Packet filtering for traffic data
Dynamically controlling packet filtering for QoS flows in PDU sessions addresses inefficiencies in the 5G QoS model, reducing processing and power consumption by enabling efficient switching off of packet filtering when not required, thus optimizing resource utilization.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-27
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-05
AI Technical Summary
The existing 5G QoS model for packet filtering in PDU sessions incurs significant processing overhead, power consumption, and signaling overhead due to complex QoS flow-based traffic handling, which is inefficient when high enough data rates meet QoS requirements for all data traffic in a PDU session.
Implementing on-the-fly activation or deactivation of packet filtering (PF) for QoS flows in PDU sessions based on control information, allowing efficient switching off PF when not needed, thereby reducing processing and power consumption at the UE and network sides.
Reduces processing overhead and power consumption by dynamically managing packet filtering, optimizing resource utilization and minimizing unnecessary signaling in PDU sessions.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024114835_05032026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
PACKET FILTERING FOR TRAFFIC DATA
[0001] FIELDS
[0002] Various example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of telecommunication and in particular, to methods, devices, apparatuses and computer readable storage medium of packet filtering for traffic data.BACKGROUND
[0003] In 5G system (5GS) , protocol data unit (PDU) session provides end-to-end user plane connectivity between a terminal device (e.g., UE) and a data network (DN) . The PDU session supports one or more Quality of Service (QoS) flows, which are the essential granularity for QoS differentiation and control in the PDU session. QoS flows provide differing QoS characteristic based on latency, priority, and guaranteed or non-guaranteed data rate. NG-RAN and 5G core (5GC) ensure QoS (e.g. reliability, target delay, etc. ) by mapping packets to appropriate QoS flows and data radio bearers (DRBs) . Hence there is a 2-step mapping of data traffic flows such as IP-flows to QoS flows at non-access stratum (NAS) and from QoS flows to DRBs at access stratum (AS) . Data traffic can then be exchanged between UE and gNB over DRB (s) according to the mapping rules and between user plane function (UPF) and gNB over NG-U tunnel for the PDU session.
[0004] The 5G QoS model is expected to be used as the basis for a 6G QoS model in 6G system (6GS) .SUMMARY
[0005] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a first apparatus. The first apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus at least to: receive, from a second apparatus, control information for activation or deactivation of packet filtering (PF) for a PDU session of the first apparatus, wherein the PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be transmitted from the first apparatus to the second apparatus; determine the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session based on the control information; and transmit, to the second apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined activation or deactivation of the PF.
[0006] In a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second apparatus at least to: determine control information for activation or deactivation of PF for a PDU session of a first apparatus, wherein the PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be received from the first apparatus to the second apparatus; transmit the control information to the first apparatus; and receive, from the first apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the control information.
[0007] In a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method comprises: receiving, at a first apparatus and from a second apparatus, control information for activation or deactivation of PF for a PDU session of the first apparatus, wherein the PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be transmitted from the first apparatus to the second apparatus; determining the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session based on the control information; and transmitting, to the second apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined activation or deactivation of the PF.
[0008] In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method comprises: determining, at a second apparatus, control information for activation or deactivation of PF for a PDU session of a first apparatus, wherein the PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be received from the first apparatus to the second apparatus; transmitting the control information to the first apparatus; and receiving, from the first apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the control information.
[0009] In a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a first apparatus. The first apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a second apparatus, control information for activation or deactivation of PF for a PDU session of the first apparatus, wherein the PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be transmitted from the first apparatus to the second apparatus; means for determining the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session based on the control information; and means for transmitting, to the second apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined activation or deactivation of the PF.
[0010] In a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises means for determining control information for activation or deactivation of PF for a PDU session of a first apparatus, wherein the PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be received from the first apparatus to the second apparatus; means for transmitting the control information to the first apparatus; and means for receiving, from the first apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the control information.
[0011] In a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium comprises instructions stored thereon for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to the third aspect.
[0012] In an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium comprises instructions stored thereon for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to the fourth aspect.
[0013] It is to be understood that the Summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, where:
[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0016] FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of QoS architecture in 5GS;
[0017] FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram showing the principle for classification and User Plane (UP) marking for QoS flows and mapping to AN resources;
[0018] FIG. 4 illustrates an example message flow for a PDU session establishment;
[0019] FIG. 5A illustrates an example message flow for new QoS flow with reflective QoS (RQoS) ;
[0020] FIG. 5B illustrates an example message flow for new QoS flow with explicit RRC signaling;
[0021] FIG. 6 illustrates an example message flow for new QoS flow with explicit NAS signaling;
[0022] FIG. 7 illustrates an example message flow for release of QoS flow with explicit signaling;
[0023] FIG. 8 illustrates an example message flow for UE initiated uplink (UL) QoS flow;
[0024] FIG. 9A illustrates a signaling flow of communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 9B illustrates a signaling flow of communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a first apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a second apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 12 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0029] FIG. 13 illustrates a block diagram of an example computer readable medium in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0030] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0031] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0032] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0033] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0034] It shall be understood that although the terms “first, ” “second” and the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0035] As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0036] As used herein, unless stated explicitly, performing a step “in response to A” does not indicate that the step is performed immediately after “A” occurs and one or more intervening steps may be included.
[0037] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0038] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0039] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0040] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0041] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0042] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0043] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0044] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0045] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as New Radio (NR) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, the sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0046] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) or non-ground network device such as a satellite network device, a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite and a geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellite, an aircraft network device, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. In some example embodiments, radio access network (RAN) split architecture comprises a Centralized Unit (CU) and a Distributed Unit (DU) at an IAB donor node. An IAB node comprises a Mobile Terminal (IAB-MT) part that behaves like a UE toward the parent node, and a DU part of an IAB node behaves like a base station toward the next-hop IAB node.
[0047] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. The terminal device may also correspond to a Mobile Termination (MT) part of an IAB node (e.g., a relay node) . In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0048] As used herein, the term “resource, ” “transmission resource, ” “resource block, ” “physical resource block” (PRB) , “uplink resource, ” or “downlink resource” may refer to any resource for performing a communication, for example, a communication between a terminal device and a network device, such as a resource in time domain, a resource in frequency domain, a resource in space domain, a resource in code domain, or any other resource enabling a communication, and the like.
[0049] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication environment 100 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. The communication environment 100 includes a first apparatus 110, a second apparatus 120 and the core network (CN) 130 side.
[0050] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may be or may be included in a terminal device (e.g., a UE) and the second apparatus 120 may be or may be included in a network device (which may be shorted as the network, e.g., a gNB) serving the terminal device. The second apparatus 120 is located at the radio access network (RAN) and serving the first apparatus 110.
[0051] There are various network elements (not shown) deployed at the CN 130, for example, UPF, access and mobility management function (AMF) , session management function (SMF) , policy control function (PCF) , and so on. The first apparatus 110 and the second apparatus 120 can communicate with each other and with the core network (CN) 130 side. For example, the first apparatus 110 operating as a UE may communicate with the second apparatus 120 operating as a gNB via NR Uu radio interface. The first apparatus 110 may communicate, via the second apparatus 120, with the AMF via N1 interface. The second apparatus 120 may communicate with the UPF via N3 interface (e.g., N3 tunnel) , and with the SMF via N2 interface.
[0052] In the following, for the purpose of illustration, some example embodiments are described with the first apparatus 110 operating as a terminal device (e.g., a UE) and the second apparatus 120 operating as a network device (e.g., a gNB) . However, in some example embodiments, operations described in connection with a terminal device may be implemented at a network device or other apparatus, and operations described in connection with a network device may be implemented at a terminal device or other device.
[0053] In some example embodiments, if the first apparatus 110 is a terminal device and the second apparatus 120 is a network device, a link from the second apparatus 120 to the first apparatus 110 is referred to as a downlink (DL) , while a link from the first apparatus 110 to the second apparatus 120 is referred to as an UL. In DL, the second apparatus 120 is a transmitting (TX) device (or a transmitter) and the first apparatus 110 is a receiving (RX) device (or a receiver) . In UL, the first apparatus 110 is a TX device (or a transmitter) and the second apparatus 120 is a RX device (or a receiver) .
[0054] Communications in the communication environment 100 may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol (s) , including, but not limited to, cellular communication protocols of the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , the fifth generation (5G) , the sixth generation (6G) , and the like, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover, the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, including but not limited to: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) , Time Division Duplex (TDD) , Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) , Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple (OFDM) , Discrete Fourier Transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) and / or any other technologies currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0055] The 5G QoS model is based on QoS flows for QoS differentiation in the PDU session. The 5G QoS model supports both QoS flows that require guaranteed flow bit rate (i.e., guaranteed bit rate (GBR) QoS flows) and QoS flows that do not require guaranteed flow bit rate (i.e., non-GBR QoS Flows) . The 5G QoS model also supports Reflective QoS. As previously mentioned, the PDU session supports one or more QoS flows.
[0056] FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of the QoS architecture in 5GS. As shown in FIG. 2, NG-RAN and 5GC ensure QoS (e.g. reliability and target delay) by mapping packets to appropriate QoS flows and DRBs. There is a 2-step mapping of data traffic flows such as IP-flows to QoS flows (NAS) and from QoS flows to DRBs (AS) . 5GC establishes one or more PDU sessions for the UE. NG-RAN establishes one or more data radio bearer (DRB) for each PDU session, and maps packets belonging to different PDU sessions to different DRBs. Within each PDU session, it is up to NG-RAN how to map multiple QoS flows to a DRB. The NG-RAN may map a GBR flow and a non-GBR flow, or more than one GBR flow to the same DRB.
[0057] A QoS Flow ID (QFI) is used to identify a QoS Flow in 5GS. User Plane traffic with the same QFI within a PDU session receives the same traffic forwarding treatment (e.g. scheduling, admission threshold) . Thus, the QFI shall be unique within a PDU session. The QFI is carried in an encapsulation header on N3 (and N9) interface or reference point, i.e., without any changes to the end-to-end packet header. QFI shall be used for all PDU Session Types. The QFI may be dynamically assigned or may be equal to the 5G QoS Indicator (5QI) .
[0058] Within the 5GS, the QoS flow is controlled by the SMF and may be preconfigured, or established via the PDU Session Establishment procedure, or the PDU Session Modification procedure. A QoS flow is characterized by:
[0059] (i) a QoS profile provided by the SMF to the AN via the AMF over the N2 reference point or preconfigured in the AN;
[0060] (ii) one or more QoS rules and optionally QoS Flow level QoS parameters associated with these QoS rules which can be provided by the SMF to the UE via the AMF over the N1 reference point and / or derived by the UE by applying Reflective QoS control; and
[0061] (iii) one or more UL and DL packet detection rules (PDR) provided by the SMF to the UPF.
[0062] Within the 5GS, a QoS flow associated with the default QoS rule is required to be established for a PDU session and remains established throughout the lifetime of the PDU session. This QoS Flow should be a Non-GBR QoS Flow. Possible interworking with the evolved packet system (EPS) motivates the recommendation for this QoS flow to be of type Non-GBR.
[0063] FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram showing the principle for classification and User Plane (UP) marking for QoS flows and mapping to AN resources. The UE performs classification and marking of UL User plane traffic, i.e. the association of UL traffic to QoS flows based on QoS rules. These QoS rules may be explicitly provided to the UE (i.e. explicitly signaled QoS rules using the PDU session Establishment / Modification procedure) , pre-configured in the UE or implicitly derived by the UE by applying Reflective QoS. A QoS rule contains the QFI of the associated QoS flow, a Packet Filter Set and a precedence value. An explicitly signaled QoS rule contains a QoS rule identifier which is unique within the PDU session and is generated by the SMF. There can be more than one QoS rule associated with the same QoS flow (i.e., with the same QFI) . When the UE informs the network about the number of supported Packet Filters for signaled QoS rules for the PDU Session (during the PDU Session Establishment procedure or using the PDU Session Modification procedure after the first inter-system change from EPS to 5GS for a PDU Session established in EPS and transferred from EPS with N26 interface) , the SMF shall ensure that the sum of the Packet Filters used by all signaled QoS rules for a PDU Session does not exceed the number indicated by the UE.
[0064] A default QoS rule is required to be sent to the UE for every PDU session establishment and it is associated with a QoS flow. For IP type PDU session or Ethernet type PDU session, the default QoS rule is the only QoS rule of a PDU session which may contain a Packet Filter Set that allows all UL packets, and in this case, the highest precedence value shall be used for the QoS rule. For Unstructured type PDU Session, the default QoS rule does not contain a Packet Filter Set, and in this case the default QoS rule defines the treatment of all packets in the PDU Session. As long as the default QoS rule does not contain a Packet Filter Set or contains a Packet Filter Set that allows all UL packets, Reflective QoS should not be applied for the QoS Flow which the default QoS rule is associated with and the Reflective QoS Attribute (RQA) should not be sent for this QoS Flow.
[0065] The SMF performs the binding of policy and charging control (PCC) rules to QoS flows based on the QoS and service requirements. For each PCC rule bound to a QoS flow, when applicable, the SMF generates an explicitly signaled QoS rule according to the following principles and provides it to the UE together with an add operation:
[0066] - A unique (for the PDU Session) QoS rule identifier is assigned;
[0067] - The Packet Filter Set of the QoS rule is generated from the UL service data flow (SDF) filters and optionally the DL SDF filters of the PCC rule (but only from those SDF filters that have an indication for being signaled to the UE;
[0068] - The QoS rule precedence value is set to the precedence value of the PCC rule for which the QoS rule is generated;
[0069] - for a dynamically assigned QFI, the QoS Flow level QoS parameters (e.g. 5QI, Guaranteed Flow Bit Rate, GFBR, Maximum Flow Bit Rate, MFBR, Averaging Window) are signaled to UE in addition to the QoS rule (s) associated to the QoS Flow. The QoS Flow level QoS parameters of an existing QoS Flow may be updated based on the Maximum Bit Rate (MBR) and GBR information received in the PCC rule (MBR and GBR per SDF are however not provided to UE over N1 in the case of more than one SDF) or, if the PCF has not indicated differently, when Notification control or handover related signaling indicates that the QoS parameter the NG-RAN is currently fulfilling for the QoS Flow have changed.
[0070] Changes in the binding of PCC rules to QoS flows as well as changes in the PCC rules or other information provided by the PCF can require QoS flow changes which the SMF has to provide to (R) AN, UPF and / or UE. In the case of changes in the explicitly signaled QoS rules associated to a QoS flow, the SMF provides the explicitly signaled QoS rules and their operation (i.e., add, modify, or delete) to the UE.
[0071] In DL, incoming data packets are classified by the UPF based on the Packet Filter Sets of the DL PDRs in the order of their precedence (without initiating additional N4 signaling) . The UPF conveys the classification of the User Plane traffic belonging to a QoS Flow through an N3 (and N9) User Plane marking using a QFI. The access network (AN) binds QoS flows to AN resources (i.e., DRB of in the case of 3GPP RAN) . There is no strict 1: 1 relation between QoS Flows and AN resources. It is up to the AN to establish the necessary AN resources that QoS Flows can be mapped to, and to release them. The AN shall indicate to the SMF when the AN resources onto which a QoS Flow is mapped are released. If no matching DL PDR is found, the UPF shall discard the DL data packet.
[0072] In UL, for a PDU Session of Type IP or Ethernet, the UE evaluates UL packets against the UL Packet Filters in the Packet Filter Set in the QoS rules based on the precedence value of QoS rules in increasing order until a matching QoS rule (i.e. whose Packet Filter matches the UL packet) is found. If no matching QoS rule is found, the UE shall discard the UL data packet. For a PDU Session of Type Unstructured, the default QoS rule does not contain a Packet Filter Set and allows all UL packets. Only the default QoS rule exist for a PDU Session of Type Unstructured. The UE uses the QFI in the corresponding matching QoS rule to bind the UL packet to a QoS Flow. The UE then binds QoS Flows to AN resources.
[0073] In processing DL traffic, UPF maps User Plane traffic to QoS Flows based on the PDRs. UPF performs Session Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate (Session-AMBR) enforcement and performs counting of packets for charging. UPF transmits the PDUs of the PDU Session in a single tunnel between 5GC and (R) AN, the UPF includes the QFI in the encapsulation header. In addition, UPF may include an indication for Reflective QoS activation in the encapsulation header. UPF performs transport level packet marking in DL on a per QoS Flow basis. The UPF uses the transport level packet marking value provided by the SMF. (R) AN maps PDUs from QoS Flows to access-specific resources based on the QFI and the associated 5G QoS profile, also taking into account the N3 tunnel associated with the DL packet. Packet Filters are not used for the mapping of QoS Flows onto access-specific resources in (R) AN. If Reflective QoS applies, the UE creates a new derived QoS rule.
[0074] For UL traffic, UE uses the stored QoS rules to determine mapping between UL User Plane traffic and QoS Flows. UE marks the UL PDU with the QFI of the QoS rule containing the matching Packet Filter and transmits the UL PDUs using the corresponding access specific resource for the QoS Flow based on the mapping provided by (R) AN. (R)AN transmits the PDUs over N3 tunnel towards UPF. When passing an UL packet from (R)AN to CN, the (R) AN includes the QFI value, in the encapsulation header of the UL PDU, and selects the N3 tunnel. (R) AN performs transport level packet marking in the UL on a per QoS Flow basis with a transport level packet marking value that is determined based on the 5QI, the Priority Level (if explicitly signalled) and the ARP priority level of the associated QoS Flow. UPF verifies whether QFIs in the UL PDUs are aligned with the QoS Rules provided to the UE or implicitly derived by the UE in the case of Reflective QoS) . UPF and UE perform Session-AMBR enforcement and the UPF performs counting of packets for charging.
[0075] NAS level packet filters in the UE and in the 5GC associate UL and DL packets with QoS Flows. AS-level mapping rules in the UE and in the NG-RAN associate UL and DL QoS Flows with DRBs. At Access Stratum level, the DRB defines the packet treatment on the radio interface Uu. A DRB serves packets with the same packet forwarding treatment. The QoS flow to DRB mapping by NG-RAN is based on QFI and the associated QoS profiles (i.e. QoS parameters and QoS characteristics) . Separate DRBs may be established for QoS flows requiring different packet forwarding treatment, or several QoS Flows belonging to the same PDU session can be multiplexed in the same DRB. In the uplink, the mapping of QoS Flows to DRBs is controlled by mapping rules which are signaled in two different ways:
[0076] - Reflective mapping: for each DRB, the UE monitors the QFI (s) of the downlink packets and applies the same mapping in the uplink; that is, for a DRB, the UE maps the UL packets belonging to the QoS flows (s) corresponding to the QFI (s) and PDU Session observed in the downlink packets for that DRB. To enable this reflective mapping, the NG-RAN marks downlink packets over Uu with QFI.
[0077] - Explicit Configuration: QoS flow to DRB mapping rules can be explicitly signaled by RRC.
[0078] The UE always applies the latest update of the mapping rules regardless of whether it is performed via reflecting mapping or explicit configuration. When a QoS flow to DRB mapping rule is updated, the UE sends an end marker on the old bearer.
[0079] In the downlink, the QFI is signaled by NG-RAN over Uu for the purpose of RQoS and if neither NG-RAN, nor the NAS (as indicated by the RQA) intend to use reflective mapping for the QoS flow (s) carried in a DRB, no QFI is signaled for that DRB over Uu. In the uplink, NG-RAN can configure the UE to signal QFI over Uu.
[0080] For each PDU session, a default DRB may be configured: if an incoming UL packet matches neither an RRC configured nor a reflective mapping rule, the UE then maps that packet to the default DRB of the PDU session. For non-GBR QoS flows, the 5GC may send to the NG-RAN the Additional QoS Flow Information parameter associated with certain QoS flows to indicate that traffic is likely to appear more often on them compared to other non-GBR QoS flows established on the same PDU session.
[0081] Within each PDU session, it is up to NG-RAN how to map multiple QoS flows to a DRB. The NG-RAN may map a GBR flow and a non-GBR flow, or more than one GBR flow to the same DRB, but mechanisms to optimize these cases are not within the scope of standardization.
[0082] Reference is now made to FIG. 4 to FIG. 8 to illustrate basic scenarios and principles of PDU Session Establishment and Modification and QoS flow handling procedures. FIG. 4 illustrates an example message flow for a PDU session establishment. As shown in FIG. 4, In step 1, a UE requests a PDU session establishment to the AMF. In step 2, the AMF sends a PDU SESSION RESOURCE SETUP REQUEST message to the gNB, which includes the NAS message to be sent to the UE with NAS QoS related information. In step 3, the gNB sends an RRCReconfiguration message to UE including the configuration of at least one DRB and the NAS message received at Step 2. In step 4, the UE establishes the DRB (s) for the new PDU session and creates a QFI to DRB mapping rules. In step 5, the UE sends an RRCReconfiguration Complete message to the gNB. In step 6, the gNB sends a PDU SESSION RESOURCE SETUP RESPONSE message to the AMF. In step 7, the User Plane Data can then be exchanged between the UE and the gNB over DRB (s) according to the mapping rules and between the UPF and the gNB over the tunnel for the PDU session. QFI marking over Uu is optional while QFI marking over NG-U is always present.
[0083] FIG. 5A illustrates an example message flow for new QoS flow with reflective QoS (RQoS) . In the example shown in FIG. 5A, the RQoS is used for a new QoS flow. The gNB receives from the UPF a first DL packet associated with a QFI for which the QoS parameters are known from the PDU session establishment, but for which there is no association to any DRB yet in AS. In step 0, PDU session and DRB (s) have been already established. In step 1, the gNB receives a DL packet with a new QFI from the UPF. In step 2, the gNB decides to send the new QoS flow over an existing DRB. Otherwise, if the gNB decides to send it over a new DRB, it needs to establish the DRB first. In step 3, the gNB sends the DL packet over the selected DRB with the new QFI and Reflective QoS flow to DRB mapping Indication (RDI) set in the SDAP header. In step 4, the UE identifies the QFI and RDI in the received DL packet and the DRB on which the packet was received. The AS mapping rules are then updated accordingly. In step 5, User Plane Data for the new QoS flow can then be exchanged between the UE and the gNB over the DRB according to the updated mapping rules and between UPF and gNB over the tunnel for the PDU session.
[0084] FIG. 5B illustrates an example message flow for new QoS flow with explicit RRC signaling. In the example shown in FIG. 5B, the explicit RRC signaling is used for a new QoS flow. The gNB receives from the UPF a first downlink packet associated with a QFI, for which the QoS parameters are already known from the PDU session establishment, but for which there is no association to any DRB yet in AS. In step 0, PDU session and DRB (s) have been already established. In step 1, the gNB receives a DL packet with a new QFI from the UPF. In step 2, the gNB decides to send the new QoS flow over an existing DRB using explicit RRC signaling for updating the AS mapping rules. In step 3, the gNB sends an RRCReconfiguration message to the UE with the new QFI to DRB mapping rule. gNB may also decide to update the DRB configuration if required to meet the QoS requirements for the new QoS Flow. In step 4, the UE updates the QFI to DRB mapping rules and configuration (if received) . In step 5, the UE sends an RRCReconfigurationComplete message to gNB. In step 6, User Plane Data for the new QoS flow can then be exchanged between the UE and the gNB over the DRB according to the updated mapping rules and between the UPF and the gNB over the tunnel for the PDU session.
[0085] FIG. 6 illustrates an example message flow for new QoS flow with explicit NAS signaling. In the example of FIG. 6, the gNB receives a new QoS flow establishment request from CN that involves NAS explicit signaling. The QoS flow establishment request provides the gNB and the UE with the QoS parameters for the QFI. The gNB decides to establish a new DRB (rather than re-use an existing one) for this QoS flow and provides the mapping rule over RRC signaling. In step 0, PDU session DRB (s) have been already established. In step 1, the gNB receives a PDU SESSION RESOURCE MODIFY REQUEST message from the AMF for a new QoS flow. In step 2, if the gNB cannot find an existing DRB to map this new QoS flow, it decides to establish a new DRB. In step 3, the gNB sends an RRCReconfiguration message to UE including the DRB configuration with the new QFI to DRB mapping rule and the NAS message received at step 1. In step 4, the UE establishes the DRB for the new QoS flow associated with this PDU session and updates the mapping rules. In step 5, the UE sends an RRCReconfigurationComplete message to gNB. In step 6, the gNB sends a PDU SESSION RESOURCE MODIFY RESPONSE message to the AMF. In step 7, User Plane Data can then be exchanged between the UE and the gNB over DRB (s) according to the mapping rules and between the UPF and the gNB over the tunnel for the PDU session.
[0086] FIG. 7 illustrates an example message flow for release of QoS flow with explicit signaling. In the example of FIG. 7, the gNB receives a request to release a QoS flow from CN that involves explicit NAS signaling. As shown in FIG. 7, in step 0, PDU session and DRB(s) have been already established. In step 1, the gNB receives a PDU SESSION RESOURCE MODIFY REQUEST message from AMF to release a QoS flow. In step 2, the gNB decides to release corresponding the QFI to DRB mapping rule. Since the DRB also carries other QoS flows, the DRB is not released. In step 3, the gNB sends an RRCReconfiguration message to UE to release the QFI to DRB mapping rule. In step 4, the UE updates the AS QFI to DRB mapping rules to release this QFI to DRB mapping rule. In step 5, the UE sends an RRCReconfigurationComplete message to the gNB. In step 6, the gNB sends a PDU SESSION RESOURCE MODIFY RESPONSE message to the AMF.
[0087] FIG. 8 illustrates an example message flow for UE initiated UL QoS flow. In the example of FIG. 8, the UE AS receives an UL packet for a new QoS flow for which a QFI to DRB mapping rule does not exist. As shown in FIG. 8, in step 0, PDU session and DRBs (including a default DRB) have been already established. In step 1, the UE AS receives a packet with a new QFI from UE NAS. In step 2, the UE uses the QFI of the packet to map it to a DRB. If there is no mapping of the QFI to a DRB in the AS mapping rules for this PDU session, then the packet is assigned to the default DRB. In step 3, the UE sends the UL packet on the default DRB. The UE includes the QFI in the SDAP header. In step 4, the gNB sends UL packets to the UPF and includes the corresponding QFI. In step 5, if the gNB wants to use a new DRB for this QoS flow, it sets up one. It can also choose to move the QoS flow to an existing DRB using RQoS or RRC signaling. In step 6, User Plane Data for the new QoS flow can then be exchanged between the UE and the gNB over the DRB according to the updated mapping rules and between the UPF and the gNB over the tunnel for the PDU session.
[0088] QF based traffic handling has notable signaling overhead as well, besides notable processing overhead and power consumption.
[0089] As described above, when differentiation among different QoS flows is needed for scheduling data transmissions, the UL / DL traffic handling based on QoS flows per a PDU session as in current 5GS is sophisticated. This is designed to cope with, e.g., possible congestions, lack of radio resources, or variable radio channel conditions in RAN in the first place. However, the traffic handling based on QoS flows may come with notable processing overhead due to PF for QoS flows and thus power consumption at both the UE side and the network side, not to mention notable signaling overhead due to, e.g., addition, modification, release of a QoS flow.
[0090] As can be observed, the QoS flow-based traffic handling per PDU session may not be needed when high enough data rate can be provided to the UE that meets QoS requirements for all data traffic of the UE in the PDU session. That is, if a high enough minimum bit rate, also referred to as affordable bit rate, can be provided for the PDU session of the UE for a considerable period of time, then the QoS flow-based traffic handling for the PDU session may not be needed for that period of time.
[0091] Thus, it may be beneficial in terms of reducing processing overhead and power consumption at least for the UE, if the PF for UL traffic handling based on QoS flows can be switched off on-the-fly in a fast and efficient way when it is not really needed. However, in 5GS, the PF at the UE for the PDU session can only be controlled by the CN (i.e., SMF via AMF) via reconfiguration of the PDU session using PDU Session Establishment or Modification procedure. This is rather slow and heavy in terms of latency and signaling overhead.
[0092] According to the embodiments of the present disclosure, mechanisms for switching on / off PF for UL traffic handling based on QoS flows are provided. In the mechanisms, the serving gNB is authorized and configured by the CN to control the activation or deactivation of the PF for UL traffic handling based on QoS flows at the UE. This enables the fast and efficient switching on / off of the PF at the UE. As a result, the processing overhead of UL traffic handling and UE power consumption can be reduced.
[0093] This will be highly applicable for 6G, as it is expected that 6G may be able to provide high data rate experience for the UE in general while maximizing UE power saving or energy efficiency that is one of the key drivers for 6G.
[0094] Reference is now made to FIGs. 9A and 9B to illustrate example embodiments. FIG. 9A illustrates a signaling flow 900 of communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purposes of discussion, the signaling flow 900 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 1, for example, by involving the first apparatus 110, the second apparatus 120 and the CN 130, and in particular, the SMF 902 for split control plane, i.e., CN-CP, and the UPF 904 for split user plane, i.e., CN-UP.
[0095] The SMF 902 is in CN-CP and responsible for interacting with the split user plane (e.g., CN-UP) for creating, updating and deleting PDU sessions as well as managing session context with the UPF 904. The UPF 904 is in CN-UP and responsible for packet routing and forwarding, providing QoS feature, and so on. Prior to the operation, the first apparatus 110 and the second apparatus 120 are authorized, originated, or triggered by CN 130 for RAN-controlled activation or deactivation of PF for the PDU session. For example, the second apparatus 120 may receive, from the CN 130, an authorization for controlling the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session. In addition, the first apparatus 110 is configured by the second apparatus 120 for adaptive mapping QoS flow to DRB depending on activation or deactivation of PF for the PDU session.
[0096] It is to be understood that the operations at the first apparatus 110 and the second apparatus 12 may be coordinated. In other words, the second apparatus 120 and the first apparatus 110 should have a common understanding about configurations, parameters and so on. Such a common understanding may be implemented by any suitable interactions between the second apparatus 120 and the first apparatus 110 or both the second apparatus 120 and the first apparatus 110 applying the same rule, policy, and / or the like.
[0097] In the following, although some operations are described from a perspective of the first apparatus 110, it is to be understood that the corresponding operations should be performed by the second apparatus 120. Similarly, although some operations are described from a perspective of the second apparatus 120, it is to be understood that the corresponding operations should be performed by the first apparatus 110. Merely for brevity, some of the same or similar contents are omitted here.
[0098] In operation, the SMF 902 and the UPF 904 performs (906) N4 session setup procedure. The SMF 902 transmits (908) , to the second apparatus 120, the PDU session resource setup request. A PDU session is established with packet filter sets and DRBs configured for traffic handling based on QoS flow. Both the RAN (including the second apparatus 120) and UE (i.e., the first apparatus 110) are authorized by the CN 130 for RAN-controlled activation and / or deactivation of PF for the PDU session. Additionally, the first apparatus 110 is configured by the second apparatus 120 for adaptive mapping of QoS flow to DRB depending on the activation or deactivation of PF.
[0099] In some example embodiments, the SMF 902 may determine whether it shall be notified by the second apparatus 120 prior to the activation or deactivation of PF. This may depend on the configuration of the UPF 904, for example, QFI marking enforcement at the UPF 904. If so, a notification of the activation or deactivation of PF is required to be transmitted from the second apparatus 120 before transmission of a PF deactivation or activation command to the first apparatus 110.
[0100] The SMF 902 may transmit, to the second apparatus 120, an indication during PDU session resource setup for indicating whether the activation or deactivation of PF is to be performed with a notification from the RAN to the SMF 902. Such an indication may be included in a PDU session resource setup request. Alternatively, in some other embodiments, the RAN including the second apparatus 120 may be authorized to control the activation or deactivation of the PF such that the RAN does not need to notify the SMF 902 about the activation of the activation or deactivation of the PF. The UPF 902 may be configured by the SMF 902 to detect the activation or deactivation of PF based on QFI carried in the encapsulation header of transport network layer between the second apparatus 120 and the UPF 904. Thus, the UPF 904 may determine the deactivation of PF based on the QFI of the single QoS flow. Then, if needed, the UPF 904 may perform the PF of data traffic carried in the single QoS flow for inspection and policing on QoS flow level.
[0101] If the second apparatus 120 receives the indication that the SMF 902 shall be notified prior to transmission of the PF activation or deactivation command to the first apparatus 110, then the second apparatus 120 may transmit (e.g., at 916) a notification of the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session. Based on the receipt of the notification, the SMF 902 may need to reconfigure (e.g., at 918) the UPF 904, for example, by removing QFI marking enforcement at the UPF 904 via the N4 Session Modification procedure.
[0102] In response to the authorization of controlling activation and deactivation of the PF for UL traffic handling based on QoS flows, the second apparatus 120 determines (912) control information for activation or deactivation of PF for a PDU session of the first apparatus 110. The PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be received from the first apparatus 110.
[0103] In some example embodiments, the control information may comprise at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold. The at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold may be associated with an amount of UL data arriving at the access layer at the first apparatus 110 per time interval for the PDU session. With the PF activation or deactivation threshold, the first apparatus 110 may activate or deactivate the PF autonomously, if the amount of UL data arriving at the access layer per the time interval for the PDU session is above or below the configured PF activation or deactivation threshold. As an example, different PF activation or deactivation thresholds may be set for deactivation and activation of PF separately.
[0104] In some example embodiments, the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold may correspond to a bit rate for data traffic in the PDU session. For example, the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold may be corresponding to a minimum or lower bound bit rate the second apparatus 120 may be able to provide for the PDU session of the first apparatus 110 that meets at least minimum QoS requirements of all QoS flows for UL traffic in the PDU session.
[0105] In some example embodiments, the control information may further comprise at least one of a timer, a hysteresis, or an offset associated with at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold for delaying the activation or deactivation of the PF. This can avoid unnecessary Ping-Pong effect among PF activation and deactivation. In these embodiments, the first apparatus 110 shall activate or deactivate the PF autonomously if the amount of UL data arriving at the access layer per the time interval for the PDU session is above or below the PF threshold plus or minus the at least one of associated timer, hysteresis, or offset.
[0106] Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments, the PF activation or deactivation threshold may be defined for the amount of UL data of one or more access stratums’ sub-layers, e.g., a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , packet data conversion protocol (PDCP) , radio link control (RLC) , medium access control (MAC) (e.g., buffer size) at the first apparatus 110.
[0107] In some example embodiments, the setting of the PF activation or deactivation threshold to a target value may indicate the PF activation or deactivation command for the PF. Additionally, or alternatively, the setting of the PF activation or deactivation threshold to a target value may indicate that the PF is semi-permanently activated or deactivated. The target value may be such as, all 0-bits or all 1-bits.
[0108] It is noted that the PF activation or deactivation threshold may be configured with an implicit or explicit associated time interval over which the data volume arrived at the access stratum needs to be measured and compared with the PF activation or deactivation threshold.
[0109] In some embodiments, the PF activation or deactivation threshold and the corresponding bit rate may be determined by the second apparatus 120 based on QoS parameters configured for the PDU session and individual QoS flows in the PDU session, such as, GFBR and MFBR of GBR QoS flows and Session-AMBR of non-GBR QoS flows, in addition to capacity of the serving RAN (i.e., the second apparatus 120) to serve the PDU session for the first apparatus 110.
[0110] Additionally, or alternatively, in some other embodiments, the CN (e.g., SMF 902 via AMF) may configure the serving RAN (e.g., the second apparatus 120) with a recommended bit rate for UL traffic in the PDU session that may implicitly or explicitly include QoS flows that meet at least minimum QoS requirements. As an example, the CN may transmit a configuration of recommended bit rate during the PDU session establishment. The second apparatus 120 may then consider the recommended bit rate as a non-enforced minimum bit rate for UL traffic in the PDU session, and based on that determine the bit rate and the corresponding PF activation or deactivation threshold for controlling the PF for the PDU session such that the bit rate exceeds the recommended bit rate.
[0111] Subsequently, the second apparatus 120 may determine (914) to deactivate or activate the PF for the PDU session. In the example of FIG. 9A, the second apparatus 120 was previously indicated to inform the CN 130 of the deactivation or activation of the PF before transmission of the PF activation or deactivation command, and the second apparatus 120 determines to deactivate the PF at the first apparatus 110. However, it should be understood that the signaling among the first apparatus 110, the second apparatus 120 and the CN 130 as described in connection with the signaling flow 900 is also applicable to the situation where the second apparatus 120 determines to activate the PF at the first apparatus 110.
[0112] In some example embodiments, the determination at 914 may be based on a trigger received from the first apparatus 110 or the CN 130, or determined by the second apparatus 120. The second apparatus 120 may issue an explicit command to the first apparatus 110 for activation or deactivation of the PF at the first apparatus 110. For example, the explicit command may be a transmission of the control information, or the PF activation or deactivation commend, as denoted at 924 and 926.
[0113] The trigger for issuing the explicit command may comprise at least one of the following:
[0114] · a capability indication from the first apparatus 110, e.g., UE capability indication;
[0115] · a buffer status report (BSR) from the first apparatus 110;
[0116] · a measurement report on radio coverage, mobility status or mobility condition from the first apparatus 110;
[0117] · a measurement report on QoS or QoE monitoring from the first apparatus 110;
[0118] · assistance information from the first apparatus 110, such as, application-aware information from the first apparatus 110;
[0119] · an authorization from the CN,
[0120] · a request or a reconfiguration related to the PDU session or individual QoS flows in the PDU session from a core network,
[0121] · a request for the PF activation or deactivation from the CN, such as, CN authorization, request or reconfiguration related to the PDU session, individual QoS flows in the PDU session, and / or the PF activation / deactivation, or assistance information such as application-aware information from the CN, or
[0122] · a detection of congestion, capacity status or condition affecting the bit rate affordable by the second apparatus 120 and the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold.
[0123] For example, in case that the first apparatus 110 has no concern about power consumption or energy efficiency, or the first apparatus 110 is in handover situation or bad channel state, or the first apparatus 110 has excessive BSR, or the first apparatus 110 is experiencing bad QoS, QoE, etc., the second apparatus 120 may determine to activate or reactivate the PF.
[0124] As another example, the CN 130 may or may not authorize (i.e., enable / disable) the serving RAN (e.g., the second apparatus 120) to control the PF for the PDU session of the first apparatus 110 on the fly. The CN 130 may reconfigure QoS parameters such as bit rates required for the PDU session or individual QoS flows in the PDU session or the recommended bit rate for the PDU session to the serving RAN, which may trigger the second apparatus 120 to activate or reactivate the PF at the first apparatus 110 for the PDU session.
[0125] As still another example, if the second apparatus 120 determines that it is no longer able to provide sufficient affordable minimum bit rate for the PDU session of the first apparatus 110, then the second apparatus 120 may activate or reactivate the PF at the first apparatus 110 and reset the PF threshold for the PDU session.
[0126] In some example embodiments, the PF activation or deactivation command for the PF may comprise an update of the PF activation or deactivation threshold for the corresponding PDU session. The PF activation or deactivation command may be realized by using MAC control signaling or a new MAC Control Element (CE) . In this way, a fast and efficient control can be ensured.
[0127] Referring back to the example of FIG. 9A, in response to determining to deactivate the PF for the PDU session, the second apparatus 120 may transmit (916) the notification of the deactivation of the PF to the SMF 902. In some embodiments, the second apparatus 120 may optionally indicate or notify the CN about the associated PF activation or deactivation threshold and / or the bit rate that the second apparatus 120 is providing to the first apparatus 110 at 916.
[0128] Accordingly, the SMF 902 may receive (918) the notification of the deactivation of the PF from the second apparatus 120. As previously mentioned, the SMF 902 may then reconfigure the UPF 904 (e.g., removal of QFI marking enforcement) via the N4 Session Modification procedure.
[0129] As a response, the SMF 902 may transmit (920) an acknowledgement of the deactivation of the PF to the second apparatus 120. Accordingly, the second apparatus 120 may receive (922) the acknowledgement of the deactivation of the PF from the SMF 902.
[0130] The second apparatus 120 then transmits (924) the control information to the first apparatus 110. Accordingly, the first apparatus 110 receives (926) the control information from the second apparatus 120.
[0131] In some example embodiments, the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold for the PDU session may be configured to the first apparatus 110 by using RRC signaling procedure, such as RRC Reconfiguration. In this case, operations 912 to 926 may be performed, for example, during PDU session establishment or modification procedure or during the active time of the PDU session.
[0132] With the configuration information at least including the configured threshold, the autonomous activation or deactivation of the PF based on the configured PF activation or deactivation threshold can be realized at the first apparatus 110. By way of example, the first apparatus 110 may determine if an amount of the data traffic arriving at the access layer during a predetermined period of time (i.e., the associated time interval over which the amount of the data traffic arrived at the access layer needs to be measured and compared with the PF threshold) exceed the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold.
[0133] In the example of FIG. 9A, the amount of the data traffic does not exceed the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, the first apparatus 110 determines (928) the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session. Otherwise, if the amount of the data traffic arriving at the access layer during the predetermined period of time exceeds the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, the first apparatus 110 determines the activation of the PF for the PDU session.
[0134] Additionally, or alternatively, in the embodiments where separate PF thresholds, e.g., a PF activation threshold and a PF deactivation threshold, are configured, if the amount of the data traffic arriving at the access layer during a predetermined period of time exceeds the PF activation threshold, the first apparatus 110 may determine the activation of the PF for the PDU session. If the amount of the data traffic arriving at the access layer during the predetermined period of time does not exceed the PF deactivation threshold, the first apparatus 110 may determine the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session. If the amount of the data traffic arriving at the access layer during the predetermined period of time is in between the PF activation threshold and the PF deactivation threshold, the first apparatus 110 may determine to remain in whichever of the activation or the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session currently being used.
[0135] Additionally, or alternatively, in the embodiments where the control information comprises the PF activation or deactivation command for the PF, at 928, the first apparatus 110 may determine the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session based on the PF activation or deactivation command.
[0136] The first apparatus 110 then transmits, to the second apparatus 120, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined activation or deactivation of the PF. In the example of FIG. 9A, the first apparatus 110 transmits (930) the UL transmission based on deactivation of the PF.
[0137] The first apparatus 110 may be configured by the serving network including RAN and CN to adapt to a 2-step mapping, that is, SDF to QoS flow as the first step and QoS flow to DRB as the second step, based on the activation or deactivation of the PF.
[0138] In some embodiments, upon deactivation of the PF, all UL data traffic in the PDU session is mapped on a single QoS flow with a specified or configured QFI, referred to as a target or default QoS flow with a target or default QFI. The single QoS flow with the configured QFI may be then mapped on a single DRB, referred to as a target or default DRB. The default QFI may be considered as an implicit indication from the first apparatus 110 to the second apparatus 120 that the PF is deactivated by the first apparatus 110. There may be no need for configuring the first apparatus 110 with a QoS profile for the default QoS flow, as no QoS enforcement for UL data traffic is expected when the PF is deactivated under control of the second apparatus 120.
[0139] In some other embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may be configured with a plurality of DRBs including the default DRB for UL traffic in the PDU session. The configuration for the default DRB and corresponding logical channel (LCH) may need to be adapted and / or reconfigured for the first apparatus 110. In this case, upon determining the deactivation of PF for the PDU session, the first apparatus 110 may transmit the remaining filtered packets of individual QoS flows mapped on the plurality of DRBs including or excluding the default DRB. The first apparatus 110 may then reset plurality of DRBs other than the default DRB without being released for faster and efficient activation or reactivation of the PF for the PDU session. It is to be understood that resetting a DRB without being released means that the DRB is suspended or deactivated while maintaining contexts or configurations of the DRB. Then the DRB may be resumed or reactivated using the maintained contexts or configurations of the DRB. The suspend-resume or deactivation-reactivation of the DRB may be associated with or triggered by the activation or deactivation of the PF. Additionally, when a DRB is suspended or deactivated, the associated PDCP entity and RLC entity of the DRB may need to be reset.
[0140] In some embodiments, upon activation (or reactivation) of the PF, the first apparatus 110 may use (or switch back, in case of reactivation of the PF) the UL traffic handling based on actual QoS flows. For example, the first apparatus 110 may map the data traffic in the PDU session on at least one respective QoS flow with at least one respective QFI. The first apparatus 110 then transmits, to the second apparatus 120, the data traffic in the PDU session over at least one DRB corresponding to the at least one respective QFI. The use of QFI other than the default QFI may implicitly indicate to the serving network that the PF is activated (or reactivated) by the first apparatus 110 for the PDU session. In case other UL DRB (s) / LCH (s) have been configured to the first apparatus 110 and unused by the first apparatus 110 during deactivation of the PF, the first apparatus 110 may use the other DRB (s) / LCH (s) right away for UL transmissions. In case there is no other than the default UL DRB / LCH being currently configured, the first apparatus 110 (i.e., SDAP) may schedule and map packets of QoS flows on the default UL DRB based on configured QoS properties of QoS flows while waiting for DRB / LCH addition from the serving RAN (e.g., the second apparatus 120) . For example, the first apparatus 110 may prioritize packets of GBR QoS flows while buffering packets of non-GBR QoS flows.
[0141] In some embodiments, as a first subprocess, the first apparatus 110 may autonomously decide to deactivation or reactivation of PF for the PDU session. As shown in FIG. 9A, the first apparatus 110 may subsequently determine (932) whether to reactivate the PF. If no, the first apparatus 110 may continue to communicate UL transmissions based on deactivation of PF, like operation 930. If yes, for example, due to a spike-up of UL traffic exceeding the PF activation threshold, the first apparatus 110 reactivates (934) the PF for the PDU session. In this case, the first apparatus 110 may then transmit (936) an indication indicating the activation of PF for the PDU session to the second apparatus 120. Accordingly, the second apparatus 120 receives (938) the indication from the first apparatus 110.
[0142] As a response, the second apparatus 120 transmits (940) an acknowledgement of the activation of the PF to the first apparatus 110. Accordingly, the first apparatus 110 receives (942) the acknowledgement of the activation of the PF from the second apparatus 120. The first apparatus 110 then transmits (944) the UL transmission based on activation of the PF.
[0143] Though only PF (re-) activation is illustrated in FIG. 9A, the deactivation of PF autonomously by the first apparatus 110 based on the configured PF activation or deactivation threshold may be performed after operation 944 without explicit PF deactivation command from the serving RAN (i.e., the second apparatus 120) .
[0144] The autonomous activation or deactivation of the PF based on the configured PF activation or deactivation threshold at the first apparatus 110 is fast and efficient, aiming to cope with excessive spike-up in data volume of non-GBR QoS flows. For example, sending or uploading a large message or file while streaming audio and video contents in real time may cause such excessive spike-up in data volume that may need to be handled with traffic prioritization or differentiation for individual QoS flows and in this case the PF may need to be activated or reactivated.
[0145] In some embodiments, in an alternative to the use of the default QFI when the PF is deactivated, no QFI and thus no SDAP header may be applied for further reducing protocol overhead. As a robust operation of this alternative, a start or stop indication from the first apparatus 110 to the second apparatus 120 for SDAP with / without header may be introduced at operations 936 to 942. For example, the start indication may indicate a start for a transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI. The stop indication may indicate a stop for a transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI. The start indication and / or the stop indication may be realized by using SDAP C-PDU, MAC CE, or RRC for example.
[0146] Alternatively, as a second subprocess, the serving RAN (e.g., the second apparatus 120) may decide to issue a PF activation or deactivation command to the first apparatus 110 to reactivate or deactivate the PF at the first apparatus 110 for the PDU session, which will be described in connection with the signaling flow 950 shown in FIG. 9B.
[0147] In the signaling flow 950, operations 902 to 930 may refer to FIG. 9A, thus which will not be repeated herein. The second apparatus 120 obtains (952) a trigger for PF reactivation, such as, a request for PF reactivation from the CN 130, or due to capacity or congestion issue at the serving RAN.
[0148] The second apparatus 120 determines (954) to reactivate the PF for the PDU session based on the trigger. The second apparatus 120 transmits (956) a PF activation command to the first apparatus 110. Accordingly, the first apparatus 110 receives (958) the PF activation command from the second apparatus 120.
[0149] In response to the PF activation command, the first apparatus 110 reactivates (960) the PF for the PDU session. Like FIG. 9A, the first apparatus 110 then transmits (944) the UL transmission based on activation of the PF.
[0150] In some other embodiments, while the deactivation or activation of the PF is shown in FIGs. 9A and 9B to be achieved via RAN, it can also be achieved via NAS signaling directly from the CN 130. In this scenario, the second apparatus 120 may indicate to the CN 130 the at least one PF deactivation or activation threshold for the QoS flow (s) at the PDU session establishment or PDU session modification or when the RAN requests the permission from the CN 130 to enable the PF activation or deactivation feature and at that point the CN 130 forwards the at least one PF deactivation or activation threshold to the first apparatus 110. As one option, the serving RAN may indicate to the CN 130 the minimum or lower bound bit rate for the PDU session over an explicit or implicit period of time so that the CN 130 may derive the at least one PF deactivation or activation threshold and (re) configure the first apparatus 110 with the at least one PF deactivation or activation threshold for the autonomous PF activation or deactivation for the PDU session. It is assumed that a predefined minimum period of time is associated with the at least one PF deactivation or activation threshold or the minimum or lower bound bit rate for the PDU session. Therefore, in a case that no explicit period of time is indicated, the predefined minimum period of time may be applied.
[0151] In some embodiments, the serving RAN comprising the second apparatus 120 may configure the first apparatus 110 with a set of DRBs / LCHs and at least one adaptive DRB mapping rule for QoS flows depending on the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session. The at least one adaptive DRB mapping rule may comprise adaptive priority setting for individual DRBs / LCHs including the default or target DRB / LCH that is applied when the PF is deactivated. It is noted that the default or target DRB / LCH is not necessarily the same as the default DRB / LCH that is applied when the PF is activated. Furthermore, the PF activation / deactivation may be implicitly controlled via activation / deactivation of DRB / LCH in the set of DRBs / LCHs.
[0152] In some embodiments, the activation or deactivation of the PF may be applied for a subset of QoS flows in the PDU session. For example, some QoS flows in the PDU session may be filtered based on application programming interface (API) , and not the PF, thus the activation or deactivation of the PF and the related adaptive DRB mapping may not applied for QoS flows of some certain API.
[0153] It should be understood that local interactions between AS and NAS at the first apparatus 110 for communicating the PF activation or deactivation command received from the second apparatus 120 or the related indication from the first apparatus 110 to the second apparatus 120 may be needed, as the PF is considered as NAS function whereas the PF activation or deactivation command from the second apparatus 120 is considered as AS function.
[0154] It should be noted that the activation or deactivation of the PF may be applied also for DL traffic handling in the PDU session. However, this should be left up to the CN 130. It may be preferable to keep the PF activation for a full QoS flow-based traffic handling for the PDU session in DL while applying the PF activation or deactivation for the PDU session in UL. This allows for maintaining up to date QoS flow-based contexts to the second apparatus 120 and the first apparatus 110, especially when reflective QoS is applied. This in turn enables faster reactivation of the PF and QoS flow-based traffic handling for the PDU session in UL.
[0155] It should be further noted that in CU-DU architecture for the serving RAN comprising the second apparatus 120, the estimation or determination of the minimum or lower bound bit rate, the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold and the use of MAC CE for PF activation or deactivation command may require CU-DU interactions. This is because of RAN functional split between CU and DU. For examples, lower protocol layers such as physical layer (PHY) , and MAC may be located at DU whereas higher protocol layers such as PDCP, SDAP and RRC may be located at CU.
[0156] According to the example embodiments of the present disclosure, a fast and efficient mechanism for the UE or the RAN to switch on / off PF for UL traffic handling based on QoS flows is provided. The activation or deactivation of PF can lead to a reduced power consumption since PF can be deactivated when not needed. Moreover, this mechanism can reduce signaling overhead without involvement of the CN to some extent.
[0157] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1000 implemented at a first apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1000 will be described from the perspective of the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1.
[0158] At block 1010, the first apparatus 110 receives, from the second apparatus 120, control information for activation or deactivation of packet filtering, PF, for a protocol data unit, PDU, session of the first apparatus. The PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be transmitted from the first apparatus to the second apparatus 120.
[0159] At block 1020, the first apparatus 110 determines the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session based on the control information.
[0160] At block 1030, the first apparatus 110 transmits, to the second apparatus 120, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined activation or deactivation of the PF.
[0161] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, and the method 1000 further comprises: in accordance with a determination that an amount of the data traffic arriving at an access layer during a predetermined period of time does not exceed the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, determining the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session; or in accordance with a determination that the amount of the data traffic arriving at the access layer during the predetermined period of time exceeds the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, determining the activation of the PF for the PDU session.
[0162] In some example embodiments, the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold comprises a PF activation threshold and a PF deactivation threshold, and the method 1000 further comprises: in accordance with a determination that the amount of the data traffic arriving at an access layer during a predetermined period of time exceeds the PF activation threshold, determining the activation of the PF for the PDU session; or in accordance with a determination that the amount of the data traffic arriving at an access layer during a predetermined period of time does not exceed the PF deactivation threshold, determining the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session; or in accordance with a determination that the amount of the data traffic arriving at an access layer during a predetermined period of time is in between the PF activation threshold and the PF deactivation threshold, determining to remain in whichever of the activation or the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session currently being used.
[0163] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises a PF activation or deactivation command for the PF, and the method 1000 further comprises: determining the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session based on the PF activation or deactivation command.
[0164] In some example embodiments, transmitting the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined deactivation of the PF comprises: mapping the data traffic in the PDU session on a single QoS flow with a target QoS flow identifier, QFI; and transmitting, to the second apparatus 120, the data traffic in the PDU session over a target data radio bearer, DRB, corresponding to the target QFI.
[0165] In some example embodiments, a plurality of DRBs comprising the target DRB are configured for the first apparatus to transmit the data traffic in the PDU session, and the method 1000 further comprises: upon determining the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session, transmitting remaining filtered data traffic of individual QoS flows mapped on the plurality of DRBs including or excluding the target DRB; and resetting the plurality of DRBs other than the target DRB without being released.
[0166] In some example embodiments, transmitting the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined activation of the PF comprises: mapping the data traffic in the PDU session on at least one respective QoS flow with at least one respective QFI; and transmitting, to the second apparatus 120, the data traffic in the PDU session over at least one DRB corresponding to the at least one respective QFI.
[0167] In some example embodiments, the PF activation or deactivation command comprises an update for the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold.
[0168] In some example embodiments, a plurality of DRBs comprising a target DRB are configured for the first apparatus, and the target DRB is used for transmitting the data traffic in the PDU session during the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session, and the data traffic in the PDU session are transmitted over the plurality of DRBs, including or excluding the target DRB, during the activation of the PF for the PDU session.
[0169] In some example embodiments, the method 1000 comprises: in accordance with a determination that no DRB other than the target DRB is configured for the first apparatus, transmitting the data traffic in the PDU session over the target DRB for at least one of the at least one respective QoS flow while waiting for DRB addition from the second apparatus 120.
[0170] In some example embodiments, the data traffic in the PDU session comprises at least one QoS flow of the PDU session.
[0171] In some example embodiments, transmitting the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined deactivation of the PF comprises: mapping the data traffic in the PDU session on a single QoS flow without a QFI; and transmitting, to the second apparatus 120, the data traffic in the PDU session over a target DRB.
[0172] In some example embodiments, the method 1000 comprises: transmitting to the second apparatus 120 at least one of: a start indication indicating a start for a transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI, or a stop indication indicating a stop for a transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI, wherein: the transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI is based on using a SDAP without protocol header; and the start indication and the stop indication are transmitted in at least one of a SDAP C-PDU, a MAC CE, or a RRC message.
[0173] In some example embodiments, the method 1000 further comprises: receiving, from a core network via the second apparatus 120, an authorization to determine the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session.
[0174] In some example embodiments, the control information is authorized, originated, or triggered by a core network.
[0175] In some example embodiments, the control information further comprises at least one of a timer, a hysteresis, or an offset associated with at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold for delaying the activation or deactivation of the PF.
[0176] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, and the method 1000 further comprises: in accordance with a determination that an amount of data on a target subset of the data traffic arriving at an access layer during a predetermined period of time does not exceed the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, determining the deactivation of the PF for the target subset of the data traffic; or in accordance with a determination that the amount of the data on the target subset of the data traffic arriving at the access layer during the predetermined period of time exceeds the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, determining the activation of the PF for the target subset of the data traffic.
[0177] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, and a target value of the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold indicates a PF activation or deactivation command for the PF.
[0178] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 comprises a terminal device, and the second apparatus 120 comprises a network device.
[0179] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 1100 implemented at a second apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1100 will be described from the perspective of the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1.
[0180] At block 1110, the second apparatus 120 determines control information for activation or deactivation of PF for a PDU session of a first apparatus 110, wherein the PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be received from the first apparatus 110.
[0181] At block 1120, the second apparatus 120 transmits the control information to the first apparatus 110.
[0182] At block 1130, the second apparatus 120 receives, from the first apparatus 110, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the control information.
[0183] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold.
[0184] In some example embodiments, the method 1100 further comprises: receiving, from a core network device, a configuration of a recommended bit rate for the data traffic in the PDU session; and determining a bit rate affordable by the second apparatus 120 for the data traffic in the PDU session and the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold based on the recommended bit rate, such that the bit rate affordable by the second apparatus 120 exceeds the recommended bit rate and the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold is associated with the bit rate affordable by the second apparatus 120.
[0185] In some example embodiments, determining the control information comprises: determining the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold corresponding to a bit rate provided for the PDU session and meeting at least minimum QoS requirement of QoS flows for the data traffic in the PDU session.
[0186] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises a PF activation or deactivation command for the PF.
[0187] In some example embodiments, the PF activation or deactivation command for the PF is transmitted in response to a trigger from the first apparatus 110 or a core network device.
[0188] In some example embodiments, the PF activation or deactivation command for the PF is triggered based on at least one of the following: a capability indication from the first apparatus 110, a buffer status report from the first apparatus 110, a measurement report on radio coverage, mobility status or mobility condition from the first apparatus 110, a measurement report on QoS or QoE monitoring from the first apparatus 110, assistance information from the first apparatus 110, an authorization from a core network, a request or a reconfiguration related to the PDU session or individual QoS flows in the PDU session from a core network, a request for the PF activation or deactivation from a core network, or a detection of congestion, capacity status or condition affecting the bit rate affordable by the second apparatus 120 and the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold.
[0189] In some example embodiments, receiving the data traffic in the PDU session comprises: receiving, from the first apparatus 110, the data traffic in the PDU session over at least one DRB corresponding to a target QFI for a single QoS flow.
[0190] In some example embodiments, receiving at least one of the following from the first apparatus 110: a start indication indicating a start for a transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI, or a stop indication indicating a stop for a transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI, wherein the transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI is based on using a SDAP without protocol header; and the start indication and the stop indication are received in at least one of a SDAP C-PDU, a MAC CE, or a RRC message.
[0191] In some example embodiments, the method 1100 further comprises: based on receiving the data traffic in the PDU session mapped to the target QFI, determining the deactivation of the PF at the first apparatus 110.
[0192] In some example embodiments, a plurality of DRBs comprising a target DRB are configured for the first apparatus 110, and the target DRB is used for transmitting the data traffic in the PDU session during the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session, and the method 1100 further comprises: receiving, from the first apparatus110, the data traffic in the PDU session over the plurality of DRBs including or excluding the target DRB corresponding to at least one respective QFI; and determining the activation of the PF for the PDU session at the first apparatus 110.
[0193] In some example embodiments, receiving the data traffic in the PDU session comprises: receiving, from the first apparatus 110, the data traffic in the PDU session over at least one DRB corresponding to at least one respective QFI.
[0194] In some example embodiments, the data traffic in the PDU session comprises at least one QoS flow of the PDU session.
[0195] In some example embodiments, the method 1100 further comprises: receiving, from a core network, an authorization for controlling the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session.
[0196] In some example embodiments, the control information is authorized, originated, or triggered by a core network.
[0197] In some example embodiments, the method 1100 further comprises: transmitting, to the first apparatus 110, a configuration of a set of DRBs and at least one mapping rule for mapping between QoS flows and DRBs in the set for a PDU session depending on the activation or deactivation of PF for the PDU session, wherein the at least one mapping rule comprises at least one of a selection or a priority setting for a target DRB from the set of DRBs to be applied during the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session.
[0198] In some example embodiments, the method 1100 further comprises: transmitting, to a core network device, a notification of the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session; and receiving, from the core network device, an acknowledgement of the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session.
[0199] In some example embodiments, the method 1100 further comprises: receiving, from a core network device, an indication indicating the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session to be allowed with a notification to the core network device; and before transmitting the control information, transmitting the notification of the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session to the core network device.
[0200] In some example embodiments, the method 1100 further comprises: receiving, from a core network device, an indication indicating the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session to be allowed without a notification to the core network device; and transmitting the control information without notifying the core network device.
[0201] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises a PF deactivation threshold for the deactivation of the PF and a PF activation threshold for the activation of the PF, and the PF deactivation threshold is different from the PF activation threshold.
[0202] In some example embodiments, the control information further comprises at least one of a timer, a hysteresis, or an offset associated with at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold for delaying the activation or deactivation of the PF.
[0203] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, and a target value of the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold indicates a PF activation or deactivation command for the PF.
[0204] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 comprises a terminal device, and the second apparatus 120 comprises a network device.
[0205] In some example embodiments, a first apparatus capable of performing any of the method 1000 (for example, the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1) may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1000. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module. The first apparatus may be implemented as or included in the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1.
[0206] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a second apparatus, control information for activation or deactivation of PF for a PDU session of the first apparatus, wherein the PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be transmitted from the first apparatus to the second apparatus; means for determining the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session based on the control information; and means for transmitting, to the second apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined activation or deactivation of the PF.
[0207] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, and the first apparatus comprises: means for in accordance with a determination that an amount of the data traffic arriving at an access layer during a predetermined period of time does not exceed the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, determining the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session; or means for in accordance with a determination that the amount of the data traffic arriving at the access layer during the predetermined period of time exceeds the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, determining the activation of the PF for the PDU session.
[0208] In some example embodiments, the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold comprises a PF activation threshold and a PF deactivation threshold, and the first apparatus further comprises: means for in accordance with a determination that the amount of the data traffic arriving at an access layer during a predetermined period of time exceeds the PF activation threshold, determining the activation of the PF for the PDU session; or means for in accordance with a determination that the amount of the data traffic arriving at an access layer during a predetermined period of time does not exceed the PF deactivation threshold, determining the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session; or means for in accordance with a determination that the amount of the data traffic arriving at an access layer during a predetermined period of time is in between the PF activation threshold and the PF deactivation threshold, determining to remain in whichever of the activation or the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session currently being used.
[0209] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises a PF activation or deactivation command for the PF, and the first apparatus comprises: means for determining the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session based on the PF activation or deactivation command.
[0210] In some example embodiments, the means for transmitting the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined deactivation of the PF comprises means for mapping the data traffic in the PDU session on a single QoS flow with a target QoS flow identifier, QFI; and means for transmitting, to the second apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session over a target data radio bearer, DRB, corresponding to the target QFI.
[0211] In some example embodiments, a plurality of DRBs comprising the target DRB are configured for the first apparatus to transmit the data traffic in the PDU session, and wherein the first apparatus further comprises: means for upon determining the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session, transmitting remaining filtered data traffic of individual QoS flows mapped on the plurality of DRBs including or excluding the target DRB; and means for resetting the plurality of DRBs other than the target DRB without being released.
[0212] In some example embodiments, the means for transmitting the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined activation of the PF comprises means for mapping the data traffic in the PDU session on at least one respective QoS flow with at least one respective QFI; and means for transmitting, to the second apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session over at least one DRB corresponding to the at least one respective QFI.
[0213] In some example embodiments, the PF activation or deactivation command comprises an update for the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold.
[0214] In some example embodiments, a plurality of DRBs comprising a target DRB are configured for the first apparatus, and the target DRB is used for transmitting the data traffic in the PDU session during the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session, and the data traffic in the PDU session are transmitted over the plurality of DRBs, including or excluding the target DRB, during the activation of the PF for the PDU session.
[0215] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises: means for in accordance with a determination that no DRB other than the target DRB is configured for the first apparatus, transmitting the data traffic in the PDU session over the target DRB for at least one of the at least one respective QoS flow while waiting for DRB addition from the second apparatus.
[0216] In some example embodiments, the data traffic in the PDU session comprises at least one QoS flow of the PDU session.
[0217] In some example embodiments, the means for transmitting the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined deactivation of the PF comprises: means for mapping the data traffic in the PDU session on a single QoS flow without a QFI; and means for transmitting, to the second apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session over a target DRB.
[0218] In some example embodiments, the means for transmitting to the second apparatus at least one of: a start indication indicating a start for a transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI, or a stop indication indicating a stop for a transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI, wherein: the transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI is based on using a SDAP without protocol header; and the start indication and the stop indication are transmitted in at least one of a SDAP C-PDU, a MAC CE, or a RRC message.
[0219] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for receiving, from a core network via the second apparatus, an authorization to determine the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session.
[0220] In some example embodiments, the control information is authorized, originated, or triggered by a core network.
[0221] In some example embodiments, the control information further comprises at least one of a timer, a hysteresis, or an offset associated with at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold for delaying the activation or deactivation of the PF.
[0222] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, and the first apparatus comprises: means for in accordance with a determination that an amount of data on a target subset of the data traffic arriving at an access layer during a predetermined period of time does not exceed the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, determining the deactivation of the PF for the target subset of the data traffic; or means for in accordance with a determination that the amount of the data on the target subset of the data traffic arriving at the access layer during the predetermined period of time exceeds the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, determining the activation of the PF for the target subset of the data traffic.
[0223] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, and a target value of the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold indicates a PF activation or deactivation command for the PF.
[0224] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a terminal device, and the second apparatus comprises a network device.
[0225] In some example embodiments, a second apparatus capable of performing any of the method 1100 (for example, the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1) may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1100. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module. The second apparatus may be implemented as or included in the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1.
[0226] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus comprises means for determining control information for activation or deactivation of PF for a PDU session of a first apparatus, wherein the PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be received from the first apparatus; means for transmitting the control information to the first apparatus; and means for receiving, from the first apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the control information.
[0227] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold.
[0228] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for receiving, from a core network device, a configuration of a recommended bit rate for the data traffic in the PDU session; and means for determining a bit rate affordable by the second apparatus for the data traffic in the PDU session and the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold based on the recommended bit rate, such that the bit rate affordable by the second apparatus exceeds the recommended bit rate and the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold is associated with the bit rate affordable by the second apparatus.
[0229] In some example embodiments, the means for determining the control information comprises: means for determining the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold corresponding to a bit rate provided for the PDU session and meeting at least minimum QoS requirement of QoS flows for the data traffic in the PDU session.
[0230] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises a PF activation or deactivation command for the PF.
[0231] In some example embodiments, the PF activation or deactivation command for the PF is transmitted in response to a trigger from the first apparatus or a core network device.
[0232] In some example embodiments, the PF activation or deactivation command for the PF is triggered based on at least one of the following: a capability indication from the first apparatus, a buffer status report from the first apparatus, a measurement report on radio coverage, mobility status or mobility condition from the first apparatus, a measurement report on QoS or QoE monitoring from the first apparatus, assistance information from the first apparatus, an authorization from a core network, a request or a reconfiguration related to the PDU session or individual QoS flows in the PDU session from a core network, a request for the PF activation or deactivation from a core network, or a detection of congestion, capacity status or condition affecting the bit rate affordable by the second apparatus and the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold.
[0233] In some example embodiments, the means for receiving the data traffic in the PDU session comprises means for receiving, from the first apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session over at least one DRB corresponding to a target QFI for a single QoS flow.
[0234] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises means for receiving at least one of the following from the first apparatus: a start indication indicating a start for a transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI, or a stop indication indicating a stop for a transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI, wherein: the transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI is based on using a SDAP without protocol header; and the start indication and the stop indication are received in at least one of a SDAP C-PDU, a MAC CE, or a RRC message.
[0235] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises means for based on receiving the data traffic in the PDU session mapped to the target QFI, determining the deactivation of the PF at the first apparatus.
[0236] In some example embodiments, a plurality of DRBs comprising a target DRB are configured for the first apparatus, and the target DRB is used for transmitting the data traffic in the PDU session during the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session, and wherein the second apparatus further comprises: means for receiving, from the first apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session over the plurality of DRBs including or excluding the target DRB corresponding to at least one respective QFI; and means for determining the activation of the PF for the PDU session at the first apparatus.
[0237] In some example embodiments, the means for receiving the data traffic in the PDU session comprises means for receiving, from the first apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session over at least one DRB corresponding to at least one respective QFI.
[0238] In some example embodiments, the data traffic in the PDU session comprises at least one QoS flow of the PDU session.
[0239] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for receiving, from a core network, an authorization for controlling the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session.
[0240] In some example embodiments, the control information is authorized, originated, or triggered by a core network.
[0241] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for transmitting, to the first apparatus, a configuration of a set of DRBs and at least one mapping rule for mapping between QoS flows and DRBs in the set for a PDU session depending on the activation or deactivation of PF for the PDU session, wherein the at least one mapping rule comprises at least one of a selection or a priority setting for a target DRB from the set of DRBs to be applied during the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session.
[0242] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for transmitting, to a core network device, a notification of the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session; and means for receiving, from the core network device, an acknowledgement of the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session.
[0243] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for receiving, from a core network device, an indication indicating the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session to be allowed with a notification to the core network device; and means for before transmitting the control information, transmitting the notification of the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session to the core network device.
[0244] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for receiving, from a core network device, an indication indicating the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session to be allowed without a notification to the core network device; and means for transmitting the control information without notifying the core network device.
[0245] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises a PF deactivation threshold for the deactivation of the PF and a PF activation threshold for the activation of the PF, and the PF deactivation threshold is different from the PF activation threshold.
[0246] In some example embodiments, the control information further comprises at least one of a timer, a hysteresis, or an offset associated with at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold for delaying the activation or deactivation of the PF.
[0247] In some example embodiments, the control information comprises at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, and a target value of the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold indicates a PF activation or deactivation command for the PF.
[0248] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a terminal device, and the second apparatus comprises a network device.
[0249] FIG. 12 is a simplified block diagram of a device 1200 that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 1200 may be provided to implement a communication device, for example, the first apparatus 110 or the second apparatus 120 as shown in FIG. 1. As shown, the device 1200 includes one or more processors 1213, one or more memories 1220 coupled to the processor 1213, and one or more communication modules 1240 coupled to the processor 1213.
[0250] The communication module 1240 is for bidirectional communications. The communication module 1240 has one or more communication interfaces to facilitate communication with one or more other modules or devices. The communication interfaces may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements. In some example embodiments, the communication module 1240 may include at least one antenna.
[0251] The processor 1213 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 1200 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0252] The memory 1220 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a Read Only Memory (ROM) 1224, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , an optical disk, a laser disk, and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random-access memory (RAM) 1222 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0253] A computer program 1230 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 1213. The instructions of the program 1230 may include instructions for performing operations / acts of some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The program 1230 may be stored in the memory, e.g., the ROM 1224. The processor 1213 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 1230 into the RAM 1222.
[0254] The example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 1230 so that the device 1200 may perform any process of the disclosure as discussed with reference to FIGs. 9A, 9B, 10 and 11. The example embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0255] In some example embodiments, the program 1230 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 1200 (such as in the memory 1220) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 1200. The device 1200 may load the program 1230 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 1222 for execution. In some example embodiments, the computer readable medium may include any types of non-transitory storage medium, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0256] FIG. 13 shows an example of the computer readable medium 1300 which may be in form of CD, DVD or other optical storage disk. The computer readable medium 1300 has the program 1230 stored thereon.
[0257] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, and other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. Although various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0258] Some example embodiments of the present disclosure also provide at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a computer readable medium, such as a non-transitory computer readable medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target physical or virtual processor, to carry out any of the methods as described above. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0259] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. The program code may be provided to a processor or controller of a general-purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program code, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0260] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program code or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like.
[0261] The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0262] Further, although operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, although several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Unless explicitly stated, certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, unless explicitly stated, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in a plurality of embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0263] Although the present disclosure has been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
A first apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus to:receive, from a second apparatus, control information for activation or deactivation of packet filtering, PF, for a protocol data unit, PDU, session of the first apparatus, wherein the PF is for separating quality of service, QoS, flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be transmitted from the first apparatus to the second apparatus;determine the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session based on the control information; andtransmit, to the second apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined activation or deactivation of the PF.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control information comprises at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, and the first apparatus is caused to:in accordance with a determination that an amount of the data traffic arriving at an access layer during a predetermined period of time does not exceed the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, determine the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session; orin accordance with a determination that the amount of the data traffic arriving at the access layer during the predetermined period of time exceeds the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, determine the activation of the PF for the PDU session.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold comprises a PF activation threshold and a PF deactivation threshold, and the first apparatus is further caused to:in accordance with a determination that the amount of the data traffic arriving at an access layer during a predetermined period of time exceeds the PF activation threshold, determine the activation of the PF for the PDU session; orin accordance with a determination that the amount of the data traffic arriving at an access layer during a predetermined period of time does not exceed the PF deactivation threshold, determine the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session; orin accordance with a determination that the amount of the data traffic arriving at an access layer during a predetermined period of time is in between the PF activation threshold and the PF deactivation threshold, determine to remain in whichever of the activation or the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session currently being used.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the control information comprises a PF activation or deactivation command for the PF, and the first apparatus is caused to:determine the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session based on the PF activation or deactivation command.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the PF activation or deactivation command comprises an update for the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first apparatus is caused to transmit the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined deactivation of the PF comprising:mapping the data traffic in the PDU session on a single QoS flow with a target QoS flow identifier, QFI; andtransmitting, to the second apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session over a target data radio bearer, DRB, corresponding to the target QFI.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein a plurality of DRBs comprising the target DRB are configured for the first apparatus to transmit the data traffic in the PDU session, and wherein the first apparatus is further caused to:upon determining the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session, transmit remaining filtered data traffic of individual QoS flows mapped on the plurality of DRBs including or excluding the target DRB; andreset the plurality of DRBs other than the target DRB without being released.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first apparatus is caused to transmit the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined activation of the PF comprising:mapping the data traffic in the PDU session on at least one respective QoS flow with at least one respective QFI; andtransmitting, to the second apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session over at least one DRB corresponding to the at least one respective QFI.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein a plurality of DRBs comprising a target DRB are configured for the first apparatus, and the target DRB is used for transmitting the data traffic in the PDU session during the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session, and the data traffic in the PDU session are transmitted over the plurality of DRBs, including or excluding the target DRB, during the activation of the PF for the PDU session.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:in accordance with a determination that no DRB other than the target DRB is configured for the first apparatus, transmit the data traffic in the PDU session over the target DRB for at least one of the at least one respective QoS flow while waiting for DRB addition from the second apparatus.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the data traffic in the PDU session comprises at least one QoS flow of the PDU session.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first apparatus is caused to transmit the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined deactivation of the PF comprising:mapping the data traffic in the PDU session on a single QoS flow without a QFI; andtransmitting, to the second apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session over a target DRB.The apparatus of claim 6 or 12, wherein the first apparatus is further caused to transmit to the second apparatus at least one of:a start indication indicating a start for a transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI, ora stop indication indicating a stop for a transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI,wherein:the transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI is based on using a service data adaptation protocol, SDAP, without protocol header; andthe start indication and the stop indication are transmitted in at least one of a SDAP control-type protocol data unit, C-PDU, a medium access control, MAC, control element, CE, or a radio resource control, RRC, message.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first apparatus is further caused to:receive, from a core network via the second apparatus, an authorization to determine the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control information is authorized, originated, or triggered by a core network.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control information further comprises at least one of a timer, a hysteresis, or an offset associated with at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold for delaying the activation or deactivation of the PF.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control information comprises at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, and the first apparatus is caused to:in accordance with a determination that an amount of data on a target subset of the data traffic arriving at an access layer during a predetermined period of time does not exceed the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, determine the deactivation of the PF for the target subset of the data traffic; orin accordance with a determination that the amount of the data on the target subset of the data traffic arriving at the access layer during the predetermined period of time exceeds the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, determine the activation of the PF for the target subset of the data traffic.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control information comprises at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, and a target value of the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold indicates a PF activation or deactivation command for the PF.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 18, wherein the first apparatus comprises a terminal device, and the second apparatus comprises a network device.A second apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second apparatus to:determine control information for activation or deactivation of PF for a PDU session of a first apparatus, wherein the PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be received from the first apparatus;transmit the control information to the first apparatus; andreceive, from the first apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the control information.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein the control information comprises at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold.The second apparatus of claim 21, wherein the second apparatus is further caused to:receive, from a core network device, a configuration of a recommended bit rate for the data traffic in the PDU session; anddetermine a bit rate affordable by the second apparatus for the data traffic in the PDU session and the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold based on the recommended bit rate, such that the bit rate affordable by the second apparatus exceeds the recommended bit rate and the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold is associated with the bit rate affordable by the second apparatus.The second apparatus of claim 21, wherein the second apparatus is caused to determine the control information by:determining the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold corresponding to a bit rate provided for the PDU session and meeting at least minimum QoS requirement of QoS flows for the data traffic in the PDU session.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein the control information comprises a PF activation or deactivation command for the PF.The second apparatus of claim 24, wherein the PF activation or deactivation command for the PF is transmitted in response to a trigger from the first apparatus or a core network device.The second apparatus of claim 24, wherein the PF activation or deactivation command for the PF is triggered based on at least one of the following:a capability indication from the first apparatus,a buffer status report from the first apparatus,a measurement report on radio coverage, mobility status or mobility condition from the first apparatus,a measurement report on QoS or QoE monitoring from the first apparatus,assistance information from the first apparatus,an authorization from a core network,a request or a reconfiguration related to the PDU session or individual QoS flows in the PDU session from a core network,a request for the PF activation or deactivation from a core network, ora detection of congestion, capacity status or condition affecting the bit rate affordable by the second apparatus and the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein the second apparatus is caused to receive the data traffic in the PDU session comprising:receiving, from the first apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session over at least one DRB corresponding to a target QFI for a single QoS flow.The second apparatus of claim 27, wherein the second apparatus is further caused to receive at least one of the following from the first apparatus:a start indication indicating a start for a transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI, ora stop indication indicating a stop for a transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI,wherein:the transmission of the data traffic with the single QoS flow without a QFI is based on using a service data adaptation protocol, SDAP, without protocol header; andthe start indication and the stop indication are received in at least one of a SDAP C-PDU, a MAC CE, or a RRC message.The second apparatus of claim 27, wherein the second apparatus is further caused to:based on receiving the data traffic in the PDU session mapped to the target QFI, determine the deactivation of the PF at the first apparatus.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein a plurality of DRBs comprising a target DRB are configured for the first apparatus, and the target DRB is used for transmitting the data traffic in the PDU session during the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session, and wherein the second apparatus is further caused to:receive, from the first apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session over the plurality of DRBs including or excluding the target DRB corresponding to at least one respective QFI; anddetermine the activation of the PF for the PDU session at the first apparatus.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein the second apparatus is caused to receive the data traffic in the PDU session comprising:receiving, from the first apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session over at least one DRB corresponding to at least one respective QFI.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein the data traffic in the PDU session comprises at least one QoS flow of the PDU session.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein the second apparatus is further caused to:receive, from a core network, an authorization for controlling the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein the control information is authorized, originated, or triggered by a core network.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein the second apparatus is further caused to:transmit, to the first apparatus, a configuration of a set of DRBs and at least one mapping rule for mapping between QoS flows and DRBs in the set for a PDU session depending on the activation or deactivation of PF for the PDU session,wherein the at least one mapping rule comprises at least one of a selection or a priority setting for a target DRB from the set of DRBs to be applied during the deactivation of the PF for the PDU session.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein the second apparatus is further caused to:transmit, to a core network device, a notification of the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session; andreceive, from the core network device, an acknowledgement of the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein the second apparatus is further caused to:receive, from a core network device, an indication indicating the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session to be allowed with a notification to the core network device; andbefore transmitting the control information, transmit the notification of the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session to the core network device.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein the second apparatus is further caused to:receive, from a core network device, an indication indicating the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session to be allowed without a notification to the core network device; andtransmit the control information without notifying the core network device.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein the control information comprises a PF deactivation threshold for the deactivation of the PF and a PF activation threshold for the activation of the PF, and the PF deactivation threshold is different from the PF activation threshold.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein the control information further comprises at least one of a timer, a hysteresis, or an offset associated with at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold for delaying the activation or deactivation of the PF.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein the control information comprises at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold, and a target value of the at least one PF activation or deactivation threshold indicates a PF activation or deactivation command for the PF.The second apparatus of any of claims 20 to 41, wherein the first apparatus comprises a terminal device, and the second apparatus comprises a network device.A method comprising:receiving, at a first apparatus and from a second apparatus, control information for activation or deactivation of PF for a PDU session of the first apparatus, wherein the PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be transmitted from the first apparatus to the second apparatus;determining the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session based on the control information; andtransmitting, to the second apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined activation or deactivation of the PF.A method comprising:determining, at a second apparatus, control information for activation or deactivation of PF for a PDU session of a first apparatus, wherein the PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be received from the first apparatus;transmitting the control information to the first apparatus; andreceiving, from the first apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the control information.A first apparatus comprising:means for receiving, from a second apparatus, control information for activation or deactivation of PF for a PDU session of the first apparatus, wherein the PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be transmitted from the first apparatus to the second apparatus;means for determining the activation or deactivation of the PF for the PDU session based on the control information; andmeans for transmitting, to the second apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the determined activation or deactivation of the PF.A second apparatus comprising:means for determining control information for activation or deactivation of PF for a PDU session of a first apparatus, wherein the PF is for separating QoS flows of data traffic in the PDU session to be received from the first apparatus;means for transmitting the control information to the first apparatus; andmeans for receiving, from the first apparatus, the data traffic in the PDU session based on the control information.
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