CU and the DU may be separately deployed, or included within the same element (i.e., a baseband unit (BBU) ) . The RU may be included in a radio frequency device or a radio frequency unit (i.e., a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , or a remote radio head (RRH) ) . In different systems, the CU (or the CU-CP and the CU-UP) , the DU, or the RU may be known by different names, but their functions are understood by person skilled in the art. For example, in an open radio access network (ORAN) system, a CU may be referred to as an open CU (O-CU) , a DU may be referred to as an open DU (O-DU) , and a CU-CP may be referred to as an open CU-CP (O-CU-CP) . The CU-UP may also be referred to as an open CU-UP (O-CU-UP) , and the RU may also be referred to as an open RU (O-RU) . Any one of the CU (or the CU-CP, the CU-UP) , the DU, and the RU may be implemented using a software module, a hardware module, or a combination of a software module and a hardware module.
[0098] Furthermore, communication between different devices / apparatuses in various implementations of this disclosure may refer to direct communication (that is, without the need of forwarding by another device / apparatus) , or may refer to communication (s) between different devices / apparatuses via another device / apparatus (that is, requiring forwarding by another device / apparatus) . Alternatively, such communication (s) may involve one functional unit inside a device / apparatus using another functional unit within the device / apparatus to communicate with another device / apparatus. In other words, phrases such as "sending (or transmitting) information to... (an ED or a base station) " in this disclosure may be understood as a destination endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including, sending / transmitting information directly or indirectly to an ED or a base station. Similarly, phrases like "receiving information from... (an ED or a base station) " may be understood as a source endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including directly or indirectly receiving information from an ED or a base station. Between the source endpoint that sends the information and the destination endpoint, necessary processing such as, but not limited to, format conversion, digital-to-analog conversion, amplification, and filtering may be performed on the information. However, the destination endpoint may understand valid information from the source endpoint. A similar understanding applies to other descriptions in this disclosure without reiterating details already described. In the present disclosure, the terms "send" and "transmit" may be used interchangeably in different implementations of this disclosure.
[0099] The ED 110 is used to connect people, objects, machines, and other entities. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, but not limited to, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , MTC, internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, and autonomous delivery and mobility.
[0100] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to as, but not limited to) a user equipment (UE) or a user device or a terminal device, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , an MTC device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus (such as a module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to by other terms. When an ED 110 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the ED itself, one or more modules (or units) in the ED, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, or system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the ED.
[0101] Each ED 110 connected to TRPs 170a-170b, and / or TRPs 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability and connection necessity.
[0102] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any of the TRPs 170a, 170b and 172, the Internet 150, the CN 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the ED 110a may communicate an uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with station-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 190b. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110d may communicate using an UL and / or DL transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0103] An air interface (such as, for example, 190a, 190b, 190c) generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices such as EDs and base station (s) . For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (such as, data) over a wireless communications link. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, that may include any suitable radio access technology.
[0104] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the EDs 110a, 110d and one or more NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or more NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0105] The TRPs 170a-170b, 172 may communicate with one another over one or more air interfaces 190e, 190f using wireless communication links (such as radio frequency (RF) , microwave, infrared (IR) , etc. ) or wired communication links. The air interfaces 190e, 190f may utilize any suitable radio access technology, and may be substantially similar to the air interfaces 190a, 190c over which the EDs 110a-110d communicate with one or more of the TRP 170a-170b, 172 or they may be substantially different. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) , Low Density Signature Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (LDS-MC-CDMA) , Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) , Pattern Division Multiple Access (PDMA) , Lattice Partition Multiple Access (LPMA) , Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) , and Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) .
[0106] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the CN 130 to provide the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c with various services such as voice, data, multimedia, and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the CN 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by the CN 130, and may employ different radio access technologies from RAN 120a and / or RAN 120b. The CN 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b and / or the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. For example, the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c communicate using different cellular communications protocols, such as, but not limited to, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a Push-to-Talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over Cellular (POC) protocol, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a New Radio (NR) protocol, and the like. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may communicate using wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and / or to the Internet 150. The PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . The Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as internet protocol (IP) , transmission control protocol (TCP) , user datagram protocol (UDP) . EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and may incorporate one or multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0107] In addition, the communication system 100 may comprise a sensing agent (not shown in FIG. 2) to manage the sensed data from ED 110 and / or any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In some implementations, the sensing agent may be part of any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In some other implementations, the sensing agent is a separate node that can communicate with the CN 130 and / or the RAN 120 (such as any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172) .
[0108] FIG. 3 illustrates an apparatus 310 wirelessly communicating with another apparatus 320 within a communication system (e.g., the communication system 100) according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 310 may be an electronic device (such as ED 110) . The apparatus 320 may be a network node (e.g., the network node 170) such as T-TRP 170 or an NT-TRP 172. Although only one apparatus 310, and one apparatus 320 are shown in the figure, the number of apparatus 310 and / or number of apparatus 320 can vary, potentially including one or more of each. For example, a single ED 110 may be served by a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) , or by multiple T-TRPs 170 (or multiple NT-TRPs 172) . Similarly, a single ED 110 may be served by one or more T-TRPs 170 and one or more NT-TRPs 172. Similarly, a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) may serve one or more EDs 110.
[0109] The apparatus 310 may include one or more processors 210. For clarity and to avoid overcrowding the illustration, only a single processor 210 is illustrated. The apparatus 310 may further include a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. For clarity, only a single antenna 204 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may alternatively be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated into a single unit, for example, as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by the one or more antennas 204 or a network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver may also be configured to demodulate data or other content received by the one or more antennas 204. A transceiver may include any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or for processing signals received through wireless or wired communication. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals. The apparatus 310 may include a memory 208. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 may include multiple memories 208. Only a single transmitter 201, receiver 203, processor 210, memory 208, and antenna 204 is illustrated for simplicity, but the apparatus 310 may include one or more other components. In some implementations of the present disclosure, the transceiver (or transmitter 201 and / or receiver 203) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0110] The memory 208 is configured to store instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 208 may also be configured to store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 310. For example, the memory 208 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or operations described herein and that which are executed by the one or more processors 210.
[0111] The apparatus 310 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces. The input / output devices or interfaces facilitate interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes suitable components for facilitating transmission of information to a user and reception of information from a user, and for various network interface communications. Such components may include, but are not limited to, a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, touch screen, and the like.
[0112] The processor 210 may be configured to perform (or control the apparatus 310 to perform) operations (or methods) described herein as being performed by the apparatus 310. For example, the processor 210 performs or controls the apparatus 310 to perform the operations of: a) receiving one or more transport blocks (TBs) , b) using a resource for decoding at least one of the received TBs, c) releasing the resource for decoding another of the received TBs, and / or d) receiving configuration information configuring a resource. Specifically, the operations may include tasks related to: preparing a transmission for UL transmission to the apparatus 320, processing DL transmissions received from the apparatus 320, and handling SL transmission to and from another apparatus 310. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for UL transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing DL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Processing operations related to processing SL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, transmit / receive beamforming, modulating / demodulating and encoding / decoding symbols. Depending upon the implementation, a DL transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the DL transmission (such as by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, such as beam angle information (BAI) , received from the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 may be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, which includes operations for detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, such as using a reference signal received from the apparatus 320.
[0113] Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 210 may either be a part of the transmitter 201 or a part of the receiver 203 or a part of both the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the memory 208 may be a part of the processor 210.
[0114] The processor 210, along with the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may each be implemented by one or more processors that may the same or different. These processors are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (such as in the memory 208) .
[0115] The apparatus 320 includes one or more processors 260 (only one processor 260 is illustrated) . The apparatus 320 may further include one or more transmitters 252 and one or more receivers 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only a single antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid clutter in the illustration. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may alternatively be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated into a single unit such as, for example, as a transceiver. The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may include multiple memories 258. The apparatus 320 may further include a scheduler 253. Only a single transmitter 252, receiver 254, processor 260, memory 258, antenna 256 and scheduler 253 are illustrated for simplicity, however the apparatus 320 may include one or more other components. In the present disclosure, in some implementations, the transceiver (or transmitter 252 and / or receiver254) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0116] In some implementations, various components of the apparatus 320 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the apparatus 320 may be located remotely from the equipment housing the antennas 256 for the apparatus 320 (and therefore also can be viewed as one or more nodes) . These modules, which can be considered as one or more nodes, may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) , sometimes referred to as front haul, such as the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some implementations, the term apparatus 320 may also refer to network-side nodes that perform processing operations such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that which are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the apparatus 320. The nodes may also be coupled to other apparatuses 320. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may actually be a plurality of nodes that are operating together to serve the apparatus 310, such as through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions, or through the use of ORAN system as described above in the disclosure.
[0117] The processor 260 is configured to perform operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for DL transmission to the apparatus 310, processing an UL transmission received from the apparatus 310, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to another apparatus 320, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from another apparatus 320. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for DL or backhaul transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, precoding (such as MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the UL or over backhaul may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or DL synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 is further configured to generate an indication of beam direction, such as beam angle information (BAI) , which may be scheduled for transmission by the scheduler 253 which will be described below. In some implementations, the processor 260 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (such as BAI) received from another apparatus 320. The processor 260 is configured to perform other network side processing operations described herein, such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, determining where to deploy another apparatus 320, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 may generate signaling data, to configure one or more parameters of the apparatus 310 and / or one or more parameters of another apparatus 320. Any signaling data generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 implements physical layer processing. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may perform higher layer functions such as those at the Medium Access Control (MAC) or Radio Link Control (RLC) layers in addition to physical layer processing. In the apparatus 320, the scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260 or integrated within the processor 260. In some implementations, the scheduler 253 may be integrated within the apparatus 320 or may be operated separately from the apparatus 320. The scheduler 253 may schedule UL, DL, SL, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (such as “configured grant” ) resources.
[0118] The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258 that is configured to store instructions for performing the operations described herein. The memory 258 may also store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 320. For example, the memory 258 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or implementations described herein and that which are executed by the processor 260.
[0119] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may be implemented as part of the transmitter 252 and / or a part of the receiver 254. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253 and the memory 258 may be implemented as part of the processor 260.
[0120] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252, and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, such as in the memory 258.
[0121] The apparatus 320 and / or the apparatus 310 may include other components, not shown or described herein for the sake of clarity.
[0122] Note that the term “signaling” , as used herein, may alternatively be referred to as control signaling, control message, control information, or message for simplicity. Signaling between a base station (such as the TRP 170a. 170b, 172) and a UE or sensing device (such as ED 110) , or signaling between a different UE or sensing device (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be carried in physical layer signaling (also called as dynamic signaling) , which is transmitted in a physical layer control channel. For DL, the physical layer signaling may be known as downlink control information (DCI) which is transmitted in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . For UL, the physical layer signaling may be known as uplink control information (UCI) which is transmitted in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) . For SL, signaling between different UEs or sensing devices (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be known as SL control information (SCI) which is transmitted in a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . Signaling may be carried in a higher layer (such as higher than physical layer) signaling, which is transmitted in a physical layer data channel, such as in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for downlink signaling, in a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for uplink signaling, and in a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) for sidelink signaling. Higher layer signaling may also be called static signaling, or semi-static signaling. The higher layer signaling may include radio resource control (RRC) protocol signaling or media access control-control element (MAC-CE) signaling. Signaling may be included in a combination of physical layer signaling and higher layer signaling.
[0123] It should be noted that in the present disclosure, “information” , when different from “message” , may be carried within a single message, or may be carried in multiple separate messages.
[0124] FIG. 4 illustrates an example apparatus 410 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 410 may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device such as the ED 110 or the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. For example, the apparatus 410 implemented in an ED may be an integrated circuit, which in some instances may be referred to as a chip, a modem, a modem chip, a baseband chip, or a baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into a system-on-chip, a system-in-package, or a multi-chip module. The apparatus 410 can include one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within the ED 110, or within the apparatus 310. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within one of the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172, or the apparatus 320.
[0125] In an example, the apparatus 410 may include one or more processors 411, and an interface circuit 412. The apparatus 410 may further include a memory 413. The one or more processors 411 are configured to process signals and execute one or more communication protocols. The memory 413 is configured to store at least a part of corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. In an example, the one or more processors 411 execute the computer program instructions stored in the memory 413 to implement related operations (for example, inputting, outputting, receiving, and transmitting) in the method embodiments disclosed herein. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store all of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data for execution by the one or more processors 411. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store a part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. For example, the part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may include computer program instructions and / or data that need to be currently executed by the one or more processors 411. Thus, the memory 413 may store different parts of computer program instructions and / or data for a plurality times for the one or more processors 411 to perform related operations in the method embodiments disclosed herein. As a communication interface, the interface circuit 412 is configured to implement communication with another component. For example, the interface circuit 412 may communicate a signal with other apparatus / system such as a radio frequency processing apparatus, or processor system. The communication includes transmitting signal (or data, information) to another component or device, or receives signal from another component or device. “Transmitting” includes outputting the signal to a component or device that is directly or indirectly coupled to the interface circuit (transmitting unit) . “Receiving” includes inputting or obtaining a signal from a component or device that is directly or indirectly couped to the interface circuit (receiving unit) . Optionally, to reduce a load of the one or more processors, a baseband signal processing circuit 414 may be also disposed to implement processing of at least a part of baseband signals, including signal demodulation, modulation, encoding, decoding, or the like.
[0126] The apparatus 410 may be the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) , in some scenarios, or may be included within the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) in some scenarios. The apparatus 410 may be a baseband chip or may include a baseband chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be independently packaged into a chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 (or 320) includes different types of chips. The apparatus 410 may be packaged into a processor chip (for example, an SoC chip or an SIP chip) with the different types of chips. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be packaged into a chip with some or all of circuits of a radio frequency processing system that may further be included in the apparatus 310 (or 320) .
[0127] FIG. 5 illustrates example apparatus 510 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 510 may include corresponding modules or units configured to implement methods and / or implementations described herein. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 includes a processing unit 512 and a communication unit 513. Optionally, the apparatus 510 may further include a storage unit 511 configured to store apparatus program code (or instructions) and / or data.
[0128] The apparatus 510 may be an ED side apparatus, for example, an ED or a module in an ED, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in an ED. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be the apparatus 310. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 210. The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 201 and / or the receiver 203 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 208.
[0129] The apparatus 510 may be a base station side apparatus, for example, a base station or a module in a base station, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in a base station. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be apparatus 320. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 260 (the scheduler 253 may also be included) . The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 252 and / or the receiver 254 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 258.
[0130] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is an ED 110 or a module in an ED 110, a function of the apparatus 510 may be implemented by one or more processors. Specifically, the processor may include a modem chip, or a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by a transceiver circuit.
[0131] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is a circuit or a chip that is responsible for a communication function in an ED 110, such as a modem chip, a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core. A function of the processing unit 512 may be implemented by a circuit system within the chip which includes one or more processors. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by an interface circuit or a data transceiver circuit on the chip.
[0132] It may be understood that the units in the apparatus 510 may be logical or functional. Each function may correspond to one functional unit, or two or more functions may be integrated into a single functional unit. In some implementations, all or some of the units may be integrated into a single physical entity, or may be distributed across different physical entities. In addition, the functional units may be implemented in the form of hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether a function is implemented in the form of hardware or software depends on particular applications and design constraint conditions of the technical solutions. A person skilled in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for specific applications, but it should not be considered that the implementation goes beyond the scope of this disclosure.
[0133] In an example, a functional unit in any one of the apparatuses may be configured as one or more integrated circuits for implementing the methods disclosed herein, for example, as one or more application-specific integrated circuits (application-specific integrated circuits, ASICs) , one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more microprocessors or microprocessor units (MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers or microcontroller units (MCUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , or a combination of these.
[0134] In an example, the storage unit 511 may include a random access memory, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a programmable read-only memory, an electrically erasable programmable memory, and / or a register.
[0135] A processor may be referred to as a processor system, an application processor, a baseband processor, a processor circuit, or a processor core. The processor may include one or a combination of one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more microprocessors (microprocessor units, MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers (microcontroller units, MCUs) , one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , one or more artificial intelligence processors (AI processors) , or one or more neural network processing units (NPUs) .
[0136] Memory or a storage unit may include one or more of the following storage media: a random access memory (RAM) , a static random access memory (static RAM, SRAM) , a dynamic random access memory (dynamic RAM, DRAM) , a phase-change memory (PCM) , a resistive random access memory (resistive RAM, ReRAM) , a magnetoresistive random access memory (magnetoresistive RAM, MRAM) , a ferroelectric random access memory (ferroelectric RAM, FRAM) , a cache, a register, a read-only memory (ROM) , a flash memory (flash memory) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (erasable programmable ROM, EPROM) , a hard disk, and the like. In an example, computer program instructions used to execute embodiments may be stored in a non-volatile memory, for example, at least a part of a memory or storage unit (for example, one or more of a ROM, a flash memory, an EPROM, or a hard disk) . When a terminal runs, a part or all of corresponding computer program instructions may be loaded to a memory that has a higher transmission speed with the processor, for example, at least a part of a memory or a storage unit (for example, one or more of a RAM, an SRAM, a DRAM, a PCM, a RERAM, an MRAM, a FRAM, a cache, or a register) , so that the processor executes the computer program instructions to perform the steps in the method embodiments disclosed herein.
[0137] FIG. 6 illustrates a 5G protocol data unit (PDU) session, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. PDU connectivity service is provided by 5G network. PDU connectivity service is a service that provides exchange of PDUs between a UE and a Data Network (DN) . 5G network provides PDU connectivity service to a UE via one or more PDU sessions. As in FIG. 6, for a PDU session, it is an association between the UE and a Data Network (DN) that provides a PDU connectivity service. There are intermediate network nodes (e.g., RAN node gNB, UPF) in the PDU session between UE and DN.One or more QoS flows may be transmitted via a PDU session. The QoS Flow is a fine granularity of QoS differentiation in the PDU Session. User Plane traffic within a QoS flow of a PDU Session receives the same traffic forwarding treatment (e.g. scheduling, admission threshold, delay, loss rate) .
[0138] On network side, user plane tunnels (e.g., GPRS Tunnelling Protocol for User Plane (GTP-U) tunnel) are established to deliver the data of a PDU session. For example, there are NG-U tunnel (e.g., N3 tunnel) between RAN and UPF, tunnel (e.g., N9 tunnel) between two UPFs, and tunnel (e.g., N6 tunnel) between UPF and DN, etc. The data of a PDU session is delivered via the tunnels on network side.
[0139] Over the air, data radio bearer is established between UE and RAN. The data radio bearer transports the packets of a PDU session over the air. There is a one-to-multiple mapping between the PDU session and the data radio bearer. The data of a PDU session is mapped to one or more data radio bearers by RAN. For example, one QoS flow of a PDU session is mapped to one data radio bearer, and different QoS flows of the PDU session can be mapped to the same or different data radio bearers.
[0140] To establish a PDU session for data forwarding, the 5G control plane functions (e.g., AMF, SMF, RAN CP) configures the user plane functions (e.g., UPF, RAN UP) to establish the resources for the PDU session, e.g., to establish the tunnels (e.g., GTP-U tunnel) on the network side and data radio bearers over the air. For example, GTP-U tunnel (e.g., for N3 tunnel, N9 tunnel) is established per PDU session, and a GTP-U tunnel is dedicated to a PDU session. One or multiple data radio bearers are established over the air for a PDU session. Packet detection rule and forwarding action rule are configured to user plane function when the PDU session resource is setup under the control of control plane function. For example, the mapping between GTP-U tunnel and PDU session is configured to user plane function to enable data forwarding.
[0141] The QoS flow is a fine granularity of QoS differentiation in the PDU Session. A QoS Flow ID (QFI) is used to identify a QoS Flow in the 5G System. User plane traffic with the same QFI within a PDU Session receives the same traffic forwarding treatment (e.g. scheduling, admission threshold) . The QFI is carried in an encapsulation header on N3 (and N9) i.e. without any changes to the end to end packet header. QFI shall be used for all PDU Session Types. The QFI shall be unique within a PDU Session. The QFI may be dynamically assigned or may be equal to the 5G QoS identifier (5QI) . A QoS Flow is associated with QoS requirements as specified by QoS parameters and QoS characteristics.
[0142] User plane functions (e.g., UPF, RAN UP) performs suitable actions to deliver uplink and / or downlink data. For example, UPF classifies PDU layer packets for QoS flow marking (e.g., based on packet detection rule) and maps the QoS flows to GTP-U tunnels. And other user plane function (e.g., UPF, RAN) decides the QoS flow that a received packet belongs to, for example, based on the QoS flow identifier marked in the packet header, and decides the PDU session that a received packet belongs to, for example, based on the tunnel via which the packet is delivered. RAN can map QoS flows of a PDU session received in a specific GTP-U tunnel to data radio bearers.
[0143] FIG. 7 illustrates a 5G user plane protocol stack between UE and gNB, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0144] Data radio bearer (DRB) is configured with Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) sublayer, Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) sublayer, Radio Link Control (RLC) sublayer, Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayer and Physical Layer (PHY) .
[0145] User plane functions (e.g., UPF, RAN UP) performs suitable actions to deliver uplink and / or downlink data. For example, UPF classifies PDU layer packets for QoS flow marking (e.g., based on packet detection rule) and maps the QoS flows to GTP-U tunnels. And other user plane function (e.g., UPF, RAN) decides the QoS flow a received packet belongs to, based on the QoS flow identifier marked in the packet header, and decides the PDU session that a received packet belongs to, based on the tunnel via which the packet is delivered. RAN (i.e., SDAP) maps QoS flows of a PDU session received in a specific GTP-U tunnel to data radio bearers.
[0146] As described in 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 37.324, the SDAP entities are located in the SDAP sublayer. Several SDAP entities may be defined for a UE. There is an SDAP entity configured for each individual PDU session for NR Uu. SDAP entity is per PDU session.
[0147] However, for a next generation (e.g. sixth generation (6G) or later) network, or a legacy (e.g. 5G, 4G, 3G or 2G) network, e.g., in 6G era, the 6G network is expected to not only for connectivity, but also for data processing. In-network data processing (or termed as in-network computing interchangeably) is supported. The in-network data processing is for XaaS service (e.g., NET4AI, Data Analytics and Management (DAM) , NET4DW, etc. ) , e.g., to execute AI model training or inferencing, ISAC data processing, data pre-processing (e.g., data normalization, data cleaning) .
[0148] FIG. 8 illustrates a mission service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0149] As shown in FIG. 8, mission service is expected to be provided by 6G network. A mission is to achieve a designated goal, known as mission goal, which includes (1) providing PDU connectivity and optionally (2) providing data processing. Mission service is a service that provides achieving of a mission goal (i.e., PDU connectivity and / or data processing) . When the mission goal includes providing data processing, the mission goal is associated with specific computational problem (s) , and providing data processing refers to solving the specific computational problem (s) . In this case, the mission includes one or multiple computing blocks (CBs) and is associated with a networking procedure among the CBs for solving the specific computational problem (s) . A CB within the mission corresponds to a defined computational step toward the mission goal (i.e. solving the specific computational problem (s) ) and may be supported by a XaaS service (in the form of a task) , a data network (DN) , or another mission service; accordingly, the CB is referred to as a task CB, an external CB or a sub-mission CB. A CB corresponds to a particular action of data processing, e.g., AI training, AI inference, data pre-processing, data de-privatization, data cleaning, data collection, data analytics, sensing, etc. Different CBs of a mission may be executed in sequence or parallel. When the mission goal only includes providing PDU connectivity, the mission service is reduced to the 5G PDU connectivity service.
[0150] When the mission goal includes providing data processing, the data is forwarded to one or more CB entities and processed by the CB entities, then the processed data is forwarded to next-hop one or more CB entities, until the mission goal is completed. Each of the CB entities executing one or more CBs. The CB entities are supported by XaaS services and / or DN. The CB entities can be deployed in device (e.g., UE, vehicle, radar, sensor, drone, and actuator) , RAN, CN, and even in third parties. In some implementations, the mission service including the CB entities are configured and under the control of C / M plane functions, e.g., a mission management function (MM) . As in FIG. 8, devices deploying CB entities and other CB entities provided by XaaS services and / or DN are involved in a mission service to perform data processing in parallel and / or sequence. For example, CB entities 1, 2, 3 and 4 are provided by XaaS services 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, and the two devices may also provide other CB entities (not illustrated in the figure) or not. In some implementations, the CB entities 1, 2, 3 and 4 may be provided by a same XaaS service instead of 4 different XaaS services. The CB entities and devices are connected via data trustworthy gateway (Data-TW-GW) . In some implementations, the CB entity, Data-TW-GW are deployed on 6G data plane, and the data plane may be also termed as user plane, or enhanced user plane, etc. In some implementations, the Data-TW-GW could be UPF, or enhanced UPF. CB DP entities (e.g., deployed in device, RAN, CN and DN) are connected via Data-TW-GW. The Data-TW-GW is helpful to get rid of mesh topology among CBs and to support anonymous communication among CBs.
[0151] The data processing (computing) procedure within the mission service can include the following steps:
[0152] (1) the two devices may deliver data (non-processed or processed data by CB entities in the devices) to CB entity 1 being provided by XaaS service 1 (e.g., DAM service) ;
[0153] (2) CB entity 1 delivers the data directly or deliver the data after processing to CB entity 2 being provided by XaaS service 2 (e.g., NET4AI service) , via Data-TW-GW 1;
[0154] (3) in parallel, CB entity 2 receives data from CB entity 4 being provided by XaaS service 4 (e.g., NET4DW service) , via Data-TW-GW1 and Data-TW-GW2. The data received by CB entity 2 from CB entity 4 is the processed results of the data received by CB entity 4 from CB entity 3 being provided by XaaS service 3 (e.g., NET4Data) , via Data-TW-GW2;
[0155] (4) then CB entity 2 performs data processing of AI training (or AI inference, etc. ) using all the received data from CB entities 1, 3 and 4, and sends the processed results to CB entity 4;
[0156] (5) CB entity 4 perform data processing using the data sent by CB entity 2 and the data from CB entity 3, and sends the processed results to CB entity 2; and then, back and forth data processing and forwarding are performed among CB entities 2, 3 and 4 until the mission goal is completed.
[0157] In some case, a mission corresponds to a service function chain as defined by Internet engineering task force (IETF) , e.g., in request for comments (RFC) 7665. A service function chain is defined as a logical representation of an ordered set (sequence) of service functions that need to successively handle some traffic, e.g. traffic is first handled by service function1 (e.g. Deep Packet Inspection) , then service function 2 (e.g. TCP / IP optimization) and lastly by Service function 3 (e.g. Firewall) .
[0158] FIG. 9 illustrates a mission session of a mission service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 9, a mission service subscriber (e.g., a 6G device, an application server (AS) ) can access mission service via one or multiple mission sessions. A CB is identified by CBID. A mission ID identifies a mission. A SFC ID identifies a SFC. Refer to 3GPP technical report (TR) 23.700-18 for the service function chain. In some implementations, a CBID corresponds to a XaaS service ID. In some implementations, a mission ID corresponds to a XaaS service ID. In some implementations, a SFC ID corresponds to a XaaS service ID. In some implementations, a mission comprise one or more SFCs.
[0159] A mission session is an association between a network entity (e.g. a user equipment (UE) , a network function (NF) , and an application server (AS) ) and a Data Network (DN) , providing a mission service. And the DN may be virtual and dummy DN. A mission session includes the data forwarding and data processing resources to execute a mission. A mission session includes a collection (group) of data sessions and optional inter-GW sessions.
[0160] Mission service is a service that provides achieving of a mission goal (i.e., PDU connectivity and / or data processing) . When the mission goal includes providing data processing, the mission goal is associated with specific computational problem (s) , and providing data processing refers to solving the specific computational problem (s) . In this case, the mission includes one or multiple computing blocks (CBs) and is associated with a networking procedure among the CBs for solving the specific computational problem (s) . A CB within the mission corresponds to a defined computational step toward the mission goal (i.e. solving the specific computational problem (s) ) and may be supported by a XaaS service (in the form of a task) , a data network (DN) , or another mission service; accordingly, the CB is referred to as a task CB, an external CB or a sub-mission CB. A CB corresponds to a particular action of data processing, e.g., AI training, AI inference, data pre-processing, data de-privatization, data cleaning, data collection, data analytics, sensing, etc. Different CBs of a mission may be executed in sequence or parallel.
[0161] A Data Session is an association at least terminates at a Computing Block (CB) entity to execute one or more CBs of a mission. The CB entity is an entity to execute the actions corresponding to the one or more CBs. Particular data transmission and / or data processing are executed among the CB entities in specific order (e.g., in sequence and / or parallel) to complete the mission. The CB entity is supported by XaaS service and / or DN. The CB entity is a network entity which can be deployed in: device (e.g., UE, vehicle, radar, sensor, drone, and actuator) , RAN, CN, DN, and even in third parties. In some implementations, the CB entity is deployed on 6G data plane. In some implementations, the CB entity is supported by a XaaS service, e.g., by a processing service function (PSF) of the XaaS service. Different CB entities may execute the same or different CBs. In some implementations, a data session corresponds to one CB of a mission. In some implementations, a data session corresponds to multiple CBs of a mission.
[0162] In some implementations, the data session may be regarded as only including the data forwarding resource to execute one or more CBs of a mission, i.e., a pipe to connect a CB entity with another network entity, and the data processing resources configured in the CB entity do not belong to the data session.
[0163] In some implementations, the data session may be regarded as including both the data forwarding and data processing resources to execute one or more CBs of a mission, i.e., the data processing resources configured in the CB entity also belongs to the data session.
[0164] In some implementations, a data session is an association between a CB entity and a Data-TW-GW.
[0165] In some implementations, a data session is an association between a CB entity and another CB entity.
[0166] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between a device (e.g., UE, vehicle, radar, sensor, drone, and actuator) and a Data-TW-GW. The Data-TW-GW may be deployed in RAN or CN.
[0167] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between a Data-TW-GW and a processing service function (PSF) provided by a XaaS service. The Data-TW-GW may be deployed in RAN or CN. The PSF may be deployed in RAN or CN.
[0168] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between a device and a PSF provided by a XaaS service. The PSF may be deployed in RAN or CN.
[0169] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between a PSF and another PSF, and the two PSFs may be provided by a same or different XaaS services. Both or either of the two PSFs may be deployed in RAN or CN.
[0170] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between a DN and a PSF provided by a XaaS service. The PSF may be deployed in RAN or CN.
[0171] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between a DN and a Data-TW-GW. The Data-TW-GW may be deployed in RAN or CN.
[0172] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between two devices.
[0173] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between two DNs.
[0174] In some implementations, for implementation, a data session is an association between a device and a DN.
[0175] An Inter-GW Session is an association between two Data-TW-GW for data forwarding. In some implementations, the Data-TW-GW could be UPF, or enhanced UPF. CB DP entities (e.g., deployed in device, RAN, CN and DN) are connected via Data-TW-GW. The Data-TW-GW is helpful to get rid of mesh topology among CBs and to support anonymous communication among CBs.
[0176] A CB entity (deployed in device, RAN, CN or DN) may participate into one or multiple Mission Sessions. A CB entity may participate into one or multiple Data Sessions.
[0177] A mission session can be identified by a mission session ID or a session group ID. A data session can be identified by a data session ID or a session group ID.
[0178] As shown in FIG. 9, a mission session consists of one or multiple Data Sessions. There are two CB entities deployed in RAN, two CB entities deployed in core network functions (NFs) or DN. Devices may also deploy CB entities or be active as CB entities not illustrated in the figure. The CB entity may be supported by XaaS service. Over the air, radio bearer is established between device and 6G RAN node. Data session is established between device deploying CB entity and a Data-TW-GW. Each device establishes one or multiple data sessions belongs to a mission session. On or multiple devices are involved in a mission session. Flexible mapping are enabled between radio bearer and Data Session. On network side, data session is established between a CB entity and a Data-TW-GW. There could be one or multiple Data Sessions between a CB entity and a Data-TW-GW, and a CB entity (e.g., deployed in PSF of XaaS) could belong to one or multiple Data Sessions. A CB entity (e.g., deployed in PSF of XaaS) could belong to one or multiple Mission Sessions. One or multiple Inter-GW sessions are established between Data-TW-GWs. As in FIG. 9, two devices are involved in a mission session, and each device establishes two data sessions. A data session may be mapped to a radio bearer, or multiple data sessions are mapped to a radio bearer. It does not rule out the possibility that a data session is mapped to multiple radio bearers. One of the two CB entities in RAN establishes 2 data sessions illustrated as small rectangular boxes, another one of the two CB entities in RAN establishes 1 data session. One CB entity in NFs or DN establishes 2 data sessions, and one CB entity in NFs or DN establishes 1 data session. Two Inter-GW sessions are established between the two Data-TW-GWs.
[0179] A mission includes no CBs (i.e. no computing-related functionalities) when its goal is only to provide PDU connectivity. In this case, A Mission Session is reduced to a PDU Session. Different Mission Session Types can be defined: PDU connectivity only type, and both data connectivity and processing type (i.e., non PDU connectivity only type) . The PDU connectivity only type indicates that no CB entity is involved in the mission session, i.e., the mission session is reduced to PDU session in this case. The both data connectivity and processing type (i.e., non PDU connectivity only type) indicates that there is CB entity involved in the mission session, both data forwarding and processing are supported via the mission session, e.g., to support 6G services of data processing (e.g., AI, sensing, data service) .
[0180] In some implementations, the CB entity of a mission session is a virtual and dummy entity, e.g., for a mission session of PDU connectivity only type.
[0181] In the present disclosure, the terms forward (forwarding) , transmit (transmission) and deliver (delivery) are used interchangeably. Data connectivity and data forwarding are used interchangeably.
[0182] In some implementations, a mission session consists of one or more data sessions.
[0183] In some implementations, a data session corresponds to one or more CBs.
[0184] In some implementations, one or multiple QoS flows are delivered in a data session. QoS flow is a fine granularity of QoS differentiation in the mission service. Traffic within the same QoS flow receives the same data processing treatment and data forwarding treatment. In some implementations, a data session is implemented as a QoS flow.
[0185] New radio bearers dedicated for mission service may be established over the air on control or management (C / M) plane and data plane to provide service with particular QoS. For example, new data radio bearer dedicated for a mission session is established over the air on data plane to provide service with particular QoS.
[0186] Different data sessions of a mission session may be mapped and connected via one or more Data-TW-GWs, e.g., depending on whether, and how many Data-TW-GWs are deployed.
[0187] Different data sessions of a mission session may be mapped and connected internally within a CB entity.
[0188] FIG. 10 illustrates a tunnel configured for a data session or an inter-GW session, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0189] As an example shown in FIG. 10, a rectangular represents a data session or an inter-GW session of a mission session, and a cylindrical represents a tunnel dedicatedly configured for a data session or an inter-GW of the mission session. The tunnel is configured per data session for a mission session and cannot be shared by different data sessions or inter-GW sessions between two network entities. The type of the tunnel is not limited to GTP-U tunnel, quick UDP Internet connections (QUIC) , etc. CB entity 1 establishes data sessions 1 and 2 with Data-TW-GW 1. CB entity 2 establishes data sessions 3, 4 and 5 with Data-TW-GW 1. CB entity 3 establishes data sessions 1 and 2 with Data-TW-GW 2. There are inter-GW sessions 1 and 2 established between Data-TW-GW1 and Data-TW-GW2.7 tunnels are established each of which is dedicated for a data session, and 2 tunnels are established each of which is dedicated for an inter-GW session. As illustrated by the dash line, data sessions 1 and 2 of CB entity 1 are mapped to data session 3 of CB entity 2 via Data-TW-GW 1, data session 3 of CB entity 2 is mapped to data session 4 of CB entity 2 within CB entity 2, data session 4 of CB entity 2 is mapped to inter-GW session 1 via Data-TW-GW 1, inter-GW session 1 is mapped to data session 2 of CB entity 3 via Data-TW-GW2, data session 2 of CB entity 3 is mapped to data session 1 of CB entity 3 within CB entity 3, data session 1 of CB entity 3 is mapped to inter-GW session 2 via Data-TW-GW2. For example, CB entity 1 executes two CB 1 and CB 2 corresponding to data session 1 and data session 2, respectively. CB entity 1 sends the data processing results of CBs 1 and 2 (corresponding to data sessions 1 and 2, respectively) to data session 3 of CB entity 2 via Data-TW-GW 1. CB entity 2 executes CB 3 to using the received data from CB entity 1 and then sends the new data processing results to CB entity 1. Back and forth data forwarding and data processing are performed between CB entity 1 and CB entity 2 until they are completed. Then CB entity 2 sends the final data processing results of CB 3 to data session 4 of CB entity 2. CB entity 2 executes CB 4 corresponding to data session 4 and sends data processing results to data session 2 of CB entity 3 via Data-TW-GW1 and Data-TW-GW2 through inter-GW session 1. CB entity 3 executes CB 6 corresponding to data session 2. Back and forth data forwarding and data processing are performed between CB entity 2 and CB entity 3 until CB 4 of CB entity 2 and CB 6 of CB entity 3 are completed. Then CB entity 3 sends the final data processing results of CB 6 to data session 1 of CB entity 3. CB entity 3 executes CB 7 corresponding to data session 1 and sends data processing results to data session 5 of CB entity 2 via Data-TW-GW2 and Data-TW-GW1 through inter-GW session 2. CB entity 2 executes CB 5 corresponding to data session 5. Back and forth data forwarding and data processing are performed between CB entity 3 and CB entity 2 until CB 5 of CB entity 2 and CB 7 of CB entity 3 are completed. Then the mission may be completed. It can be observed that, some data from CB entity 2 should be sent to CB entity 1 via Data-TW-GW1, and some data from CB entity 2 should be sent to CB entity 3 via Data-TW-GW1. In order to enable the CB entities and the Data-TW-GWs to deliver data in specific sequence of CBs of a mission via suitable tunnel, and to enable them to detect and recognize the packet received via a tunnel, data forwarding information, e.g., data mapping information and tunnel information, should be configured to the CB entities and Data-TW-GWs, and data processing information, e.g., CB sequence, should be configured to the CB entities.
[0190] In some implementations, CB entity 1, CB entity 2 and Data-TW-GW1 are in network domain 1, CB entity 3 and Data-TW-GW 2 are in network domain 2. Network domain 1 and Network domain 2 can be the same or not. The network domain can be RAN, CN, DN and terminal device. For example, network domain 1 is RAN and network domain 2 is CN, and vice versa. Network domain 1 is RAN and network domain 2 is DN, and vice versa. Network domain 1 is CN and network domain 2 is DN, and vice versa. Network domain 1 is RAN and network domain 2 is device, and vice versa.
[0191] In some implementations, one or more of the CB entities are in the DN. For example, the CB entity 1, CB entity 2, Data-TW-GW 1 and Data-TW-GW2 are in CN, and CB entity 3 is in DN. As another example, the CB entity 1, CB entity 2 and Data-TW-GW 1 are in RAN, Data-TW-GW2 is in CN, and CB entity 3 is in DN. As another example, Data-TW-GW2 and CB entity 3 are in RAN, Data-TW-GW1 is in CN, and CB entity 1 and CB entity 2 are in DN. As another example, Data-TW-GW2, CB entity 3 and Data-TW-GW1 are in CN, and CB entity 1 and CB entity 2 are in DN.
[0192] FIG. 11 illustrates a tunnel configured for a mission session, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0193] As an example shown in FIG. 11, compared with FIG. 10, a rectangular represents a data session or an inter-GW session of a mission session, and the difference is that a cylindrical represents a tunnel configured for the mission session between two network entities. The tunnel is configured per mission session and can be shared by different data sessions or inter-GW sessions between two network entities. The type of the tunnel is not limited to GTP-U tunnel, QUIC connection, etc. Tunnel 1 between CB entity 1 and Data-TW-GW 1 for the mission session is established, Tunnel 2 between CB entity 2 and Data-TW-GW 1 for the mission session is established, Tunnel 3 between CB entity 3 and Data-TW-GW 2 for the mission session is established, and Tunnel 4 between Data-TW-GW 1 and Data-TW-GW 2 for the mission session is established. For example, some packets (e.g., packets of data session 3) received from Tunnel 2 should be forwarded by Data-TW-GW 1 to CB entity 1, but some packets (e.g., packets of data session 4) received from Tunnel 2 should be forwarded by Data-TW-GW 1 to Data-TW-GW2 then to CB entity 3. Different from the case where a dedicated tunnel is configured per data session, when tunnel is configured per mission session, additional information should be configured to enable CB entity and Data-TW-GW to detect, recognize and deliver packet, and necessary.
[0194] FIG. 12 illustrates a tunnel configured for network entity, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0195] As an example shown in FIG. 12, compared with FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, there are two mission sessions illustrated in FIG. 12 respectively represented by the dash line and the solid line, a rectangular represents a data session or an inter-GW session of a mission session, and a cylindrical represents a tunnel shared by the two mission sessions between the network entities. Three data sessions 1, 2 and 3 are established between CB entity 1 and Data-TW-GW1, four data sessions 4, 5, 6 and 7 are established between CB entity 2 and Data-TW-GW1, and two data sessions 1 and 2 are established between CB entity 3 and Data-TW-GW2. Data sessions 1 and 2 of CB entity 1, data sessions 4 and 5, and data session 2 of CB entity 3 belongs to mission session 1. Data sessions 3, data sessions 6 and 7 and data session 1 of CB entity 3 belongs to mission session 2. The tunnel is configured per network entity. It means the tunnel can be shared by different mission sessions of the network entity. The type of the tunnel is not limited to GTP-U tunnel, QUIC connection, etc. Tunnel 1 between CB entity 1 and Data-TW-GW 1 for the two mission sessions is established, Tunnel 2 between CB entity 2 and Data-TW-GW 1 for the two mission sessions is established, Tunnel 3 between CB entity 3 and Data-TW-GW 2 for the two mission sessions is established, and Tunnel 4 between Data-TW-GW 1 and Data-TW-GW 2 for the two mission sessions is established. For example, some packets (e.g., packets of data session 4) received from Tunnel 2 should be forwarded by Data-TW-GW 1 to CB entity 1, but some packets (e.g., packets of data session 5) received from Tunnel 2 should be forwarded by Data-TW-GW 1 to Data-TW-GW2 then to CB entity 3. Different from the cases where a tunnel is configured per data session or mission session, when tunnel is configured per network entity, additional information should be configured to enable CB entity and Data-TW-GW to detect, recognize and deliver packet, and necessary information should be encapsulated into packet (e.g., packet header or payload) .
[0196] As described above, over the air, radio bearer is established between device and 6G RAN node. Radio bearers dedicated for mission service may be established over the air on data plane to provide service with particular QoS. For example, data radio bearer dedicated for a mission session is established over the air on data plane to provide service with particular QoS. On or multiple devices are involved in a mission session. Each device establishes one or multiple data radio bears corresponding to a mission session. As in FIG. 9, two devices are involved in a mission session, and each device establishes two data sessions. Flexible mapping are enabled between radio bearer and Data Session. A data session may be mapped to a radio bearer (one-to-one mapping) , or multiple data sessions are mapped to a radio bearer (multiple-to-one mapping) . It does not rule out the possibility that a data session is mapped to multiple radio bearers (one-to-multiple mapping) .
[0197] FIGS. 13-14 illustrate a protocol stack on data plane to support XaaS service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0198] As shown in FIG. 13, XaaS service layer is deployed to support XaaS service. On data plane, the XaaS service layer (e.g., PSF layer) is the upper layer of Transport Network Layer (TNL) or radio layer (e.g., SDAP layer) . For example, for the protocol stack on the network side (e.g., the protocol stack for the core network (CN) interface, or the protocol stack for the interface between RAN and CN) , the XaaS service layer (e.g., PSF layer) is the upper layer of TNL (e.g., GTP-U, UDP, IP, Layer 2 (L2) and Layer 1 (L1) in sequence) . In some implementations, the GTP-U protocol can be replaced by QUIC. In some implementations, the IP layer can based on IPv4, IPv6, or SRv6. For the protocol stack over the air (e.g., the protocol stack on UE, protocol stack for the air interface between UE and RAN) , the XaaS service layer (e.g., PSF layer) is the upper layer of SDAP (e.g., SDAP, PDCP, RLC, MAC and PHY in sequence) .
[0199] As shown in FIG. 14, on UE side, the PSF layer is the upper layer of SDAP layer. The PSF layer is the upper layer of SDAP layer on RAN side for radio interface. In core network, there is PSF network function (CN-PSF) , and the CN-PSF network function is implemented via deploying PSF layer as the upper layer of TNL. For the protocol stack on the RAN side for the interface oriented to CN-PSF, the PSF layer is the upper layer of TNL. In some case, as in FIG. 14, there is intermediate data plane functions between RAN and CN-PSF, e.g., a Data-TW-GW or a UPF+ for data forwarding. In some case, there are not intermediate data plane functions between RAN and CN-PSF. RAN and CN-PSF can be connected with each other via direct interface.
[0200] The XaaS layer can be deployed PSF layer within 3GPP network (e.g., 3GPP defines PSF layer functionality or PDU format) , it has the advantage that 3GPP network can have strong control of XaaS service, e.g., the C / M plane of the 3GPP network can configure the data plane XaaS layer (e.g., PSF layer) . For example, the C / M plane can configure QoS parameters, data processing parameters to XaaS service layer (e.g., PSF layer) .
[0201] In some implementations, PSF layer is directly above TNL.
[0202] FIG. 15 illustrates a protocol stack between XaaS layer and TNL or radio layer, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0203] In some implementations, as shown in FIG. 15, there are other layers between XaaS service layer and TNL or SDAP layer, e.g., TCP layer, QUIC layer, UDP layer, IP layer. For example, there are TCP and IP layers in sequence between PSF layer and SDAP layer. For example, there are UDP and IP layers in sequence between PSF layer and SDAP layer. For example, there are QUIC, UDP and IP layers in sequence between PSF layer and SDAP layer.
[0204] In some implementations, there is PDU layer between XaaS layer and TNL or SDAP layer.
[0205] In some implementations, there is data plane security protection (DP-Sec) layer between XaaS layer and TNL or SDAP layer.
[0206] In some implementations, some of layers TNL are not deployed, e.g., GTP-U layer, UDP layer.
[0207] In some implementations, some of layers of radio layer are not deployed, e.g., SDAP layer.
[0208] FIG. 16 illustrates a protocol stack on data plane to support XaaS service, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0209] As shown in FIG. 16, compared with FIG. 14, there are other layers between PSF layer and TNL or radio layer (e.g., SDAP layer) , e.g., TCP and IP layers in sequence, UDP and IP layers in sequence, QUIC, UDP and IP layers in sequence.
[0210] In some implementations, if there are other layer deployed between XaaS service layer and TNL or radio layer (e.g., SDAP layer) . XaaS service layer may be considered to be out of the scope of 3GPP, and 3GPP network may have relatively fewer control on XaaS service (e.g., PSF layer) .
[0211] PSF entity can be established in the PSF layer. In some implementations, a CB entity is implemented as a PSF entity. A PSF entity executes one or more CBs.
[0212] In some implementations, the PSF entity can be configured per mission session, per mission session, per data session (group) , per CB (group) , or per network function.
[0213] For a PSF entity per mission session in a network function, the PSF entity is dedicated for a mission session. The network function corresponds to one or more data sessions of the mission session, and the PSF entity is shared by the one or more data sessions. The network function should execute one or more CBs corresponding to the mission session, and the PSF entity executes the one or more CBs. Each data session of the mission session corresponds to a number of CBs. Different PSF entities should be established for different mission sessions.
[0214] For a PSF entity per data session (group) in a network function, the PSF entity is dedicated for a data session (group) of a mission session. The network function corresponds to one or more data sessions of the mission session, the one or more data sessions includes the data session (group) , and the PSF entity corresponds to the data session (group) and is not shared by the other data sessions of the one or more data sessions. The network function should execute one or more CBs corresponding to the data session (group) , and the PSF entity executes the one or more CBs. Each data session (group) of the mission session corresponds to a number of CBs. Different PSF entities should be established for different data sessions (groups) of the mission session.
[0215] For a PSF entity per CB (group) in a network function, the PSF entity is dedicated for a CB (group) of a mission session. The network function should execute one or more CBs of the mission session, the one or more CBs includes the CB (group) , and the PSF entity corresponds to the CB (group) and is not shared by the other CBs of the one or more CBs. Different PSF entities should be established for different CBs (groups) of the mission session.
[0216] For a PSF entity per network function, the PSF entity is established in a network function. The network function corresponds to one or more mission sessions, and the PSF entity is shared by the one or more mission sessions. The PSF entity is established for all the different mission sessions corresponding to the network function.
[0217] In some implementations, the PSF entity can be established per mission session group in a network function, the PSF entity is dedicated for a mission session group. The network function corresponds to one or more mission sessions, and the PSF entity is shared by the mission session group and is not shared by the other mission sessions of the one or more mission sessions. If the mission session group comprises all the one or more mission sessions, the PSF entity can be also considered as being established per network function.
[0218] In some implementations, a data session comprise a number of QoS flows, or is implemented with a QoS flow.
[0219] Similarly, entities of other layers (e.g., SDAP entity, PDCP entity, RLC entity, MAC entity, PHY entity, GTP-U layer entity, UDP layer entity, IP layer entity) can be configured per mission session, per data session (group) , per CB (group) , or per network function. Taking a SDAP entity as an example:
[0220] For a SDAP entity per mission session in a network function, the SDAP entity is dedicated for a mission session. The network function corresponds to one or more data sessions of the mission session, and the SDAP entity is shared by the one or more data sessions. The network function should execute one or more CBs corresponding to the mission session, and the SDAP entity executes the one or more CBs. Each data session of the mission session corresponds to a number of CBs. Different SDAP entities should be established for different mission sessions.
[0221] For a SDAP entity per data session (group) in a network function, the SDAP entity is dedicated for a data session (group) of a mission session. The network function corresponds to one or more data sessions of the mission session, the one or more data sessions includes the data session (group) , and the SDAP entity corresponds to the data session (group) and is not shared by the other data sessions of the one or more data sessions. The network function should execute one or more CBs corresponding to the data session (group) , and the SDAP entity executes the one or more CBs. Each data session (group) of the mission session corresponds to a number of CBs. Different SDAP entities should be established for different data sessions (groups) of the mission session.
[0222] For a SDAP entity per CB (group) in a network function, the SDAP entity is dedicated for a CB (group) of a mission session. The network function should execute one or more CBs of the mission session, the one or more CBs includes the CB (group) , and the SDAP entity corresponds to the CB (group) and is not shared by the other CBs of the one or more CBs. Different SDAP entities should be established for different CBs (groups) of the mission session.
[0223] For a SDAP entity per network function, the SDAP entity is established in a network function. The network function corresponds to one or more mission sessions, and the SDAP entity is shared by the one or more mission sessions. The SDAP entity is established for all the different mission sessions corresponding to the network function.
[0224] In some implementations, the SDAP entity can be established per mission session group in a network function, the SDAP entity is dedicated for a mission session group. The network function corresponds to one or more mission sessions, and the SDAP entity is shared by the mission session group and is not shared by the other mission sessions of the one or more mission sessions. If the mission session group comprises all the one or more mission sessions, the SDAP entity can be also considered as being established per network function.
[0225] FIG. 17 illustrates traffic between XaaS functions, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0226] As in FIG. 17, there may be multiple XaaS service functions deployed on data plane, e.g., XaaS PSF network function. And the PSF network function can be deployed in RAN and / or CN (e.g., CN-PSF) . For the multiple PSF network functions (e.g., CN-PSFs) , they can be connected to each other via direct interface, as illustrated by dashed line in FIG. 17, or they are connected via intermediate data plane function, e.g., a Data-TW-GW or a UPF+.
[0227] For example, the interface between XaaS PSFs (e.g., CN-PSF#1, CN-PSF#2, and CN-PSF#3) can be IP-based interface. The traffic between the XaaS PSFs (e.g., CN-PSFs) can be exchanged as in the dashed line via the IP-based interface. Segment Routing over IPv6 (SRv6) or other segment routing (SR) schemes for the traffic path among XaaS PSFs can be applied. For example, for the IP-based interface, there is not GTP-U or UDP layers deployed above IP layer. If the traffic is delivered among multiple XaaS PSFs (e.g., CN-PSFs) , only the XaaS PSFs in the first-hop (e.g., for the traffic going into RAN) or in the last-hop (e.g., for the traffic going out from RAN) needs to connect to an intermediate data plane function, e.g., a Data-TW-GW or a UPF+. Traffic between other XaaS PSFs does not pass through the intermediate data plane function (e.g., Data-TW-GW or UPF+) . Then the traffic can be forwarded by the Data-TW-GW or the UPF+ to / from the RAN. The interface between the intermediate data plane function (e.g., Data-TW-GW or UPF+) and the XaaS PSF can be IP-based interface. In some implementations, there is not transport layer (e.g., GTP-U or UDP layer) deployed above IP layer. In some implementations, for the IP-based interface, the traffic between the intermediate data plane function (e.g., Data-TWGW or UPF+) and the (first-hop or last-hop) XaaS PSF is in the granularity of XaaS service data flow.
[0228] For example, the interface between XaaS PSFs (e.g., CN-PSF#1, CN-PSF#2, and CN-PSF#3) can be connected via an intermediate data plane function (e.g., Data-TWGW or UPF+) . The traffic between the CN-PSFs can be exchanged as in the solid line. For the interface between XaaS PSF and the intermediate data plane function, transport layer (e.g., GTP-U layer, UDP layer or QUIC layer) can be deployed as the upper layer of IP layer. Segment Routing over IPv6 (SRv6) or other segment routing (SR) schemes can be applied for the IP layer. Traffics between XaaS PSFs can be configure to steer to GW / UPF+. Each XaaS PSF needs to connect to the intermediate data plane function. If the traffic is delivered among multiple XaaS PSFs (e.g., CN-PSFs) , the traffic between XaaS PSFs needs to pass through the intermediate data plane function. The traffic among the XaaS PSFs can be forwarded by the Data-TW-GW or the UPF+. In some implementations, the traffic between the intermediate data plane function (e.g., Data-TW-GW or UPF+) and XaaS PSF is in the granularity of quality of service (QoS) flow. In some implementations, the network (e.g., network control function) can program data plane tunnels (e.g., GTP-U tunnel, QUIC connection) for the traffic path among XaaS PSFs.
[0229] In comparison, if the XaaS PSFs connect with each other via direct interface (e.g., IP-based interface) without going through the intermediate data plane function (e.g., Data-TW-GW, or UPF+) , XaaS PSFs directly see and connect to each other without the intermediate log or supervision of the intermediate data plane function, it may lead to trustworthiness problem (e.g., security problem or privacy problem) . QoS management on the segment between the intermediate data plane function and XaaS PSF is not feasible. The interactions of XaaS PSFs may be left to external implementation out of 3GPP network. It leaves fewer spaces for 3GPP network to control and program the XaaS services.
[0230] FIG. 18 illustrates 5G traffic, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0231] As shown in FIG. 18, in 5G, a QoS flow is characterized by: QoS Rule on device side, QoS profile on RAN side, and packet detection rule (PDR) on UPF side. For a QoS Rule, it corresponds to the following one or more of: QoS Flow Identifier (QFI) , packet filter set, and a precedence value. For a QoS profile, it corresponds to the following one or more of: QFI, Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP) , Guaranteed Flow Bit Rate (GFBR) , Maximum Flow Bit Rate (MFBR) , and Maximum Packet Loss Rate. For a PDR, it corresponds to the following one or more of: QFI, Packet filter set, QoS Enforcement rule, forwarding enforcement rule (QER) , Usage report rule (URR) , Application ID, etc.
[0232] A QFI is used to identify a QoS Flow in the 5G System. The QFI is carried in an encapsulation header on N3 (and N9) interfaces. The QFI may be dynamically assigned or may be equal to the 5QI. A 5QI is bound to a QFI.
[0233] A QFI corresponds to a 5G QoS Identifier (5QI) , and a 5QI corresponds to QoS characteristics. A 5QI is a scalar that is used as a reference to 5G QoS characteristics, 5G QoS characteristics describe the packet forwarding treatment that a QoS Flow receives edge-to-edge between the UE and the UPF. 5QI values can be standardized, or dynamically assigned. Standardized 5QI values are specified for services that are assumed to be frequently used and thus benefit from optimized signaling by using standardized QoS characteristics. Standardized or pre-configured 5G QoS characteristics, are indicated through the 5QI (5G QoS Identifier) value, and are not signaled on any interface. Dynamically assigned 5QI values (which require a signalling of QoS characteristics as part of the QoS profile) can be used for services for which standardized 5QI values are not defined. Standardized or pre-configured value of 5G QoS characteristics, are indicated through the 5QI (5G QoS Identifier) value. For example, the one-to-one mapping of standardized 5QI values to value of 5G QoS characteristics is specified. 5G QoS characteristics corresponds to one or more of: Priority level, Packet delay budget, Packet error rate, Maximum data burst volume, and average window. On N3, each PDU (i.e. in the tunnel used for the PDU Session) is associated with one 5QI via the QFI carried in the encapsulation header.
[0234] For IP PDU Session Type, the Packet Filter Set shall support Packet Filters based on at least any combination of: Source / destination IP address or IPv6 prefix, Source / destination port number, Protocol ID of the protocol above IP / Next header type, Type of Service (TOS) (IPv4) / Traffic class (IPv6) and Mask, Flow Label (IPv6) , Security parameter index, and Packet Filter direction.
[0235] FIG. 19 illustrates mapping from application packet to QoS flow on UE side, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0236] As shown in FIG. 19, UE maps application packets to QoS flow (s) based on the QoS rule. For example, UE performs classification and marking of user plane traffic, e.g., performs the association of application traffic to QoS flow (s) . The UE SDAP layer maps QoS flow to radio bearer. SDAP layer encapsulates QFI into SDAP packet header, and the application packets are the payload.
[0237] FIG. 20 illustrates mapping application packet to QoS flow on anchor UPF side, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0238] As shown in FIG. 20, UPF (e.g., anchor UPF) maps application packets (e.g., service data flow) to QoS flow (s) based on the PDR. For example, UPF performs classification and marking of user plane traffic, e.g., performs the association of application traffic to QoS flow (s) . The UPF maps QoS flow to GTP-U tunnels. GTP-U layer encapsulates QFI into GTP-U packet header, and the application packets are the payload.
[0239] In 5G, RAN is a pipe and RAN node forwards packets based on the QFI in SDAP packet header or GTP-U header, e.g., maps QoS flow to radio bearer, or maps radio bearer to QoS flow.
[0240] FIG. 21 illustrates 6G traffic, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0241] In 6G, as shown in FIGS. 8-17 and FIG. 21, XaaS service (e.g., mission service) will be provided. XaaS service function (e.g., PSF function) or XaaS service layer (e.g., PSF layer) will be deployed in UE, RAN and CN. RAN is not only a pipe, and it will be involved in XaaS service for in-network processing / computing. In 5G, RAN is a pipe for connectivity service, there is no other upper-layers above radio layer (e.g., SDAP / GTP-U layer) of RAN. In future network (e.g., 5.5G, and 6G) , as explained above, XaaS service layer (e.g., PSF layer) is proposed to support XaaS service (e.g., mission service) on data plane. RAN is not only a pipe, upper-layer (e.g., PSF layer) will be established above SDAP / GTP-U layer, if the RAN should be involved in XaaS service (e.g., Sensing service) for in-network processing. Or, new type of RAN node (e.g., PSF function) connected to RAN base station (e.g., gNB) can be deployed. Note that in the present disclosure, X+ and eX are used interchangeably, e.g., UPF+ and eUPF are used interchangeably, SMF+ and eSMF are used interchangeably.
[0242] In 5G, the QoS management focus on the segment between UE and the N6 termination point at the UPF. The segment QoS within DN, and the QoS between DN and UPF are out of scope of 3GPP, e.g., application running delay (e.g., data processing delay) in DN, data delivery delay between DN and UPF. 5G QoS characteristics describe the packet forwarding treatment that a QoS Flow receives edge-to-edge (E2E) between the UE and the UPF. For example, Packet Delay Budget (PDB) defines an upper bound for the time that a packet may be delayed between the UE and the N6 termination point at the UPF.
[0243] 5G QoS rule, PDR, and QoS profile and the corresponding 5G QoS characteristics or parameters are only on data forwarding. QoS management operations (e.g., QoS flow classification, marking, and mapping) of UE, UPF and RAN are only on data forwarding. 5G QoS rule, PDR, and QoS profile and the corresponding values of QoS parameters (e.g., 5QI, MBR, guaranteed bit rate (GBR) ) are configured to UE, UPF and RAN, e.g., by SMF and PCF in PDU session establishment.
[0244] In 6G, in-network data processing is performed by network function / layer (i.e., PSF function / layer) . The functionality of PSF layer on UE, RAN, and CN side should perform QoS management operations (e.g., QoS flow classification, marking, and mapping) to enable both data processing and data forwarding for 6G services (e.g., mission service, XaaS service, DAM service) . 6G QoS rule, PDR, and QoS profile and corresponding QoS characteristics or parameters should cover both data processing and data forwarding, based on which the UE, Data-TW-GW / UPF+, PSF, and RAN performs on-demand operations on data processing and data forwarding. QoS information should be configured to PSFs, besides UE, RAN, or Data-TW-GW / UPF+ in 6G.
[0245] In 6G, QoS characteristics or parameters on all the involved entities should be considered, e.g., data processing delay within PSF, data forwarding delay between PSF and Data-TW-GW / UPF+. That is, QoS on both data processing and data forwarding should be controlled and guaranteed by the 6G network. For example, the total delay should include: data processing delay within UE PSF layer, data delivery delay between UE and Data-TW-GW / UPF+, and data delivery delay between CN PSF and eUPF. Furthermore, 6G traffic flow is not only downlink or uplink, the traffic flow can be back and forth, and in multiple directions (i.e., a traffic to / from multiple nodes) .
[0246] The present disclosure provides techniques to solve one or more of the following problems: (1) how to perform QoS management in 6G network for XaaS service, and (2) the method of C / M plane to configure data plane functions (e.g., UE, RAN, Data-TW-GW / UPF+, PSF) for 6G QoS management, e.g., during mission session establishment.
[0247] The present disclosure protects the actions of C / M plane functions (e.g., SMF+, PCF+) and data plane functions (e.g., Data-TW-GW, UPF+, PSF) for QoS management and execution, on both data processing and data forwarding, e.g., to perform XaaS service. Configuration information on QoS to UE, RAN, PSF, and Data-TW-GW are protected. Moreover, hierarchical QoS framework and new QoS flow model are protected. New QoS model, e.g., per-flow-group QoS model and per-mission (CB) QoS model are protected.
[0248] An evolutionary solution of a 6G system architecture design and procedure design are described in the present application. The evolutionary solution is designed by enhancement of 5G system.
[0249] The proposed 6G network architecture has been designed with a few important principles and requirements: openness, trustworthiness, simplicity in standardization, scalability, rapid deployment of 6G networks and future-proofing.
[0250] The proposed 6G network architecture design applies modularization strategy, utilizes service-based (XaaS) concepts and network virtualization techniques.
[0251] For all of the procedure designs, we are trying modularization of procedures. A procedure of the 6G System may include some procedures that can be reused by other procedures. Such a reusable procedure is defined as a basic procedure.
[0252] A complex procedure can, thus, include multiple sequential or parallel basic procedures. It is expected that such methodology can simplify designs of procedures.
[0253] The 6G System leverages service-based architecture and XaaS concept. XaaS services in the 6G System are categorized into three layers. The 6G System conceptual structure is shown in FIG. 22.
[0254] Infrastructure Layer includes infrastructures supporting 6G services. Among them are wireless networks (Radio Access Network (RAN) , Core Network (CN) ) infrastructures, Cloud / data center infrastructures, satellite networks, storage / database infrastructures, and sensing networks, and etc. These infrastructures can be provided by a single provider or by multiple providers.
[0255] As shown in FIG. 22, each XaaS service is provided by identified 5G logical functions. In the evolutionary solution, a XaaS service can be provided with 5G enhancement by more than one approaches. The figure above is only an example.
[0256] A conceptual structure of a 6G system can have the following characteristics:
[0257] (1) Network for AI (NET4AI) is a new type of service in 6G core network (CN) / RAN which enables network with the capability to conduct / execute AI training / inferencing task (s) . i.e., AI task (s) , by network-based computing and communication resources. In the present disclosure, the evolutionary solution to support NET4AI service by enhancing the network data analytics function (NWDAF) in 5G system are described.
[0258] (2) A NET4Data service provides a decentralized architecture for data stakeholders to collaboratively manage data lifecycle events. These data lifecycle events include data storage and data sharing. The data could be public, private, sensitive, confidential. In the present application, the NET4Data service could be integrated into the 5GS, or could be enhanced by the 5GS.
[0259] (3) Data analysis and management (DAM) focus on different types of data: network data (e.g., data collected from network functions, XaaS service) , ISAC data (3GPP-based sensing data (e.g., from UE and RAN) , Non-3GPP-based sensing data (e.g., from Radar, LiDAR, WiFi Sensing) ) , sensor data (e.g., data from camera sensor, video sensor) , and other data (e.g., Digital user data, 3rd party data, synthetization data, and AI data) . DAM provides services for a variety of data consumers, e.g., XaaS service, 3rd party, NF, UE, etc. 5G system logical functions for example: NWDAF, data collection coordination function (DCCF) , and messaging framework adaptor function (MFAF) of control plane can be enhanced to support DAM service in an evolutionary solution.
[0260] (4) Network for Digital World (NET4DW) as a service provides the capability of intelligent integration / synthesis of information from the physical world and digital world (DW) . Customers of NET4DW can be individuals, industries, governments. The customers can have the capability of creation, control, and management of a variety of applications running in the DW such as virtual reality applications. DW services can be supported by enhancing 5G functions and adding new functions (e.g., an evolutionary solution) where necessary.
[0261] (5) Network for connectivity (NET4CON) as a service provides a capability to support exchange of messages and data among new 6G services. The basic capabilities of NET4CON include to manage logical topology among XaaS services and between 6G XaaS services and all types of 6G system customers, to introduce intelligent GWs for controlling dynamic forwarding based on configured procedure principle and to support anonymous interactions among these XaaS services and customers by the introduced intelligent GWs. The NET4CON service is provided by enhancement of 5G system.
[0262] (6) Mission Management (MM) as a Service provides a capability to program provisioning of XaaS services at Service Layer to provide mission services. A mission is to achieve a designated goal, known as mission goal, which includes providing PDU connectivity and optionally providing data processing. The mission management (MM) services include the following: mission information management service, mission session management service, mission execution and access management service.
[0263] (7) Resource Management (RM) as a Service provides a capability of life-cycle management of a variety of slices and over-the-air resource assignment to wireless devices.
[0264] (8) Management of 6G service access by customers and provisioning of requested services. The capability is provided by ID management, unified authentication, anonymous service authorization and key management.
[0265] (9) Connectivity Management (CM) as a service provides a capability of reachability management of 6G wireless devices and D-users in NET4DW in order to support connectivity establishment between wireless devices / D-Users and XaaS services of 6G System. Note that physical locations of D-Users can be changed. A CM service can be deployed across multiple basic architecture structure (BAS) domains.
[0266] (10) Protocol as a Service provides a capability to design service customized protocol stacks for identified interfaces.
[0267] FIG. 23 illustrates an example deployment of a 6G system, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0268] The symbol “+” represents “enhanced” , for example, the 5G Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) is enhanced, denoted as AMF-Mobility+, the 5G RRC function is enhanced, denoted as RRC+, the 5G Network Repository Function (NRF) is enhanced, denoted as NRF+, the 5G Session Management Function (SMF) is enhanced, denoted as SMF+, the 5G Network Exposure Function (NEF) is enhanced, denoted as NEF+, the 5G Authentication Server Function (AUSF) is enhanced, denoted as AUSF+, other enhanced functions are not described in detail herein.
[0269] Control or management (C / M) Radio Bearer (C / M RB) of a 6G device: over-the-air connection for carrying control signaling for over-the-air interface management and C / M plane messages. A 6G device can have multiple C / M RBs.
[0270] Data Radio Bearer (Data RB) of a 6G device: over-the-air connection for carrying Data plane traffic. A 6G device can have multiple Data RBs.
[0271] RB endpoint: endpoint of an RB at network side. An endpoint of an RB protocol stack (e.g., PDCP) can be in, e.g., a RAN BAS domain, but not limited to. In other words, an RB endpoint can be flexibly deployed / selected for a device.
[0272] RB handler: over-the-air interface protocol stack handler. An RB handler is defined as a logical function which perform RB protocol stack operations after getting configurations. A protocol handler is PDCP-only handler or whole protocol stack handler. An RB handler accepts RB configuration from Connectivity Management (CM) service. An RB handler also accepts security configuration, e.g., keying material, from Service Provisioning Management (SPM) service.
[0273] The NET4CON service which is main service impacting on 6G system architecture is implemented by enhanced 5G Service Communication Proxy (SCP+) as C / M plane GW and enhanced 5G User Plane Function (UPF+) as data plane GW. Proposed per device / D-User C / M session and data session are defined as logical connection between a device / D-User and its serving SCP+ (C / M-TW-GW) and serving UPF+ (Data-TW-GW) . All XaaS services are deployed across multiple BAS / clouds.
[0274] The 6G customer can be of various types, including a device (e.g., electronic device ED, terminal device) , apparatus, a chip, an equipment (e.g., user equipment) etc. For example, the customer may be an individual customer, a business customer, etc. The 6G customer is used to connect persons, objects, machines, etc. The 6G customer may be widely used in various scenarios including, for example, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , MTC, internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc.
[0275] Each 6G customer represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to but not limited to) as a user equipment (UE) or a user device or a terminal device, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , a MTC device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus in (e.g. module, modem, or chip) or comprising the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation 6G customer may be referred to using other terms. When an 6G customer performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the ED, one or more module (or units) in the ED, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, may perform the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, or system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the ED.
[0276] FIG. 24 illustrates an example apparatus 320 in a communication system (e.g., the 6G system in FIG. 23) , according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0277] The apparatus 320 may be an electronic device (e.g. ED or other 6G customer) , a network node such as RAN, any components in RAN, CN or any Network Function of CN. As shown in FIG. 15, apparatus 320 may include at least one processor 260. Only one processor 260 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. The processor 260 may perform (or control the apparatus 320 to perform) operations (or methods) described herein as being performed by the apparatus 320.
[0278] When the apparatus is RAN, components of the RAN or the apparatus is the UE, the apparatus 320 may further include a transmitter 252 and a receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated, e.g. as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by at least one antenna or network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver is also configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals. In present disclosure, the transceiver (or transmitter 252 and / or receiver 254) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0279] The apparatus 320 may include at least one memory 258. The memory 258 stores instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 258 may also stores data used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 320. For example, the memory 258 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by one or more processor 260.
[0280] A person skilled in the art should understand that embodiments of this application may be provided as a method, an appartus (or system) , computer-readable storage medium, or a computer program product. Therefore, this application may use a form of a hardware-only embodiment, a software-only embodiment, or an embodiment with a combination of software and hardware. Moreover, this application may use a form of a computer program product that is implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to a disk memory, an optical memory, and the like) that include computer-usable program code.
[0281] Implementation 1 -hierarchical QoS framework
[0282] FIG. 25 illustrates a framework of hierarchical QoS, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0283] Hierarchical QoS framework is illustrated in FIG. 25, it comprises Global QoS, Domain QoS and Segment QoS.
[0284] Segment QoS describe the data processing and / or data forwarding treatment between two entities (e.g., between PSF function and eUPF / RAN, between PSF entity of PSF layer and an entity (e.g., SDAP entity, GTP-U entity) of lower-layer of eUPF / RAN / UE, between RAN node and eUPF, between UE and RAN, between two PSF entities / PSF functions) . For a segment QoS related to a PSF function or PSF layer, it comprise the QoS within PSF function or PSF layer, e.g., QoS on data processing.
[0285] Domain QoS is the aggregation of segment QoS in a domain (e.g., a network domain) . For exmaple, the domain can be a RAN domain, a CN domain, or a UE.
[0286] Global QoS is the holistic QoS (e.g., to execute a mission) comprises all the domain QoS.
[0287] In some case, inter-domain QoS can be defined, which is the QoS between two domain (e.g., between RAN and CN domains, between RAN and UE) . Inter-domain QoS can be regarded as a type of segment QoS. For example, from RAN’s point of view, the inter-domain QoS between RAN and eUPF can be regarded as RAN’s segment QoS. And vice versa for the points of eUPF and UE. For example, from eUPF’s point of view, the inter-domain QoS between RAN and eUPF can be regarded as eUPF’s segment QoS. From RAN’s point of view, the inter-domain QoS between RAN and UE can be regarded as RAN’s segment QoS. From UE’s point of view, the inter-domain QoS between RAN and UE can be regarded as UE’s segment QoS.
[0288] In some implementations, segment QoS needs to be defined because, a PSF may support different computing blocks (CBs) , and different CBs is to be executed with different QoS (e.g., data processing delay, data forwarding delay) .
[0289] In some implementations, segment QoS needs to be defined because, different PSFs may have different data processing abilities to support different QoS.
[0290] 6G QoS (e.g., Segment QoS, domain QoS, or global QoS) can be further decoupled into QoS on data processing and QoS on data forwarding.
[0291] Data processing (also termed as in-network processing, in-network computing, in-network data processing, data computing, processing, or computing, interchangeably) can be but not limited to AI training, AI inference, data pre-processing, data de-privatization (data privacy protection) , data cleaning, data collection, data analytics, processing on sensing / ISAC data (e.g., sensing data compression, sensing data analytics, sensing data pre-processing, sensing data fusion) , data sanitization, data management, data normalization, useless data filtering, data feature engineering, data compression, data embedding, data representation learning, and data feature extraction.
[0292] Implementation 2 -Per-flow-group model
[0293] FIG. 26 illustrates a QoS model configured for a flow group, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0294] 6G QoS Flow is a fine granularity for data processing and / or data forwarding treatments. All traffics mapped to the same QoS Flow receive the same QoS, i.e., receive the same data processing and / or data forwarding treatments. A QoS Flow corresponds to a QoS parameter value (set) . One or more QoS Flows can be established and carried via a tunnel (e.g., GTP-U tunnel) between two entities.
[0295] Segment QoS Flow is a fine granularity for data processing and / or data forwarding treatments between two entities (e.g., between PSF function and eUPF / RAN, between PSF entity of PSF layer and an entity of lower-layer of eUPF / RAN / UE, between RAN node and eUPF, between UE and RAN) . All traffics mapped to the same Segment QoS Flow receive the same segment QoS, i.e., receive the same data processing and / or data forwarding treatments. A Segment QoS Flow corresponds to a segment QoS parameter value (set) . One or more Segment QoS Flows can be established and carried via a tunnel (e.g., GTP-U tunnel) between two entities (e.g., PSF and eUPF) .
[0296] As in FIG. 26, a group of segment QoS flows are correlated. For example, they all belongs to a mission session or a data session to complete a mission or one or more CBs. Each QoS flow may corresponds to a CB of a mission. The group of segment QoS flows together achieve a total QoS (e.g., domain QoS, global QoS) .
[0297] For per-flow-group QoS model, the group of segment QoS flows are marked with different QFIs. For example, as shown in FIG. 26, 3 radio bearers are established between UE and RAN, 3 tunnels (e.g., GTP-U tunnel, QUIC connection) 6, 7, and 8 are established between RAN and Data Trustworthy Gateway (Data-TW-GW) / eUPF. 2 tunnels 1 and 2 are established between PSF1 and Data-TW-GW / eUPF. 3 tunnels 3, 4, and 5 are established between PSF2 and Data-TW-GW / eUPF. Data-TW-GW / eUPF receives packets from RAN via a tunnel (e.g., tunnel 8) , the Data-TW-GW / eUPF sends the packets marked with QFI#1 to PSF1 via a tunnel (e.g., tunnel 1) . PSF1 executes a CB (e.g., CB#1) using the received packets and obtain a first processing (or termed as computing interchangeably) , and sends the first processing results marked with QFI#2 to the Data-TW-GW / eUPF via a tunnel (e.g., tunnel 1) . The Data-TW-GW / eUPF sends the first processing results marked with QFI#3 to PSF2 via a tunnel (e.g., tunnel 4) . The PSF2 executes a CB (e.g., CB#2) using the first processing results and obtain a second processing result, and sends the second processing results marked with QFI#4 to the Data-TW-GW / eUPF via a tunnel (e.g., tunnel 3) . The Data-TW-GW / eUPF sends the second processing results marked with QFI#5 to PSF1 via a tunnel (e.g., tunnel 2) . The PSF1 executes a CB (e.g., CB#3) using the second processing result and obtain a third processing result and may end a mission. In some implementations, the mission does not end and will continue. For example, the PSF1 sends the third processing results marked with QFI#5 via tunnel 2 to Data-TW-GW / eUPF. The Data-TW-GW / eUPF sends the third processing results marked with QFI#4 via tunnel 3 to PSF2. PSF2 get a fourth processing result and sends it marked with QFI#3 via tunnel 4 to Data-TW-GW / eUPF. Data-TW-GW / eUPF sends the fourth processing result marked with QFI#2 via tunnel 1 to PSF1. PSF 1 get a fifth processing result and sends it marked with QFI#1 via tunnel 1 to Data-TW-GW / eUPF. The Data-TW-GW / eUPF sends the fifth processing results to RAN via tunnel 8 and so forth.
[0298] The 5 QFIs above identify 5 segment QoS flows. The corresponding packets (or processing result) belongs to the 5 QoS flows respectively. The group of segment QoS flows including 5 segment QoS flows are marked with different QFIs. The 5 segment QoS flows together achieve a total QoS (e.g., domain QoS corresponding to the Data-TW-GW / eUPF) . Different QoS parameters or characteristics may be bound to the 5 different QFIs of the 5 QoS flows, respectively. In some implementations, the binding can be configured and indicated by PDR of Data-TW-GW / eUPF and / or QoS rule of PSF.
[0299] In some implementations, QFIs (e.g., the five QFIs in FIG. 26) in a group may contain a common field to indicate their correlation (e.g., to indicate they identify 5 QoS flows belonging to a group) .
[0300] In some implementations, one or more of: a CBID, a Mission ID, a service function chain (SFC) ID, is encapsulated in QFI or other field of packet. A CBID identifies a CB. A mission ID identifies a mission. A SFC ID identifies a SFC. Refer to 3GPP TR 23.700-18 for the service function chain. Based on the one or more of: a CBID, a Mission ID, a SFC ID, each PSF can know which CB should be executed using the corresponding packets.
[0301] In some implementations, QFI and one or more of: a CBID, a Mission ID, a service function chain (SFC) ID, are configured and included in PDR of Data-TW-GW / eUPF and / or QoS rule of PSF. Based on the QFI marked with the packet and the one or more of: a CBID, a Mission ID, a service function chain (SFC) ID in the PDR or QoS rule, each PSF can know which CB should be executed using the corresponding packets.
[0302] In some case, QFI mapping is configured to network node (e.g., PSF, Data-TW-GW / eUPF, RAN, and UE) , and network node maps traffics of different QoS flows based on QFI mapping. For example, the mapping between QFI#1 and QFI#2, between QFI#2 and QFI#3, between QFI#4 and QFI#5 can be configured to the Data-TW-GW / eUPF, in order to enable the Data-TW-GW / eUPF to map traffics between the corresponding QoS flows.
[0303] In some implementations, a tunnel (e.g., TNL tunnel such as GTP-U tunnel, QUIC connection) is dedicated by a QoS flow and not shared by other QoS flow. The granularity of tunnel is per QoS flow. For example, QoS flow 3, 4 and 5 respectively use a dedicated tunnel 4, 3, and 2.
[0304] In some implementations, different QoS flows can share a tunnel. For example, QoS flow 1 and 2 share a tunnel 1.
[0305] In some implementations, the tunnel between PSF and Data-TW-GW / eUPF is permission session (group) or data session (group) . For a tunnel per data session (group) , the traffic of a data session (group) share the tunnel. Different QoS flows of the data session (group) share the tunnel. For a tunnel per mission session (group) , the traffic of a mission session (group) share the tunnel. Different QoS flows of the mission session (group) share the tunnel. For example, QoS flows 1, 2 and 5 may share a same tunnel (not illustrated in FIG. 26) between PSF 1 and the Data-TW-GW / eUPF instead of two tunnels 1 and 2 (as illustrated in FIG. 21) . For example, QoS flows 3 and 4 may share a same tunnel (not illustrated in FIG. 26) between PSF 2 and the Data-TW-GW / eUPF instead of two tunnels 3 and 4 (as illustrated in FIG. 26) .
[0306] Implementation 3 -Per-mission (CB) QoS model
[0307] FIG. 27 illustrates a QoS model configured for a mission (CB) , according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0308] As in FIG. 27, compared with FIG. 26, For per-mission (CB) QoS model, the group of segment QoS flows are marked with a same QFI (e.g., QFI#1) , and the packets of the QOS flows encapsulate one or more of: CBID, mission ID, SFC ID.Based on the one or more of: a CBID, a Mission ID, a SFC ID, each PSF can know which CB should be executed using the corresponding packets. Packets can be distinguished by the encapsulated one or more of: CBID, mission ID, and SFC ID. For example, Data-TW-GW / eUPF receives packets from RAN via a tunnel (e.g., tunnel 8) , the Data-TW-GW / eUPF sends the packets marked with QFI#1 to PSF1 via a tunnel (e.g., tunnel 1) , and one or more of: CBID (e.g., CBID#1) , mission ID, SFC ID, are encapsulated together with the packets. PSF1 executes a CB (e.g., CB#1) using the received packets and obtains a first processing (or termed as computing interchangeably) , and sends the first processing results marked with QFI#1 to the Data-TW-GW / eUPF via a tunnel (e.g., tunnel 1) . The CB is indicated by the one or more of: CBID, mission ID, SFC ID. The Data-TW-GW / eUPF sends the first processing reulst marked with QFI#1 to PSF2 via a tunnel (e.g., tunnel 4) , and one or more of: CBID (e.g., CBID#2) , mission ID, SFC ID, are encapsulated together with the packets. The PSF2 executes a CB (e.g., CB#2) using the first processing result and obtain a second processing result, and sends the second processing result marked with QFI#1 to the Data-TW-GW / eUPF via a tunnel (e.g., tunnel 3) , and one or more of: CBID (e.g., CBID#2) , mission ID, SFC ID, are encapsulated together with the packets. The Data-TW-GW / eUPF sends the second processing result marked with QFI#1 to PSF1 via a tunnel (e.g., tunnel 2) , and one or more of: CBID (e.g., CBID#3) , mission ID, SFC ID, are encapsulated together with the packets. The PSF1 executes a CB (e.g., CB#3) using the second processing result and obtain a third processing result and may end a mission. The 5 segment QoS flows above are identified by the same QFI#1. The corresponding packets (or processing result) belongs to the 5 QoS flows respectively, and are distinguished by the encapsulated one or more of: CBID, mission ID, and SFC ID. The group of segment QoS flows including 5 segment QoS flows are marked with the same QFI. The 5 segment QoS flows together achieve a total QoS (e.g., domain QoS corresponding to the Data-TW-GW / eUPF) .
[0309] Different QoS parameters or characteristics may be bound to the same QFI (e.g., QFI#1) and / or the different one or more of: CBID, mission ID, SFC ID, respectively. In some implementations, the binding can be configured and indicated by PDR of Data-TW-GW / eUPF and / or QoS rule of PSF.
[0310] QoS parameters or characteristics and QFI and / or one or more of: a CBID, a Mission ID, a service function chain (SFC) ID, are configured and included in PDR of Data-TW-GW / eUPF and / or QoS rule of PSF. Based on the QFI marked with the packet and / or the one or more of: a CBID, a Mission ID, a service function chain (SFC) ID encapsulated with the packet, each Data-TW-GW / eUPF and PSF can know QoS parameters or characteristics to be executed on the packet.
[0311] In some case, CBID mapping is configured to network node (e.g., PSF, Data-TW-GW / eUPF, RAN, and UE) , and network node maps traffics marked with the same QFI based on CBID mapping. CBID is encapsulated in packets. For example, the mapping between CBID#1 and CBID#2, betweenCBID#2 and CBID#3 can be configured to the Data-TW-GW / eUPF, in order to enable the Data-TW-GW / eUPF to map traffics of different segment QoS flows marked with the same QFI, based on the CBID mapping and the CBID encapsulated in packets.
[0312] In some implementations, network node (e.g., PSF, Data-TW-GW / eUPF, RAN, and UE) maps traffic marked with the same QFI based on the mission ID or SFC ID encapsulated with the packets.
[0313] It does not rule out the possibility that the per-flow-group QoS model and the per-mission (CB) QoS model are used in hybrid mode. It can be termed as Hybrid QoS model. For example, different QoS flows are marked with different QFIs, but the QoS parameters are bound to a combination of a QFI and a CBID (a mission ID, or a SFC ID) , and the QoS flow mapping should be based on both QFI and CBID. It is suitable to cases where different CBs are transmitted via a QoS flow but the different CBs should be executed with different QoS parameters or characteristics. The CBID (mission ID, or SFC ID) can be encapsulated in packets or not.
[0314] Implementation 4 –Action of ePCF / SPM
[0315] FIG. 28 illustrates actions of C / M plane function, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0316] As shown in FIG. 28, to configure QoS rule to UE, QoS profile to RAN (e.g., gNB) , PDR to Data-TW-GW / eUPF, and QoS rule to PSF function / layer, C / M plane function (e.g., enhanced policy control function (ePCF) or security protection management function (SPM) ) should perform suitable actions. The PSF function / layer can be deployed in UE, RAN, CN or DN.
[0317] ePCF / SPM functionality is to determine Global policy (e.g., values of Global QoS parameters or characteristics (e.g., QI of Global QoS) , session rule, PCC rule) .
[0318] ePCF / SPM sends policy information to eSMF / mission control function (MCF) . The policy information comprises one or more of: a Mission Session ID, a mission session type, a data network name (DNN) , a Session rule, and a Policy and Charging Control (PCC) rule.
[0319] The mission session ID identifies a mission session. The mission session type indicates the type of the mission session, e.g., a mission session for PDU connectivity only, a mission session for both connectivity and processing, a new mission session, an existing mission session.
[0320] The session rule comprises one or more of: Authorized Session-AMBR, Authorized default QoS information. The default QoS information comprises one or more of: QoS information on data processing / computing, and QoS information on data forwarding / connectivity) .
[0321] A PCC rule is a set of information elements enabling the detection of a service data flow (e.g., XaaS service data flow) and providing parameters for policy control and / or charging control.
[0322] The PCC rule comprises one or more of: service data flow detection information, Policy control information, RAN supported information, UE support information.
[0323] The service data flow detection information (e.g., XaaS service data flow detection information) comprises one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, a tunnel end ID (TEID) (e.g., a GTP-U tunnel ID, a QUIC connection ID (CID) ) , an IP address.
[0324] In some implementations, XaaS service data flow filter (SDF filter) comprises one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, a tunnel end ID (TEID) (e.g., a GTP-U tunnel ID, a QUIC connection ID) , an IP address.
[0325] The Policy control information comprises one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, a QI, Control Information on data forwarding, Control Information on data processing.
[0326] The QI is Identifier of the authorized QoS parameters for the service data flow. The QI can be a standardized QI or a non-standardized QI. The standardized QI or the non-standardized QI corresponds to data forwarding parameters / characteristics and / or data processing parameters / characteristics. The data processing parameters / characteristics comprises one or more of: UL / DL maximum bitrate, loss rate, UL / DL lowest delay. The data processing parameters / characteristics comprises one or more of: sensing service QoS parameters / characteristics, AI service QoS parameters / characteristics, XaaS service QoS parameters / characteristics.
[0327] Control Information on data forwarding comprises one or more of: MBR, GBR, priority level, average window, delay budget, error rate etc.
[0328] Control Information on data processing comprises one or more of: delay budget, error rate, accuracy level, etc.
[0329] RAN supported information comprises one or more of: supported CBID, supported mission ID, supported SFC ID, and corresponding data forwarding QoS parameters / characteristics, data processing QoS parameters / characteristics.
[0330] UE support information comprises one or more of: supported CBID, supported mission ID, supported SFC ID, and corresponding data forwarding QoS parameters / characteristics, data processing QoS parameters / characteristics.
[0331] Implementation 5 -Action of eSMF / MCF
[0332] A QoS flow (group) is characterized by one or more of: QoS rule for UE, QoS rule for PSF function / layer, QoS profile for RAN, PDR for Data-TW-GW / eUPF. The PSF function / layer can be in UE, RAN, CN or DN. In some implementations, the QoS rule for PSF may be included in one or more of: QoS rule for UE, QoS profile for RAN, and PDR for Data-TW-GW / eUPF.
[0333] As shown in FIG. 28, to configure QoS rule to UE, QoS profile to RAN (e.g., gNB) , PDR to Data-TW-GW / eUPF, and QoS rule to PSF function / layer, C / M plane function (e.g., eSMF or MCF) should perform suitable actions.
[0334] eSMF / MCF selects an ePCF / SPM and sends request message to the ePCF / PSM for policy information. eSMF / MCF can select an ePCF / SPM based on CBID (s) , Mission ID (s) , or SFC ID (s) supported by the ePCF / SPM. The CBID (s) , Mission ID (s) , or SFC ID (s) supported by the ePCF / SPM can be pre-registered to an intermediate function (e.g., NRF or CONTET function) or the ePCF / SPM. A CBID, a mission ID or a SFC ID may be reported to the eSMF / MCF by a mission customer (e.g., by a UE) when requests for the establishment of a mission session. The CBID, the mission ID or the SFC ID may be reported to the eSMF / MCF by the mission customer, belongs to the CBID (s) , Mission ID (s) , or SFC ID (s) supported by the ePCF / SPM.
[0335] eSMF / MCF performs QoS management and configuration. eSMF / MCF derives Global QoS based on the policy information received from ePSF / SPM. eSMF / MCF decouples Global QoS into Domain QoS. eSMF / MCF decouples domain QoS into segment QoS.
[0336] eSMF / MCF selects PSFs and Data-TW-GW / eUPF, e.g., during QoS management procedure. In some implementations PSFs’ support information (e.g., supported CBID (s) , supported mission ID (s) , supported SFC ID (s) ) is pre-reported to eSMF / MCF.
[0337] eSMF / MCF generates and assigns a QFI to a QoS flow. The QFIs of a group of QoS flows can be the same or different. For example, for per-flow-group QoS model, the QFIs of a group of QoS flows are different. For per-mission (CB) QoS model, the QFIs of a group of QoS flows are the same.
[0338] eSMF / MCF decides QFI mapping and / or CBID mapping. eSMF / MCF configures sFI mapping and / or CBID mapping to one or more of: UE, RAN, Data-TW-GW / eUPF, and PSF function / layer.
[0339] eSMF / MCF configures QoS rule to UE. The QoS rule of UE comprises one or more of: QFI, segment QoS parameters / characteristics, domain QoS parameters / characteristics, packet filter set, service type, processing action rule (PAR) , and forwarding action rule (FAR) .
[0340] eSMF / MCF configures QoS profile to RAN. The QoS profile of RAN comprises one or more of: QFI, segment QoS parameters / characteristics, domain QoS parameters / characteristics, packet filter set, service type, processing action rule (PAR) , and forwarding action rule (FAR) .
[0341] eSMF / MCF configures PDR to Data-TW-GW / eUPF. The PDR of Data-TW-GW / eUPF comprises one or more of: QFI, segment QoS parameters / characteristics, domain QoS parameters / characteristics, packet filter set, service type, processing action rule (PAR) , and forwarding action rule (FAR) .
[0342] eSMF / MCF configures QoS rule to PSF function / layer. The PSF function / layer can be deployed in one or more of:UE, RAN, CN and DN. QoS rule of PSF function / layer comprises one or more of: QFI, segment QoS parameters / characteristics, packet filter set, service type, processing action rule (PAR) , and forwarding action rule (FAR) . In some implementations, the QoS rule of Data-TW-GW / eUPF is included in one or more of: QoS rule of UE, QoS profile of RAN, and PDR of Data-TW-GW / eUPF.
[0343] Segment QoS parameters / characteristics comprises data forwarding parameters / characteristics and / or data processing parameters / characteristics. The data forwarding parameters / characteristics comprises one or more of: UL / DL maximum bitrate, loss rate, UL / DL lowest delay. The data processing parameters / characteristics comprises one or more of: sensing service QoS parameters / characteristics, AI service QoS parameters / characters, XaaS service QoS parameters / characteristics. In some implementations, data forwarding parameters / characteristics and / or data processing parameters / characteristics can be indicated by a QI. In some implementations, a QI corresponds to a QFI.
[0344] Domain QoS parameters / characteristics comprises data forwarding parameters / characteristics and / or data processing parameters / characteristics.
[0345] Packet filter set comprise one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, a XaaS service ID, a tunnel end ID (TEID) (e.g., a GTP-U tunnel ID, a QUIC connection ID) , an IP address.
[0346] The UE (e.g., UE PSF layer) , the RAN (e.g., RAN PSF layer) , the Data-TW-GW / eUPF (e.g., Data-TW-GW / eUPF PSF layer) and the PSF function / layer can perform data processing based on the PAR. For example, the PAR indicates the processing method or algorithm to be used to perform processing / computing, e.g., method or algorithm for AI training, AI inferencing, privacy protection of data, data cleaning, and data pre-processing.
[0347] Service type comprise one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, and a XaaS service ID identifying an XaaS service. In some implementations, the service type is included in the packet filter.
[0348] In some implementations, a CBID corresponds to a XaaS service ID.
[0349] In some implementations, a mission ID corresponds to a XaaS service ID.
[0350] In some implementations, a SFC ID corresponds to a XaaS service ID.
[0351] In some case, eSMF / MCF may configure UE, RAN, Data-TW-GW / eUPF or PSF function / layer via intermediate function, e.g., via eAMF / eSCP.
[0352] Implementation 6 -Call flow for Configuration on QoS
[0353] FIG. 29 illustrates a swimlane diagram of a process 2900 of QoS configuration, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0354] At 2902, PSF functions (e.g., CN-PSF functions, RAN PSF functions) report their supported information to MCF / eSMF. The supported information comprises one or more of: CBIDs, mission IDs, SFC IDs, standardized QI or non-standardized values of QoS parameters / characteristics.
[0355] At 2904, MCF / eSMF sends request message (e.g., policy request message) to SPM / ePCF for policy information. The message includes one or more of: mission ID, slice ID, DNN, involved domains, CBIDs, SFC ID, XaaS service IDs, mission session ID, mission session type.
[0356] The mission ID identifies a mission on which the requested policy should be. The slice ID identifies a slice on which the requested policy should be. The involved domains indicates the domains to be involved in the mission. The CBID identifies a CB on which the requested policy should be. The SFC ID identifies a SFC on which the requested policy should be.The XaaS ID identifies a XaaS on which the requested policy should be. The mission session ID identifies a mission session on which the requested policy should be. The mission session type identifies a type of the mission session.
[0357] In some implementations, the message is sent during mission session establishment procedure or mission session update procedure.
[0358] At 2906, the SPM / ePCF decides policy information, e.g., session rule and / or PCC rule.
[0359] At 2908, the SPM / ePCF sends a message (e.g., policy response message) to MCF / eSMF. The message includes the policy information. The policy information comprises one or more of: mission session ID, mission session type, DNN, the session rule and / or PCC rule.
[0360] At 2910, MCF / eSMF determines global QoS, and further decouple the global QoS into Domain QoS and segment QoS, eg., for a mission session based on the received session rule and / or PCC rule from SPM / ePCF.
[0361] The MCF / eSMF selects Data-TW-GW / eUPF and PSFs, e.g., based on the domain QoS, segment QoS and the supported information of the PSFs.
[0362] MCF / eSMF decides one or more of: QoS rule of UE, QoS profile of RAN, PDR of Data-TW-GW / eUPF and QoS rule of PSF, and generates the corresponding QFI for per-flow-group QoS model or per-mission (CB) QoS model.
[0363] MCF / eSFM generates QFI mapping and / or CBID mapping.
[0364] At 2912, MCF / eSMF sends PDR, and optional CBID and / or QFI mapping, to Data-TW-GW / eUPF.
[0365] At 2914, MCF / eSMF sends QoS rule, and optional CBID and / or QFI mapping, to CN-PSF.
[0366] At 2916, MCF / eSMF sends QoS profile, and optional CBID and / or QFI mapping, to RAN anchor (e.g., gNB) .
[0367] At 2918, MCF / eSMF sends QoS rule, and optional CBID and / or QFI mapping, to RAN PSF.
[0368] At 2920, MCF / eSMF sends QoS rule, and optional CBID and / or QFI mapping, to device (e.g., UE) .
[0369] Implementation 7 -Action of data plane functions
[0370] The PSF reports its capability (e.g., supported information) to C / M plane function (e.g., MCF / eSMF) . The supported information comprises one or more of: CBIDs, mission IDs, SFC IDs, standardized QI or non-standardized values of QoS parameters / characteristics.
[0371] The PSF receives configuration (e.g., QoS rule) from C / M plane.
[0372] The PSF performs QoS execution and assurance based on QoS rules. For example, the PSF performs classification and marking of packet (e.g., packet of XaaS service data flow) based on QoS rule, e.g., the PSF marks packet with QFI and encapsulates CBID, Mission ID, or SFC ID with packet. For example, the PSF performs data processing based on QoS rule (e.g., data processing QoS parameters / characteristics included in QoS rule) . For example, the PSF performs traffic mapping (e.g., segment QoS flow mapping) based on configured QFI mapping or CBID mapping. ) . For example, the PSF performs traffic mapping based on mission ID or SFC ID encapsulated in packet.
[0373] The Data-TW-GW / eUPF receives configuration (e.g., PDR) from C / M plane.
[0374] The Data-TW-GW / eUPF performs QoS execution and assurance based on PDR. For example, the Data-TW-GW / eUPF performs classification and marking of packet (e.g., packet of XaaS service data flow) based on PDR, e.g., the Data-TW-GW / eUPF marks packet with QFI and encapsulates CBID, Mission ID, or SFC ID with packet. For example, the Data-TW-GW / eUPF performs traffic mapping (e.g., segment QoS flow mapping) based on configured QFI mapping or CBID mapping. ) . For example, the Data-TW-GW / eUPF performs traffic mapping based on mission ID or SFC ID encapsulated in packet. For example, the Data-TW-GW / eUPF perform domain QoS guarantee. For example, Data-TW-GW / eUPF records the actually executed values of QoS parameter / characteristic of segment QoS flows, and adjusts the QoS information (e.g., QoS adaptation field) in a packet of segment QoS flows before forwarding the packet to next hop (e.g., next-hop node of the current domain) , to guarantee that the domain QoS is satisfied.
[0375] The present disclosure enables to the C / M plane (e.g., eSMF / MCF, ePCF / SPM) to manage hierarchical QoS, and configure QoS parameters / characteristics to data plane functions (PSF, RAN, Data-TW-GW / eUPF and UE) for 6G XaaS service.
[0376] Although the present disclosure refers to illustrative embodiments, this is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the disclosure, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description.
[0377] Features disclosed herein in the context of any particular embodiments may also or instead be implemented in other embodiments. Method embodiments, for example, may also or instead be implemented in apparatus, system, and / or computer program product embodiments. In addition, although embodiments are described primarily in the context of methods and apparatus, other implementations are also contemplated, as instructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer-readable media, for example. Such media could store programming or instructions to perform any of various methods consistent with the present disclosure.
[0378] FIG. 30 illustrates a flow chart of an example process 3000 of data transmission, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The process 3000 can be performed by a communication system (e.g., the communication system 100 of FIGS. 1-2) that includes control plane functions for a base station (e.g., TRP 170) and one or more user equipment (e.g., ED 100) .
[0379] At 3002, a mission control function (MCF) receive policy information from a network function. The network function can be implemented by techniques disclosed with respect to FIGS. 1-29.
[0380] At 3004, the MCF generates, based on the policy information, a plurality of identifiers corresponding to a plurality of quality of service (QoS) flows associated with a mission session. The plurality of identifiers include one or more of a plurality of QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) or a plurality of computing block identifiers (CBIDs) .
[0381] At 3006, the MCF sends, to a communication apparatus, a message including the plurality of identifiers and one or more rules corresponding to the plurality of QoS flows.
[0382] In the present disclosure, the terms “a” , “an” and “one” are defined to mean “at least one” , that is, these terms do not exclude a plural number of items, unless stated otherwise.
[0383] In the present disclosure, terms such as “substantially” , “generally” and “about” , which modify a value, condition or characteristic of a feature of an exemplary embodiment, should be understood to mean that the value, condition or characteristic is defined within tolerances that are acceptable for the proper operation of this exemplary embodiment for its intended application.
[0384] In the present disclosure, unless stated otherwise, the terms “connected” and “coupled” , and derivatives and variants thereof, refer herein to any structural or functional connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements. For example, the connection or coupling between the elements can be acoustical, mechanical, optical, electrical, thermal, logical, or any combinations thereof.
[0385] In the present disclosure, expressions such as “match” , “matching” and “matched” , including variants and derivatives thereof, are intended to refer herein to a condition in which two or more elements are either the same or within some predetermined tolerance of each other. That is, these terms are meant to encompass not only “exactly” or “identically” matching the two elements but also “substantially” , “approximately” or “subjectively” matching the two or more elements, as well as providing a higher or optimal match among a plurality of matching possibilities.
[0386] In the present disclosure, the expression “based on” is intended to mean “based at least partly on” , that is, this expression can mean “based solely on” or “based partially on” , and so should not be interpreted in a limited manner. More particularly, the expression “based on” could also be understood as meaning “depending on” , “representative of” , “indicative of” , “associated with” or similar expressions.
[0387] In the present disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably in embodiments of this application. "At least one" means one or more, and "a plurality of" means two or more. The term "and / or" describes an association relationship of associated objects, and indicates that three relationships may exist. For example, A and / or B may indicate the following three cases: Only A exists, both A and B exist, and only B exists, where A and B may be singular or plural. The character " / " usually indicates an "or" relationship between associated objects. "At least one of the following items (pieces) " or a similar expression thereof indicates any combination of these items, including a single item (piece) or any combination of a plurality of items (pieces) . For example, "at least one of A, B, or C" includes A, B, C, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A, B, and C, and "at least one of A, B, and C" may also be understood as including A, B, C, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A, B, and C. In addition, unless otherwise specified, ordinal numbers such as "first" and "second" in embodiments of this application are used to distinguish between a plurality of objects, and are not used to limit a sequence, a time sequence, priorities, or importance of the plurality of objects.
[0388] A person skilled in the art should understand that embodiments of this application may be provided as a method, an apparatus (or system) , computer-readable storage medium, or a computer program product. Therefore, this application may use a form of a hardware-only embodiment, a software-only embodiment, or an embodiment with a combination of software and hardware. Moreover, this application may use a form of a computer program product that is implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to a disk memory, an optical memory, and the like) that include computer-usable program code.
[0389] This application is described with reference to the flowcharts and / or block diagrams of the method, the device (system) , and the computer program product according to this application. It should be understood that computer program instructions may be used to implement each process and / or each block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams and a combination of a process and / or a block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may be provided for a general-purpose computer, a dedicated computer, an embedded processor, or a processor of another programmable data processing device to generate a machine, so that the instructions executed by the computer or the processor of another programmable data processing device generate an apparatus for implementing a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or in one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0390] The computer program instructions may alternatively be stored in a computer-readable memory that can indicate a computer or another programmable data processing device to work in a specific manner, so that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory generate an artifact that includes an instruction apparatus. The instruction apparatus implements a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or in one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0391] The computer program instructions may alternatively be loaded onto a computer or another programmable data processing device, so that a series of operations and steps are performed on the computer or the other programmable data processing device, so that computer-implemented processing is generated. Therefore, the instructions executed on the computer or the other programmable data processing device provide steps for implementing a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or in one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0392] It is clearly that a person skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this application without departing from the scope of this application. This application is intended to cover these modifications and variations of this application provided that they fall within the scope of protection defined by the following claims and their equivalent technologies.
Claims
A method, comprising:receiving policy information from a network function;generating, based on the policy information, a plurality of identifiers corresponding to a plurality of quality of service (QoS) flows associated with a mission session, wherein the plurality of identifiers comprise one or more of a plurality of QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) or a plurality of computing block identifiers (CBIDs) ; andsending, to a communication apparatus, a message comprising the plurality of identifiers and one or more rules corresponding to the plurality of QoS flows.The method according to claim 1, wherein the mission session is configured to provide a mission service, and wherein the mission session comprises a data forwarding resource and a data processing resource for executing a mission to provide the mission service.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the plurality of QFIs are configured to identify a corresponding plurality of QoS flows of the mission session.The method according to claim 2, wherein the mission comprises at least one computing block (CB) , each of the at least one CB corresponds to a computational step for providing the mission service, and wherein each of the plurality of CBIDs identifies a CB of the at least one CB.The method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein data processing comprises one or more of: AI training, AI inference, data pre-processing, data privacy protection, data cleaning, data collection, data analytics, sensing data processing, data sanitization, data management, data normalization, useless data filtering, data feature engineering, data compression, data embedding, data representation learning, or data feature extraction.The method of claim 2, wherein before receiving the policy information from the network function, the method further comprises:selecting the network function based on information of the mission session reported by a mission customer; andsending, to the network function, a request for requesting the policy information.The method of claim 6, wherein the information of the mission session comprises one or more of a mission ID identifying the mission, a CBID identifying a CB, or a service function chain (SFC) ID identifying a SFC implementing the mission service, wherein the SFC ID is supported by at least one of the network function or the communication apparatus.The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the plurality of QoS flows are a plurality of segment QoS flows associated with the mission session, and wherein before generating the plurality of identifiers, the method further comprises:determining, based on the policy information, a global QoS associated with the mission session, wherein the global QoS comprises one or more domain QoSs;determining, based on the global QoS, the one or more domain QoSs, wherein each of the one or more domain QoSs comprises a plurality of segment QoSs;determining, based on the one or more domain QoSs, the plurality of segment QoSs for each of the one or more domain QoSs, wherein each segment QoS indicates data processing or data forwarding between two communication apparatuses; anddetermining, based on the plurality of segment QoS, the plurality of segment QoS flows.The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, further comprising:before sending the message, selecting the communication apparatus based on the information of the mission session reported by the mission customer.The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising:determining at least one of a QFI mapping or a CBID mapping to the communication apparatus, wherein the message comprises the at least one of the QFI mapping or the CBID mapping.The method of claim 10, wherein:the QFI mapping or the CBID mapping is used for performing traffic mapping.The method of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the one or more rules are one or more of: QoS rule, packet detection rule, or a QoS profile, and wherein the communication apparatus is a user equipment (UE) , or a processing service function (PSF) , a radio access network (RAN) , a core network (CN) function, or a data network (DN) function.The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the one or more rules comprises one or more of: a QFI, segment QoS parameters and / or characteristics, domain QoS parameters and / or characteristics, packet filter set, service type, processing action rule (PAR) , or forwarding action rule (FAR) .The method of claim 13, wherein the segment QoS parameters and / or characteristics and the domain QoS parameters and / or characteristics comprise at least one of: data forwarding parameters and / or characteristics, or data processing parameters and / or characteristics;wherein the data forwarding parameters and / or characteristics comprise one or more of: uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) maximum bitrate, a loss rate, or a UL and / or DL lowest delay; andwherein the data processing parameters or characteristics comprise one or more of: sensing service QoS parameters and / or characteristics, artificial intelligence (AI) service QoS parameters and / or characteristics, or anything as a service (XaaS) service QoS parameters and / or characteristics.The method of claim 14, wherein the data forwarding parameters and / or characteristics and the data processing parameters and / or characteristics are indicated by a QoS identifier (QI) .The method of any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the packet filter set comprises one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, a XaaS service ID, a tunnel end ID (TEID) or an IP address.The method of any one of claims 13 to 16, wherein the PAR indicates an algorithm or a method to perform data processing.The method of any one of claims 13 to 17, wherein the service type comprises one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, or a XaaS service ID identifying an XaaS service.The method of any one of claims 1 to 18, where the policy information comprises one or more of a mission session ID, a mission session type, a data network name (DNN) , a session rule, or a policy and charging control (PCC) rule.The method of claim 19, wherein the session rule comprises one or more of: authorized session aggregate maximum bit rate (AMBR) or authorized default QoS information, andwherein the authorized default QoS information comprises one or more of: QoS information on data processing, or QoS information on data forwarding.The method of claim 19, wherein the PCC rule comprises one or more of: service data flow detection information, policy control information, RAN supported information, or UE support information.The method of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the service data flow detection information comprises one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, a tunnel end ID (TEID) , or an IP address.The method of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the Policy control information comprises one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, a QI, control Information on data forwarding, or control Information on data processing.The method of claim 21, wherein the RAN supported information comprises one or more of: supported CBID, supported mission ID, supported SFC ID, data forwarding QoS parameters and / or characteristics, data processing QoS parameters and / or characteristics.The method of claim 21, wherein the UE support information comprises one or more of: supported CBID, supported mission ID, supported SFC ID, and corresponding data forwarding QoS parameters and / or characteristics, data processing QoS parameters and / or characteristics.A method performed by a communication apparatus, comprising:receiving, from a network function, a message comprising a plurality of identifiers and one or more rules, wherein the plurality of identifiers comprise one or more of a plurality of QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) or a plurality of computing block identifiers (CBIDs) ; anddetermining, based on the plurality of identifiers, a plurality of quality of service (QoS) flows associated with a mission session.The method of claim 26, wherein the plurality of identifiers are generated by the network function based on policy information received from another network function.The method of claim 26 or 27, wherein the plurality of QoS flows are a plurality of segment QoS flows associated with the mission session.The method of any one of claims 26 to 28, wherein the message comprises at least one of the QFI mapping or a CBID mapping between the network function and the communication apparatus.The method of claim 29, further comprising:the QFI mapping or the CBID mapping is used for performing traffic mapping.The method of any one of claims 26 to 30, wherein the one or more rules are one or more QoS rules or a QoS profile, and wherein the communication apparatus is a device or a processing service function (PSF) of the device, of a radio access network (RAN) , a core network (CN) , or a data network (DN) .The method of any one of claims 26 to 31, wherein the one or more rules comprises one or more of: a QFI, segment QoS parameters and / or characteristics, domain QoS parameters and / or characteristics, packet filter set, service type, processing action rule (PAR) , or forwarding action rule (FAR) .The method of claim 32, wherein the segment QoS parameters and / or characteristics and the domain QoS parameters and / or characteristics comprise at least one of data forwarding parameters and / or characteristics, or data processing parameters and / or characteristics;wherein the data forwarding parameters and / or characteristics comprise one or more of: uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) maximum bitrate, a loss rate, or a UL and / or DL lowest delay; andwherein the data processing parameters or characteristics comprise one or more of: sensing service QoS parameters and / or characteristics, artificial intelligence (AI) service QoS parameters and / or characteristics, or anything as a service (XaaS) service QoS parameters and / or characteristics.The method of claim 33, wherein the data forwarding parameters and / or characteristics and the data processing parameters and / or characteristics are indicated by a QoS identifier (QI) .The method of any one of claims 32 to 34, wherein the packet filter set comprises one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a service function chain (SFC) ID, a XaaS service ID, a tunnel end ID (TEID) or an IP address.The method of any one of claims 32 to 35, wherein the PAR indicates an algorithm or a method to perform data processing.The method of any one of claims 32 to 36, wherein the service type comprises one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, or a XaaS service ID identifying an XaaS service.The method of claim 37, wherein the service data flow detection information comprises one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, a tunnel end ID (TEID) , or an IP address.The method of claim 27, wherein the policy information comprises one or more of a mission session ID, a mission session type, a data network name (DNN) , a session rule, or a policy and charging control (PCC) rule.The method of claim 39, wherein the wherein the PCC rule comprises one or more of:service data flow detection information, policy control information, RAN supported information, or UE support information.The method of claim 40, wherein the service data flow detection information comprises one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, a tunnel end ID (TEID) , or an IP address.The method of claim 40 or 41, wherein the policy control information comprises one or more of: a CBID, a mission ID, a SFC ID, a QI, control Information on data forwarding, or control Information on data processing.The method of any one of claims 40 to 42, wherein the RAN supported information comprises one or more of: supported CBID, supported mission ID, supported SFC ID, data forwarding QoS parameters and / or characteristics, data processing QoS parameters and / or characteristics.The method of any one of claims 40 to 43, wherein the UE support information comprises one or more of:supported CBID, supported mission ID, supported SFC ID, and corresponding data forwarding QoS parameters and / or characteristics, data processing QoS parameters and / or characteristics.A communication apparatus, configured to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 44.The communication apparatus of claim 45, comprising:a receiving unit configured to receive policy information from a network function;a processing unit configured to generate, based on the policy information, a plurality of identifiers corresponding to a plurality of quality of service (QoS) flows associated with a mission session, wherein the plurality of identifiers comprise one or more of a plurality of QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) or a plurality of computing block identifiers (CBIDs) ; anda transmitting unit configured to send, to a communication apparatus, a message comprising the plurality of identifiers and one or more rules corresponding to the plurality of QoS flows.The communication apparatus of claim 45, comprising:a receiving unit configured to receive, from a network function, a message comprising a plurality of identifiers and one or more rules, wherein the plurality of identifiers comprise one or more of a plurality of QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) or a plurality of computing block identifiers (CBIDs) ; anda processing unit configured to determine, based on the plurality of identifiers, a plurality of quality of service (QoS) flows associated with a mission session.The communication apparatus of claim 45, comprising:an interface circuit configured to:receive policy information from a network function; andone or more processors configured to:generate, based on the policy information, a plurality of identifiers corresponding to a plurality of quality of service (QoS) flows associated with a mission session, wherein the plurality of identifiers comprise one or more of a plurality of QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) or a plurality of computing block identifiers (CBIDs) ,wherein the interface circuit is further configured to:send, to a communication apparatus, a message comprising the plurality of identifiers and one or more rules corresponding to the plurality of QoS flows.The communication apparatus of claim 45, comprising:an interface circuit configured to receive, from a network function, a message comprising a plurality of identifiers and one or more rules, wherein the plurality of identifiers comprise one or more of a plurality of QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) or a plurality of computing block identifiers (CBIDs) ; andone or more processors configured to determine, based on the plurality of identifiers, a plurality of quality of service (QoS) flows associated with a mission session.The communication apparatus of claim 48 or 49, wherein the interface circuit comprises one or more transceivers.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andone or more memories storing instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 44.A communication system, wherein the communication system comprises a first communication apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 25 and a second communication apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 26 to 44.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 44.
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