Power control in an ambient internet of things architecture
The method of using maximum allowed transmit power and pathloss to determine optimal power levels for A-IoT devices addresses interference and reliability issues in diverse wireless communication systems, enhancing communication quality and reliability.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-27
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in effectively managing power control for ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices, particularly in environments with multiple RATs and varying network architectures, which can lead to interference and reduced communication quality and reliability.
Implementing a method and apparatus for power control in A-IoT devices using a maximum allowed transmit power, combined with pathloss and power ramp steps, to determine optimal transmit power levels, thereby reducing interference and enhancing communication quality and reliability.
The proposed power control method improves communication quality and reliability for A-IoT devices by minimizing interference and optimizing transmit power, ensuring efficient operation in diverse network environments.
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Figure CN2024121704_02042026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
POWER CONTROL IN AN AMBIENT INTERNET OF THINGS ARCHITECTURE
[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and specifically relate to techniques, apparatuses, and methods associated with power control in an ambient Internet of Things architecture.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various services, which may involve carrying or supporting voice, text, other messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) capable of supporting communication among multiple wireless communication devices including user devices or other devices by sharing the available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples) . Such multiple-access RATs are supported by technological advancements that have been adopted in various telecommunication standards, which define common protocols that enable different wireless communication devices to communicate on a local, municipal, national, regional, or global level.
[0004] An example telecommunication standard is New Radio (NR) . NR, which may also be referred to as 5G, is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . NR (and other RATs beyond NR) may be designed to better support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, Internet of things (IoT) networks or reduced capability device deployments, and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) applications. To support these verticals, NR systems may be designed to implement a modularized functional infrastructure, a disaggregated and service-based network architecture, network function virtualization, network slicing, multi-access edge computing, millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies including massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication technologies (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, and / or radio frequency (RF) sensing, among other examples. As the demand for connectivity continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other RATs, such as 6G and beyond, may be introduced to enable new applications and facilitate new use cases.SUMMARY
[0005] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by an intermediate node. The method may include determining a transmit power for a message to at least one ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device using a maximum allowed transmit power. The method may include transmitting the message to the at least one A-IoT device using the transmit power.
[0006] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a network node. The method may include transmitting at least one parameter for determining a transmit power to at least one A-IoT device. The method may include transmitting scheduling information for a message to the at least one A-IoT device.
[0007] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication at an intermediate node. The apparatus may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be configured to determine a transmit power for a message to at least one A-IoT device using a maximum allowed transmit power. The one or more processors may be configured to transmit the message to the at least one A-IoT device using the transmit power.
[0008] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication at a network node. The apparatus may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be configured to transmit at least one parameter for determining a transmit power to at least one A-IoT device. The one or more processors may be configured to transmit scheduling information for a message to the at least one A-IoT device.
[0009] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by an intermediate node. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the intermediate node, may cause the intermediate node to determine a transmit power for a message to at least one A-IoT device using a maximum allowed transmit power. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the intermediate node, may cause the intermediate node to transmit the message to the at least one A-IoT device using the transmit power.
[0010] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a network node. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the network node, may cause the network node to transmit at least one parameter for determining a transmit power to at least one A-IoT device. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the network node, may cause the network node to transmit scheduling information for a message to the at least one A-IoT device.
[0011] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for determining a transmit power for a message to at least one A-IoT device using a maximum allowed transmit power. The apparatus may include means for transmitting the message to the at least one A-IoT device using the transmit power.
[0012] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for transmitting at least one parameter for determining a transmit power to at least one A-IoT device. The apparatus may include means for transmitting scheduling information for a message to the at least one A-IoT device.
[0013] Aspects of the present disclosure may generally be implemented by or as a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, network node, network entity, wireless communication device, and / or processing system as substantially described with reference to, and as illustrated by, this specification and accompanying drawings.
[0014] The foregoing paragraphs of this section have broadly summarized some aspects of the present disclosure. These and additional aspects and associated advantages will be described hereinafter. The disclosed aspects may be used as a basis for modifying or designing other aspects for carrying out the same or similar purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent aspects do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the aspects disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] The appended drawings illustrate some aspects of the present disclosure but are not limiting of the scope of the present disclosure because the description may enable other aspects. Each of the drawings is provided for purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims. The same or similar reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
[0016] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0017] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated network node architecture, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0018] Figs. 3A is a diagram illustrating examples associated with different types of ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0019] Fig. 3B is a diagram illustrating an example associated with backscatter communications, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0020] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with power control in an A-IoT architecture, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0021] Figs. 5 and 6 are diagrams illustrating example processes associated with power control in an A-IoT architecture, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0022] Figs. 7 and 8 are diagrams of example apparatuses for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0023] Various aspects of the present disclosure are described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms. The present disclosure is not to be construed as limited to any specific aspect illustrated by or described with reference to an accompanying drawing or otherwise presented in this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. One skilled in the art may appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using various combinations or quantities of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover an apparatus having, or a method that is practiced using, other structures and / or functionalities in addition to or other than the structures and / or functionalities with which various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein may be practiced. Any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0024] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques. These methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, or algorithms (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0025] In an Internet of Things (IoT) architecture, some devices may be ambient IoT (A-IoT) devices. Some A-IoT devices may backscatter a carrier wave (CW) in order to communicate with a reader device. On the other hand, other A-IoT devices may perform energy harvesting (e.g., to store power in a battery) and generate modulated radio frequency (RF) signals in order to communicate with a reader device. Some A-IoT devices may be capable of performing backscattering as well as generating modulated RF signals.
[0026] In order to improve quality and reliability of communications with an A-IoT device, a network node (or an A-IoT controller) may use an intermediate node to communicate with the A-IoT device. The intermediate node may be a user equipment (UE) or another type of device configured to communicate with both the A-IoT device and the network node. Accordingly, the network node may control scheduling of communications with the A-IoT device even though the intermediate node actually transmits to, and receives from, the A-IoT device.
[0027] Various aspects relate generally to power control for an intermediate node communicating with an A-IoT device (or a group of A-IoT devices) . Some aspects more specifically relate to using a maximum allowed transmit power to determine a transmit power for the A-IoT device (or the group of A-IoT devices) . In some aspects, a target power or an initial transmit power is additionally used to determine the transmit power. For example, the target power may be used in combination with a pathloss (whether a downlink pathloss with a network node and / or a pathloss between the intermediate node and the A-IoT device) . In another example, the initial transmit power may be used with a power ramp step. In some aspects, a power adjustment factor is additionally used to determine the transmit power.
[0028] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, the described techniques can be used to reduce interference with other intermediate nodes, UEs, and / or A-IoT devices by using the maximum allowed transmit power. Additionally, a target power may be used in combination with a downlink pathloss to reduce interference with the network node. Additionally, or alternatively, the target power may be used in combination with a pathloss between the intermediate node and the A-IoT device to improve quality and reliability at the A-IoT device. In some examples, an initial transmit power may be used with a power ramp step in order to improve quality and reliability of retransmissions to the A-IoT device. Additionally, or alternatively, a power adjustment factor may be used in order to improve quality and reliability at the A-IoT device.
[0029] As described above, wireless communication systems may be deployed to provide various services, which may involve carrying or supporting voice, text, other messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. Some wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) . The multiple-access RATs may be capable of supporting communication with multiple wireless communication devices by sharing the available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples) . Examples of such multiple-access RATs include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0030] Multiple-access RATs are supported by technological advancements that have been adopted in various telecommunication standards, which define common protocols that enable wireless communication devices to communicate on a local, municipal, enterprise, national, regional, or global level. For example, 5G New Radio (NR) is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . 5G NR may support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, IoT networks or reduced capability (RedCap) device deployments, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) applications, and / or massive machine-type communication (mMTC) , among other examples.
[0031] To support these and other target verticals, a wireless communication system may be designed to implement a modularized functional infrastructure, a disaggregated and service-based network architecture, network function virtualization, network slicing, multi-access edge computing, millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies including massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , beamforming, IoT device or RedCap device connectivity and management, industrial connectivity, licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , frequency spectrum expansion, overlapping spectrum use, small cell deployments, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, device aggregation, advanced duplex communication (for example, sub-band full-duplex (SBFD) ) , multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, RF sensing, network energy savings (NES) , low-power signaling and radios, and / or artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) , among other examples.
[0032] The foregoing and other technological improvements may support use cases, such as wireless fronthauls, wireless midhauls, wireless backhauls, wireless data centers, extended reality (XR) and metaverse applications, meta services for supporting vehicle connectivity, holographic and mixed reality communication, autonomous and collaborative robots, vehicle platooning and cooperative maneuvering, sensing networks, gesture monitoring, human-brain interfacing, digital twin applications, asset management, and universal coverage applications using non-terrestrial and / or aerial platforms, among other examples.
[0033] As the demand for connectivity continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other RATs, such as 6G and beyond, may be introduced to enable new applications and facilitate new use cases. The methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques described herein may enable one or more of the foregoing technologies or new technologies and / or support one or more of the foregoing use cases or new use cases.
[0034] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network 100, in accordance with the present disclosure. The wireless communication network 100 may be or may include elements of a 5G (or NR) network or a 6G network, among other examples. The wireless communication network 100 may include multiple network nodes 110. For example, in Fig. 1, the wireless communication network 100 includes a network node (NN) 110a, a network node 110b, and a network node 110c. The network nodes 110 may support communications with multiple UEs 120. For example, in Fig. 1, the network nodes 110a and 110b support communication with a UE 120a, a UE 120b, and a UE 120c. As further shown in Fig. 1, the network node 110c supports communication with an intermediate node 120d (e.g., a UE) , and the intermediate node 120d may communicate with an IoT device 125 (e.g., an A-IoT device) . In some examples, a UE 120 may also communicate with other UEs 120 and a network node 110 may communicate with a core network and with other network nodes 110.
[0035] Some IoT devices, such as A-IoT devices (sometimes referred to as ultra-light IoT devices) , may be associated with a relatively simple hardware design that may be designed to use low power and be implementable at low cost. A-IoT technology may include passive IoT (such as NR passive IoT for 5G Advanced) , semi-passive IoT, active IoT, or ultra-light IoT. In passive IoT, a terminal (such as a tag or a similar device) may not include a battery or other long-term energy storage, and the terminal may accumulate energy from radio signaling. In some examples, the terminal may accumulate solar or other energy to supplement accumulated energy from radio signaling. To achieve further cost reduction and zero-power communication, backscattering communication may be implemented at a type of passive IoT device referred to as an “ambient backscatter device” or a “backscatter device, ” which may modulate a reflecting radio signal from an RF source to convey data. Some IoT devices may be referred to as semi-passive IoT devices. At a semi-passive IoT device, communication between a reader and the IoT device does not need to be preceded by an energy harvesting waveform. For example, a semi-passive IoT device may include a battery or similar energy source that can power the semi-passive IoT device. Some IoT devices may be referred to as active IoT devices. An active IoT device may have a battery or similar energy source and an active radio, allowing for active transmission and reception without energy harvesting or backscattering. A-IoT technology may be useful in connection with industrial sensors, for which battery replacement may be prohibitively difficult or undesirable (such as for safety monitoring or fault detection in smart factories, infrastructures, or environments) . Additionally, features of A-IoT devices, such as low cost, small size, simple or infrequent maintenance, durability, and long lifespan, may facilitate smart logistics and warehousing (for example, in connection with automated asset management) . Furthermore, A-IoT technology may be useful in connection with smart home networks for household item management, wearable devices, or similar applications.
[0036] The network nodes 110 and the UEs 120 of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using the electromagnetic spectrum, which may be subdivided by frequency or wavelength into various classes, bands, carriers, and / or channels. For example, devices of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using one or more operating bands. In some aspects, multiple wireless communication networks 100 may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless communication network 100 may support a particular RAT (which may also be referred to as an air interface) and may operate on one or more carrier frequencies in one or more frequency bands or ranges. In some examples, when multiple RATs are deployed in a given geographic area, each RAT in the geographic area may operate on different frequencies to avoid interference with other RATs. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the wireless communication network 100 may implement dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) , in which multiple RATs are implemented with dynamic bandwidth allocation (for example, based on user demand) in a single frequency band. In some examples, the wireless communication network 100 may support communication over unlicensed spectrum, where access to an unlicensed channel is subject to a channel access mechanism. For example, in a shared or unlicensed frequency band, a transmitting device may perform a channel access procedure, such as a listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure, to contend against other devices for channel access before transmitting on a shared or unlicensed channel.
[0037] Various operating bands have been defined as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz through 7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz through 52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz through 24.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz through 71 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz through 114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz through 300 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “sub-6 GHz” band in some documents and articles. Similarly, FR2 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in some documents and articles, despite being different than the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz through 300 GHz) , which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band. The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies, which include FR3. Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 or FR2 into the mid-band frequencies. Thus, “sub-6 GHz, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that are less than 6 GHz, that are within FR1, and / or that are included in mid-band frequencies. Similarly, the term “millimeter wave, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to mid-band frequencies or to frequencies that are within FR2, FR4, FR4-aor FR4-1, FR5, and / or the EHF band. Higher frequency bands may extend 5G NR operation, 6G operation, and / or other RATs beyond 52.6 GHz.
[0038] A network node 110 and / or a UE 120 may include one or more devices, components, or systems that enable communication with other devices, components, or systems of the wireless communication network 100. For example, a UE 120 and a network node 110 may each include one or more chips, system-on-chips (SoCs) , chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system, such as a processing system 140 of the UE 120 or a processing system 145 of the network node 110. A processing system (for example, the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145) includes processor (or “processing” ) circuitry in the form of one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as central processing units (CPUs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , and / or digital signal processors (DSPs) ) , processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . Such processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. A group of processors collectively configurable or configured to perform a set of functions may include a first processor configurable or configured to perform a first function of the set and a second processor configurable or configured to perform a second function of the set. In some other examples, each of a group of processors may be configurable or configured to perform a same set of functions.
[0039] The processing system 140 and the processing system 145 may each include memory circuitry in the form of one or multiple memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements, or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry, each of which may include or implement tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM) , or combinations thereof (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “memory” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry” ) . One or more of the memories may be coupled (for example, operatively coupled, communicatively coupled, electronically coupled, or electrically coupled) with one or more of the processors and may individually or collectively store processor-executable code or instructions (such as software) that, when executed by one or more of the processors, may configure one or more of the processors to perform various functions or operations described herein. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, one or more of the processors may be configured to perform various functions or operations described herein without requiring configuration by software. “Software” shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, among other examples, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0040] The processing system 140 and the processing system 145 may each include or be coupled with one or more modems (such as a cellular (for example, a 5G or 6G compliant) modem) . In some examples, one or more processors of the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145 include or implement one or more of the modems. The processing system 140 and the processing system 145 may also include or be coupled with multiple radios (collectively “the radio” ) , multiple RF chains, or multiple transceivers, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more of multiple antennas. In some examples, one or more processors of the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145 include or implement one or more of the radios, RF chains, or transceivers. An RF chain may include one or more filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) , and / or other devices that convert between an analog signal (such as for transmission or reception via an air interface) and a digital signal (such as for processing by the processing system 140 of the UE 120 or by the processing system 145 of the network node 110) .
[0041] A network node 110 and a UE 120 may each include one or multiple antennas or antenna arrays. Typical network nodes 110 and UEs 120 may include multiple antennas, which may be organized or structured into one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. As used herein, the term “antenna” can refer to one or more antennas, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays. The term “antenna panel” can refer to a group of antennas (such as antenna elements) arranged in an array or panel, which may facilitate beamforming by manipulating parameters associated with the group of antennas. The term “antenna module” may refer to circuitry including one or more antennas as well as one or more other components (such as filters, amplifiers, or processors) associated with integrating the antenna module into a wireless communication device such as the network node 110 and the UE 120.
[0042] A network node 110 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an NR network node, a 5G network node, a 6G network node, a Node B, a gNB, an access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a network entity, a network element, a network equipment, and / or another type of device, component, or system included in a radio access network (RAN) . In various deployments, a network node 110 may be implemented as a single physical node (for example, a single physical structure) or may be implemented as two or more physical nodes (for example, two or more distinct physical structures) . For example, a network node 110 may be a device or system that implements a part of a radio protocol stack, a device or system that implements a full radio protocol stack (such as a full gNB protocol stack) , or a collection of devices or systems that collectively implement the full radio protocol stack. For example, and as shown, a network node 110 may be an aggregated network node having an aggregated architecture, meaning that the network node 110 may implement a full radio protocol stack that is physically and logically integrated within a single physical structure in the wireless communication network 100. For example, an aggregated network node 110 may consist of a single standalone base station or a single TRP that operates with a full radio protocol stack to enable or facilitate communication between a UE 120 and a core network of the wireless communication network 100.
[0043] Alternatively, and as also shown, a network node 110 may be a disaggregated network node (sometimes referred to as a disaggregated base station) , having a disaggregated architecture, meaning that the network node 110 may operate with a radio protocol stack that is physically distributed and / or logically distributed among two or more nodes in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations. An example disaggregated network node architecture is described in more detail below with reference to Fig. 2. In some deployments, disaggregated network nodes 110 may be used in an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, in an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as a network configuration in compliance with the O-RAN Alliance) , or in a virtualized radio access network (vRAN) , also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) , to facilitate scaling by separating network functionality into multiple units or modules that can be individually deployed.
[0044] The network nodes 110 of the wireless communication network 100 may include one or more central units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , and one or more radio units (RUs) . A CU may host one or more higher layers, such as a radio resource control (RRC) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, and a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, among other examples. A DU may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and / or one or more higher physical (PHY) layers depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as a functional split defined by the 3GPP. In some examples, a DU also may host a lower PHY layer that is configured to perform functions, such as a fast Fourier transform (FFT) , an inverse FFT (IFFT) , beamforming, and / or physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, among other examples. An RU may perform RF processing functions or lower PHY layer functions, such as an FFT, an IFFT, beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, among other examples, according to a functional split, such as a lower layer split (LLS) . In such an architecture, each RU can be operated to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 120. In some examples, a single network node 110 may include a combination of one or more CUs, one or more DUs, and / or one or more RUs. In some examples, a CU, a DU, and / or an RU may be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) , among other examples, which may be implemented as a virtual network function, such as in a cloud deployment.
[0045] Some network nodes 110 (for example, a base station, an RU, or a TRP) may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. The term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a network node 110 or to a network node 110 itself, depending on the context in which the term is used. A network node 110 may support one or more cells (for example, each cell may support communication within an angular (for example, 60 degree) range around the network node) . In some examples, a network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (for example, several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with associated service subscriptions. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may also allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with associated service subscriptions. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (for example, a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs 120 having association with the femto cell (for example, UEs 120 in a closed subscriber group (CSG) ) . In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary. For example, the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of an associated mobile network node 110 (for example, a train, a satellite, an unmanned aerial vehicle, or an NTN network node) .
[0046] The wireless communication network 100 may be a heterogeneous network that includes network nodes 110 of different types, such as macro network nodes, pico network nodes, femto network nodes, relay network nodes, aggregated network nodes, and / or disaggregated network nodes, among other examples. Various different types of network nodes 110 may generally transmit at different power levels, serve different coverage areas (for example, a cell 130a, a cell 130b, and a cell 130c) , and / or have different impacts on interference in the wireless communication network 100 than other types of network nodes 110.
[0047] The UEs 120 may be physically dispersed throughout the coverage area of the wireless communication network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. A UE 120 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an access terminal, a mobile station, or a subscriber unit. A UE 120 may be, include, or be coupled with a cellular phone (for example, a smart phone) , a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (for example, a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, smart jewelry, a gaming device, an entertainment device (for example, a music device, a video device, or a satellite radio) , an XR device, a vehicular component or sensor, a smart meter or sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) device (such as a Global Positioning System device or another type of positioning device) , a UE function of a network node, and / or any other suitable device or function that may communicate via a wireless medium.
[0048] Some UEs 120 may be classified according to different categories in association with different complexities and / or different capabilities. UEs 120 in a first category may facilitate massive IoT in the wireless communication network 100, and may offer low complexity and / or cost relative to UEs 120 in a second category. UEs 120 in a second category may include mission-critical IoT devices, legacy UEs, baseline UEs, high-tier UEs, advanced UEs, full-capability UEs, and / or premium UEs that are capable of URLLC, eMBB, and / or precise positioning in the wireless communication network 100, among other examples. A third category of UEs 120 may have mid-tier complexity and / or capability (for example, a capability between that of the UEs 120 of the first category and that of the UEs 120 of the second capability) . A UE 120 of the third category may be referred to as a reduced capability UE (“RedCap UE” ) , a mid-tier UE, an NR-Light UE, and / or an NR-Lite UE, among other examples. RedCap UEs may bridge a gap between the capability and complexity of NB-IoT devices and / or eMTC UEs, and mission-critical IoT devices and / or premium UEs. RedCap UEs may include, for example, wearable devices, IoT devices, industrial sensors, or cameras that are associated with a limited bandwidth, power capacity, and / or transmission range, among other examples. RedCap UEs may support healthcare environments, building automation, electrical distribution, process automation, transport and logistics, or smart city deployments, among other examples.
[0049] In some examples, a network node 110 may be, may include, or may operate as an RU, a TRP, or a base station that communicates with one or more UEs 120 via a radio access link (which may be referred to as a “Uu” link) . The radio access link may include a downlink and an uplink. “Downlink” (or “DL” ) refers to a communication direction from a network node 110 to a UE 120, and “uplink” (or “UL” ) refers to a communication direction from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Downlink and uplink resources may include time domain resources (for example, frames, subframes, slots, and symbols) , frequency domain resources (for example, frequency bands, component carriers (CCs) , subcarriers, resource blocks, and resource elements) , and spatial domain resources (for example, particular transmit directions or beams) .
[0050] Frequency domain resources may be subdivided into bandwidth parts (BWPs) . A BWP may be a block of frequency domain resources (for example, a continuous set of resource blocks (RBs) within a full component carrier bandwidth) that may be configured at a UE-specific level. A UE 120 may be configured with both an uplink BWP and a downlink BWP (which may be the same or different) . Each BWP may be associated with its own numerology (indicating a sub-carrier spacing (SCS) and cyclic prefix (CP) ) . A BWP may be dynamically configured or activated (for example, by a network node 110 transmitting a downlink control information (DCI) configuration to the one or more UEs 120) and / or reconfigured (for example, in real-time or near-real-time) according to changing network conditions in the wireless communication network 100 and / or specific requirements of one or more UEs 120. An active BWP defines the operating bandwidth of the UE 120 within the operating bandwidth of the serving cell. The use of BWPs enables more efficient use of the available frequency domain resources in the wireless communication network 100 because fewer frequency domain resources may be allocated to a BWP for a UE 120 (which may reduce the quantity of frequency domain resources that a UE 120 is required to monitor and reduce UE power consumption by enabling the UE to monitor fewer frequency domain resources) , leaving more frequency domain resources to be spread across multiple UEs 120. Thus, BWPs may also assist in the implementation of lower-capability (for example, RedCap) UEs 120 by facilitating the configuration of smaller bandwidths for communication by such UEs 120 and / or by facilitating reduced UE power consumption.
[0051] As used herein, a downlink signal may be or include a reference signal, control information, or data. For example, downlink reference signals include a primary synchronization signal (PSS) , a secondary SS (SSS) , an SS block (SSB) (for example, that includes a PSS, an SSS, and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) ) , a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS) , a tracking reference signal (TRS) , and a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) , among other examples. A downlink signal carrying control information or data may be transmitted via a downlink channel. Downlink channels may include one or more control channels for transmitting control information and one or more data channels for transmitting data. Downlink reference signals may be transmitted in addition to, or multiplexed with, downlink control channel communications and / or downlink data channel communications. A downlink control channel may be specifically used to transmit DCI from a network node 110 to a UE 120. DCI generally contains the information the UE 120 needs to identify RBs in a subsequent subframe and how to decode them, including a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) or redundancy version parameters. Different DCI formats carry different information, such as scheduling information in the form of downlink or uplink grants, slot formal indicators (SFIs) , preemption indicators (PIs) , transmit power control (TPC) commands, hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) information, new data indicators (NDIs) , among other examples. A downlink data channel may be used to transmit downlink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 120) from a network node 110 to a UE 120. Downlink control channels may include physical downlink control channels (PDCCHs) , and downlink data channels may include physical downlink shared channels (PDSCHs) . Control information or data communications may be transmitted on a PDCCH and PDSCH, respectively. For example, a PDCCH can carry DCI, while a PDSCH can carry a MAC control element (MAC-CE) , an RRC message, or user data, among other examples. Each PDSCH may carry one or more transport blocks (TBs) of data.
[0052] As used herein, an uplink signal may include a reference signal, control information, or data. For example, uplink reference signals include a sounding reference signal (SRS) , a PTRS, and a DMRS, among other examples. An uplink signal carrying control information or data may be transmitted via an uplink channel. An uplink channel may include one or more control channels for transmitting control information and one or more data channels for transmitting data. Uplink reference signals may be transmitted in addition to, or multiplexed with, uplink control channel communications and / or uplink data channel communications. An uplink control channel may be specifically used to transmit uplink control information (UCI) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. An uplink data channel may be used to transmit uplink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 120) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Uplink control channels may include physical uplink control channels (PUCCHs) , and uplink data channels may include physical uplink shared channels (PUSCHs) . Control information or data communications may be transmitted on a PUCCH and PUSCH, respectively. For example, a PUCCH can carry UCI, while a PUSCH can carry a MAC-CE, an RRC message, or user data, among other examples. UCI can include a scheduling request (SR) , HARQ feedback information (for example, a HARQ acknowledgement (ACK) indication or a HARQ negative acknowledgement (NACK) indication) , uplink power control information (for example, an uplink TPC parameter) , and / or CSI, among other examples. CSI can include a channel quality indicator (CQI) (indicative of downlink channel conditions to facilitate selection of transmission parameters, such as an MCS, by a network node 110) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) (for example, indicative of a beam used to transmit a CSI-RS) , an SS / PBCH resource block indicator (SSBRI) (for example, indicative of a beam used to transmit an SSB) , a layer indicator (LI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and / or measurement information (for example, a layer 1 (L1) -reference signal received power (RSRP) parameter, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, among other examples) which can be used for beam management, among other examples. Each PUSCH may carry one or more TBs of data.
[0053] The information (for example, data, control information, or reference signal information) transmitted by a network node 110 to a UE 120, or vice versa, may be represented as a sequence of binary bits that are mapped (for example, modulated) to an analog signal waveform (for example, a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) -spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform or a CP-OFDM waveform) that is transmitted by the network node 110 or UE 120 over a wireless communication channel. In some examples, the network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively) may select an MCS (for example, an order of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) , such as 64-QAM, 128-QAM, or 256-QAM, among other examples) for a downlink signal or an uplink signal. For example, the network node 110 may select an MCS for a downlink signal in accordance with UCI received from the UE 120. The network node 110 may transmit, to the UE 120, an indication of the selected MCS for the downlink signal, such as via DCI that schedules the downlink signal. As another example, the network node 110 may transmit, and the UE 120 may receive, an indication of an MCS to be applied for the one or more uplink signals, such as via DCI scheduling transmission of the one or more uplink signals.
[0054] The network node 110 or the UE 120 (such as by using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or one or more coupled modems) may perform signal processing on the information (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, an IFFT operation, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, and / or encoding, among other examples) to generate a processed signal in accordance with the selected MCS. In some examples, the network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or one or more coupled encoders or modems) may perform a channel coding operation or a forward error correction (FEC) operation to control errors in transmitted information. For example, the network node 110 or the UE 120 may perform an encoding operation to generate encoded information (such as by selectively introducing redundancy into the information, typically using an error correction code (ECC) , such as a polar code or a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code) . The network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 and / or one or more modems) may further perform spatial processing (for example, precoding) on the encoded information to generate one or more processed or precoded signals for downlink or uplink transmission, respectively. In some examples, the network node 110 or the UE 120 may perform codebook-based precoding or non-codebook-based precoding. Codebook-based precoding may involve selecting a precoder (for example, a precoding matrix) using a codebook. For example, the network node 110 may provide precoding information indicating which precoder, defined by the codebook, is to be used by the UE 120. Non-codebook-based precoding may involve selecting or deriving a precoder based on, or otherwise associated with, one or more downlink or uplink signal measurements. The network node 110 or the UE 120 may transmit the processed downlink or uplink signals, respectively, via one or more antennas.
[0055] The network node 110 or the UE 120 may receive uplink signals or downlink signals, respectively, via one or more antennas. The network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or one or more coupled modems) may perform signal processing (for example, in accordance with the MCS) on the received uplink or downlink signals, respectively (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, an FFT operation, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, and / or decoding, among other examples) , to map the received signal (s) to a sequence of binary bits (for example, received information) that estimates the information transmitted by the network node 110 or the UE 120 via the downlink or uplink signals. The network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or a coupled decoder or one or more modems) may decode the received information (such as by using an ECC, a decoding operation, and / or an FEC operation) to detect errors and / or correct bit errors in the received information to generate decoded information. The decoded information may estimate the information transmitted via the downlink or uplink signals.
[0056] In some examples, a UE 120 and a network node 110 may perform MIMO communication. “MIMO” generally refers to transmitting or receiving multiple signals (such as multiple layers or multiple data streams) simultaneously over the same time and frequency resources. MIMO techniques generally exploit multipath propagation. A network node 110 and / or UE 120 may communicate using massive MIMO, multi-user MIMO, or single-user MIMO, which may involve rapid switching between beams or cells. For example, the amplitudes and / or phases of signals transmitted via antenna elements and / or sub-elements may be modulated and shifted relative to each other (such as by manipulating a phase shift, a phase offset, and / or an amplitude) to generate one or more beams, which is referred to as beamforming. For example, the network node 110b may generate one or more beams 160a, and the UE 120b may generate one or more beams 160b. The term “beam” may refer to a directional transmission of a wireless signal toward a receiving device or otherwise in a desired direction, a directional reception of a wireless signal from a transmitting device or otherwise in a desired direction, a direction associated with a directional transmission or directional reception, a set of directional resources associated with a signal transmission or signal reception (for example, an angle of arrival, a horizontal direction, and / or a vertical direction) , a set of parameters that indicate one or more aspects of a directional signal, a direction associated with the signal, and / or a set of directional resources associated with the signal, among other examples.
[0057] MIMO may be implemented using various spatial processing or spatial multiplexing operations. In some examples, MIMO may include a massive MIMO technique which may be associated with an increased (for example, “massive” ) quantity of antennas at the network node 110 and / or at the UE 120, such as in a network implementing mmWave technology. Massive MIMO may improve communication reliability by enabling a network node 110 and / or a UE 120 to communicate the same data across different propagation (or spatial) paths. In some examples, MIMO may support simultaneous transmission to multiple receivers, referred to as multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) . Some RATs may employ MIMO techniques, such as multi-TRP (mTRP) operation (including redundant transmission or reception on multiple TRPs) , reciprocity in the time domain or the frequency domain, single-frequency-network (SFN) transmission, or non-coherent joint transmission (NC-JT) .
[0058] To support MIMO techniques, the network node 110 and the UE 120 may perform one or more beam management operations, such as an initial beam acquisition operation, one or more beam refinement operations, and / or a beam recovery operation. For example, an initial beam acquisition operation may involve the network node 110 transmitting signals (for example, SSBs, CSI-RSs, or other signals) via respective beams (for example, of the beams 160a of the network node 110) and the UE 120 receiving and measuring the signal (s) via respective beams of multiple beams (for example, from the beams 160b of the UE 120) to identify a best beam (or beam pair) for communication between the UE 120 and the network node 110. For example, the UE 120 may transmit an indication (for example, in a message associated with a random access channel (RACH) operation) of a (best) identified beam of the network node 110 (for example, by indicating an SSBRI or other identifier associated with the beam) . A beam refinement operation may involve a first device (for example, the UE 120 or the network node 110) transmitting signal (s) via a subset of beams (for example, identified based on, or otherwise associated with, measurements reported as part of one or more other beam management operations) . A second device (for example, the network node 110 or the UE 120) may receive the signal (s) via a single beam (for example, to identify the best beam for communication from the subset of beams) . The beam (s) may be identified via one or more spatial parameters, such as a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state and / or a quasi co-location (QCL) parameter, among other examples. The network node 110 and the UE 120 may increase reliability and / or achieve efficiencies in throughput, signal strength, and / or other signal properties for massive MIMO operations by performing the beam management operations.
[0059] Some aspects and techniques as described herein may be implemented, at least in part, using an artificial intelligence (AI) program (for example, referred to herein as an “AI / ML model” ) , such as a program that includes a machine learning (ML) model and / or an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The AI / ML model may be deployed at one or more devices 165 (for example, a network node 110 and / or UEs 120) . For example, the one or more devices 165 may include a UE 120 (for example, the processing system 140) , a network node 110 (for example, the processing system 145) , one or more servers, and / or one or more components of a cloud computing network, among other examples. In some examples, the AI / ML model (or an instance of the AI / ML model) may be deployed at multiple devices (for example, a first portion of the AI / ML model may be deployed at a UE 120 and a second portion of the AI / ML model may be deployed at a network node 110) . In other examples, a first AI / ML model may be deployed at a UE 120 and a second AI / ML model may be deployed at a network node 110. The AI / ML model (s) may be configured to enhance various aspects of the wireless communication network 100. For example, the AI / ML model (s) may be trained to identify patterns or relationships in data corresponding to the wireless communication network 100, a device, and / or an air interface, among other examples. The AI / ML model (s) may support operational decisions relating to one or more aspects associated with wireless communications devices, networks, or services.
[0060] In some aspects, the intermediate node 120d may include a processing system 140, which includes a communication manager 150. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 150 may determine a transmit power for a message to at least one A-IoT device (e.g., the A-IoT device 125) using a maximum allowed transmit power, and may transmit the message to the at least one A-IoT device using the transmit power. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 150 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0061] In some aspects, the network node 110c may include a processing system 145, which includes a communication manager 155. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 155 may transmit at least one parameter for determining a transmit power to at least one A-IoT device (e.g., the A-IoT device 125) , and may transmit scheduling information for a message to the at least one A-IoT device. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 155 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0062] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated network node architecture 200, in accordance with the present disclosure. One or more components of the example disaggregated network node architecture 200 may be, may include, or may be included in one or more network nodes (such one or more network nodes 110) . The disaggregated network node architecture 200 may include a CU 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 via a backhaul link, or that can communicate indirectly with the core network 220 via one or more disaggregated control units, such as a non-real-time (Non-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 250 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 260 and / or a near-real-time (Near-RT) RIC 270 (for example, via an E2 link) . The CU 210 may communicate with one or more DUs 230 via respective midhaul links, such as via F1 interfaces. Each of the DUs 230 may communicate with one or more RUs 240 via respective fronthaul links. Each of the RUs 240 may communicate with one or more UEs 120 via respective RF access links. In some deployments, a UE 120 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0063] Each of the components of the disaggregated network node architecture 200, including the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, the Near-RT RICs 270, the Non-RT RICs 250, and the SMO Framework 260, may include one or more interfaces or may be coupled with one or more interfaces for receiving or transmitting signals, such as data or information, via a wired or wireless transmission medium.
[0064] In some aspects, the CU 210 may be logically split into one or more CU user plane (CU-UP) units and one or more CU control plane (CU-CP) units. A CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with a CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 may be deployed to communicate with one or more DUs 230, as necessary, for network control and signaling. Each DU 230 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. For example, a DU 230 may host various layers, such as an RLC layer, a MAC layer, or one or more PHY layers, such as one or more high PHY layers or one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (which also may be referred to as a module) may be implemented with an interface for communicating signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or for communicating signals with the control functions hosted by the CU 210. Each RU 240 may implement lower layer functionality. In some aspects, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 240 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 230.
[0065] The SMO Framework 260 may support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 260 may support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface, such as an O1 interface. For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 260 may interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) platform 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface, such as an O2 interface. A virtualized network element may include, but is not limited to, a CU 210, a DU 230, an RU 240, a non-RT RIC 250, and / or a Near-RT RIC 270. In some aspects, the SMO Framework 260 may communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, a 5G NR RAN, and / or a 6G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 280, via an O1 interface. Additionally or alternatively, the SMO Framework 260 may communicate directly with each of one or more RUs 240 via a respective O1 interface. In some deployments, this configuration can enable each DU 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0066] The Non-RT RIC 250 may include or may implement a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, AI / ML workflows including model training and updates, and / or policy-based guidance of applications and / or features in the Near-RT RIC 270. The Non-RT RIC 250 may be coupled to or may communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 270. The Near-RT RIC 270 may include or may implement a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions via an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, and / or an O-eNB 280 with the Near-RT RIC 270.
[0067] In some aspects, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 270, the Non-RT RIC 250 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 270 and may be received at the SMO Framework 260 or the Non-RT RIC 250 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 250 or the Near-RT RIC 270 may tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 250 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and may employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO Framework 260 (such as reconfiguration via an O1 interface) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 interface policies) .
[0068] The network node 110, the processing system 145 of the network node 110, the UE 120, the processing system 140 of the UE 120, the CU 210, the DU 230, the RU 240, or any other component (s) of Fig. 1 and / or Fig. 2 may implement one or more techniques or perform one or more operations associated with power control in an A-IoT architecture, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. For example, the processing system 145 of the network node 110, the processing system 140 of the UE 120, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240 may perform or direct operations of, for example, process 500 of Fig. 5, process 600 of Fig. 6, or other processes as described herein (alone or in conjunction with one or more other processors) . Memory of the network node 110 may store data and program code (or instructions) for the network node 110, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240. In some examples, the memory of the network node 110 may store data relating to a UE 120, such as RRC state information or a UE context. Memory of a UE 120 may store data and program code (or instructions) for the UE 120, such as context information. In some examples, the memory of the UE 120 or the memory of the network node 110 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication. For example, the set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors (for example, of the processing system 145 or the processing system 140) of the network node 110, the UE 120, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240, may cause the one or more processors to perform process 500 of Fig. 5, process 600 of Fig. 6, or other processes as described herein. In some examples, executing instructions may include running the instructions, converting the instructions, compiling the instructions, and / or interpreting the instructions, among other examples. In some aspects, the intermediate node described herein is the UE 120, is included in the UE 120, or includes one or more components of the UE 120 shown in Fig. 1.
[0069] In some aspects, an intermediate node (e.g., the UE 120 and / or apparatus 700 of Fig. 7) may include means for determining a transmit power for a message to at least one A-IoT device using a maximum allowed transmit power and / or means for transmitting the message to the at least one A-IoT device using the transmit power. In some aspects, the means for the intermediate node to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 150, processing system 140, a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, one or more modems, a reception component (for example, reception component 702 depicted and described in connection with Fig. 7) and / or a transmission component (for example, transmission component 704 depicted and described in connection with Fig. 7) , among other examples.
[0070] In some aspects, a network node (e.g., the network node 110, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240, and / or apparatus 800 of Fig. 8) may include means for transmitting at least one parameter for determining a transmit power to at least one A-IoT device and / or means for transmitting scheduling information for a message to the at least one A-IoT device. The means for the network node to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 155, processing system 145, a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, one or more modems, a reception component (for example, reception component 802 depicted and described in connection with Fig. 8) , and / or a transmission component (for example, transmission component 804 depicted and described in connection with Fig. 8) , among other examples.
[0071] Figs. 3A is a diagram illustrating examples 300, 310, and 320 associated with different types of ambient Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Example 300 illustrates components of a passive ambient IoT device. As shown, passive ambient IoT devices may include a passive radio 330. For example, the passive radio 330 may be configured to backscatter a CW.
[0072] Example 310 illustrates components of a semi-passive ambient IoT device. As shown, semi-passive ambient IoT devices may include an energy harvester 340, an energy storage 350, and / or a low-complexity semi-passive radio 360. For example, the low-complexity semi-passive radio 360 may be configured to harvest energy from a CW using the energy harvester 340, store energy from a CW using the energy storage 350, and / or backscatter a CW.
[0073] Example 320 illustrates components of an active ambient IoT device. As shown, active ambient IoT devices may include an energy harvester 340, an energy storage 350, and / or a low-complexity (for example, low-cost) active radio 370. For example, the low-complexity active radio 370 may be configured to harvest energy from a CW using the energy harvester 340, store energy from a CW using the energy storage 350, and / or backscatter a CW. For the active ambient IoT device, the low-complexity active radio 370 may additionally generate a signal internally (e.g., similarly to a radio in a UE) .
[0074] Ambient IoT devices may be categorized into at least three types of devices: device 1, device 2a, and device 2b. Device 1 type ambient IoT devices may include at least some passive and / or semi-passive devices. A device 1 type ambient IoT device may have approximately 1 μW peak power consumption, support energy storage, use an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm (for example, where X can be any suitable value) , and communicate uplink transmissions by backscattering externally-provided CWs.
[0075] Device 2a type ambient IoT devices may include at least some semi-passive devices, and device 2b type ambient IoT devices may include active devices. Both device 2a and device 2b type ambient IoT devices may have less than or equal to a few hundred μW peak power consumption, support energy storage, and use an initial SFO up to 10X ppm. A device 2a type ambient IoT device may communicate uplink transmissions by backscattering externally-provided CWs. A device 2b type ambient IoT device may communicate uplink transmissions by internally generating the uplink transmission.
[0076] In some examples, device 1, device 2a, and / or device 2b type ambient IoT devices that are located indoors may support a maximum distance of 10-50 m, a range which may be sub-selected. In Topology 1 (for example, in which an ambient IoT device may directly and bidirectionally communicate with one or more network nodes 110) and in Topology 2 (for example, in which an ambient IoT device may communicate bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the ambient IoT device and a network node 110) , device 1, device 2a, and / or device 2b type ambient IoT devices may not support RRC states, mobility (for example, cell-selection / re-selection-like functionality) , automatic repeat request (ARQ) , or hybrid ARQ (HARQ) .
[0077] Fig. 3B is a diagram illustrating an example 380 associated with backscatter communications. Some wireless communication devices may be considered IoT devices, such as ambient IoT devices (sometimes referred to as ultra-light IoT devices) , or similar IoT devices. In ambient IoT, a terminal (for example, an RF identification (RFID) device, a tag, or a similar device) may not include a battery, and the terminal may accumulate energy from radio signaling. To achieve further cost reduction and zero-power communication, wireless networks may utilize a type of ambient IoT device referred to as an “ambient backscatter device” or a “backscatter device. ”
[0078] As shown in Fig. 3B, an A-IoT device 125 (for example, a tag or a sensor, among other examples) may employ a simplified hardware design (for example, including a power splitter, an energy harvester, and a microcontroller) that does not include a battery, such that the A-IoT device 125 relies on energy harvesting for power, and that does not include a radio wave generation circuit, such that the A-IoT device 125 is capable of transmitting information only by reflecting a radio wave. More particularly, the A-IoT device 125 communicates with a reader 120 (for example, a UE 120, a network node 110, or another network device) by modulating a reflecting radio signal from an RF source (which may be the same device as the reader 120) . In some examples, the reader 120 may be controlled by a network node 110. For example, the network node 110 may schedule transmissions between the reader 120 and the A-IoT device 125.
[0079] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example 400 associated with power control in an A-IoT architecture, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 4, an intermediate node 120 (e.g., a UE or another type of intermediate device, such as a micro gNB) and an A-IoT device 125 may communicate with one another (e.g., as described in connection with Fig. 3B) . Additionally, the intermediate node 120 may communicate with a network node 110 (or an A-IoT controller) that controls scheduling of communications between the intermediate node 120 and the A-IoT device 125. Although the example 400 is described in connection with a single A-IoT device 125, the intermediate node 120 may communicate with a group of A-IoT devices in other examples.
[0080] In some aspects, as shown by reference number 405, the intermediate node 120 may transmit, and the network node 110 may receive (e.g., directly or via an RU 240) , a reception indicator associated with the A-IoT device 125. The reception indicator may include a block error rate (BLER) associated with the A-IoT device 125 or a quantity of negative-acknowledgement signals (NACKs) (e.g., received in a time window) received from the A-IoT device 125. In examples where the intermediate node 120 communicates with a group of A-IoT devices, the intermediate node 120 may use a collective BLER estimated for the group of A-IoT devices and / or a total quantity of NACKs from all A-IoT devices in the group.
[0081] In some aspects, as shown by reference number 410a, the network node 110 may transmit (e.g., directly or via the RU 240) , and the intermediate node 120 may receive, a parameter (e.g., at least one parameter) for determining a transmit power to the A-IoT device 125 (from the intermediate node 120) . As described in connection with reference number 415, the parameter may include a maximum allowed transmit power (e.g., represented by PCMAX) , a target power (e.g., represented by P0) , an initial transmit power (e.g., represented by PPRDCH, initial) , a pathloss factor (e.g., represented by αAL or αD) , a power ramp step (e.g., represented by Δ PPRDCH, ramp) , and / or a power adjustment factor. The network node 110 may configure the parameter using an RRC configuration (e.g., an RRC configuration for the intermediate node 120) . In some aspects, the network node 110 may determine the parameter using the reception indicator (e.g., described above in connection with reference number 405) . For example, the network node 110 may determine the power adjustment factor using the reception indicator (e.g., by calculating a larger power adjustment factor based on a larger BLER and / or a larger quantity of NACKs) . Accordingly, the network node 110 may transmit, and the intermediate node 120 may receive, the parameter in response to the reception indicator.
[0082] As shown by reference number 410b, the network node 110 may transmit (e.g., directly or via the RU 240) , and the intermediate node 120 may receive, scheduling information for a message to the A-IoT device 125 (from the intermediate node 120) . For example, the scheduling information may be included in DCI. In some aspects, the parameter (e.g., described above in connection with reference number 410a) may also be included in DCI with the scheduling information. Accordingly, the parameter may be indicated in a field in the DCI. Additionally, or alternatively, the parameter may be indicated using a radio network temporary identifier (RNTI) used to scramble the DCI. For example, the network node 110 may scramble the DCI using a first RNTI to indicate a first power adjustment factor to use for the A-IoT device 125 (or a group of A-IoT devices) and may scramble the DCI using a second RNTI to indicate a second power adjustment factor to use for the A-IoT device 125 (or the group of A-IoT devices) .
[0083] As shown by reference number 415, the intermediate node 120 may determine a transmit power to use for the message to the A-IoT device 125. The intermediate node 120 may use the maximum allowed transmit power (e.g., represented by PCMAX) to determine the transmit power. The maximum allowed transmit power may reduce interference with other intermediate nodes, UEs, and / or A-IoT devices. In some aspects, an indication of the maximum allowed transmit power may be programmed into (or otherwise preconfigured for) the intermediate node 120 (e.g., consistent with a standard, such as 3GPP specifications) . Additionally, or alternatively, the network node 110 may indicate the maximum allowed transmit power (e.g., as described above in connection with reference number 410a) . In a combinatory example, a plurality of possible maxima may be programmed into (or otherwise preconfigured for) the intermediate node 120 (e.g., consistent with a standard, such as 3GPP specifications) , and the network node 110 may indicate the maximum allowed transmit power to use from the plurality of possible maxima.
[0084] Additionally, the intermediate node 120 may use the target power (e.g., represented by P0) to determine the transmit power. In some aspects, an indication of the target power may be programmed into (or otherwise preconfigured for) the intermediate node 120 (e.g., consistent with a standard, such as 3GPP specifications) . Additionally, or alternatively, the network node 110 may indicate the target power (e.g., as described above in connection with reference number 410a) . In a combinatory example, a plurality of possible target powers may be programmed into (or otherwise preconfigured for) the intermediate node 120 (e.g., consistent with a standard, such as 3GPP specifications) , and the network node 110 may indicate the target power to use from the plurality of possible target powers. In some aspects, the target power may be independent of a bandwidth of a channel (e.g., a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) ) associated with the message. Accordingly, the intermediate node may determine the transmit power using the target power and an adjustment based on the bandwidth of the channel (e.g., calculated according to where μ represents a numerology based on a subcarrier spacing (SCS) used for the channel, represents a quantity of resource blocks (RBs) used for the channel, and i represents the message) . Alternatively, the target power may be based at least in part on the bandwidth of the channel associated with the message (e.g., P0 is selected according to the bandwidth of the channel) .
[0085] Additionally, the intermediate node 120 may use a pathloss between the intermediate node 120 and the A-IoT device 125 (e.g., represented by PLAL) to determine the transmit power. For example, the intermediate node 120 may measure a signal from the A-IoT device 125 to determine the pathloss. In examples where the intermediate node 120 communicates with a group of A-IoT devices, the intermediate node 120 may determine a plurality of pathlosses (each associated with a different A-IoT device) and select a largest pathloss of the plurality of pathlosses to use. By adjusting the transmit power using the pathloss, the intermediate node 120 may increase quality and reliability of the message at the A-IoT device 125. Accordingly, in one example, the intermediate node 120 may determine the transmit power as:
[0086] PPRDCH (i) =min (PCMAX, PPRDCH, AL) , where
[0087] PPRDCH, AL=P0+αAL·PLAL, and
[0088] αAL is indicated by the network node 110 (e.g., in an al-Alpha-PRDCH information element (IE) ) . In this example, P0 accounts for the bandwidth of the channel (e.g., the intermediate node 120 selects, or the network node 110 configures, P0 based at least in part on the bandwidth of the channel) .
[0089] In another example, the intermediate node 120 may determine the transmit power as:
[0090] PPRDCH (i) =min (PCMAX, PPRDCH, AL) , where
[0091] In this example, P0 is set using a single RB (e.g., the intermediate node 120 selects, or the network node 110 configures, P0 for a single RB) .
[0092] Additionally, or alternatively, the intermediate node 120 may use a downlink pathloss between the intermediate node 120 and the network node 110 (e.g., represented by PLD) to determine the transmit power. For example, the intermediate node 120 may measure a reference signal from the network node 110 to determine the downlink pathloss. Additionally, or alternatively, the intermediate node 120 may transmit a reference signal to the network node 110, and the network node 110 may transmit an indication of a measurement of the reference signal to the intermediate node 120 so that the intermediate node 120 may determine the downlink pathloss using the measurement from the network node 110. By adjusting the transmit power using the downlink pathloss, the intermediate node 120 may reduce interference with the network node 110. Accordingly, in one example, the intermediate node 120 may determine the transmit power as:
[0093] PPRDCH (i) =min (PCMAX, PPRDCH, D) , where
[0094] PPRDCH, D=P0+αD·PLD, and
[0095] αD is indicated by the network node 110 (e.g., in a dl-Alpha-PRDCH IE) . In this example, P0 accounts for the bandwidth of the channel (e.g., the intermediate node 120 selects, or the network node 110 configures, P0 based at least in part on the bandwidth of the channel) .
[0096] In another example, the intermediate node 120 may determine the transmit power as:
[0097] PPRDCH (i) =min (PCMAX, PPRDCH, D) , where
[0098] In this example, P0 is set using a single RB (e.g., the intermediate node 120 selects, or the network node 110 configures, P0 for a single RB) .
[0099] In a combinatory example, the intermediate node 120 may select between a transmit power determined using the pathloss between the intermediate node 120 and the A-IoT device 125 and a transmit power determined using the downlink pathloss between the intermediate node 120 and the network node 110. For example, the intermediate node 120 may determine the transmit power as: PPRDCH (i) =min (PCMAX, min (PPRDCH, D, PPRDCH, AL) ) .
[0100] Alternatively, the intermediate node may use both pathlosses to calculate the transmit power. In some aspects, the network node 110 may indicate which pathloss to use or may instruct the intermediate node 120 to use both pathlosses (e.g., with the scheduling information described above) .
[0101] In some aspects, the intermediate node 120 may use the power ramp step (e.g., represented by Δ PPRDCH, ramp) to determine the transmit power. In some aspects, an indication of the power ramp step may be programmed into (or otherwise preconfigured for) the intermediate node 120 (e.g., consistent with a standard, such as 3GPP specifications) . Additionally, or alternatively, the network node 110 may indicate the power ramp step (e.g., as described above in connection with reference number 410a) . In a combinatory example, a plurality of possible power ramp steps may be programmed into (or otherwise preconfigured for) the intermediate node 120 (e.g., consistent with a standard, such as 3GPP specifications) , and the network node 110 may indicate the power ramp step to use from the plurality of possible power ramp steps. By using the power ramp step, the intermediate node 120 may increase quality and reliability of the message at the A-IoT device 125. In some aspects, the intermediate node 120 may use the power ramp step with the initial transmit power (e.g., represented by PPRDCH, initial) . Accordingly, in one example, the intermediate node 120 may determine the transmit power as:
[0102] PPRDCH (i) =min (PCMAX, PPRDCH, AL) , where
[0103] PPRDCH, AL=PPRDCH, intial+ΔPPRDCH, ramp.
[0104] In some aspects, an indication of the initial transmit power may be programmed into (or otherwise preconfigured for) the intermediate node 120 (e.g., consistent with a standard, such as 3GPP specifications) . Additionally, or alternatively, the network node 110 may indicate the initial transmit power (e.g., as described above in connection with reference number 410a) . In a combinatory example, a plurality of possible initial transmit powers may be programmed into (or otherwise preconfigured for) the intermediate node 120 (e.g., consistent with a standard, such as 3GPP specifications) , and the network node 110 may indicate the initial transmit power to use from the plurality of possible initial transmit powers. Alternatively, the intermediate node 120 may use the power ramp step to determine the transmit power in combination with a pathloss. For example, the intermediate node 120 may determine the transmit power as:
[0105] PPRDCH (i) =min (PCMAX, min (PPRDCH, D, PPRDCH, AL) ) ,
[0106] where PPRDCH, D is determined using the downlink pathloss, and PPRDCH, AL is determined using the power ramp step, as described above.
[0107] Any of the example determinations above may be adjusted according to the power adjustment factor. In some aspects, the intermediate node 120 may determine the power adjustment factor using the reception indicator (e.g., described above in connection with reference number 405) . For example, the intermediate node 120 may use a table, a formula, or another type of data structure to convert the reception indicator to the power adjustment factor. Alternatively, as described above, the intermediate node 120 may transmit the reception indicator to the network node 110 and may receive the power adjustment factor in response to the reception indicator.
[0108] As shown by reference number 420, the intermediate node 120 may transmit the message to the A-IoT device 125 using the transmit power. In some aspects, the message may include a one-way message (e.g., a command with no response) . Accordingly, the A-IoT device 125 may not respond to the message (or may transmit an acknowledgement signal (ACK) or a NACK) . Alternatively, the message may include a two-way message (e.g., a query or a command with a response) . Accordingly, the A-IoT device 125 may transmit a response to the message, as shown by reference number 425.
[0109] As indicated above, Fig. 4 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 4.
[0110] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example process 500 performed, for example, at an intermediate node or an apparatus of an intermediate node, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 500 is an example where the apparatus or the intermediate node (e.g., intermediate node 120) performs operations associated with power control in an A-IoT architecture.
[0111] As shown in Fig. 5, in some aspects, process 500 may include determining a transmit power for a message to at least one A-IoT device using a maximum allowed transmit power (block 510) . For example, the intermediate node (e.g., using communication manager 706, depicted in Fig. 7) may determine a transmit power for a message to at least one A-IoT device using a maximum allowed transmit power, as described herein.
[0112] As further shown in Fig. 5, in some aspects, process 500 may include transmitting the message to the at least one A-IoT device using the transmit power (block 520) . For example, the intermediate node (e.g., using transmission component 704 and / or communication manager 706, depicted in Fig. 7) may transmit the message to the at least one A-IoT device using the transmit power, as described herein.
[0113] Process 500 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0114] In a first aspect, an indication of the maximum allowed transmit power is stored in a memory of the intermediate node.
[0115] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, process 500 includes receiving (e.g., using reception component 702 and / or communication manager 706, depicted in Fig. 7) , from a network, an indication of the maximum allowed transmit power.
[0116] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the transmit power is further determined using a target power.
[0117] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, an indication of the target power is stored in a memory of the intermediate node.
[0118] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, process 500 includes receiving (e.g., using reception component 702 and / or communication manager 706) , from a network, an indication of the target power.
[0119] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the target power is independent of a bandwidth of a channel associated with the message.
[0120] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the target power is based at least in part on a bandwidth of a channel associated with the message.
[0121] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, the transmit power is further determined using a downlink pathloss between the intermediate node and a network.
[0122] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, process 500 includes performing (e.g., using reception component 702 and / or communication manager 706) a measurement on a reference signal from the network to determine the downlink pathloss between the intermediate node and the network.
[0123] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, process 500 includes transmitting (e.g., using transmission component 704 and / or communication manager 706) a reference signal to the network, and receiving (e.g., using reception component 702 and / or communication manager 706) an indication of a measurement of the reference signal, where the measurement is used to determine the downlink pathloss.
[0124] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, the transmit power is further determined using a pathloss between the intermediate node and the at least one A-IoT device.
[0125] In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eleventh aspects, process 500 includes performing (e.g., using reception component 702 and / or communication manager 706) a measurement on a signal from the at least one A-IoT device to determine the pathloss between the intermediate node and the at least one A-IoT device.
[0126] In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twelfth aspects, the transmit power is selected from a first transmit power calculated using a downlink pathloss between the intermediate node and a network or a second transmit power calculated using a pathloss between the intermediate node and the at least one A-IoT device.
[0127] In a fourteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through thirteenth aspects, the transmit power is further determined using an initial transmit power and a power ramp step.
[0128] In a fifteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourteenth aspects, the transmit power is selected from a first transmit power calculated using a downlink pathloss between the intermediate node and a network or a second transmit power calculated using a power ramp step.
[0129] In a sixteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifteenth aspects, an indication of the power ramp step is stored in a memory of the intermediate node.
[0130] In a seventeenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixteenth aspects, process 500 includes receiving (e.g., using reception component 702 and / or communication manager 706) , from a network, an indication of the power ramp step.
[0131] In an eighteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventeenth aspects, the transmit power is further determined using a power adjustment factor and a reception indicator associated with the at least one A-IoT device.
[0132] In a nineteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighteenth aspects, an indication of the power adjustment factor is stored in a memory of the intermediate node.
[0133] In a twentieth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through nineteenth aspects, the reception indicator comprises a BLER or a quantity of NACKs.
[0134] In a twenty-first aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twentieth aspects, process 500 includes receiving (e.g., using reception component 702 and / or communication manager 706) , from a network, an indication of the power adjustment factor.
[0135] In a twenty-second aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-first aspects, the indication is included in a field in DCI.
[0136] In a twenty-third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-second aspects, the indication comprises an RNTI used to scramble DCI.
[0137] In a twenty-fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-third aspects, process 500 includes transmitting (e.g., using transmission component 704 and / or communication manager 706) , to the network, the reception indicator associated with the at least one A-IoT device, where the indication of the power adjustment factor is received in response to the reception indicator.
[0138] Although Fig. 5 shows example blocks of process 500, in some aspects, process 500 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 5. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 500 may be performed in parallel.
[0139] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example process 600 performed, for example, at a network node or an apparatus of a network node, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 600 is an example where the apparatus or the network node (e.g., network node 110) performs operations associated with power control in an A-IoT architecture.
[0140] As shown in Fig. 6, in some aspects, process 600 may include transmitting at least one parameter for determining a transmit power to at least one A-IoT device (block 610) . For example, the network node (e.g., using transmission component 804 and / or communication manager 806, depicted in Fig. 8) may transmit at least one parameter for determining a transmit power to at least one A-IoT device, as described herein.
[0141] As further shown in Fig. 6, in some aspects, process 600 may include transmitting scheduling information for a message to the at least one A-IoT device (block 620) . For example, the network node (e.g., using transmission component 804 and / or communication manager 806) may transmit scheduling information for a message to the at least one A-IoT device, as described herein.
[0142] Process 600 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0143] In a first aspect, the network node includes a base station.
[0144] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the network node includes an A-IoT controller.
[0145] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the at least one parameter includes a maximum allowed transmit power.
[0146] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, the at least one parameter includes a target power.
[0147] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, the target power is independent of a bandwidth of a channel associated with the message.
[0148] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the target power is based at least in part on a bandwidth of a channel associated with the message.
[0149] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, process 600 includes transmitting (e.g., using transmission component 804 and / or communication manager 806) a reference signal to enable an intermediate node to determine a downlink pathloss.
[0150] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, process 600 includes performing (e.g., using reception component 802 and / or communication manager 806, depicted in Fig. 8) a measurement on a reference signal from an intermediate node, and transmitting (e.g., using transmission component 804 and / or communication manager 806) an indication of the measurement to enable the intermediate node to determine a downlink pathloss.
[0151] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, the at least one parameter includes a power ramp step.
[0152] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, the at least one parameter includes a power adjustment factor.
[0153] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, process 600 includes receiving (e.g., using reception component 702 and / or communication manager 806) a reception indicator associated with the at least one A-IoT device, where the power adjustment factor is determined using the reception indicator.
[0154] In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eleventh aspects, the at least one parameter is indicated in a field in the scheduling information.
[0155] In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twelfth aspects, the at least one parameter is indicated with an RNTI used to scramble the scheduling information.
[0156] Although Fig. 6 shows example blocks of process 600, in some aspects, process 600 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 6. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 600 may be performed in parallel.
[0157] Fig. 7 is a diagram of an example apparatus 700 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 700 may be an intermediate node (e.g., a UE or a micro gNB, among other examples) , or an intermediate node may include the apparatus 700. In some aspects, the apparatus 700 includes a reception component 702, a transmission component 704, and / or a communication manager 706, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and / or one or more other components) . In some aspects, the communication manager 706 is the communication manager 150 described in connection with Fig. 1. As shown, the apparatus 700 may communicate with another apparatus 708, such as an A-IoT device or a network node (such as a CU, a DU, an RU, or a base station) , using the reception component 702 and the transmission component 704. The communication manager 706 may be included in, or implemented via, a processing system (for example, the processing system 140 described in connection with Fig. 1) of the intermediate node.
[0158] In some aspects, the apparatus 700 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Fig. 4. Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 700 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 500 of Fig. 5, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the apparatus 700 and / or one or more components shown in Fig. 7 may include one or more components of the intermediate node described in connection with Fig. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in Fig. 7 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with Fig. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0159] The reception component 702 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 708. The reception component 702 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 700. In some aspects, the reception component 702 may perform signal processing on the received communications, and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 700. In some aspects, the reception component 702 may include one or more components of the intermediate node described above in connection with Fig. 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the intermediate node.
[0160] The transmission component 704 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus
[0161] 708. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 700 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 704 for transmission to the apparatus 708. In some aspects, the transmission component 704 may perform signal processing on the generated communications, and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 708. In some aspects, the transmission component 704 may include one or more components of the intermediate node described above in connection with Fig. 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the intermediate node described in connection with Fig. 1. In some aspects, the transmission component 704 may be co-located with the reception component 702.
[0162] The communication manager 706 may support operations of the reception component 702 and / or the transmission component 704. For example, the communication manager 706 may receive information associated with configuring reception of communications by the reception component 702 and / or transmission of communications by the transmission component 704. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 706 may generate and / or provide control information to the reception component 702 and / or the transmission component 704 to control reception and / or transmission of communications.
[0163] In some aspects, the communication manager 706 may determine a transmit power for a message to at least one A-IoT device using a maximum allowed transmit power. Accordingly, the transmission component 704 may transmit the message to the at least one A-IoT device using the transmit power.
[0164] In some aspects, the reception component 702 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 708) an indication of the maximum allowed transmit power. Additionally, or alternatively, the reception component 702 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 708) an indication of a target power. Additionally, or alternatively, the reception component 702 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 708) an indication of a power ramp step. Additionally, or alternatively, the reception component 702 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 708) an indication of a power adjustment factor. In some aspects, the transmission component 704 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 708) the reception indicator associated with the at least one A-IoT device, and the reception component 702 may receive the indication of the power adjustment factor in response to the reception indicator.
[0165] In some aspects, the reception component 702 and / or the communication manager 706 may perform a measurement on a reference signal to determine a downlink pathloss. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmission component 704 may transmit a reference signal, and the reception component 702 may receive an indication of a measurement of the reference signal, where the measurement is used to determine a downlink pathloss.
[0166] In some aspects, the reception component 702 and / or the communication manager 706 may perform a measurement on a signal from the at least one A-IoT device to determine a pathloss between the apparatus 700 and the at least one A-IoT device.
[0167] The number and arrangement of components shown in Fig. 7 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Fig. 7. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Fig. 7 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Fig. 7 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Fig. 7 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Fig. 7.
[0168] Fig. 8 is a diagram of an example apparatus 800 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 800 may be a network node (or an A-IoT controller) , or a network node (or an A-IoT controller) may include the apparatus 800. In some aspects, the apparatus 800 includes a reception component 802, a transmission component 804, and / or a communication manager 806, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and / or one or more other components) . In some aspects, the communication manager 806 is the communication manager 155 described in connection with Fig. 1. As shown, the apparatus 800 may communicate with another apparatus 808, such as a UE or another intermediate node (such as a micro gNB) , using the reception component 802 and the transmission component 804. The communication manager 806 may be included in, or implemented via, a processing system (for example, the processing system 145 described in connection with Fig. 1) of the network node.
[0169] In some aspects, the apparatus 800 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Fig. 4. Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 800 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 600 of Fig. 6, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the apparatus 800 and / or one or more components shown in Fig. 8 may include one or more components of the network node described in connection with Fig. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in Fig. 8 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with Fig. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0170] The reception component 802 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 808. The reception component 802 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 800. In some aspects, the reception component 802 may perform signal processing on the received communications, and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 800. In some aspects, the reception component 802 may include one or more components of the network node described above in connection with Fig. 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the network node. In some aspects, the reception component 802 and / or the transmission component 804 may include or may be included in a network interface. The network interface may be configured to obtain and / or output signals for the apparatus 800 via one or more communications links, such as a backhaul link, a midhaul link, and / or a fronthaul link.
[0171] The transmission component 804 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 808. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 800 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 804 for transmission to the apparatus 808. In some aspects, the transmission component 804 may perform signal processing on the generated communications, and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 808. In some aspects, the transmission component 804 may include one or more components of the network node described above in connection with Fig. 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the network node described in connection with Fig. 1. In some aspects, the transmission component 804 may be co-located with the reception component 802.
[0172] The communication manager 806 may support operations of the reception component 802 and / or the transmission component 804. For example, the communication manager 806 may receive information associated with configuring reception of communications by the reception component 802 and / or transmission of communications by the transmission component 804. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 806 may generate and / or provide control information to the reception component 802 and / or the transmission component 804 to control reception and / or transmission of communications.
[0173] In some aspects, the transmission component 804 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 808) at least one parameter for determining a transmit power to at least one A-IoT device. Additionally, the transmission component 804 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 808) scheduling information for a message to the at least one A-IoT device.
[0174] In some aspects, the transmission component 804 may transmit a reference signal to enable the apparatus 808 to determine a downlink pathloss. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 806 may perform a measurement on a reference signal from the apparatus 808, and the transmission component 804 may transmit an indication of the measurement to enable the apparatus 808 to determine a downlink pathloss.
[0175] In some aspect, the reception component 802 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 808) a reception indicator associated with the at least one A-IoT device, and the at least one factor may be determined using the reception indicator.
[0176] The number and arrangement of components shown in Fig. 8 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Fig. 8. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Fig. 8 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Fig. 8 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Fig. 8 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Fig. 8.
[0177] The following provides an overview of some Aspects of the present disclosure:
[0178] Aspect 1: A method of wireless communication performed by an intermediate node, comprising: determining a transmit power for a message to at least one ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device using a maximum allowed transmit power; and transmitting the message to the at least one A-IoT device using the transmit power.
[0179] Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, wherein an indication of the maximum allowed transmit power is stored in a memory of the intermediate node.
[0180] Aspect 3: The method of any of Aspects 1-2, further comprising: receiving, from a network, an indication of the maximum allowed transmit power.
[0181] Aspect 4: The method of any of Aspects 1-3, wherein the transmit power is further determined using a target power.
[0182] Aspect 5: The method of Aspect 4, wherein an indication of the target power is stored in a memory of the intermediate node.
[0183] Aspect 6: The method of any of Aspects 4-5, further comprising: receiving, from a network, an indication of the target power.
[0184] Aspect 7: The method of any of Aspects 4-6, wherein the target power is independent of a bandwidth of a channel associated with the message.
[0185] Aspect 8: The method of any of Aspects 4-6, wherein the target power is based at least in part on a bandwidth of a channel associated with the message.
[0186] Aspect 9: The method of any of Aspects 1-8, wherein the transmit power is further determined using a downlink pathloss between the intermediate node and a network.
[0187] Aspect 10: The method of Aspect 9, further comprising: performing a measurement on a reference signal from the network to determine the downlink pathloss between the intermediate node and the network.
[0188] Aspect 11: The method of any of Aspects 9-10, further comprising: transmitting a reference signal to the network; and receiving an indication of a measurement of the reference signal, wherein the measurement is used to determine the downlink pathloss.
[0189] Aspect 12: The method of any of Aspects 1-11, wherein the transmit power is further determined using a pathloss between the intermediate node and the at least one A-IoT device.
[0190] Aspect 13: The method of Aspect 12, further comprising: performing a measurement on a signal from the at least one A-IoT device to determine the pathloss between the intermediate node and the at least one A-IoT device.
[0191] Aspect 14: The method of any of Aspects 1-13, wherein the transmit power is selected from a first transmit power calculated using a downlink pathloss between the intermediate node and a network or a second transmit power calculated using a pathloss between the intermediate node and the at least one A-IoT device.
[0192] Aspect 15: The method of any of Aspects 1-14, wherein the transmit power is further determined using an initial transmit power and a power ramp step.
[0193] Aspect 16: The method of any of Aspects 1-15, wherein the transmit power is selected from a first transmit power calculated using a downlink pathloss between the intermediate node and a network or a second transmit power calculated using a power ramp step.
[0194] Aspect 17: The method of Aspect 16, wherein an indication of the power ramp step is stored in a memory of the intermediate node.
[0195] Aspect 18: The method of any of Aspects 16-17, further comprising: receiving, from a network, an indication of the power ramp step.
[0196] Aspect 19: The method of any of Aspects 1-18, wherein the transmit power is further determined using a power adjustment factor and a reception indicator associated with the at least one A-IoT device.
[0197] Aspect 20: The method of Aspect 19, wherein an indication of the power adjustment factor is stored in a memory of the intermediate node.
[0198] Aspect 21: The method of any of Aspects 19-20, wherein the reception indicator comprises a block error rate or a quantity of negative-acknowledgement signals.
[0199] Aspect 22: The method of any of Aspects 19-21, further comprising: receiving, from a network, an indication of the power adjustment factor.
[0200] Aspect 23: The method of Aspect 22, wherein the indication is included in a field in downlink control information.
[0201] Aspect 24: The method of Aspect 22, wherein the indication comprises a radio network temporary identifier used to scramble downlink control information.
[0202] Aspect 25: The method of any of Aspects 22-24, further comprising: transmitting, to the network, the reception indicator associated with the at least one A-IoT device, wherein the indication of the power adjustment factor is received in response to the reception indicator.
[0203] Aspect 26: A method of wireless communication performed by a network node, comprising: transmitting at least one parameter for determining a transmit power to at least one ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device; and transmitting scheduling information for a message to the at least one A-IoT device.
[0204] Aspect 27: The method of Aspect 26, wherein the network node comprises a base station.
[0205] Aspect 28: The method of any of Aspects 26-27, wherein the network node comprises an A-IoT controller.
[0206] Aspect 29: The method of any of Aspects 26-28, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a maximum allowed transmit power.
[0207] Aspect 30: The method of any of Aspects 26-29, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a target power.
[0208] Aspect 31: The method of Aspect 30, wherein the target power is independent of a bandwidth of a channel associated with the message.
[0209] Aspect 32: The method of Aspect 30, wherein the target power is based at least in part on a bandwidth of a channel associated with the message.
[0210] Aspect 33: The method of any of Aspects 26-32, further comprising: transmitting a reference signal to enable an intermediate node to determine a downlink pathloss.
[0211] Aspect 34: The method of any of Aspects 26-33, further comprising: performing a measurement on a reference signal from an intermediate node; and transmitting an indication of the measurement to enable the intermediate node to determine a downlink pathloss.
[0212] Aspect 35: The method of any of Aspects 26-34, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a power ramp step.
[0213] Aspect 36: The method of any of Aspects 26-35, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a power adjustment factor.
[0214] Aspect 37: The method of Aspect 36, further comprising: receiving a reception indicator associated with the at least one A-IoT device, wherein the power adjustment factor is determined using the reception indicator.
[0215] Aspect 38: The method of any of Aspects 26-37, wherein the at least one parameter is indicated in a field in the scheduling information.
[0216] Aspect 39: The method of any of Aspects 26-37, wherein the at least one parameter is indicated with a radio network temporary identifier used to scramble the scheduling information.
[0217] Aspect 40: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more processors; one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors; and instructions stored in the one or more memories and executable by the one or more processors to cause the apparatus to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-39.
[0218] Aspect 41: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-39.
[0219] Aspect 42: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one means for performing the method of one or more of Aspects 1-39.
[0220] Aspect 43: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-39.
[0221] Aspect 44: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-39.
[0222] Aspect 45: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-39.
[0223] Aspect 46: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-39.
[0224] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects. No element, act, or instruction described herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such.
[0225] It will be apparent that systems or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software used to implement these systems or methods is not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code, because those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems or methods based, at least in part, on the description herein. A component being configured to perform a function means that the component has a capability to perform the function, and does not require the function to be actually performed by the component, unless noted otherwise.
[0226] As used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to refer to one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more” or “at least one. ” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more. ” Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or “a single one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has, ” “have, ” “having, ” “comprise, ” “comprising, ” “include” and “including, ” and derivatives thereof or similar terms are intended to be open-ended terms that do not limit an element that they modify (for example, an element “having” A may also have B) . Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or, ” unless explicitly stated otherwise (for example, if used in combination with “either” or “only one of” ) . As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a + b, a + c, b + c, and a + b + c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (for example, a + a, a + a + a, a + a + b, a + a + c, a + b + b, a + c + c, b + b, b + b + b, b + b + c, c + c, and c + c + c, or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0227] As used herein, the term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, estimating, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , searching, inferring, ascertaining, and / or measuring, among other possibilities. Also, “determining” can include receiving (such as receiving information) , accessing (such as accessing data stored in memory) or transmitting (such as transmitting information) , among other possibilities. Additionally, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, obtaining, choosing, establishing, and / or other such similar actions.
[0228] As used herein, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based at least in part on” or “based on or otherwise in association with” unless explicitly stated otherwise. As used herein, “satisfying a threshold” may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, or not equal to the threshold, among other examples.
[0229] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the scope of all aspects described herein. Many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communication at an intermediate node, comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to cause the intermediate node to:determine a transmit power for a message to at least one ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device using a maximum allowed transmit power; andtransmit the message to the at least one A-IoT device using the transmit power.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein an indication of the maximum allowed transmit power is stored in the one or more memories.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the intermediate node to:receiving, from a network, an indication of the maximum allowed transmit power.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transmit power is further determined using a target power.5.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein an indication of the target power is stored in the one or more memories.6.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the intermediate node to:receive, from a network, an indication of the target power.7.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the target power is independent of a bandwidth of a channel associated with the message.8.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the target power is based at least in part on a bandwidth of a channel associated with the message.9.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transmit power is further determined using a downlink pathloss between the intermediate node and a network.10.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the intermediate node to:perform a measurement on a reference signal from the network to determine the downlink pathloss between the intermediate node and the network.11.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the intermediate node to:transmit a reference signal to the network; andreceive an indication of a measurement of the reference signal,wherein the measurement is used to determine the downlink pathloss.12.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transmit power is further determined using a pathloss between the intermediate node and the at least one A-IoT device.13.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the intermediate node to:perform a measurement on a signal from the at least one A-IoT device to determine the pathloss between the intermediate node and the at least one A-IoT device.14.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transmit power is selected from a first transmit power calculated using a downlink pathloss between the intermediate node and a network or a second transmit power calculated using a pathloss between the intermediate node and the at least one A-IoT device.15.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transmit power is further determined using an initial transmit power and a power ramp step.16.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transmit power is selected from a first transmit power calculated using a downlink pathloss between the intermediate node and a network or a second transmit power calculated using a power ramp step.17.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein an indication of the power ramp step is stored in the one or more memories.18.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the intermediate node to:receive, from a network, an indication of the power ramp step.19.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transmit power is further determined using a power adjustment factor and a reception indicator associated with the at least one A-IoT device.20.The apparatus of claim 19, wherein an indication of the power adjustment factor is stored in the one or more memories.21.The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the reception indicator comprises a block error rate or a quantity of negative-acknowledgement signals.22.The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the intermediate node to:receive, from a network, an indication of the power adjustment factor.23.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the indication is included in a field in downlink control information.24.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the indication comprises a radio network temporary identifier used to scramble downlink control information.25.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the intermediate node to:transmit, to the network, the reception indicator associated with the at least one A-IoT device,wherein the indication of the power adjustment factor is received in response to the reception indicator.26.An apparatus for wireless communication at a network node, comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to cause the network node to:transmit at least one parameter for determining a transmit power to at least one ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device; andtransmit scheduling information for a message to the at least one A-IoT device.27.The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the network node comprises a base station.28.The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the network node comprises an A-IoT controller.29.The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a maximum allowed transmit power.30.The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a target power.31.The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the target power is independent of a bandwidth of a channel associated with the message.32.The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the target power is based at least in part on a bandwidth of a channel associated with the message.33.The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the network node to:transmit a reference signal to enable an intermediate node to determine a downlink pathloss.34.The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the network node to:perform a measurement on a reference signal from an intermediate node; andtransmit an indication of the measurement to enable the intermediate node to determine a downlink pathloss.35.The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a power ramp step.36.The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a power adjustment factor.37.The apparatus of claim 36, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the network node to:receive a reception indicator associated with the at least one A-IoT device,wherein the power adjustment factor is determined using the reception indicator.38.The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the at least one parameter is indicated in a field in the scheduling information.39.The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the at least one parameter is indicated with a radio network temporary identifier used to scramble the scheduling information.40.A method of wireless communication performed by an intermediate node, comprising:determining a transmit power for a message to at least one ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device using a maximum allowed transmit power; andtransmitting the message to the at least one A-IoT device using the transmit power.41.A method of wireless communication performed by a network node, comprising:transmitting at least one parameter for determining a transmit power to at least one ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device; andtransmitting scheduling information for a message to the at least one A-IoT device.
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