Devices and methods for power control of uplink transmission

Abstract

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to power control of an uplink transmission. In one aspect, a terminal device transmits capability information to a network device. The capability information indicates that the terminal device is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

Description

DEVICES AND METHODS FOR POWER CONTROL OF UPLINK TRANSMISSION CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of US provisional application No. 63 / 716,351, filed November s, 2024. The content of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.FIELD

[0002] Various example embodiments relate to the field of communication and in particular, to devices, methods, apparatuses and a computer readable storage medium for power control of an uplink transmission.BACKGROUND

[0003] A communication network can be seen as a facility that enables communications between two or more communication devices, or provides communication devices access to a data network. A mobile or wireless communication network is one example of a communication network.

[0004] Such communication networks operate in accordance with standards, such as those promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) or European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). Examples of such standards include the so-called 5th generation (5G) standard, 6th generation (6G) or other standards promulgated by 3GPP.SUMMARY

[0005] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for power control of an uplink transmission.

[0006] In a first aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the terminal device at least to: determine a power leakage associated with an uplink transmission, and determine transmit power of the uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage.

[0007] In a second aspect, there is provided a network device. The network device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the network device at least to: transmit, to a terminal device, a trigger message for triggering power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission, and receive, from the terminal device, the uplink transmission with a transmit power based at least on the power leakage.

[0008] In a third aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor,cause the terminal device at least to: transmit, to a network device, capability information indicating that the terminal device is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

[0009] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a network device. The network device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the network device at least to: receive, from a terminal device, capability information indicating that the terminal device is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

[0010] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a method at a terminal device. The method comprises determining a power leakage associated with an uplink transmission, and determining transmit power of the uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage.

[0011] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a method at a network device. The method comprises transmitting, to a terminal device, a trigger message for triggering power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission, and receiving, from the terminal device, the uplink transmission with a transmit power based at least on the power leakage.

[0012] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a method at a terminal device. The method comprises transmitting, to a network device, capability information indicating that the terminal device is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

[0013] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a method at a network device. The method comprises receiving, from a terminal device, capability information indicating that the terminal device is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

[0014] In a ninth aspect, there is provided an apparatus of a terminal device. The apparatus comprises means for determining a power leakage associated with an uplink transmission, and means for determining transmit power of the uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage.

[0015] In a tenth aspect, there is provided an apparatus of a network device. The apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a terminal device, a trigger message for triggering power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission, and means for receiving, from the terminal device, the uplink transmission with a transmit power based at least on the power leakage.

[0016] In an eleventh aspect, there is provided an apparatus of a terminal device. The apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a network device, capability information indicating that the terminaldevice is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

[0017] In a twelfth aspect, there is provided an apparatus of a network device. The apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a terminal device, capability information indicating that the terminal device is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

[0018] In a thirteenth aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to any one of the above fifth to eighth aspect.

[0019] In a fourteenth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the method according to any one of the above fifth to eighth aspect.

[0020] In a fifteenth aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises first determining circuitry configured to determine a power leakage associated with an uplink transmission, and second determining circuitry configured to determine transmit power of the uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage.

[0021] In a sixteenth aspect, there is provided a network device. The network device comprises transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, to a terminal device, a trigger message for triggering power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission, and receiving circuitry configured to receive, from the terminal device, the uplink transmission with a transmit power based at least on the power leakage.

[0022] In a seventeenth aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, to a network device, capability information indicating that the terminal device is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

[0023] In an eighteenth aspect, there is provided a network device. The network device comprises receiving circuitry configured to receive, from a terminal device, capability information indicating that the terminal device is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

[0024] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of example embodiments of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0026] Fig. 1 illustrates an example network environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;

[0027] Fig. 2 illustrates an example signaling chart illustrating an example process according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0028] Fig. 3 illustrates an example signaling chart illustrating an example process according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0029] Fig. 4 illustrates an example process according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0030] Fig. 5 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a terminal device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0031] Fig. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a network device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0032] Fig. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a terminal device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0033] Fig. 8 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a network device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0034] Fig. 9 illustrates a simplified block diagram of an apparatus that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0035] Fig. 10 illustrates a block diagram of an example computer readable medium in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0036] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement example embodiments of the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The example embodiments of the present disclosure described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.

[0038] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0039] References in the present disclosure to "one embodiment,” "an embodiment,” "an example embodiment,” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.

[0040] It shall be understood that although the terms "first” and "second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term "and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.

[0041] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms "a”, "an” and "the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises”, "comprising”, "has”, "having”, "includes” and / or "including”, when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. As used herein, "at least one of the following: ” and "at least one of ” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by "and” or "or”, mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.

[0042] As used in this application, the term "circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:(a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and(b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable):(i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware ci rcuit(s) with software / firmware and (ii) any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processor(s)), software, and memory(ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phoneor server, to perform various functions) and(c) hardware circuit(s) and or processor(s), such as a microprocessor(s) or a portion of a microprocessor(s), that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.

[0043] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.

[0044] As used herein, the term "communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as long term evolution (LTE), LTE-advanced (LTE-A), wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), high-speed packet access (HSPA), narrow band internet of things (NB-loT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1 G), the second generation (2G), 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G), the fourth generation (4G), 4.5G, the future fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.

[0045] As used herein, the term "network device” refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP), for example, a node B (NodeB or NB), an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB), a new radio (NR) NB (also referred to as a gNB), a remote radio unit (RRU), a radio header (RH), a remote radio head (RRH), a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology.

[0046] The term "terminal device” refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE), a subscriber station (SS), a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS), or an access terminal (AT). The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminaldevice, a personal digital assistant (PDA), portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehiclemounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), laptop-mounted equipment (LME), USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE), an internet of things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms "terminal device”, "communication device”, "terminal”, "user equipment” and "UE” may be used interchangeably.

[0047] The power control (PC) mechanisms specify how a UE can adjust the power of the uplink transmission to compensate for the path loss between the UE and a gNB and thus to ensure a target received power at the gNB, while accounting for the UE's uplink configuration with respect to number of assigned resource blocks (RB) and the modulation and coding scheme (MCS). To guide the UE, the gNB provides a maximum output power which the UE may not exceed, and a power tuning parameter conveyed via a PC command, called power control adjustment state. In other words, the PC mechanism ensures that the UL transmission of said UE is properly dimensioned with respect to that UE's allocated resources and transmission configuration.

[0048] The power control procedure manages the transmission power of the UE and the gNB to ensure efficient use of the radio spectrum, maintain signal quality, and reduce interference. Furthermore, closed loop power control is a mechanism used in wireless communication systems to dynamically adjust the transmission power of a transmitter based on feedback (i.e., received signal quality like signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), bit error ratio (BER) etc.) from the receiver.

[0049] In NR, the mechanism for power control consists of pathloss compensation, power offset and transmit power control (TPC) commands. The pathloss compensation involves adjusting the transmission power based on the path loss between the UE and the base station. The power offset is an additional power adjustment applied to the transmission power. The TPC commands are used to dynamically adjust the transmission power based on real-time measurements and feedback from the network. The command is included in the downlink control information (DCI) format.

[0050] If the DCI contains two TPC commands and the uplink transmissions (e.g., PUSCH transmissions) are on different resources, the UE applies the first TPC command for one resource and the second command for the other resource. In case one TPC command is included, then this is applied to all resources. The TPC command is a few bits field that maps the command itself to a specific power control value. In addition, the UE splits the power equally across antenna ports on which the UE transmits PUSCH.

[0051] For the PUSCH power control, the UE may adjust the transmit power based on target RX power at the gNB, pathloss (PAb-c(< / d) ), MCS factor (ATF b^c), RB factor (M^sbc^c), and power control adjustment state (fbifiC)-

[0052] The target RX power at the gNB is set by the gNB and configured via a radio resource control (RRC) message. It corresponds to PO_PLISCH, A, / , C described below. The pathloss (PL^fc a)) is determined by the UE with assistance (abfC) from the gNB. The MCS factor (ATFis determined by an MCS value set for the respective PUSCH transmission. The RB factor (M^b^c) is determined by the number of RB allocated to the UE. The power control adjustment state (fb iC) is determined by the gNB and configured to the UE.

[0053] For example, a UE transmits a PUSCH on active UL band width part (BWP) b of carrier f of serving cell c using parameter set configuration with index j and PUSCH power control adjustment state with index I.

[0054] If the UE is indicated a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state or TCI-UL-state and a second TCI state or TCI-UL-state, and is configured with multi-panel scheme, and the UE determines to apply both the first TCI state or TCI-UL-state and the second TCI state or TCI-UL-state in PUSCH transmission occasion i, the UE determines the PUSCH transmission power puscH,b,,c,fc( 7, d> 0 for the k-th indicated TCI state or TCI-UL-State as below:[dBm] (1)else, the UE determines the PUSCH transmission powerin PUSCH transmission occasion i as below:[dBm] (2) wherein CMAX, / , C, / C(0 is the UE configured maximum output power for the k-th indicated TCI state or TCI-UL-State for carrier f of serving cell c in PUSCH transmission occasion i. PCMAX, / , C(0 is the UE configured maximum output power for carrier f of serving cell c in PUSCH transmission occasion i.E’o_puscH,b,,cG) is a parameter composed of the sum of a component PO_NOMINAL, PUSCH, / ,C(7)and acomponent Po_UE_RuscH,b,,cG) where j e {0,1,...,] - 1}.

[0055] PC framework however neglects the power amplifier (PA) nonlinearity which is known to cause power leakage both in-band (characterized by error vector magnitude (EVM)) and out-of-band (characterized by adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR)). Traditionally, the PA nonlinearity has been handled by imposing ACLR and EVM restrictions onto the UE i.e. by requiring the UE to meet pre-defined ACLR and EVM target requirements standardized in static tables in TS 38.219 for various use-case groups (note that some relaxations of thereof have also been defined for some carrier aggregation combinations). These requirements are often unnecessarily stringent. For example, an ACLR requirement could be abolished if the neighboring spectrum is temporarily not used and similarly, an EVM requirement may not be needed at all, if the gNB receiver is equipped with appropriate digital post-distortion mechanisms.

[0056] Thus, instead of pre-defining static ACLR and EVM target tables, the PC mechanism may be enhanced with PA-compensation levers that adjust ACLR and EVM according to the link conditions, gNB capability to deal with PA nonlinearity and spectral occupancy (i.e. whether the adjacent spectrum is occupied or not).

[0057] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a solution is provided for power control of an uplink transmission. In one aspect of this solution, a terminal device determine a power leakage associated with an uplink transmission. Based at least on the power leakage, the terminal device determines transmit power of the uplink transmission. In this way, the PC mechanism is enhanced, and compensates for the power leakage. Therefore, the communication reliability is improved. Principles and implementations of embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to Figs. 1-10.

[0058] Fig. 1 illustrates an example network environment 100 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. The environment or communication system 100, which may be a part of a communication network, comprises terminal devices and network devices.

[0059] As illustrated in Fig. 1, the communication system 100 may comprise a terminal device 110 (hereinafter may also be referred to as user equipment 110 or UE 110), and a network device 120 (hereinafter may also be referred to as base station 120 or gNB 120). The network device 120 can manage a cell 101. The terminal device 110 and the network device 120 can communicate with each other in the coverage of the cell 101. A link from the terminal device 110 to the network device 120 is referred to as an uplink (UL), while a link from the network device 120 to the terminal device 110 is referred to as a downlink (DL).

[0060] It is to be understood that the number of devices is only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitations. The system 100 may include any suitable number of terminal devices or network devices adapted for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. Although not shown, it would be appreciated that one or more terminal devices or network devices may be located in the system 100.

[0061] Communications in the communication system 100 may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol(s), comprising, but not limited to, cellular communication protocols of the first generation (1G), the second generation (2G), the third generation (3G), the fourth generation (4G) and the fifth generation (5G) and on the like, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover, the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, comprising but not limited to: code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division duplex (FDD), time division duplex (TDD), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), orthogonal frequency division multiple (OFDM), discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) and / or any other technologies currently known or to be developed in the future.

[0062] Fig. 2 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating an example process 200 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 200 will be described with reference to Fig. 1. The process 200 may involve the terminal device 110 and the network device 120. It would be appreciated that although the process 200 has been described in relation to the communication system 100 of Fig. 1, this process may be likewise applied to other communication scenarios with similar issues.

[0063] In the process 200, the terminal device 110 determines 225 a power leakage associated with an uplink transmission. The uplink transmission may comprise a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission. In some embodiments, the power leakage may comprise an out of band (OB) power leakage, an in band (IB) power leakage, or both.

[0064] In order to enhance the power control mechanism, the ACLR and / or the EVM considerations may be integrated directly into the power control loop. In other words, the OB power leakage, the IB power leakage or both may be considered when performing the power control.

[0065] Continuing with reference to Fig. 2, the network device 120 transmits 210 the trigger message 215 to the terminal device 110 for triggering power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission. On the other side of the communication, the terminal device 110 may receive 220 the trigger message 215 from the network device 120 for triggering power control of the uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage.

[0066] In some embodiments, the trigger message 215 may comprise an indication of whether the power control is based on closed loop leakage determination or open loop leakage determination.

[0067] For instance, a trigger may be received from the gNB to use the enhanced PC scheme, including the type of scheme (open loop power leakage determination or closed loop power leakage determination). The open loop power leakage determination is determined independently by the terminal device 110. Theclosed loop power leakage determination is under control of the network device 120.

[0068] In addition, the indication may comprise a binary flag included in an information element (IE) for configuring at least one power control parameter for the uplink transmission. For example, the ConfiguredGrantConfig sequence in the RRC protocol specification may be used to configure the power control parameters for PUSCH transmissions. As shown below, the selection of the closed look leakage determination vs open loop leakage determination may be additionally configured as a binary flag. If the value of the is 0, it is indicated that the power control is the closed look leakage determination. If the value of the is 1, it is indicated that the power control is the open loop leakage determination and vice versa.-- ASN1START-- TAG-CONFIGUREDGRANTCONFIG-STARTConfiguredGrantConfig::= SEQUENCE {frequencyHopping ENUMERATED {intraSlot, interSlot} OPTIONAL, -- Need Scg-DMRS-Configuration DMRS-UplinkConfig,mcs-Table ENUMERATED {qam256, qam64LowSE} OPTIONAL, -- Need Smcs-TableTransformPrecoder ENUMERATED {qam256, qam64LowSE} OPTIONAL, -- Need Suci-OnPUSCH SetupRelease { CG-UCI-OnPUSCH } OPTIONAL, -- Need MresourceAllocation ENUMERATED { resourceAllocationType0, resourceAllocationType1, dynamicSwitch },rbg-Size ENUMERATED {config2}OPTIONAL, -- Need SpowerControlLoopToUse ENUMERATED {n0, n1}, leakageDeterminationControlLoopToUse BOOLEAN,

[0069] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may further determine whether the power control is based on closed loop leakage determination or open loop leakage determination. If the power control is based on closed loop leakage determination, the network device 120 may further determine at least one adjustment factor for the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage. The network device120 may then transmit the at least one adjustment factor to the terminal device 110.

[0070] For instance, the power control introduces two additional parameters denoted as OB and IB adjustment factors which the network device 120 provides to the terminal device 110 to dynamically adjust the PA behavior, and consequently the transmit power. It allows the network device 120 to convey to the terminal device 110 the expected nominal ACLR and EVM values that it can tolerate for a given transmission, thus allowing for optimal PA power control. The network device 120 may determines factors that characterized the importance of OB and IB powers to the total power leakage term in the power control definition. The determination of the OB and IB adjustment factors is gNB-specific and it may apply tools from machine learning.

[0071] Alternatively or additionally, the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage may comprise the OB power leakage, the IB power leakage, or both of them, and the at least one adjustment factor may comprise a first adjustment factor for the OB power leakage, a second adjustment factor for the IB power leakage, or both the first adjustment factor and the second adjustment factor.

[0072] In addition, the first adjustment factor may be configured in an IE, and the IE is for configuring at least one power control parameter associated with the OB power leakage for the uplink transmission. Additionally, the second adjustment factor may be configured in the IE, and the IE is for configuring at least one power control parameter associated with the IB power leakage for the uplink transmission.

[0073] In some embodiments, the at least one power control parameter associated with OB power leakage may comprise at least one index of at least one entry in a first set of predefined values. In some embodiments, the at least one power control parameter associated with IB power leakage may comprise at least one index of at least one entry in a second set of predefined values.

[0074] For example, the ConfiguredGrantConfig sequence in the RRC protocol specification is used to configure the power control parameters for PUSCH transmissions. Herein, the OB adjustment factor (i.e., the first adjustment factor) and IB adjustment factor (i.e., the second adjustment factor) may be additionally configured as indices pointing to an entry in a set of predefined values like shown below:-- ASN1START-- TAG-CONFIGUREDGRANTCONFIG-STARTConfiguredGrantConfig::= SEQUENCE {frequencyHopping ENUMERATED {intraSlot, interSlot} OPTIONAL, -- Need Scg-DMRS-Configuration DMRS-UplinkConfig,mcs-Table ENUMERATED {qam256, qam64LowSE} OPTIONAL, -- Need Smcs-TableTransformPrecoder ENUMERATED {qam256, qam64LowSE} OPTIONAL, -- Need Suci-OnPUSCH SetupRelease { CG-UCI-OnPUSCH } OPTIONAL, -- Need MresourceAllocation ENUMERATED { resourceAllocationType0, resourceAllocationType1, dynamicSwitch },rbg-Size ENUMERATED {config2}OPTIONAL, -- Need SpowerControlLoopToUse ENUMERATED {n0, n1},p0-PUSCH-Alpha P0-PUSCH-AlphaSetId,OB-PUSCH-Beta OB-PUSCH-BetaSetIdIB-PUSCH-Theta IB-PUSCH-ThetaSetId,transformPrecoder ENUMERATED {enabled, disabled}OPTIONAL, -- Need SnrofHARQ-Processes INTEGER(1..16),

[0075] Continuing with reference to Fig. 2, the terminal device 110 determines 230 transmit power of the uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage. Depending on the control method, the transmit power may be determined in different ways.

[0076] If the power control is the closed look leakage determination, the terminal device 110 may receive at least one adjustment factor for the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage from the network device 120. Based on the at least one adjustment factor and the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, the terminal device 110 may determine a total power leakage. Based on the total power leakage, the terminal device 110 may determine the transmit power of the uplink transmission.

[0077] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may configure one adjustment factor to the terminal device 110, e.g., the first adjustment factor, the terminal device 110 then determine the transmit power based on the first adjustment factor and the OB power leakage.

[0078] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may configure two adjustment factor to the terminal device 110, i.e., the first adjustment factor and the second adjustment factor, the terminal device 110 then determine the transmit power based on the first adjustment factor, the second adjustment factor, the OBpower leakage, and the IB power leakage.

[0079] For instance, if the terminal device 110 transmits a PUSCH instance i on an active UL BWP b of a carrier f of a serving cell c using the parameter set configuration with an index j and the PUSCH power control adjustment state with index I, then the TX power is calculated by the UE with the following formula:[dBm] (3)wherein qdis the reference signal (RS) index for the active DL BWP. Here, PCMAX, / , C, / C(0 is the maximum allowed power, o_puscH,b,,c( / ) is the target (i.e. nominal) power at the network device 120.101ogloM™s™c(0) js apOweradjustment considering the numerology q. and number of allocated RBs M^sbc^c(i). ab f c(j) ■ PLh f^^q^ adjusts the power according to the path loss measured on the RS by the UE PL^f c cid) and weighted by a gNB-configured factor abfC(f).^TF,b,f,c.i) further adjusts the power according to the MCS and lastly. fbifiC(i> ) is an gNB-configured offset factor that adjusts the power by a fixed (tabled) value.

[0080] The above PC mechanism may be enhanced with two additional parameters that control the nominal ACLR and EVM that the network device 120 expects (and thus can cope with). For example, the computation may be enhanced with the term Io, PUSCH, b,f,c(j) (i.e., the total power leakage),wherein >bfc(i.e., the first adjustment factor) and 0b f c(j) (i.e., the second adjustment factor) are a gNB-configured factors to adjust TX power to compensate for the out of band (OB) and respectively in-band(IB) power leakage caused by the UE’s PA. OBb c(P) is the OB power leaked by the UE in the adjacent spectrum and IBbifC(i) is the IB power leakage between the different subcarriers used by the same UE.Both OB and IB are the result of the PA nonlinearity, and they have been traditionally quantified using metrics like ACLR (for OB) and EVM (for IB) respectively.

[0081] If the power control is the open loop leakage determination, the terminal device 110 may determine a total power leakage based on the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage. Based on the total power leakage, the terminal device 110 may determine the transmit power of the uplink transmission.

[0082] For instance, the enhanced power control formula remains the same as above, i.e.:

[0083] Different from closed loop leakage determination, Io,puscH,b,f,c( j) is fully and independently determined by the terminal device 110 without any gNB assistance i.e. no IB and OB adjustments factors are being configured by the network device 120. Instead, the terminal device 110 is determining the value Io,puscH,b,f,c( j) by itself.

[0084] In some examples, the terminal device 110 may further determine the value Io,puscH,b,f,c( j) based on the at least one adjustment factor for the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage. The at least one adjustment factor is determined by the terminal device 110.

[0085] In order to determine the total power leakage, the terminal device 110 may provide the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage as an input to an AI / ML model. Based on an output of the AI / ML model, the terminal device 110 may obtain the total power leakage.

[0086] For instance, the power leakage determination may be realized by means of machine learning, and the inputs are at least the measured OB and IB power, and the output is Io,puscH,b,f,c( ])■

[0087] Since obtaining labelled training data is challenging, the AI / ML model may be a reinforcement learning model and is trained using a link quality like block error rate as a loss function.

[0088] For determining the OB power leakage, the terminal device 110 may estimate its ACLR by monitoring the spectral regrowth due to PA nonlinearity. This can be achieved through either feedback loops utilizing feedback from the digital pre-distortion loop if available. An Al estimator may be used to estimate the OB based on the signal from the PA. Alternatively or additionally, OTA feedback from the receiver may be used to estimate the OB. Neural networks (e.g., long short-term memory, LSTMs, or convolutional neural networks) may be trained to predict the OB leakage based on input features like PA input signal characteristics (power, frequency, etc.), prior EVM, or ACLR measurements.

[0089] Clustering could be used to group PA states based on observed signal characteristics (such as power level, backoff, EVM, etc.). These clusters can then guide the UE in selecting the most appropriate PA configurations for minimizing the OB leakage.

[0090] Generative adversarial networks (GANs) or variational auto encoders (VAEs) may be employed to simulate PA output behavior, including the OB leakage. The generator network could predict distorted signal characteristics while minimizing spectral regrowth, and the discriminator network ensures that the generated output adheres to realistic PA behavior.

[0091] For determining the IB power leakage, the terminal device 110 may estimate its EVM by comparing the before and after PA signal. It can further if needed have these calculations as a function of the back-off of the PA input power and have a look up table to determine what the EVM is for a specific power. Alternatively, the network device 120 may give EVM and ACLR targets to the terminal device 110 to conform to and thus determining the OB and IB leakages.

[0092] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine the OB power leakage based on an averaged OB power leakage during multiple past uplink transmissions. In addition, the terminal device 110 may determine the IB power leakage based on an averaged IB power leakage during multiple past uplink transmissions.

[0093] For example, in the formula (5), OB^Cmay be an averaged OB power leakage and 1B^Cmay be an averaged IB power leakage during the past K PUSCH transmission, i.e.

[0094] Alternatively or additionally, the least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage may be determined based on an AI / ML model.

[0095] Continuing with reference to Fig. 2, the network device 120 receives 245 the uplink transmission 240 from the terminal device 110 with the transmit power based at least on the power leakage. Correspondingly, the terminal device 110 transmit 235 the uplink transmission 240 to the network device 120 with the transmit power based at least on the power leakage.

[0096] In addition, since some ACLR leakage is allowed to adjacent channel, the serving gNB can ascertain the tolerable ACLR levels of adjacent gNBs through current Inter-gNB coordination mechanisms communication protocols for sharing information can be utilized here. It is ascertained that a PC level that gives an ACLR requirements that the serving gNB cannot pollute by in adjacent bands that serving gNB does not own.

[0097] Fig. 3 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating an example process 300 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 300 will be described with reference to Fig. 1. The process 300 may involve the terminal device 110 and the network device 120. It would be appreciated that although the process 300 has been described in relation to the communicationsystem 100 of Fig. 1, this process may be likewise applied to other communication scenarios with similar issues.

[0098] In the process 300, the terminal device 110 transmits 310 capability information 315 to the network device 120. The capability information 315 indicates that the terminal device 110 is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission. Correspondingly, the network device 120 receives 320 the capability information 315 from the terminal device 110. For example, a UE capability report may be used to indicate the support for the enhanced PC scheme.

[0099] In some embodiments, the uplink transmission may comprise a PUSCH transmission. In addition, the power leakage may comprise an OB power leakage, an IB power leakage, or both.

[0100] Additionally, the capability information 315 may indicate that the terminal device 110 is capable of performing the power control of the uplink transmission by indicating that the terminal device 110 is capable of determining the power leakage. In other words, the terminal device 110 may indicate to the network device 120 that it is capable of performing the power control implicitly.

[0101] In order to determine the power leakage, the terminal device 110 may measure the OB power leakage, the IB power leakage, or the OB power leakage and the IB power leakage.

[0102] In an example, in order to determine the power leakage, the terminal device 110 may determine the OB power leakage based on an averaged OB power leakage during multiple past uplink transmissions.

[0103] In another example, in order to determine the power leakage, the terminal device 110 may determine the IB power leakage based on an averaged IB power leakage during multiple past uplink transmissions.

[0104] In yet another example, in order to determine the power leakage, the terminal device 110 may determine the power leakage based on the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage.

[0105] In addition, the capability information may further indicate that the terminal device supports closed loop leakage determination, open loop leakage determination, or both of them.

[0106] For performing the closed loop leakage determination, the terminal device 110 may receive at least one adjustment factor for the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage. Based on the at least one adjustment factor and the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, the terminal device 110 may determine a total power leakage. Based on the total power leakage, the terminal device 110 may determine transmit power of the uplink transmission. Alternatively or additionally, the network device 120 may transmit the at least one adjustment factor to the terminal device.

[0107] For performing the open loop leakage determination, the terminal device 110 may determine a total power leakage based on the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage. Based on thetotal power leakage, the terminal device 110 may determine transmit power of the uplink transmission.

[0108] Alternatively or additionally, in order to determine the power leakage, the terminal device 110 may predict the power leakage based on an AI / ML model. For instance, the OB / IB determination may be UE-implementation and tools from machine learning may be applied.

[0109] Alternatively or additionally, the capability information may be transmitted via capability report information.

[0110] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may receive a request for the capability information from the network device 120. Based on the request, the terminal device 110 may transmit the capability information. On the other side of the communication, the network device 120 may transmit the trigger message to the terminal device 110.

[0111] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may further receive a trigger message from the network device 120 for triggering power control ofthe uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage.

[0112] It is to be understood that the example embodiments of processes 200 and 300 may be used in combination or separately, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure.

[0113] Fig. 4 illustrates an example process of proposed solution according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 400 may involve a UE 401 and a gNB 402. It is understood that the process 400 can be considered as a more specific example of processes 200 and 300. Thus, the UE 401 of Fig. 4 may represent for example the terminal device 110, the gNB 402 of Fig. 4 may represent for example the network device 120.

[0114] In the process 400, at 410, the UE401 transmits the UE capability of applying enhanced PC to the gNB 402, and the UE capability may further include at least one ofthe OB or IB power leakage determinations. At 415, the gNB 402 transmits a trigger of the enhanced PC scheme to the UE 401. At 420, the gNB 402 configure normal PC parameters (for example, legacy PC parameters), at least one of OB or IB adjustment factors to the UE 401. The lEs in the power control procedure for conveying the at least one of OB or IB adjustment factors is transmitted from the gNB 402 to the UE 401.

[0115] At 425, the UE 401 determines at least one of OB, IB power leakage or a total power leakage. The UE 401 may perform measurements for obtaining / approximating the at least one of OB or IB power leakage. Once the determination is completed, the UE 401 applies the enhanced PC definition and determines the TX power for the PUSCH transmission.

[0116] At 430, the UE 401 performs the PUSCH transmission and the gNB 402 proceeds with detecting the PUSCH transmission.

[0117] Fig. 5 shows a flowchart of an example method 400 implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 500 will bedescribed from the perspective of the terminal device 110 with reference to Fig. 1.

[0118] At block 510, the terminal device 110 determines a power leakage associated with an uplink transmission. At block 520, the terminal device 110 determines transmit power of the uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage.

[0119] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may further receive, from a network device, a trigger message for triggering power control of the uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage.

[0120] In some embodiments, the trigger message may comprise an indication of whether the power control is based on closed loop leakage determination or open loop leakage determination.

[0121] In some embodiments, the indication may comprise a binary flag included in an information element (IE) for configuring at least one power control parameter for the uplink transmission. In some embodiments, the power leakage may comprise at least one of an out of band (OB) power leakage or an in band (IB) power leakage.

[0122] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine the transmit power of the uplink transmission by: receiving, from the network device, at least one adjustment factor for the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, determining a total power leakage based on the at least one adjustment factor and the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, and determining the transmit power of the uplink transmission based on the total power leakage.

[0123] In some embodiments, the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage may comprise at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, and the at least one adjustment factor may comprise at least one of a first adjustment factor for the OB power leakage or a second adjustment factor for the IB power leakage.

[0124] In some embodiments, the first adjustment factor may be configured in an IE as at least one index of at least one entry in a first set of predefined values, the IE is for configuring at least one power control parameter for the uplink transmission, or the second adjustment factor may be configured in the IE, the IE is for configuring at least one power control parameter associated with the IB power leakage for the uplink transmission.

[0125] In some embodiments, the at least one power control parameter associated with OB power leakage may comprise at least one index of at least one entry in a first set of predefined values, or the at least one power control parameter associated with IB power leakage may comprise at least one index of at least one entry in a second set of predefined values.

[0126] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine the transmit power of the uplink transmission by: determining a total power leakage based on the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, and determining the transmit power of the uplink transmission based on the total powerleakage.

[0127] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine the total power leakage by: providing the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage as an input to an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) model, and obtaining the total power leakage based on an output of the AI / ML model. In some embodiments, the AI / ML model may be a reinforcement learning model and may be trained using a link quality as a loss function.

[0128] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine the IB power leakage by determining the IB power leakage based on an averaged IB power leakage during multiple past uplink transmissions, or determining the IB power leakage based on an averaged IB power leakage during multiple past uplink transmissions, or any combination of two or more of the above-mentioned items.

[0129] In some embodiments, the least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage may be determined based on an AI / ML model. In some embodiments, the uplink transmission may comprise a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission.

[0130] Fig. 6 shows a flowchart of an example method 600 implemented at a network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 600 will be described from the perspective of the network device 120 with reference to Fig. 1.

[0131] At block 610, the network device 120 transmits, to a terminal device, a trigger message for triggering power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission. At block 620, the network device 120 receives, from the terminal device, the uplink transmission with a transmit power based at least on the power leakage.

[0132] In some embodiments, the trigger message may comprise an indication of whether the power control is based on closed loop leakage determination or open loop leakage determination. In some embodiments, the indication may comprise a binary flag included in an information element (IE) for configuring at least one power control parameter for the uplink transmission.

[0133] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may further determine whether the power control is based on closed loop leakage determination or open loop leakage determination. In some embodiments, the power leakage may comprise at least one of an out of band (OB) power leakage or an in band (IB) power leakage.

[0134] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may further determine at least one adjustment factor for the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, and transmit, to the terminal device, the at least one adjustment factor.

[0135] In some embodiments, the at least one adjustment factor may be determined based on an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) model. In some embodiments, the indication may comprise a binaryflag included in an information element (IE) for configuring at least one power control parameter for the uplink transmission.

[0136] In some embodiments, the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage may comprise at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, and the at least one adjustment factor may comprise at least one of a first adjustment factor for the OB power leakage or a second adjustment factor for the IB power leakage.

[0137] In some embodiments, the first adjustment factor may be configured in an IE, the IE is for configuring at least one power control parameter associated with the OB power leakage for the uplink transmission, or the second adjustment factor may be configured in the IE, the IE is for configuring at least one power control parameter associated with the IB power leakage for the uplink transmission.

[0138] In some embodiments, the at least one power control parameter associated with OB power leakage may comprise at least one index of at least one entry in a first set of predefined values, or the at least one power control parameter associated with IB power leakage may comprise at least one index of at least one entry in a second set of predefined values. In some embodiments, the uplink transmission may comprise a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission.

[0139] Fig. 7 shows a flowchart of an example method 700 implemented at a terminal device 110 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 700 will be described from the perspective of the terminal device 110 with reference to Fig. 1.

[0140] At block 710, the terminal device 110 transmits, to a network device, capability information indicating that the terminal device is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

[0141] In some embodiments, the capability information may indicate that the terminal device 110 is capable of performing the power control of the uplink transmission by indicating that the terminal device is capable of determining the power leakage.

[0142] In some embodiments, the power leakage may comprise at least one of an out of band (OB) power leakage or an in band (IB) power leakage. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine the power leakage by: measuring the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage.

[0143] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine the power leakage by determining the OB power leakage based on an averaged OB power leakage during multiple past uplink transmissions, determining the IB power leakage based on an averaged IB power leakage during multiple past uplink transmissions, and determining the power leakage based on the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, or any combination of two or more of the above-mentioned items.

[0144] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine the power leakage by: predictingthe power leakage based on an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) model. In some embodiments, the capability information may further indicate that the terminal device 110 supports at least one of closed loop leakage determination or open loop leakage determination.

[0145] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may perform the closed loop leakage determination by: receiving at least one adjustment factor for the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, determining a total power leakage based on the at least one adjustment factor and the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, and determining transmit power of the uplink transmission based on the total power leakage, or any combination of two or more of the above-mentioned items.

[0146] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may perform the open loop leakage determination by: determining a total power leakage based on the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, and determining transmit power of the uplink transmission based on the total power leakage. In some embodiments, the capability information may be transmitted via capability report information.

[0147] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit the capability information by: receiving, from the network device, a request for the capability information, and transmitting the capability information based on the request.

[0148] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may further receive, from the network device, a trigger message for triggering power control of the uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage. In some embodiments, the uplink transmission may comprise a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission.

[0149] Fig. 8 shows a flowchart of an example method 800 implemented at a network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 800 will be described from the perspective of the network device 120 with reference to Fig. 1.

[0150] At block 810, the network device 120 receives, from a terminal device, capability information indicating that the terminal device is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

[0151] In some embodiments, the capability information may indicate that the terminal device is capable of performing the power control of the uplink transmission by indicating that the terminal device is capable of determining the power leakage.

[0152] In some embodiments, the capability information may further indicate that the terminal device supports at least one of closed loop leakage determination or open loop leakage determination. In some embodiments, the power leakage may comprise at least one of an out of band (OB) power leakage or an in band (IB) power leakage.

[0153] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may further transmit, to the terminal device, at leastone adjustment factor for the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage. In some embodiments, the capability information may be transmitted via capability report information.

[0154] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may further transmit, to the terminal device, a request for the capability information. In some embodiments, the network device 120 may further transmit, to the terminal device, a trigger message for triggering power control of the uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage. In some embodiments, the uplink transmission may comprise a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission.

[0155] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 500 (for example, the terminal device 110) is provided. The apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 500. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.

[0156] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for determining a power leakage associated with an uplink transmission; means for determining transmit power of the uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage.

[0157] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from a network device, a trigger message for triggering power control of the uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage.

[0158] In some embodiments, the trigger message may comprise an indication of whether the power control is based on closed loop leakage determination or open loop leakage determination.

[0159] In some embodiments, the indication may comprise a binary flag included in an information element (IE) for configuring at least one power control parameter for the uplink transmission. In some embodiments, the power leakage may comprise at least one of an out of band (OB) power leakage or an in band (IB) power leakage.

[0160] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for determining the transmit power of the uplink transmission by: receiving, from the network device, at least one adjustment factor for the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, determining a total power leakage based on the at least one adjustment factor and the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, and determining the transmit power of the uplink transmission based on the total power leakage.

[0161] In some embodiments, the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage may comprise at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, and the at least one adjustment factor may comprise at least one of a first adjustment factor for the OB power leakage or a second adjustment factor for the IB power leakage.

[0162] In some embodiments, the first adjustment factor may be configured in an IE as at least one indexof at least one entry in a first set of predefined values, the IE is for configuring at least one power control parameter for the uplink transmission, or the second adjustment factor may be configured in the IE, the IE is for configuring at least one power control parameter associated with the IB power leakage for the uplink transmission.

[0163] In some embodiments, the at least one power control parameter associated with OB power leakage may comprise at least one index of at least one entry in a first set of predefined values, or the at least one power control parameter associated with IB power leakage may comprise at least one index of at least one entry in a second set of predefined values.

[0164] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for determining the transmit power of the uplink transmission by: determining a total power leakage based on the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, and determining the transmit power of the uplink transmission based on the total power leakage.

[0165] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for determining the total power leakage by: providing the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage as an input to an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) model, and obtaining the total power leakage based on an output of the AI / ML model. In some embodiments, the AI / ML model may be a reinforcement learning model and may be trained using a link quality as a loss function.

[0166] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for determining the IB power leakage by determining the OB power leakage based on an averaged OB power leakage during multiple past uplink transmissions, or determining the IB power leakage based on an averaged IB power leakage during multiple past uplink transmissions, or any combination of two or more of the above-mentioned items.

[0167] In some embodiments, the least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage may be determined based on an AI / ML model. In some embodiments, the uplink transmission may comprise a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission.

[0168] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 500. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.

[0169] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 600 (for example, the network device 120) is provided. The apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 600. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.

[0170] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a terminal device, atrigger message for triggering power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission; and means for receiving, from the terminal device, the uplink transmission with a transmit power based at least on the power leakage.

[0171] In some embodiments, the trigger message may comprise an indication of whether the power control is based on closed loop leakage determination or open loop leakage determination. In some embodiments, the indication may comprise a binary flag included in an information element (IE) for configuring at least one power control parameter for the uplink transmission.

[0172] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for determining whether the power control is based on closed loop leakage determination or open loop leakage determination. In some embodiments, the power leakage may comprise at least one of an out of band (OB) power leakage or an in band (IB) power leakage.

[0173] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for determining at least one adjustment factor for the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, and transmit, to the terminal device, the at least one adjustment factor.

[0174] In some embodiments, the at least one adjustment factor may be determined based on an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) model. In some embodiments, the indication may comprise a binary flag included in an information element (IE) for configuring at least one power control parameter for the uplink transmission.

[0175] In some embodiments, the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage may comprise at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, and the at least one adjustment factor may comprise at least one of a first adjustment factor for the OB power leakage or a second adjustment factor for the IB power leakage.

[0176] In some embodiments, the first adjustment factor may be configured in an IE, the IE is for configuring at least one power control parameter associated with the OB power leakage for the uplink transmission, or the second adjustment factor may be configured in the IE, the IE is for configuring at least one power control parameter associated with the IB power leakage for the uplink transmission.

[0177] In some embodiments, the at least one power control parameter associated with OB power leakage may comprise at least one index of at least one entry in a first set of predefined values, or the at least one power control parameter associated with IB power leakage may comprise at least one index of at least one entry in a second set of predefined values. In some embodiments, the uplink transmission may comprise a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission.

[0178] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 600. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor andat least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.

[0179] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 700 (for example, the terminal device 110) is provided. The apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 700. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.

[0180] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a network device, capability information indicating that the terminal device is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

[0181] In some embodiments, the capability information may indicate that the terminal device 110 is capable of performing the power control of the uplink transmission by indicating that the terminal device is capable of determining the power leakage.

[0182] In some embodiments, the power leakage may comprise at least one of an out of band (OB) power leakage or an in band (IB) power leakage. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine the power leakage by: measuring the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage.

[0183] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for determining the power leakage by determining the OB power leakage based on an averaged OB power leakage during multiple past uplink transmissions, determining the IB power leakage based on an averaged IB power leakage during multiple past uplink transmissions, and determining the power leakage based on the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, or any combination of two or more of the above-mentioned items.

[0184] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for determining the power leakage by: predicting the power leakage based on an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) model. In some embodiments, the capability information may further indicate that the terminal device 110 supports at least one of closed loop leakage determination or open loop leakage determination.

[0185] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for performing the closed loop leakage determination by: receiving at least one adjustment factor for the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, determining a total power leakage based on the at least one adjustment factor and the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, and determining transmit power of the uplink transmission based on the total power leakage, or any combination of two or more of the above-mentioned items.

[0186] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for performing the open loop leakage determination by: determining a total power leakage based on the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage, and determining transmit power of the uplink transmission based on thetotal power leakage. In some embodiments, the capability information may be transmitted via capability report information.

[0187] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting the capability information by: receiving, from the network device, a request for the capability information, and transmitting the capability information based on the request.

[0188] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from the network device, a trigger message for triggering power control of the uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage. In some embodiments, the uplink transmission may comprise a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission.

[0189] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 700. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.

[0190] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 800 (for example, the network device 120) is provided. The apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 800. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.

[0191] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a terminal device, capability information indicating that the terminal device is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

[0192] In some embodiments, the capability information may indicate that the terminal device is capable of performing the power control of the uplink transmission by indicating that the terminal device is capable of determining the power leakage.

[0193] In some embodiments, the capability information may further indicate that the terminal device supports at least one of closed loop leakage determination or open loop leakage determination. In some embodiments, the power leakage may comprise at least one of an out of band (OB) power leakage or an in band (IB) power leakage.

[0194] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to the terminal device, at least one adjustment factor for the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage. In some embodiments, the capability information may be transmitted via capability report information.

[0195] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to the terminal device, a request for the capability information. In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to the terminal device, a trigger message for triggering power control of the uplinktransmission based at least on the power leakage. In some embodiments, the uplink transmission may comprise a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission.

[0196] FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram of a device 900 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 900 may be provided to implement the communication device, for example the terminal device 110 or the network device 120 as shown in Fig. 1. As shown, the device 900 includes one or more processors 910, one or more memories 920 coupled to the processor 910, and one or more communication modules 940 coupled to the processor 910.

[0197] The communication modules 940 are for bidirectional communications. The communication modules 940 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements.

[0198] The processor 910 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 900 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.

[0199] The memory 920 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM) 924, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM), a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD), a digital video disk (DVD), and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 922 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.

[0200] A computer program 930 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 910. The program 930 may be stored in the ROM 924. The processor 910 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 930 into the RAM 922.

[0201] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 930 so that the device 900 may perform any process of example embodiments of the disclosure as discussed with reference to Figs. 2 to 3. The embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.

[0202] In some embodiments, the program 930 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 900 (such as in the memory 920) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 900. The device 900 may load the program 930 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 922 for execution. The computer readable medium may include any types of tangible non-volatile storage, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like. Fig.10 shows an example of the computer readable medium 1000 in form of CD or DVD. The computer readable medium hasthe program 930 stored thereon.

[0203] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.

[0204] Example embodiments of the present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the methods 500, 600, 700 and 800 as described above with reference to Figs.5-8. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.

[0205] Program code for carrying out methods of example embodiments of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.

[0206] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program codes or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like.

[0207] The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitablecombination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The term "non-transitory,” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM).

[0208] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination.

[0209] Although example embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the example embodiments of the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A terminal device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the terminal device at least to:transmit, to a network device, capability information indicating that the terminal device is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

2. The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the capability information indicates that the terminal device is capable of performing the power control of the uplink transmission by indicating that the terminal device is capable of determining the power leakage.

3. The terminal device of claim 1 or 2, wherein the power leakage comprises at least one of an out of band (OB) power leakage or an in band (IB) power leakage.

4. The terminal device of claim 2 or 3, wherein the terminal device is caused to determine the power leakage by:measuring the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage.

5. The terminal device of any of claims 2-4, wherein the terminal device is caused to determine the power leakage by at least one of the following:determining the OB power leakage based on an averaged OB power leakage during multiple past uplink transmissions;determining the IB power leakage based on an averaged IB power leakage during multiple past uplink transmissions; ordetermining the power leakage based on the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage.

6. The terminal device of claim 2, wherein the terminal device is caused to determine the power leakage by:predicting the power leakage based on an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) model.

7. The terminal device of any of claims 1-6, wherein the capability information further indicates that the terminal device supports at least one of closed loop leakage determination or open loop leakagedetermination.

8. The terminal device of claim 7, wherein the terminal device is caused to perform the closed loop leakage determination by:receiving at least one adjustment factor for the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage;determining a total power leakage based on the at least one adjustment factor and the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage; anddetermining transmit power of the uplink transmission based on the total power leakage.

9. The terminal device of claim 7, wherein the terminal device is caused to perform the open loop leakage determination by:determining a total power leakage based on the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage; anddetermining transmit power of the uplink transmission based on the total power leakage.

10. The terminal device of any of claims 1-9, wherein the capability information is transmitted via capability report information.

11. The terminal device of any of claims 1-10, wherein the terminal device is caused to transmit the capability information by:receiving, from the network device, a request for the capability information; andtransmitting the capability information based on the request.

12. The terminal device of any of claims 1-11, wherein the terminal device is further caused to: receive, from the network device, a trigger message for triggering power control of the uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage.

13. The terminal device of any of claims 1-12, wherein the uplink transmission comprises a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission.

14. A network device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the network device at least to:receive, from a terminal device, capability information indicating that the terminal device iscapable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

15. The network device of claim 14, wherein the capability information indicates that the terminal device is capable of performing the power control of the uplink transmission by indicating that the terminal device is capable of determining the power leakage.

16. The network device of claim 14 or 15, wherein the capability information further indicates that the terminal device supports at least one of closed loop leakage determination or open loop leakage determination.

17. The network device of any of claims 14-16, wherein the power leakage comprises at least one of an out of band (OB) power leakage or an in band (IB) power leakage.

18. The network device of claim 17, wherein the network device is further caused to: transmit, to the terminal device, at least one adjustment factor for the at least one of the OB power leakage or the IB power leakage.

19. The network device of any of claims 14-16, wherein the capability information is transmitted via capability report information.

20. The network device of any of claims 14-19, wherein the network device is further caused to: transmit, to the terminal device, a request for the capability information.

21. The network device of any of claims 14-20, wherein the network device is further caused to: transmit, to the terminal device, a trigger message for triggering power control of the uplink transmission based at least on the power leakage.

22. The network device of any of claims 14-21, wherein the uplink transmission comprises a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission.

23. A method comprising:transmitting, to a network device, capability information indicating that the terminal device is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

24. A method comprising:receiving, from a terminal device, capability information indicating that the terminal device is capable of performing power control of an uplink transmission based at least on a power leakage associated with the uplink transmission.

25. A computer readable medium comprising program instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the method of claim 23 or 24.

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