System and method for interactive orthodontic treatment planning

Abstract

A computer-implemented method and a system for generating an orthodontic treatment plan, by a user, for a patient having an initial dentition. The system includes a server network interface for connection, via a network, to a user-operated device having a user interface including an input interface and a display. The system further includes a server processor and a server storage medium having stored instructions forming a simplified-2D-presentation-engine. The instructions include instructions to obtain a three-dimensional digital model of teeth of the patient, where each tooth is represented as an individual and complete object, instructions to determine a mesial-distal direction of each tooth in the model, instructions to determine a buccal-lingual dimension of each tooth in the model, and instructions to generate a simplified two-dimensional representation of teeth in the three-dimensional digital model, which includes, for each tooth, an outline and a length in the mesial-distal direction.

Description

[0001] SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INTERACTIVE ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT PLANNING

[0002] RELATED APPLICATION INFORMATION

[0003] The present application claims priority to US provisional patent application 63 / 728,277 filed on December 5, 2024 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of US patent application 18 / 630,529 filed on April 9, 2024 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. US patent application 18 / 630,529 claims the benefit of US provisional patent application 63 / 527,761 filed on July 19, 2023 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0004] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSED TECHNOLOGY

[0005] The disclosed technology relates to the field of orthodontics, and more particularly to a system and a computer-implemented method for real-time digital interactive planning for an orthodontic treatment.

[0006] BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSED TECHNOLOGY

[0007] Patient-removable dental appliances, such as aligners, have become an important tool for treating malocclusions and other dental problems, by dental practitioners such as dentists and orthodontists.

[0008] Production of such dental appliances requires extensive planning on the part of the dental practitioner. For example, the planning process may include inputting information relating to an initial state of the patient’s teeth, creating a model of a target state of the patient's teeth, and planning the transition from the initial state to the target state. The transition includes a series of successive states, or treatment stages, each slightly modified relative to the previous state or treatment stage. In some implementations, each treatment stage corresponds to a specific patientremovable appliance, such as an aligner, and the treatment involves the patient using the aligners sequentially, throughout the treatment duration. Each aligner is designed to gradually direct teeth to the next state, such that the teeth are moved relative to the prior state, until the teeth are in the target state. The planning process would also include some indication of the duration of time each aligner is to be worn. Once the teeth are in the target state, a final treatment stage may involve a retainer to maintain the target state for some retaining duration.

[0009] In the past, orthodontic treatment plans could be automatically generated, but the resulting plan would be provided as a single, fixed plan for modifying a patient's dentition from an initial state to a target state, which plan could not be modified by the dental practitioner. Recent advances have introduced the possibility of a dental practitioner providing input reflecting preferences of the dental practitioner or of the patient, prior to the automatic generation of the treatment plan, the input is a binary input (e.g., yes / no). The input typically includes questions relating to inclusion or use of specific medical parameters in the treatment plan. Exemplary medical parameters include teeth movement restrictions, antero-posterior correction, horizontal overjet, deep bite, midline correction (i.e., right / left) and stripping interocclusal record plate (i.e., posterior / anterior). Following the provision of binary input regarding the process, the practitioner is presented with a complete treatment plan. Consequently, current approaches rely heavily on automated algorithm specifications provided by a processor and do not fully consider dental practitioner or patient needs in the process of automated orthodontic treatment planning.

[0010] More recently, it has become possible for the dental practitioner to modify the automatically-generated treatment plan, and send it back for additional processing and updating, in an iterative process, until the practitioner and the patient are satisfied with the final treatment plan. Such iterations typically require several days for processing, at minimum, add delays to the overall workflow, and require repeated coordination and visits by the patient. Because multiple parties are involved, the overall process is inefficient and is far from a chairside application.

[0011] Thus, there is a need in the art for a system in which the dental practitioner can easily provide input relating to specific aspects of the treatment, such as modifications to the teeth archform, modifications to the placement of the arch midline, and / or modification to the overjet of the teeth, and see the resulting state of the teeth in real time. There is further a need in the art for a numeric representation of stripping of the teeth required in order to reach that resulting state, updated interactively and in real time, to allow the practitioner to see, in real time, the impact of modifications that the practitioner wishes to make.

[0012] SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0013] Some embodiments of the invention relate to a system and a computer-implemented method for real-time digital interactive planning for an orthodontic treatment. There is thus provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the teachings herein, a system for generating an orthodontic treatment plan, by a user, for a patient having an initial dentition, the system including:

[0014] (a) a server network interface for connection to at least one network, the at least one network including at least one other, user-operated device or system having a user interface including at least one input interface and at least one display;

[0015] (b) at least one server processor; and

[0016] (c) at least one server storage medium for instructions execution by the at least one server processor, the server storage medium having stored instructions forming a simplified-2D- presentation-engine, including: (A) instructions to obtain a three-dimensional digital model of teeth of the patient, where each tooth is represented as an individual and complete object;

[0017] (B) instructions to determine a mesial-distal direction of each tooth in the three- dimensional digital model;

[0018] (C) instructions to determine a buccal-lingual dimension of each tooth in the three- dimensional digital model; and

[0019] (D) instructions to generate a simplified two-dimensional representation of teeth in the three-dimensional digital model, the simplified two-dimensional representation including an outline of each tooth and a length of each tooth in the mesial-distal direction.

[0020] In some embodiments, the server storage medium further has stored instructions forming a proposed-target-model-engine, including:

[0021] (A) instructions to receive a simplified two-dimensional digital representation of a user- confirmed dentition model for the patient; and

[0022] (B) instructions to generate a proposed target dentition model based on the simplified two- dimensional digital representation of the user-confirmed dentition model.

[0023] In some embodiments, the server storage medium further has stored instructions forming a planning-engine, including:

[0024] (A) instructions to receive a user-confirmed target dentition model for the patient;

[0025] (B) instructions to divide changes to the dentition model, required to move the patient’s teeth from the initial dentition to a dentition corresponding to the user-confirmed target dentition model, into a plurality of treatment stages; and

[0026] (C) instructions to generate a plurality of proposed stage dentition models, a first of the plurality of stage dentition models corresponding to the initial dentition, a last of the plurality of stage dentition models corresponding to the user-confirmed target dentition model, and each other stage dentition model of the plurality of stage dentition models corresponding to the beginning of a corresponding one of the plurality of treatment stages.

[0027] In some embodiments, the server storage medium further has stored instructions forming a 3D-model-generating-engine, including:

[0028] (A) instructions to obtain a three-dimensional digital model of the initial dentition of the patient;

[0029] (B) instructions to segment the three-dimensional digital model, so that each tooth of the initial dentition is represented as an individual object; and

[0030] (C) instructions to complete each segmented tooth into a complete object. In some embodiments, the instructions forming the 3D-model-generating-engine further include instructions to generate a proposed dentition model based on the segmented and completed three-dimensional digital model.

[0031] In some embodiments, the instructions forming the 3D-model-generating-engine further include instructions to receive input regarding constraints applied by the user to treatment of the patient’s teeth, and the instructions to generate a proposed dentition model include instructions to generate the proposed dentition model to comply with the received input regarding constraints.

[0032] In some embodiments, the instructions to obtain a three-dimensional digital model of the initial dentition include instructions to the three-dimensional digital model from the user-operated device or system, via the network.

[0033] In some embodiments, the instructions to obtain a three-dimensional digital model of the initial dentition include instructions to the receive, from the user-operated device or system, via the network, visual input of the teeth of the user, and wherein the instructions forming the 3D- model-generating-engine further include instructions to convert the received visual input into the three-dimensional digital model.

[0034] In some embodiments, the instructions of the 2D-simplified-presentation-engine to obtain a three-dimensional digital model of teeth of the patient, where each tooth is represented as an individual and complete object, include instructions to receive, as the three-dimensional digital model of the teeth of the patient, the segmented and completed three-dimensional digital model.

[0035] In some embodiments, the instructions of the 2D-simplified-presentation-engine to obtain a three-dimensional digital model of teeth of the patient, where each tooth is represented as an individual and complete object, include instructions to receive, as the three-dimensional digital model of the teeth of the patient, the proposed dentition model.

[0036] In some embodiments, the server storage medium further has stored instructions forming an ordering-engine, including:

[0037] (A) instructions to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, a user- confirmed treatment plan; and

[0038] (B) instructions to generate a specification of orthodontic devices required for implementation of each stage of the user-confirmed treatment plan.

[0039] In some embodiments, the instructions forming the ordering-engine further include instructions to electronically transmit the specification of the orthodontic devices to an orthodontic device manufacturing facility. In some embodiments, the instructions forming the ordering-engine further include instructions to electronically transmit the specification of the orthodontic devices to the user- controlled device, via the network.

[0040] In some embodiments, the instructions to receive a simplified two-dimensional digital representation of a user-confirmed dentition model for the patient include instructions to receive the simplified two-dimensional digital representation of a user-confirmed dentition model for the patient from the user-operated device, via the network.

[0041] In some embodiments, the server storage medium further has stored instructions forming a 2D-display-engine, including:

[0042] (A) instructions to receive, from the simplified-2D-presentation-engine, a simplified 2D representation of an initial dentition model and a simplified 2D representation of a proposed dentition model;

[0043] (B) instruction to cause the display associated with the user-operated device to display a graphic user interface, simultaneously including:

[0044] (i) the simplified 2D representation of the proposed dentition model superimposed with the simplified 2D representation of the initial dentition model;

[0045] (ii) interproximal reduction information for the proposed dentition model; and

[0046] (iii) user interface components for modifying at least one characteristic of the proposed dentition model; and

[0047] (iv) a user interface component for selecting a proposed dentition model;

[0048] (C) instruction to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, at least one manual and explicit modification to at least one characteristic of the simplified 2D representation of the proposed dentition model;

[0049] (D) instructions, to be executed in real-time and in response to receipt of the at least one manual and explicit modification, to cause the display associated with the user-operated device to update the graphic user interface to display:

[0050] (i) a simplified 2D representation of a user-modified proposed dentition model superimposed with the simplified 2D representation of the initial dentition model, the user- modified proposed dentition model reflecting the at least one manual and explicit modification and replacing the simplified 2D representation of the proposed dentition model;

[0051] (ii) updated interproximal reduction information for the user-modified proposed dentition model; and (E) instructions to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, a manual and explicit selection of a specific simplified two-dimensional representation of a user-selected user- modified dentition model.

[0052] In some embodiments, the instructions to receive a simplified two-dimensional digital representation of a user-confirmed dentition model for the patient include instructions to receive the simplified two-dimensional digital representation of a user-confirmed dentition model for the patient from the 2D-display-engine.

[0053] In some embodiments, the instructions to receive a user-confirmed target dentition model for the patient include instructions to receive the user-confirmed target dentition model for the patient from the user-operated device, via the network.

[0054] In some embodiments, the server storage medium further has stored instructions forming a 3D-display-engine, including:

[0055] (A) instructions to receive, from the proposed-target-model-engine, a proposed target dentition model;

[0056] (B) instruction to cause the display associated with the user-operated device to display a second graphic user interface, simultaneously including:

[0057] (i) the proposed target dentition model;

[0058] (ii) user interface components for modifying at least one characteristic of the proposed target dentition model;

[0059] (iii) user interface components for modifying at least one characteristic of the display of the target dentition model; and

[0060] (iv) a user interface component for selecting a proposed target dentition model;

[0061] (C) instruction to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, at least one manual and explicit modification to at least one characteristic of the proposed target dentition model;

[0062] (D) instructions, to be executed in real-time and in response to receipt of the at least one manual and explicit modification, to cause the display associated with the user-operated device to update the second graphic user interface to display a user-modified target proposed dentition model, the user-modified proposed target dentition model reflecting the at least one manual and explicit modification and replacing the proposed target dentition model in the display; and

[0063] (E) instructions to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, a manual and explicit selection of a specific user-selected user-modified target dentition model. In some embodiments, the instructions to receive a user-confirmed target dentition model for the patient include instructions to receive the user-confirmed target dentition model for the patient from the 3D-display-engine.

[0064] In some embodiments, the server storage medium further has stored instructions forming a plan-display-engine, including:

[0065] (A) instructions to receive, from the planning-engine, a proposed treatment plan for the patient, the proposed treatment plan including a plurality of proposed stage dentition models;

[0066] (B) instruction to cause the display associated with the user-operated device to display a third graphic user interface, simultaneously including:

[0067] (i) a stage dentition model of the plurality of proposed stage dentition models;

[0068] (ii) user interface components for modifying at least one characteristic of the stage dentition model displayed within the third graphic user interface;

[0069] (iii) user interface components for modifying at least one characteristic of the display of the stage dentition model displayed within the third graphic user interface;

[0070] (iv) user interface components for switching to display of another stage dentition model of the plurality of proposed stage dentition models; and

[0071] (v) a user interface component for confirming a proposed treatment plan;

[0072] (C) instruction to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, at least one manual and explicit modification to at least one characteristic of the stage dentition model displayed within the third graphic user interface;

[0073] (D) instructions, to be executed in real-time and in response to receipt of the at least one manual and explicit modification, to cause the display associated with the user-operated device to update the third graphic user interface to display a user-modified stage dentition model, the user- modified stage dentition model reflecting the at least one manual and explicit modification and replacing the stage dentition model in the display; and

[0074] (E) instructions to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, a manual and explicit confirmation of a proposed treatment plan.

[0075] In some embodiments, the instructions forming the plan display engine further include:

[0076] (F) instruction to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, at least one manual and explicit modification to at least one characteristic of the display of the stage dentition model within the third graphic user interface; and

[0077] (G) instructions, to be executed in real-time and in response to receipt of the at least one manual and explicit modification to the at least one characteristic of the display, to cause the display associated with the user-operated device to update the third graphic user interface to display the stage dentition model in accordance with the modified characteristic of the display.

[0078] In some embodiments, the instructions forming the plan display engine further include:

[0079] (H) instruction to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, at least one manual and explicit selection of another stage of the proposed treatment plan; and

[0080] (I) instructions, to be executed in real-time and in response to receipt of the at least one manual and explicit selection of the another stage, to cause the display associated with the useroperated device to update the third graphic user interface to display a proposed stage dentition model corresponding to the another stage in place of the stage dentition model previously displayed.

[0081] In some embodiments, each of the simplified 2D representations consists only of an outline of each tooth and a length of each tooth in the mesial-distal direction.

[0082] There is further provided, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosed technology, a software module for generating an orthodontic treatment plan, by a user, for a patient having an initial dentition, the software module to be installed on and executed by a user-operated device or system having a user interface including at least one input interface and at least one display, the software module including:

[0083] (A) instructions to receive a simplified 2D representation of an initial dentition model based on the initial dentition of the patient and a simplified 2D representation of a proposed dentition model for treating the patient, each of the simplified 2D representations including an outline of each tooth and a length of each tooth in the mesial-distal direction;

[0084] (B) instruction to cause the display to display a graphic user interface, simultaneously including:

[0085] (i) the simplified 2D representation of the proposed dentition model superimposed with the simplified 2D representation of the initial dentition model;

[0086] (ii) interproximal reduction information for the proposed dentition model; and

[0087] (iii) user interface components for modifying at least one characteristic of the proposed dentition model; and

[0088] (iv) a user interface component for selecting a proposed dentition model;

[0089] (C) instruction to receive from the user via the user interface, at least one manual and explicit modification to at least one characteristic of the simplified 2D representation of the proposed dentition model; (D) instructions, to be executed in real-time and in response to receipt of the at least one manual and explicit modification, to cause the display to update the graphic user interface to display:

[0090] (i) a simplified 2D representation of a user-modified proposed dentition model superimposed with the simplified 2D representation of the initial dentition model, the user- modified proposed dentition model reflecting the at least one manual and explicit modification and replacing the simplified 2D representation of the proposed dentition model;

[0091] (ii) updated interproximal reduction information for the user-modified proposed dentition model; and

[0092] (E) instructions to receive, from the user via the user interface, a manual and explicit selection of a specific simplified two-dimensional representation of a user-selected user-modified dentition model.

[0093] In some embodiments, each of the simplified 2D representations consists only of an outline of each tooth and a length of each tooth in the mesial-distal direction.

[0094] There is also provided in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosed technology, a network designed for planning an orthodontic treatment for a patient, by a user using a computing device at a first network node on the network, the computing device associated with at least one input interface and with at least one display, data sent via the network including, in order:

[0095] (a) visual input of an initial dentition of the patient;

[0096] (b) a simplified two-dimensional representation of each of an initial dentition model and a proposed dentition model, each simplified two-dimensional representation including an outline of each tooth and a length of each tooth in the mesial-distal direction;

[0097] (c) a simplified two-dimensional representation of a user-selected user-modified dentition model, manually and explicitly selected by the user;

[0098] (d) a proposed target dentition model;

[0099] (e) a user-selected user-modified target dentition model, manually and explicitly selected by the user;

[0100] (f) a proposed treatment plan;

[0101] (g) a user-confirmed treatment plan, manually and explicitly confirmed by the user; and

[0102] (h) a specification of a finalized treatment plan for the patient.

[0103] In some embodiments, the visual input of the initial dentition of the patient includes two- dimensional images of the initial dentition. In some embodiments, visual input of the initial dentition of the patient includes three- dimensional images of the initial dentition.

[0104] In some embodiments, the visual input of the initial dentition of the patient includes a three-dimensional model of the initial dentition.

[0105] In some embodiments, the simplified two-dimensional representation of the proposed dentition model includes interproximal reduction information for teeth within the proposed dentition model.

[0106] In some embodiments, between sending of the data at (b) and the data at (c), data sent via the network includes: i. a manual and explicit modification to the simplified two-dimensional representation of the proposed dentition model; and ii. a simplified two-dimensional representation of a user-modified dentition model, applying the manual and explicit modification to the proposed dentition model.

[0107] In some embodiments, the simplified two-dimensional representation of the user-modified dentition model includes updated interproximal reduction information for teeth within the user- modified dentition model.

[0108] In some embodiments, between sending of the data at (d) and the data at (e), data sent via the network includes: i. a manual and explicit modification to the proposed target dentition model; and ii. a user-modified target dentition model, applying the manual and explicit modification to the proposed target dentition model.

[0109] In some embodiments, between sending of the data at (f) and the data at (g), data sent via the network includes: i. a manual and explicit modification to a dentition model associated with at least one stage of the proposed treatment plan; and ii. a user-modified treatment plan, applying the manual and explicit modification to the dentition model of the at least one stage of the proposed treatment plan.

[0110] There is additionally provided in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosed technology a computer implemented method for interactively planning an orthodontic treatment of a patient having an initial dentition, the method including: i. obtaining an initial dentition model of the initial dentition of the patient; ii. generating a proposed dentition model associated with interproximal reduction information, the proposed dentition model corresponding to a proposed treated state of the patient; iii. causing a display, functionally associated with a user-operated device operated by the user, simultaneously to display within a graphic user interface: a. a simplified two-dimensional digital representation of the proposed dentition model superimposed on a simplified two-dimensional digital representation of the initial dentition model, each the simplified two-dimensional digital representation including an outline of each tooth and a length of the tooth in the mesial-distal direction; b. the interproximal reduction information associated with the proposed dentition model; and c. one or more user-engageable interface elements configured for modifying one or more characteristics of the proposed dentition model; ii. receiving, via user engagement with one of the user-engageable interface elements, a modification to one or more of the characteristics of the proposed dentition model; iii. in response to iii, and in real time, causing the display to update the display within the graphic user interface to: a. a simplified two-dimensional digital representation of a user-modified dentition model, the user-modified dentition model corresponding to the proposed dentition model when the modification is applied thereto, superimposed on the simplified two-dimensional digital representation of the initial patient dentition; and b. updated interproximal reduction information associated with the user-modified dentition model iv. receiving, via the graphic user interface, a user selection of a specific user-modified dentition model selected from one or more user-modified dentition models generated by step iii; and v. generating a digital orthodontic treatment plan based on the specific user-modified dentition model.

[0111] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. In case of conflict, the specification, including definitions, will take precedence.

[0112] As used herein, the terms “comprising”, “including”, "having" and grammatical variants thereof are to be taken as specifying the stated features, integers, steps or components but do not preclude the addition of one or more additional features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0113] Fig. 1A is a schematic block diagram of a system for orthodontic treatment planning according to an embodiment of the disclosed technology;

[0114] Fig. IB is a schematic block diagram of a system for orthodontic treatment planning according to another embodiment of the disclosed technology;

[0115] Figs. 2A-2H are schematic block diagrams of software operational-engines forming part of the system of Fig. 1A or Fig. IB;

[0116] Figs. 3 A, 3B, and 3C together are a flow chart of a method for orthodontic treatment planning according to an embodiment of the disclosed technology;

[0117] Fig. 4 illustrates a flow of information in a network associated with the system of Fig. 1A when implementing the method of Figs. 3A-3C;

[0118] Fig. 5A and 5B together illustrate a flow of information in a network associated with the system of Fig. IB when implementing the method of Figs. 3A-3C;

[0119] Figs. 6A-6C illustrate components of a setup Graphic User Interface (GUI) for setting up orthodontic treatment planning for a specific patient by a specific user, according to embodiments of the disclosed technology;

[0120] Fig. 7A illustrates components of a Graphic User Interface (GUI) for modifying an archform of a simplified two-dimensional representation of a dentition as part of orthodontic treatment planning for a specific patient by a specific user, according to embodiments of the disclosed technology;

[0121] Figs. 7B-7F illustrate examples of user engagements with the user interface components of Fig. 7A;

[0122] Fig. 8A illustrates components of a Graphic User Interface (GUI) for modifying an overjet of a simplified two-dimensional representation of a dentition as part of orthodontic treatment planning for a specific patient by a specific user, according to embodiments of the disclosed technology;

[0123] Figs. 8B-8C illustrate examples of user engagements with the user interface components of Fig. 8A;

[0124] Fig. 9A illustrates components of a Graphic User Interface (GUI) for modifying a midline of a simplified two-dimensional representation of a dentition as part of orthodontic treatment planning for a specific patient by a specific user, according to embodiments of the disclosed technology; Fig. 9B illustrates an example of user engagement with the user interface components of Fig. 9A;

[0125] Fig. 10 illustrates components of a second Graphic User Interface (GUI) for modifying a three-dimensional representation of a proposed target dentition as part of orthodontic treatment planning for a specific patient by a specific user, according to embodiments of the disclosed technology; and

[0126] Fig. 11 illustrates components of a third Graphic User Interface (GUI) for modifying a proposed treatment plan as part of orthodontic treatment planning for a specific patient by a specific user, according to embodiments of the disclosed technology.

[0127] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0128] The invention, in some embodiments, relates to the field of orthodontics, and more particularly to a system and a computer-implemented method for real-time digital interactive planning for an orthodontic treatment.

[0129] The present disclosure should be interpreted according to the definitions in the “Definitions Section" at the end of the specification. In case of a contradiction between the definitions in the “Definitions Section” at the end of the specification and other sections of this disclosure, the “Definitions Section” at the end of the specification section should prevail.

[0130] In case of a contradiction between the “Definitions Section” at the end of the specification and a definition or a description in any other document, including in another document incorporated in this disclosure by reference, the “Definitions Section” at the end of the specification should prevail, even if the definition or the description in the other document is commonly accepted by a person of ordinary skill in the art.

[0131] As mentioned in the background section, current orthodontic treatment planning software allows the user only little control on the proposed treatment plan, which is provided by responding to several Boolean (yes / no) questions. Additionally, while the user may interact with a three- dimensional display of the proposed treatment plan created based on the responses to the Boolean questions, this interaction is very time consuming and cumbersome, often leading to mistakes and requiring many iterations of corrections to the treatment plan, which are time consuming and significantly delay treatment.

[0132] The present invention relates to semi-automatic generation process for generation of orthodontic treatment plans. The process enables the user flexible input of desired parameters of the treatment, and provides real-time feedback to the user with respect to a resulting dentition, and to an extent of interproximal stripping that will be required in order to reach that resulting dentition.

[0133] Specifically, in the disclosed technology, the user uses a graphic user interface to interact with a simplified two-dimensional presentation of a proposed dentition model, in order to personalize the orthodontic treatment plan to the preferences of the user and of the patient. The user receives real-time feedback to modifications made, particularly with respect to the amount of interproximal reduction that will be required in response to each modification to the proposed dentition model.

[0134] It is to be appreciated that modification of the treatment plan using a simplified two- dimensional presentation of a dentition model includes loss of significant amounts of information, as compared to modification of the actual three-dimensional dentition models of the treatment plan. However, the two-dimensional presentation makes it easier and more intuitive for the practitioner to plan the treatment. Additionally, applicants have surprisingly found that, despite the loss of information when reducing the three-dimensional dentition model to a simplified two- dimensional representation, the corresponding modifications made by the system to the dentition model, based on input provided by the user on a two-dimensional interface, are sufficiently accurate for clear and exact orthodontic treatment planning.

[0135] Reference is now made to Figs. 1 A and IB, which are schematic block diagrams of systems 100a and 100b for orthodontic treatment planning according to an embodiment of the disclosed technology, and to Figs. 2A-2E, which are schematic block diagrams of software operational- engines forming part of system 100a and 100b of Figs. 1A-1B.

[0136] As seen in Fig. 1A, system 100a, which may be a server, includes a server network interface 102 for connection to at least one network 104. The network 104 includes at least one other user-operated device 106, which is typically another remote computing device. Useroperated device 106 has one or more processors 108, at least one storage medium 110, which may be a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, storing instructions to be executed by processor(s) 108. User-operated device 106 further has, or is associated with, a user interface 112 including at least one input interface 114 and at least one display 116, as well as its own network interface 111 connected to network 104.

[0137] Input interface(s) 114 may include one or more of a keyboard, a mouse, a touch-screen, a touch-pad, a microphone, or any other device or mechanism suitable for providing input to processor(s) 108, as defined hereinbelow in the definitions section.

[0138] In some embodiments, user-operated device 106 may further be associated with an imaging device 115, such as a three-dimensional camera. Imaging device 115 is adapted to capture one or more images of a dentition of a patient, and to provide the captured images, or information relating to the captured images, to processor(s) 108, as two-dimensional or three-dimensional input. In some embodiments, imaging device 115 may be a camera. In some embodiments, imaging device 115 may be an intraoral scanner.

[0139] Display(s) 116 may include any suitable type of display, including a screen, a projector, and the like, provided that the display is functionally associated with input interface(s) 114 for the user to provide input based on, or relating to, displayed elements or components.

[0140] Storage medium 110 includes instructions forming a 2D-display-engine 117, and instructions for forming a 3D-display-engine 118, and instructions for forming a plan-display- engine 119.

[0141] System 100a further includes at least one server-processor 120 and at least one server storage medium 122, which may be a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, storing instructions to be executed by server-processor(s) 120. Server storage medium(a) 122 includes instructions forming a 3D-model-generating-engine 124, instructions forming a simplified-2D- engine 126, instructions forming a proposed-target-model-engine 127, instructions forming a planning-engine 128, and instructions forming an ordering-engine 130.

[0142] System 100b of Fig. IB is similar to system 100a, and includes similar components. However, in system 100b, the various software engines are not distributed between storage medium 110 and server storage medium 122, but rather are all stored in storage medium 122, and are adapted to be run by server-processor 120.

[0143] As such, system 100b includes server network interface 102 for connection to at least one network 104, which includes at least one other user-operated device 106. User-operated device 106 has one or more processors 108, at least one storage medium 110, which may be a non- transitory computer readable storage medium, storing instructions to be executed by processor(s) 108. User-operated device 106 further has, or is associated with, a user interface 112 including at least one input interface 114 and at least one display 116, as well as its own network interface 111 connected to network 104, substantially as described hereinabove.

[0144] In some embodiments, user-operated device 106 may further be associated with an imaging device 115, substantially as described hereinabove.

[0145] System 100b further includes at least one server-processor 120 and at least one server storage medium 122, which may be a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, storing instructions to be executed by server-processor(s) 120. Server storage medium(a) 122 includes instructions forming a 2D-display-engine 117, and instructions for forming a 3D-display-engine 118, instructions for forming a plan-display-engine 119, instructions forming a 3D-model- generating-engine 124, instructions forming a simplified-2D -engine 126, instructions forming a proposed-target-model-engine 127, instructions forming a planning-engine 128, and instructions forming an ordering-engine 130.

[0146] As seen in Fig. 2A, the instructions which form part of display-engine 2D-display-engine 117 (whether stored in storage medium 110 or in server storage medium 122) include:

[0147] • Instructions 140 to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, on display 116 of user-operated device 106 a graphic user interface (GUI) including: o a simplified two-dimensional digital representation of the initial patient dentition and of a proposed dentition model, in a first region of the GUI; o one or more user-engageable user interface components for manually and explicitly modifying at least one characteristic of the simplified two- dimensional digital representation of the proposed dentition model; and o interproximal reduction information associated with the proposed dentition model;

[0148] • Instructions 142 to receive, from user-operated device 106, one or more manual and explicit modifications to one or more characteristics of the simplified two-dimensional digital representation of the proposed dentition model. Typically, the user modifications were made using input interface(s) 114, by a user interacting with the user interface components displayed on display(s) 116;

[0149] • Instructions 144 to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, on display 116 of user-operated device 106, and in real-time upon receipt of the manual and explicit modifications: o a simplified two-dimensional digital representation of a user-modified dentition model superimposed on the simplified two-dimensional digital representation of the initial dentition model, the user-modified dentition model being modified relative to the proposed dentition model and being displayed in the first region of the GUI; o updated interproximal reduction information associated with the user-modified dentition model; and o one or more user-engageable user interface components for manually and explicitly modifying at least one characteristic of the simplified two- dimensional digital representation of the user-modified dentition model, which user-engageable user interface components correspond to those displayed when implementing instructions 140; • Instructions 146 to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, on display 116 of user-operated device 106, a user-engageable user interface component, for user selection of a specific simplified two-dimensional digital representation of the user- modified dentition model, to be selected from one or more simplified two-dimensional digital representation of the user-modified dentition models generated by implementation of instructions 144; and

[0150] • Instructions 148 to receive, from user-operated device 106, a manual and explicit selection of the specific simplified two-dimensional digital representation of the user- modified dentition model. Typically, the user selection was made using input interface(s) 114, by a user interacting with the user interface components displayed on display(s) 116.

[0151] In some embodiments, instructions 140 and 144 include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, as one or more of the user-engageable user interface components, one or more sliders enabling continuous modification of a characteristic of the dentition model.

[0152] In some embodiments, instructions 140 and 144 include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, as one or more of the user-engageable user interface components, a list of typical arch-forms, from which the user can select an arch-form for the dentition.

[0153] In some embodiments, instructions 140 and 144 include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, as one or more of the user-engageable user interface components, a selector for selecting whether to modify the upper dentition model or the lower dentition model.

[0154] In some embodiments, instructions 140 and 144 include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, user-engageable user interface components for modifying one or more of an arch form of the dentition, anteroposterior correction of the dentition, overjet correction of the dentition, transverse dimension of the dentition, and a midline of the dentition. In such embodiments, instructions 142 include instructions to receive one or more manual and explicit modifications of at least one of the arch form of the dentition, the anteroposterior correction of the dentition, the overjet correction of the dentition, the transverse dimension of the dentition, and the midline of the dentition.

[0155] In some embodiments, instructions 140 and 144 include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, user-engageable user interface components for modifying one or more of an arch form of the dentition, anteroposterior correction of the dentition, overjet correction of the dentition, transverse dimension of the dentition, and a midline of the dentition.

[0156] In some embodiments, instructions 140 and 144 include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, the interproximal reduction information for each of the upper and lower arches, per whole arch.

[0157] In some embodiments, instructions 140 and 144 include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, the interproximal reduction information for each of the upper and lower arches, per each half (i.e., right and left halves) of each arch.

[0158] In some embodiments, instructions 140 and 144 include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, the interproximal reduction information for each of the upper and lower arches, per tooth.

[0159] In some embodiments, instructions 140 and 144 include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, as a simplified two-dimensional representation of a dentition model, a two-dimensional representation including an outline of each tooth, and a length of the tooth in the mesial-distal direction. In some embodiments, these are the only characteristics displayed when implementing instructions 140 and 144.

[0160] In some embodiments, instructions 140 and 144 include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, as a simplified two-dimensional representation of a dentition model, a two-dimensional representation including an outer contour of each tooth, and a depth of each tooth, in a direction perpendicular to the center of the outer contour of the tooth. The outer contours of the teeth typically also define the mesial-distal length of the teeth.

[0161] As seen in Fig. 2B, the instructions which form part of 3D-display-engine 118(whether stored in storage medium 110 or in server storage medium 122) include:

[0162] • Instructions 150 to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, on display 116 of user-operated device 106 a second graphic user interface (GUI) including: o a three-dimensional digital representation of a proposed target dentition model, which is based on the specific user-modified dentition model selected by user interaction with the GUI and implementation of instructions 148 of the 2D display-engine 117; o one or more user-engageable user interface components for manually and explicitly modifying at least one characteristic of the three-dimensional digital representation of the proposed target dentition model; and o one or more user-engageable user interface components for manually and explicitly modifying the display of the three-dimensional digital representation of the proposed dentition model;

[0163] • Instructions 152 to receive, from user-operated device 106, one or more manual and explicit modifications to one or more characteristics of the three-dimensional digital representation of the proposed target dentition model. Typically, the user modifications were made using input interface(s) 114, by a user interacting with the user interface components displayed on display(s) 116;

[0164] • Instructions 154 to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, on display 116 of user-operated device 106, and in real-time upon receipt of the manual and explicit modifications: o a three-dimensional digital representation of a user-modified target dentition model, which is modified relative to the proposed target-dentition; o one or more user-engageable user interface components for manually and explicitly modifying at least one characteristic of the three-dimensional digital representation of the user-modified target dentition model; and o one or more user-engageable user interface components for manually and explicitly modifying the display of the three-dimensional digital representation of the user-modified target dentition model;

[0165] • Instructions 156 to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, on display 116 of user-operated device 106, a user-engageable user interface component, for user confirmation of a specific user-modified target dentition model; and

[0166] • Instructions 158 to receive, from user-operated device 106, manual and explicit user confirmation of the specific user-modified target dentition model. Typically, the user confirmation was made using input interface(s) 114, by a user interacting with the user interface components displayed on display(s) 116.

[0167] In some embodiments, instructions 150 and 154 include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, as one or more of the user-engageable user interface components, one or more selection buttons enabling user selection for modifications that will move one or more specific teeth, apply an attachment to one or more specific teeth, modify interproximal reduction information for one or more specific teeth, or superimpose an initial positioning of the teeth.

[0168] In some embodiments, instructions 150 and 154 include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, in response to user selection of a selection button for modifications that will move one or more specific teeth, and as one or more of the user-engageable user interface components, a selector for selection of different directions of motion to be applied to a specific tooth, where user-selection of a specific type of motion causes display of a slider for moving the specific tooth in the selected direction.

[0169] In some embodiments, instructions 150 and 154 include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, in response to user selection of a selection button for modifications that will apply an attachment to one or more specific teeth, and as one or more of the user-engageable user interface components, a selector for selection of characteristics of the attachment to be applied to a specific tooth, where user-selection of the characteristics causes display of a digital attachment representation to be placed by the user on the specific tooth. For example, the characteristics of the attachment can include a type of attachment (e.g., rectangular, beveled, or torque), a size of the attachment (e.g., 2mm, 3mm, or 4mm), and whether or not the attachment should be inverted.

[0170] In some embodiments, instructions 150 and 154 further include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, in response to user placement of an attachment on a specific tooth, and as one or more of the user-engageable user interface components, a selector for selection of orientation changes to the attachment on the specific tooth, where user-selection of a specific type of modification causes display of one or more sliders for changing the orientation of the attachment on the specific tooth in the selected manner.

[0171] In some embodiments, instructions 150 and 154 include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, in response to user selection of a selection button for modifications to interproximal reduction information for one or more specific teeth, and as one or more of the user-engageable user interface components, a selector for each tooth, each selector enabling modification of an interproximal reduction or of a gap for that specific tooth.

[0172] In some embodiments, instructions 150 and 154 include instructions to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, as one or more of the user-engageable user interface components, one or more selection buttons enabling user selection display of the upper jaw, the lower jaw, the right side of the mouth, the left side of the mouth, the anterior side of the mouth, the mandibular arch, or the maxillary arch.

[0173] As seen in Fig. 2C, the instructions which form part of plan-display-engine 119 (whether stored in storage medium 110 or in server storage medium 122) include:

[0174] • Instructions 160 to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, on display 116 of user-operated device 106 a second graphic user interface (GUI) including: o a three-dimensional digital representation of a dentition model corresponding to a stage of the treatment plan, within a first region of the second GUI; o one or more user-engageable user interface components for manually and explicitly modifying at least one characteristic of the three-dimensional digital representation of the displayed dentition model; and o one or more user-engageable user interface components for manually and explicitly modifying the display of the three-dimensional digital representation of the displayed dentition model; o user-engageable user interface components corresponding to each stage of the treatment plan, for manually and explicitly selecting the displayed dentition model to correspond to a specific stage of the treatment plan;

[0175] • Instructions 162 to receive, from user-operated device 106, one or more manual and explicit modifications to one or more characteristics of the three-dimensional digital representation of the displayed dentition model. Typically, the user modifications were made using input interface(s) 114, by a user interacting with the user interface components displayed on display(s) 116;

[0176] • Instructions 163 to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, on display 116 of user-operated device 106, within the first region of the second GUI, and in realtime upon receipt of the manual and explicit modifications when executing instructions 162: o a three-dimensional digital representation of a user-modified dentition model, which is modified relative to the previously displayed dentition model; o one or more user-engageable user interface components for manually and explicitly modifying at least one characteristic of the three-dimensional digital representation of the user-modified dentition model; and o one or more user-engageable user interface components for manually and explicitly modifying the display of the three-dimensional digital representation of the user-modified dentition model;

[0177] • Instructions 164 to receive, from user-operated device 106, a manual and explicit selection of a modification to the display of the three-dimensional digital representation of the dentition model. Typically, the user confirmation was made using input interface(s) 114, by a user interacting with the user interface components displayed on display(s) 116; • Instructions 165, to be executed in real-time upon receipt of a manual and explicit selection when executing instructions 164, to modify the display, or to cause useroperating device 106 to modify the display of the displayed dentition model within the first region of the second GUI, to be in a selected angle or perspective of display;

[0178] • Instructions 166 to receive, from user-operated device 106, a manual and explicit selection of a stage of the treatment plan. Typically, the user selection was made using input interface(s) 114, by a user interacting with the user interface components displayed on display(s) 116.;

[0179] • Instructions 167, to be executed in real-time upon receipt of a manual and explicit selection when executing instructions 164, to a to display, or to cause user-operating device to display, within the first region of the second GUI, a three-dimensional digital representation of a dentition model corresponding to the selected stage of the treatment plan;

[0180] • Instructions 168 to display, or to cause user-operating device 106 to display, on display 116 of user-operated device 106, a user-engageable user interface component, for user confirmation of the treatment plan; and

[0181] • Instructions 169 to receive, from user-operated device 106, manual and explicit user confirmation of the treatment plan. Typically, the user confirmation was made using input interface(s) 114, by a user interacting with the user interface components displayed on display(s) 116.

[0182] In some embodiments, instructions 160 and 163 are substantially as described hereinabove with respect to instructions 150 and 154.

[0183] Turning to Fig. 2D, it is seen that the instructions stored in server storage medium 122, which form part of 3D-model-generating-engine 124, include:

[0184] • Instructions 170 to receive visual input of teeth of a patient. For example, the images may be received from camera or scanner 115, associated with user-operated device 106, or from another camera or scanner. The visual input may be in the form of two- dimensional images, three-dimensional images, a video scan, or a three-dimensional model;

[0185] • Instructions 172, to be carried out only if the received visual input is not in the form of a three-dimensional digital model, to convert the received visual input into a three- dimensional digital model of the teeth of the patient. For example, a set of two- dimensional or three-dimensional images may be converted into a three-dimensional digital model, for example using techniques and algorithms known in the art for generating a three-dimensional model from two-dimensional or three-dimensional images;

[0186] • Instructions 174, to segment the three-dimensional digital model of the patient’s teeth, so each tooth is represented, in the resulting model, as an individual object. For example, each tooth may be represented as a separate point cloud or mesh structure; and

[0187] • Instructions 176 to complete, within the three-dimensional digital model, each segmented tooth to be a complete object. For example, portions of the tooth that are typically disposed within the gums are not modeled in the original three-dimensional model formed by execution of instructions 172, and are completed following segmentation of the model by execution of instructions 174.

[0188] In some embodiments, 3D-model-generating-engine 124 may further include instructions 178 for generating a proposed dentition model of the teeth of the patient, based on the three- dimensional digital model resulting from execution of instructions 176. In some embodiments, the proposed dentition model may be computed using algorithms known in the art for generating orthodontic proposals.

[0189] In some embodiments, 3D-model-generating-engine 124 may further include instructions 179, to be executed prior to instructions 178, to receive input from regarding constraints applied by the user for treatment of the teeth of the patient. For example, the input may be received from GUI 600, described hereinbelow, in an initial setup stage of the treatment planning.

[0190] Turning to Fig. 2E, it is seen that the instructions stored in server storage medium 122, which form part of simplified-2D-engine 126, include:

[0191] • Instructions 180 to receive a segmented dentition model (e.g., initial dentition model, proposed dentition model) of teeth of a patient.

[0192] • Instructions 181 to determine the mesial-distal direction of anterior teeth in the segmented dentition model;

[0193] • Instructions 182 to determine the mesial-distal direction of posterior teeth in the segmented dentition model;

[0194] • Instructions 184 to determine a size, or exterior contour, of each tooth;

[0195] • Instructions 186 to determine a buccal-lingual dimension of each tooth; • Instructions 188 to generate a simplified digital 2D representation of a set of teeth, which simplified digital 2D representation includes an outline of each tooth, and a length of the tooth in the mesial-distal direction.

[0196] In some embodiments, instructions 180 include instructions to use various algorithms to determine the mesial-distal direction of the anterior teeth. In some embodiments, the algorithms include any one or more of polynomial regression, cutting sections of a curve, finding a maximum value of a curve, and linear regression.

[0197] In some embodiments, instructions 182 include instructions to use various algorithms to determine the mesial-distal direction of the posterior teeth. In some embodiments, the algorithms include any one or more using a k-d tree, identifying local maxima of an object, and finding a direction between identified local maxima.

[0198] In some embodiments, instructions 184 include instructions to use various algorithms to determine the exterior contour of each tooth. In some embodiments, the exterior contour is determined by finding the center of mass of the tooth, and using the contour of the cross-section of the tooth in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tooth, at the center of mass, as the contour of the tooth. In some embodiments, the exterior contour is the largest exterior contour of any cross section of the tooth, in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the tooth.

[0199] In some embodiments, instructions 186 include instructions to compute a plane perpendicular to the mesial-distal direction of each tooth.

[0200] In some embodiments, instructions 188 include instructions to generate the simplified digital 2D representation including only the outline of each tooth and the length of each tooth in the mesial-distal direction. In some embodiments, instructions 188 may include instructions to present other aspects of the tooth, such as a two-dimensional side view of the teeth (e.g., from the right or left sides of the teeth), a direction of the tooth, a numerical representation of a longitudinal length of a tooth, a numerical representation of a depth of a tooth relative to the highest tooth or within the gum, and the like.

[0201] In some embodiments, simplified-2D-engine 126 can be used for generating a simplified two-dimensional representation of upper teeth, lower teeth, or both sets of teeth.

[0202] In some embodiments, simplified-2D-engine 126 can be used for generating a simplified two-dimensional representation based on any dentition model, including initial dentition model, proposed dentition model, user-modified dentition model, and the like.

[0203] In some embodiments, simplified 2D representation generated by simplified-2D-engine 126, is displayed when executing instructions 140 of 2D-display-engine 117. Turning to Fig. 2F, it is seen that the instructions stored in server storage medium 122, which form part of proposed-target-model-engine 127, include:

[0204] • Instructions 190 to receive a specific simplified two-dimensional digital representation of a user-confirmed dentition model. For example, the received simplified-digital representation may be one confirmed by execution of instructions 148 in 2D-display- engine 117; and

[0205] • Instructions 192 to generate a proposed target dentition model, by modifying a proposed dentition model or an initial dentition model, based on, or in accordance with, the received two-dimensional digital representation of the user-confirmed dentition model. In some embodiments, the proposed target dentition model may be computed using algorithms known in the art for generating orthodontic proposals. In some embodiments, the proposed target dentition model may be slightly different from the user-confirmed dentition model, for example because of mechanical or treatment constraints which prevent reaching the actual user-confirmed dentition model.

[0206] In some embodiments, the proposed target dentition model, generated by proposed model engine 127, is displayed when executing instructions 150 of 3D-display-engine 118.

[0207] Turning to Fig. 2G, it is seen that the instructions stored in server storage medium 122, which form part of planning-engine 128, include:

[0208] • Instructions 200 to receive a specific user-confirmed target dentition model. For example, the received target dentition model may be one confirmed by execution of instructions 158 in 3D-display-engine 118;

[0209] • Instructions 202 to divide changes to the dentition model, required to move the patient’s teeth from the initial dentition to a dentition corresponding to the received user-confirmed target dentition model, into a plurality of treatment stages, where the first stage corresponds to the initial dentition and the final stage corresponds to the received user-confirmed target dentition model;

[0210] • Instructions 204 to generate a plurality of proposed stage dentition models, each corresponding to the beginning of one stage of the plurality of treatment stages.

[0211] In some embodiments, the proposed stage dentition model, generated by planning-engine 128, are displayed when executing instructions of plan-display-engine 119.

[0212] Turning to Fig. 2H, it is seen that the instructions stored in server storage medium 122, which form part of ordering-engine 130, include:

[0213] • Instructions 210 to receive the user confirmed treatment plan, for example as received from the user by execution of instructions 169 of plan-display-engine 119; and • Instructions 212 to generate a specification of aligners, required for implementation of the user confirmed treatment plan. The specification may include the stage dentition models required for generation of the aligners, a duration each aligner should be used, a material from which the aligner is to be manufactured, and the like.

[0214] In some embodiments, the instructions stored in server storage medium 122, which form part of ordering-engine 130 may further include instructions 214 to electronically transmit the specification generated by execution of instructions 212, and / or additional treatment information, to a manufacturing facility, for manufacturing of the aligners for implementation of the treatment plan.

[0215] In some embodiments, the instructions stored in server storage medium 122, which form part of ordering-engine 130 may further include instructions 216 to physically or electronically transmit the specification generated by execution of instructions 212 to the user or to another treatment facility, for example via an email message or by printing out a physical copy of at least some components of the treatment plan.

[0216] Figs. 3 A, 3B, and 3C, together, are a flow chart of a method for orthodontic treatment planning according to an embodiment of the disclosed technology. The method may be implemented using systems 100a or 100b of Figs. 1 A to 2H.

[0217] At step S300 of Fig. 3A, the system (e.g. system 100a or system 100b of Figs. 1A-1B) receives a visual input of teeth of a patient (e.g., by execution of instructions 170, Fig. 2D). The visual input may be, for example, one or more two-dimensional images of the teeth of the patient, one or more three-dimensional images of the teeth of the patient, or a three-dimensional model or scan of the teeth of the patient.

[0218] In some embodiments, in which the received visual input is not in the form of a three- dimensional model, the system constructs a three-dimensional model from the received visual input, at step S302, (e.g., by execution of instructions 172, Fig. 2D). If the received input is, or includes, a three-dimensional model, this step may be omitted.

[0219] In some embodiments, at step S304, the three-dimensional model of the patient’s teeth is processed to form an initial dentition model, (e.g., by execution of instructions 174-176, Fig. 2D). At step S306, a proposed dentition model is generated (e.g., by execution of instructions 178, Fig. 2D).

[0220] In some embodiments, the method further includes an optional step S307, to receive from the user input providing constraints to be applied when generating the proposed dentition model at step S306. For example, the input may be provided by user interaction with GUI 600, when the GUI is displayed to the user (e.g., on display 116 of user-operated device 106, Figs. 1 A And IB). At step S308, the instructions forming simplified-2D-engine 126 (Fig. 2E) are executed to form simplified two-dimensional digital representations of the initial dentition model and of the proposed target dentition model.

[0221] The simplified two-dimensional digital representations are provided 2D-display-engine 117, which, at step S310, causes a display (e.g. display 116 of Figs. 1A-1B) of a networked device (e.g. user-operated device 106 of Figs. 1A-1B), to display the simplified two-dimensional representation of the proposed dentition model superimposed on the simplified two-dimensional representation of the initial dentition model, alongside interproximal reduction information associated with the proposed dentition model and alongside user interface components for modification of one or more characteristics of the proposed dentition model (e.g., by execution of instructions 140, Fig. 2A).

[0222] Subsequently, at step S312, manual and explicit modification of one or more characteristics of the proposed dentition model is received by the system (e.g., by execution of instructions 142, Fig. 2A). The manual and explicit modification may be provided by the user using one or more input interfaces (e.g. interfaces 114 of Figs. 1A-1B) of the networked device.

[0223] Responsive to receipt of the modifications to the characteristic(s) of the proposed dentition model, at step S314, and in real time, the display is caused to reflect the modifications to the proposed dentition model so as to show a simplified two-dimensional representation of a user- modified dentition model, (e.g., by execution of instructions 144, Fig. 2A). The displayed interproximal reduction information is also updated to reflect the modifications made by the user. The display is further caused to display a selection user interface component (e.g., by execution of instructions 146, Fig. 2A).

[0224] At step S316, the system evaluates whether a user selection of a specific simplified two- dimensional representation corresponding to a specific user-modified dentition model has been received (e.g., by execution of instructions 148, Fig. 2A). If no such user selection has been received, the flow returns to step S312, for the user to provide additional modifications to the model(s). Otherwise, at step S318, a proposed target dentition model is generated, based on the selected simplified two-dimensional representation of the user selected user-modified dentition model (e.g., by execution of instructions 190 and 192, Fig. 2F). It is to be appreciated that the proposed target dentition model is likely to be similar to, but need not be identical to, the user- selected user-modified dentition model.

[0225] The proposed target dentition model is provided to 3D-display-engine 118, which, at step S320, causes the display to display the proposed target dentition model, alongside user interface components for modifying the three-dimensional digital representation of the proposed target dentition model and user interface components for modifying the display of the target dentition model (e.g., by execution of instructions 150, Fig. 2B).

[0226] Subsequently, at step S322, manual and explicit modification of one or more characteristics of the proposed target dentition model is received by the system (e.g., by execution of instructions 152, Fig. 2B). The manual and explicit modifications may be provided by the user using one or more input interfaces (e.g. interfaces 114 of Figs. 1A-1B) of the networked device.

[0227] Responsive to receipt of the modifications to the characteristic(s) of the proposed target dentition model, at step S324, and in real time, the display is caused to reflect the modifications to the proposed target dentition model (e.g., by execution of instructions 154, Fig. 2B) by display of a user-modified target dentition model. The display is further caused to display a selection user interface component (e.g., by execution of instructions 156, Fig. 2B).

[0228] At step S326, the system evaluates whether a user selection of a specific user-modified target dentition model has been received (e.g., by execution of instructions 158, Fig. 2A). If no such user selection has been received, the flow returns to step S322, for the user to provide additional modifications to the model(s). Otherwise, at step S328, a proposed treatment plan is generated, based on the selected user-modified target dentition model (e.g., by execution of instructions forming planning module 128, Fig. 2G).

[0229] The proposed treatment plan is provided to plan-display-engine 119, which, at step S330, causes the display to display the proposed treatment plan (e.g., by execution of instructions 160, Fig. 2C).

[0230] Subsequently, at step S332, manual and explicit modification of one or more characteristics of the proposed treatment plan or of the display thereof may be received by the system (e.g., by execution of instructions 162, 164, or 166, Fig. 2C). The manual and explicit modifications may be provided by the user using one or more input interfaces (e.g. interfaces 114 of Figs. 1A-1B) of the networked device.

[0231] Responsive to receipt of the modifications to the characteristic(s) of the proposed treatment plan or to the display thereof, at step S334, and in real time, the display is caused to reflect the modifications to the proposed treatment plan by display of a user-modified treatment plan (e.g., by execution of instructions 163, Fig. 2C) or by modifying the display (e.g., by execution of instructions 165 and / or 167, Fig. 2C). The display is further caused to display a confirmation user interface component (e.g., by execution of instructions 168, Fig. 2C).

[0232] At step S336, the system evaluates whether a user confirmation of the displayed treatment plan has been received (e.g., by execution of instructions 169, Fig. 2C). If no such user selection has been received, the flow returns to step S332, for the user to provide additional modifications to the treatment plan. Otherwise, at step S338, the treatment plan is confirmed. In some embodiments, at step S340, the treatment plan is provided to an aligner manufacturing facility and / or to the user (e.g., by execution of instructions forming ordering module 130, Fig. 2H).

[0233] Reference is now made to Fig. 4, which illustrates a flow of information in a network, such as network 104 of Fig. 1A, when implementing the method of Figs. 3A-3C. The network includes a computing device at a first network node on the network and used by a user, such as computing user-operated device 106 of Fig. 1A, and a system or server at a second node on the network, such as system 100a of Fig. 1A. The computing device is associated with at least one input interface and with at least one display, such as input interface(s) 114 and display(s) 116 of Fig. 1A. The flow of information in the network is designed for generating an orthodontic treatment plan, as described herein.

[0234] In Fig. 4, the flow of data in the network is illustrated in order from the top of the drawing to the bottom. Data sent via the network includes, in order: a. a visual input of teeth of the patient (possibly accompanied by constraints input to be applied to treatment of the teeth of the patient), transmitted from image capturing device 115, via user-operated device 106, to system 100a, at reference numeral 400; b. simplified two-dimensional representations of an initial dentition model and of a proposed dentition model, for display on the at least one display 116 of user-operated device, transmitted from system 100a to user-operated device 106 at reference numeral 402; c. a user-selected simplified two-dimensional representation of a user-modified dentition model, manually and explicitly selected by the user, transmitted from user-operated device 106 to system 100a, at reference numeral 404; d. a three-dimensional proposed target dentition model, for display on the at least one display 116 of user-operated device, transmitted from system 100a to user-operated device 106 at reference numeral 406; e. a user-selected user-modified target dentition model, manually and explicitly selected by the user, transmitted from user-operated device 106 to system 100a, at reference numeral 408; f. a proposed treatment plan, for display on the at least one display 116 of user-operated device, transmitted from system 100a to user-operated device 106 at reference numeral 410; g. a user-confirmed treatment plan, which may be the same as the proposed treatment plan or a user-modified treatment plan, manually and explicitly confirmed by the user, transmitted from user-operated device 106 to system 100a, at reference numeral 412; and h. a specification of a final treatment plan, including specifications of required aligners, dentition models corresponding to each stage of the treatment plan, treatment durations, and the like, transmitted from system 100a to user-operated device 106 at reference numeral 414.

[0235] In some embodiments, network 104 further includes a second computing device at another network node, the second computing device being associated with a manufacturing facility for manufacture of the aligners. In some such embodiments, reference numeral 414 further includes at least portions of the specification being transmitted, from system 100a via the network, to the second computing device, for manufacture of the aligners.

[0236] It is to be appreciated that in the system of Fig. 1A, the computation is distributed between server processor(s) 120 and processor(s) 108 of user-operated device 106, thereby reducing the communication between the two devices, for example as compared to communication in the system of Fig. IB, described hereinbelow with respect to Fig. 5.

[0237] Reference is now made to Figs. 5A and 5B, which together illustrate a flow of information in a network, such as network 104 of Fig. IB, when implementing the method of Figs. 3A-3C. The network includes a computing device at a first network node on the network and used by a user, such as computing user-operated device 106 of Fig. IB, and a system or server at a second node on the network, such as system 100b of Fig. IB. The computing device is associated with at least one input interface and with at least one display, such as input interface(s) 114 and display(s) 116 of Fig. 1A. The flow of information in the network is designed for generating an orthodontic treatment plan, as described herein.

[0238] In Figs. 5 A and 5B, the flow of data in the network is illustrated in order from the top of the drawing to the bottom. Data sent via the network includes, in order: a. a visual input of teeth of the patient, transmitted from image capturing device 115, via user-operated device 106, to system 100b, at reference numeral 500; b. simplified two-dimensional representations of an initial dentition model and of a proposed dentition model, as well as interproximal reduction information associated with the proposed dentition model and user interface components, rules, and / or datasets for manual and explicit modification of the proposed dentition model, for display on the at least one display 116 of user-operated device, transmitted from system 100b to user-operated device 106 at reference numeral 502; c. manual and explicit modifications, by the user, of one or more characteristics of the proposed dentition model, transmitted from user-operated device 106 to server 100 at reference numeral 504; d. simplified two-dimensional representations of an initial dentition model and of a user- modified dentition model, as well as interproximal reduction information associated with the user-modified dentition model and user interface components, rules, and / or datasets for manual and explicit modification of the user-modified dentition model and for selection of a specific user-modified dentition model, for display on the at least one display 116 of user-operated device, transmitted from system 100b to user-operated device 106 at reference numeral 506; e. manual and explicit selection, by the user, of a simplified two-dimensional representation of a specific user-modified dentition model, transmitted from useroperated device 106 to system 100b, at reference numeral 508; f. a three-dimensional proposed target dentition model, as well as user interface components, rules, and / or datasets for manual and explicit modification of the proposed target dentition model and / or for modification of the display of the proposed target dentition model, for display on the at least one display 116 of user-operated device, transmitted from system 100b to user-operated device 106 at reference numeral 512; g. manual and explicit modifications, by the user, of one or more characteristics of the proposed target dentition model or of the display of the proposed target dentition model, transmitted from user-operated device 106 to server 100 at reference numeral 514; h. a user-modified target dentition model, or a modified display of the target dentition model, as well as user interface components, rules, and / or datasets for manual and explicit modification of the user-modified target dentition model, for modification of the display of the user-modified target dentition model, and for selection of a specific user-modified target dentition model, for display on the at least one display 116 of user-operated device, transmitted from system 100b to user-operated device 106 at reference numeral 516; i. manual and explicit selection, by the user, of a specific user-modified target dentition model, transmitted from user-operated device 106 to system 100b, at reference numeral 518; j. a proposed treatment plan, as well as user interface components, rules, and / or datasets for manual and explicit modification of one or more stage dentition models of the proposed treatment plan and / or for modification of the display of one or more stage dentition model of the proposed treatment plan, for display on the at least one display 116 of user-operated device, is transmitted from system 100b to user-operated device 106 at reference numeral 522; k. manual and explicit modifications, by the user, of one or more characteristics of one of the stage dentition models of the proposed treatment or of the display of the proposed treatment plan, transmitted from user-operated device 106 to server 100 at reference numeral 524; l. a user-modified treatment plan, or a modified display of the treatment plan, as well as user interface components, rules, and / or datasets for manual and explicit modification of one or more stage dentition models of the proposed treatment plan and / or for modification of the display of one or more stage dentition model of the proposed treatment plan, and for confirmation of a treatment plan, for display on the at least one display 116 of user-operated device, transmitted from system 100b to user-operated device 106 at reference numeral 526; m. manual and explicit confirmation, by the user, of the proposed treatment plan or of a user-modified treatment plan, transmitted from user-operated device 106 to system 100b, at reference numeral 528; and n. a specification of a final treatment plan, including specifications of required aligners, dentition models corresponding to each stage of the treatment plan, treatment durations, and the like, is transmitted from system 100b to user-operated device 106 at reference numeral 530.

[0239] In some embodiments, network 104 further includes a second computing device at another network node, the second computing device being associated with a manufacturing facility for manufacture of the aligners. In some such embodiments, reference numeral 530 further includes at least portions of the specification being transmitted, from system 100b via the network, to the second computing device, for manufacture of the aligners.

[0240] In some embodiments, in which the user is happy with the proposed dentition model, the user may directly select the proposed dentition model, and the transmissions in reference numerals 504 and 506 may be omitted. In some embodiments, in which the user iteratively modifies the proposed dentition model, the transmissions in reference numerals 504 and 506 may repeated more than once, prior to the transmission of a user selection, at reference numeral 508.

[0241] In some embodiments, in which the user is happy with the proposed target dentition model, the user may directly select the proposed target dentition model, and the transmissions in reference numerals 514 and 516 may be omitted.

[0242] In some embodiments, in which the user iteratively modifies the proposed target dentition model, the transmissions in reference numerals 514 and 516 may repeated more than once, prior to the transmission of a user selection, at reference numeral 518.

[0243] In some embodiments, in which the user is happy with the proposed treatment plan, the user may directly confirm the proposed treatment plan, and the transmissions in reference numerals 524 and 526 may be omitted.

[0244] In some embodiments, in which the user iteratively modifies the proposed treatment plan, the transmissions in reference numerals 524 and 526 may repeated more than once, prior to the transmission of a user confirmation, at reference numeral 528.

[0245] Reference is now made to Figs. 6A-6C, which illustrate components of a setup Graphic User Interface (GUI) 600 for setting up orthodontic treatment planning for a specific patient by a specific user, according to embodiments of the disclosed technology. As seen, GUI 600 may appear on a display, such as display 116 of user-operated device 106 (Figs. 1A-1B). The content of GUI 600 may be provided to the device by the server, such as server 100a or server 100b (Figs. 1A-1B), as discussed in detail hereinabove.

[0246] As seen in Fig. 6A, GUI 600 includes an image region 602 and an interaction region 604. Image region 602 is used to display images of the specific patient and of the teeth of the specific patient, for example as received with the visual input relating to the user (step S300 of Figs. 3A- 3C). Interaction region 604 includes user interface components (UICs) for user interaction with the interface, such as for manual and explicit user selection of desired characteristics of the treatment plan to be generated for the specific patient. Interaction region 604 may include a presentation sub-region 604a adapted to present to the user their selections.

[0247] As seen in Figs. 6A and 6B, at a first setup phase, interaction region 604 includes a selector 606 allowing the user to select whether they want to interact with characteristics of the teeth or characteristics that exist between the teeth (inter-teeth). When the selector marks that the user wishes to provide indications relating to the teeth, as shown in Fig. 6A, interaction region 604 further includes a plurality of UICs (e.g., buttons), each enabling the user to provide specific guidance about the teeth to be treated. For example, a button 608a enables the user to indicate which teeth should be unmovable, a button 608b enables the user to indicate which teeth should be extracted, and button a 608c enables the user to indicate teeth that are absent in the patient’s mouth (e.g., wisdom teeth that have not yet grown in, teeth that have been previously extracted, and the like).

[0248] The indications marked by the user interacting with buttons 608a, 608b, and / or 608c can be presented to the user over a schematic representation 610 of the patient’s teeth showing individual teeth 611, which is presented in presentation sub-region 604a. In some embodiments, the user may select one of buttons 608a, 608b, or 608c, and then mark, within sub-region 604a, the tooth or teeth relevant for the selected indication.

[0249] Interaction region further includes a ‘RESET’ UIC 612 allowing the user to reset the provided indications, and a ‘NEXT’ UIC 614 allowing the user to move to the next portion of GUI 600, illustrated in Fig. 6C.

[0250] Typically, following entering the desired tooth indications into schematic representation 610 of the patient’s teeth, the user would modify the at selector 606 to provide input relating to the areas between the teeth, as described herein with respect to Fig. 6B.

[0251] When the selector marks that the user wishes to provide indications relating to the spaces between the teeth, as shown in Fig. 6B, interaction region 604 further includes a plurality of UICs (e.g., buttons), each enabling the user to provide specific guidance about the spaces to be treated. For example, a button 618a enables the user to indicate which teeth are bonded together, and a button 618b enables the user to indicate where a space should be created between the teeth.

[0252] The indications marked by the user interacting with buttons 618a and / or 618b can be presented to the user over schematic representation 610. When selector 606 is on the inter-teeth option, representation 610 shows, in addition to individual teeth 611, also areas 621 between the teeth. In some embodiments, the user may select one of buttons 618a or 618b, and then mark, within sub-region 604a, the areas 621 relevant for the selected indication.

[0253] The interaction region continues to include ‘RESET’ UIC 612 and ‘NEXT’ UIC 614 when selector 606 is on the inter-teeth setting.

[0254] Fig. 6C illustrates the GUI after the user has pressed ‘NEXT’ UIC 614. As seen, the display retains the image region 602 substantially unchanged, but modifies the content and the UICs in the interaction region 604.

[0255] For example, and as shown, the interaction region 604 includes three questions, each associated with radio buttons enabling selection of a single one of multiple possible answers. A first question 630 relates to desired changes to the vertical dimension of the mouth, and allows selection of a single option from the group: (i) maintaining the original; (ii) correcting open-bite; and (iii) correcting deep bite.

[0256] A second question 632 is a yes / no question asking the user whether they would like to correct the antero-posterior dimension, and is associated with ‘yes’ and ‘no’ radio buttons.

[0257] A third question 634 asks the user what their stripping (i.e., interproximal reduction) preferences are, with the options for response being ‘anteriors’ (i.e., stripping applied to anterior teeth only), ‘posteriors’ (i.e., stripping applied to posterior teeth only), and ‘both’.

[0258] It is to be appreciated that the GUI may include fewer questions, additional questions, or other questions, in place of questions 630,632, and 634, which are shown as an example only.

[0259] Interaction region further includes a ‘PREVIOUS’ UIC 642 allowing the user to return to the previous screen of the GUI, shown in Figs. 6A or 6B, and an ‘APPROVE’ UIC 644 allowing the user to confirm the input of their priorities, with respect to the specific patient. It is to be appreciated that following user engagement with the ‘APPROVE’ UIC, the information provided by user interaction with elements of GUI 600, which includes constraints to be applied to a generated treatment plan, is provided as input to 3D-model-generating-engine, to be used during generation of a proposed dentition model. For example, this information may include as indications of specific teeth or gaps between teeth to be treated or left alone, as well as answers to questions 630, 632, and 634.

[0260] Reference is now made to Fig. 7 A, which illustrates components of a Graphic User Interface (GUI) 700 for modifying an arch-form of a simplified two-dimensional representation of a dentition as part of orthodontic treatment planning for a specific patient by a specific user, according to embodiments of the disclosed technology, and to Figs. 7B-7F illustrate examples of user engagements with the user interface components of GUI 700. As seen, GUI 700 may appear on a display, such as display 116 of user-operated device 106 (Figs. 1A-1B). The content of GUI 600 may be provided to the device by the server, such as server 100a or server 100b (Figs. 1A- 1B), as discussed in detail hereinabove.

[0261] As seen in Fig. 7A, GUI 700 includes a teeth representation region 702, showing a simplified two-dimensional presentation of a proposed dentition model 704, superimposed on a simplified two-dimensional presentation of an initial dentition model 706 of the patient, shown, for example, in dashed lines. Teeth presentation region 702 further includes a number of UICs allowing modifications to the proposed dentition model and / or to the display of the teeth, as explained hereinbelow. GUI 700 further includes an interface settings bar 712, here shown on the left-hand side of GUI 700. Interface settings bar 712 includes a ‘HOME’ UIC 720, which, when engaged by the user, returns to the initial display of the user interface, a ‘BOLTON’ UIC 722 which, when engaged by the user opens an area presenting Bolton ratio or Bolton analysis for the teeth of the patient, and an ‘IMAGES’ UIC 724 which, when engaged by the user, opens an area presenting images of the user’s mouth, for example as shown in images region 602 of Figs. 6A-6C.

[0262] GUI 700 additionally includes a treatment settings bar 732, here shown at the top of GUI 700. Treatment settings bar 732 includes an ‘UNDO’ UIC 734 and a ‘REDO’ UIC 736, which, when engaged by the user, reverse the last action or repeat the last action performed on simplified two-dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704. Treatment setting bar further includes a ‘RESET’ UIC 738 returns to the initial display of the user interface, including no modifications to the arch-form.

[0263] Within treatment settings bar 732, an ‘ARCHFORM’ UIC 740 brings the user to GUI 700, an ‘OVERJET’ UIC 742 transitions the user to GUI 800, described hereinbelow with respect to Figs. 8A-8C, and a ‘MIDLINES’ UIC 744 transitions the user to GUI 900, described hereinbelow with respect to Figs. 9A-9B.

[0264] Treatment settings bar 732 further includes a ‘SAVE’ UIC 746 allowing the user to save their work, and an ‘APPROVE’ UIC 748 allowing the user to approve all modifications to the simplified two-dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704.

[0265] A right-hand side of GUI 700 includes an IPR region 750, which includes boxes displaying interproximal reduction information for each of the upper right arch half, upper left arch half; lower left arch half, and lower right arch half. As explained in further detail hereinbelow, the interproximal reduction information in IPR region 750 is automatically updated, in real time, when the user makes modifications to simplified two-dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704 by interaction with UICs of GUI 700.

[0266] GUI 700 further includes a view region 760, including UICs allowing the user to control the display within teeth presentation region 702. In the illustrated embodiment, the UICs in view region 760 are checkboxes. An ‘OPPOSITE’ UIC 762 enables the user to include, within teeth presentation region, a simplified two-dimensional presentation of the opposing set of teeth (e.g., when working on modifications to the upper teeth, checking of UIC 762 adds to the display the simplified two-dimensional presentation of the lower teeth). An ‘ORIGINAL’ UIC 764 enables the user to include, or remove, the simplified two-dimensional presentation of initial dentition model 706. A ‘GRID’ UIC 766 enables the user to include, or remove, a grid display from teeth presentation region 702. The grid display may enable the user to more accurately assess, or modify, the positioning of the teeth.

[0267] GUI 700 occurs when ‘ARCHFORM’ UIC 740 is engaged. As such, UICs included in teeth presentation region 702 of GUI 700 are designed to enable modifications to the arch-form of the user’s teeth. These UICs include:

[0268] • An arch selector UIC 770, here shown at an upper portion of region 702, allowing the user to select whether they are modifying the upper arch-form or the lower arch-form of the simplified two-dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704;

[0269] • An area selector UIC 772, here shown at the left side of region 702, allowing the user to select which area of the arch-form they wish to modify. The options provided for modification are inter-canines, inter-pre-molars, and inter-molars;

[0270] • A shape selector UIC 774, here shown at the lower portion of region 702, allowing the user to select a basic arch-form shape to be used, as explained in further detail hereinbelow with respect to Figs. 8E-8F; and

[0271] • An arch-form modification slider UIC 776, here shown beneath UIC 774, allowing the user to increase or decrease the arch-form of simplified two-dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704, at a specific area, by sliding UIC 776 left and / or right.

[0272] As also shown hereinbelow, it is to be appreciated that the UICs in interface settings bar 712, treatment settings bar 732, IPR region 750, and view region 760, are common to GUIs 700, 800 (Figs. 8A-8C), and 900 (Figs. 9A-9B). Additionally, the existence of a teeth presentation region (e.g., region 702), and the display of simplified two-dimensional presentations 704 and 706 therein, are common to GUIs 700, 800, and 900. However, the UICs within the teeth presentation region, are unique to each of the GUIs, as shown hereinbelow.

[0273] Turning to Fig. 7B, it is seen that the user has selected to modify the upper teeth by engaging arch-selector UIC 770, and has selected to modify the upper arch-form in the inter-pre- molar area, as indicated by selection of the central button of area selector UIC 772. Subsequently, the user has modified the arch-form by sliding UIC 776 significantly to the left.

[0274] Comparison of Figs. 7A and 7B illustrates that sliding of UIC 776 to the left results in significant narrowing of the inter-pre-molar area, shown, in real time, on simplified two- dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704 within teeth presentation region 702. Comparison of Figs. 7 A and 7B additionally shows that the interproximal reduction information which relates to the upper arch has changed, in real-time, to reflect changes to interproximal reduction required in view of the modifications to the arch-form. Turning to Fig. 7C, it is seen that the user has selected to further modify the upper archform in the inter-canines area, as indicated by selection of the upper button of area selector UIC 772. Subsequently, the user has modified the arch-form by sliding UIC 776 for this area significantly to the right.

[0275] Comparison of Figs. 7B and 7C illustrates that sliding of UIC 776 to the right, for the intercanines area, results in significant broadening of the inter-canines area, shown, in real time, on simplified two-dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704 within teeth presentation region 702. Comparison of Figs. 7B and 7C additionally shows that the interproximal reduction information which relates to the upper arch has changed, in real-time, to reflect changes to interproximal reduction required in view of the modifications to the arch-form.

[0276] Turning to Fig. 7D, it is seen that the user has selected to further modify the upper archform in the inter-molars area, as indicated by selection of the lower button of area selector UIC 772. Subsequently, the user has modified the arch-form by sliding UIC 776 for this area significantly to the left.

[0277] Comparison of Figs. 7C and 7D illustrates that sliding of UIC 776 to the left, for the intermolars area, results in significant narrowing of the inter-molars area, shown, in real time, on simplified two-dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704 within teeth presentation region 702. Comparison of Figs. 7C and 7D additionally shows that the interproximal reduction information which relates to the upper arch has changed, in real-time, to reflect changes to interproximal reduction required in view of the modifications to the arch-form.

[0278] Turning now to Figs. 7E-7F, the user has decided to take a different approach to modifying the upper arch-form of the patient’s teeth. The user had reset the display of simplified two- dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704 (e.g., by engaging UIC 738), and has engaged shape selector UIC 774. This opens a GUI region 780, within teeth presenting region 702. GUI region 780 includes a plurality of UICs (e.g., buttons), each corresponding to a specific teeth arch-form, commonly used in orthodontic treatment planning. In the illustrated example, GUI region 780 includes buttons 782, 784, 786, and 788 corresponding to four different common arch forms. In the present example, the user has engaged button 784, which corresponds to a square arch-form. The results of this user interaction with UIC 784, which are presented to the user in real-time, are illustrated in Fig. 7F.

[0279] As seen in Fig. 7F, the arch-form of the upper teeth, within simplified two-dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704, is much more square than that shown in Fig. 7E. Additionally, the interproximal reduction information for the upper arch has changed, within IPR region 750. Once the user has selected the desired arch-form in GUI region 780, the GUI region has disappeared.

[0280] It is to be appreciated that following selection of a common arch-form using UIC 774 and GUI region 780, the user can modify the arch-form further by interaction with UICs 772 and 776, as explained hereinabove with respect to Figs. 7B-7D.

[0281] Reference is now made to Fig. 8A, which illustrates components of a Graphic User Interface (GUI) 800 for modifying an overjet of a simplified two-dimensional representation of a dentition as part of orthodontic treatment planning for a specific patient by a specific user, according to embodiments of the disclosed technology, and to Figs. 8B-8C, which illustrate examples of user engagements with the user interface components of GUI 800. As seen, GUI 800 may appear on a display, such as display 116 of user-operated device 106 (Figs. 1A-1B). The content of GUI 800 may be provided to the device by the server, such as server 100a or server 100b (Figs. 1A-1B), as discussed in detail hereinabove.

[0282] As seen in Fig. 8A, and as mentioned hereinabove with respect to Fig. 7A, GUI 800 also includes a teeth representation region 702, showing a simplified two-dimensional presentation of a proposed dentition model 704, superimposed on a simplified two-dimensional presentation of an initial dentition model 706 of the patient. Teeth presentation region 702 further includes a number of UICs allowing modifications to the proposed dentition model and / or to the display of the teeth, as explained hereinbelow.

[0283] GUI 800 further includes interface settings bar 712, treatment settings bar 732, IPR region 750, and view region 760, all substantially as described hereinabove with respect to Fig. 7A.

[0284] As seen in Fig. 8A, GUI 800 is displayed when ‘OVERJET’ UIC 742 is engaged. As such, UICs included in teeth presentation region 702 of GUI 800 are designed to enable modifications to the overjet of the user’s teeth. These UICs include:

[0285] • An arch selector UIC 870, here shown at an upper portion of region 702, allowing the user to select whether they are modifying the upper arch-form or the lower arch-form of the simplified two-dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704; and

[0286] • An overjet modification slider UIC 872, here shown on the left side of region 702, allowing the user to increase or decrease the overjet of simplified two-dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704, by sliding UIC 872 up (i.e., increase overjet, or move teeth outward) or down (i.e., decrease overjet, or move teeth inward).

[0287] Turning to Fig. 8B, it is seen that the user has selected to modify the upper teeth by engaging arch-selector UIC 870, and has modified the upper arch-form by sliding UIC 872 lightly upward. Comparison of Figs. 8A and 8B illustrates that sliding of UIC 872 upward results in an increase in the overjet, or pushing of the upper teeth outward, as shown, in real time, on simplified two-dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704 within teeth presentation region 702. Comparison of Figs. 8A and 8B additionally shows that the interproximal reduction information which relates to the upper arch has changed, in real-time, to reflect changes to interproximal reduction required in view of the modifications to the arch-form.

[0288] Turning to Fig. 8C, it is seen that the user has selected to now modify the lower arch-form by engaging arch-selector UIC 870, and has moved slider 782 very slightly upward, from 0 to 0.39. As seen in IPR region 750, this mild modification made no change to the interproximal reduction information, relative to that shown in region 750 of Fig. 8B.

[0289] Reference is now made to Fig. 9A, which illustrates components of a Graphic User Interface (GUI) 900 for modifying a midline of a simplified two-dimensional representation of a dentition as part of orthodontic treatment planning for a specific patient by a specific user, according to embodiments of the disclosed technology, and to Fig. 9B, which illustrates examples of user engagements with the user interface components of GUI 900. As seen, GUI 900 may appear on a display, such as display 116 of user-operated device 106 (Figs. 1A-1B). The content of GUI 900 may be provided to the device by the server, such as server 100a or server 100b (Figs. 1A- 1B), as discussed in detail hereinabove.

[0290] As seen in Fig. 9A, and as mentioned hereinabove with respect to Fig. 7A, GUI 900 also includes a teeth representation region 702, showing a simplified two-dimensional presentation of a proposed dentition model 704, superimposed on a simplified two-dimensional presentation of an initial dentition model 706 of the patient. Teeth presentation region 702 further includes a number of UICs allowing modifications to the proposed dentition model and / or to the display of the teeth, as explained hereinbelow. In GUI 900, in addition to simplified two-dimensional presentations 704 and 706, a midline 902 is presented at the center of presentation 704, indicative of the current midline of the displayed arch-form.

[0291] GUI 900 further includes interface settings bar 712, treatment settings bar 732, IPR region 750, and view region 760, all substantially as described hereinabove with respect to Fig. 7A.

[0292] As seen in Fig. 9A, GUI 900 is displayed when ‘MID LINES’ UIC 744 is engaged. As such, UICs included in teeth presentation region 702 of GUI 900 are designed to enable modifications to the midline of the user’s teeth. These UICs include:

[0293] • An arch selector UIC 970, here shown at an upper portion of region 702, allowing the user to select whether they are modifying the upper arch-form or the lower arch-form of the simplified two-dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704; and • A midline modification slider UIC 972, here shown on the left side of region 702, allowing the user to move the midline of simplified two-dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704, by sliding UIC 972 right or left.

[0294] Turning to Fig. 9B, it is seen that the user has selected to modify the upper teeth by engaging arch-selector UIC 970, and has modified the upper arch-form by sliding UIC 972 significantly to the left.

[0295] Comparison of Figs. 9A and 9B illustrates that sliding of UIC 972 upward results in shifting of midline 902, as well as the teeth surrounding it, to the left, as shown, in real time, on simplified two-dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704 within teeth presentation region 702. Comparison of Figs. 9A and 9B additionally shows that the interproximal reduction information which relates to the upper arch has changed, in real-time, to reflect changes to interproximal reduction required in view of the modifications to the arch-form.

[0296] It is to be appreciated that following any modification to the upper arch-form in simplified two-dimensional presentation of proposed dentition model 704, interproximal reduction information for the lower arch-form may be modified following each modification to the upper arch-form (e.g., the modifications of Figs. 7B, 7C, 7D, 7F, 8B, 8C, and 9B), for example in order to reflect corresponding modifications that should be made to the lower arch-form in view of the modifications made to the upper arch-form.

[0297] Reference is now made to Fig. 10, which illustrates components of a Graphic User Interface (GUI) 1000 for modifying a three-dimensional representation of a proposed target dentition model as part of orthodontic treatment planning for a specific patient by a specific user, according to embodiments of the disclosed technology. As seen, GUI 1000 may appear on a display, such as display 116 of user-operated device 106 (Figs. 1A-1B). The content of GUI 600 may be provided to the device by the server, such as server 100a or server 100b (Figs. 1A-1B), as discussed in detail hereinabove.

[0298] As seen in Fig. 10, GUI 1000 includes a teeth representation region 1002, showing a three- dimensional representation of a proposed target dentition model 1004.

[0299] GUI 1000 further includes an interface settings bar 1012, here shown on the left-hand side of GUI 1000. Interface settings bar 1012 is similar to interface settings bar 712 (Fig. 7A), and includes ‘HOME’ UIC 720, ‘BOLTON’ UIC 722, and ‘IMAGES’ UIC 724, as described hereinabove. Interface settings bar 1012 further includes a ‘MOVES’ UIC 1014 which, when engaged by the user, indicates the motion, in each of multiple directions required to move each tooth from the initial dentition to the proposed target dentition. GUI 1000 additionally includes a treatment settings bar 1032, here shown at the top of GUI 1000. Treatment settings bar 1032 includes ‘UNDO’ UIC 734, ‘REDO’ UIC 736, and ‘RESET’ UIC 738, all substantially as described herein with respect to Fig. 7A.

[0300] Treatment settings bar 1032 further includes a ‘TEETH-MOVE’ UIC 1040, which, when engaged by the user, allows the user to select a specific tooth and opens up additional UICs allowing the user to move the selected tooth in one or more directions.

[0301] Treatment settings bar 1032 additionally includes an ‘ATTCH’ UIC 1042, which, when engaged by the user, allows the user to place an attachment (e.g., braces) on one or more specific teeth, and opens up additional UICs allowing the user to define or modify characteristics of the placed attachment, such as its type, size, inversion status, orientation, exact placement on the tooth, and the like.

[0302] Treatment settings bar 1032 additionally includes an ‘IPR’ UIC 1044, which, when engaged by the user, enables the user to modify the interproximal reduction volume, or the space volume, for each tooth.

[0303] Treatment settings bar 1032 further includes a ‘SUPER’ UIC 1046, which, when engaged by the user, allows the user to superimpose the initial dentition on the proposed target dentition model, to see the initial and target state of the teeth. For example, engagement of the user with this UIC may add some transparency to the display to enable the superimposition.

[0304] Treatment settings bar 1032 further includes ‘SAVE’ UIC 746 and ‘APPROVE’ UIC 748, substantially as described hereinabove with respect to Fig. 7A.

[0305] A right-hand side of GUI 1000 includes a view region 1060, including UICs allowing the user to control the display within teeth presentation region 1002. In the illustrated embodiment, the UICs in view region 1060 include buttons and checkboxes. For example, UICs in view region 1060 enable the user to modify the view within teeth presentation region 1002 to show only the lower teeth, only the upper teeth, the anterior side of the teeth, the left side of the teeth (i.e., left side of the arches of teeth), the right side of the teeth (i.e., right side of the arches of teeth), the maxillary molars, and the mandibular molars. UICs in view region 1060 further enable the user to zoom in or zoom out on the presentation of the teeth.

[0306] An ‘ATTACH’ UIC 1064 enables the user to view or remove from view the elements (e.g., braces) to be attached to the teeth. A ‘GRID’ UIC 1066 enables the user to include, or remove, a grid display from teeth presentation region 1002.

[0307] In some embodiments, when the user approves the user-modified target dentition model, GUI 1000 may include another UIC, allowing the user to control the speed of treatment. Typical treatment speed facilitates rotation of a tooth by 5 degrees in a two-week period, using a single aligner, or stage of treatment. The additional UIC allows the user to indicate whether they want slower treatment (e.g., limit the rotation of a tooth with a two-week period to three degrees maximum), or a faster treatment (e.g., allow a tooth to be rotated by up to seven degrees within a two-week period).

[0308] Reference is now made to Fig. 11, which illustrates components of a Graphic User Interface (GUI) 1100 for modifying a three-dimensional representation of a proposed treatment plan as part of orthodontic treatment planning for a specific patient by a specific user, according to embodiments of the disclosed technology. As seen, GUI 1100 may appear on a display, such as display 116 of user-operated device 106 (Figs. 1A-1B). The content of GUI 600 may be provided to the device by the server, such as server 100a or server 100b (Figs. 1 A-1B), as discussed in detail hereinabove.

[0309] As seen in Fig. 11, GUI 1100 includes a teeth representation region 1102, showing a three- dimensional representation of a proposed treatment-stage dentition model 1104.

[0310] GUI 1100 further includes an interface settings bar 1112, here shown on the left-hand side of GUI 1100. Interface settings bar 1012 and includes ‘HOME’ UIC 720, ‘BOLTON’ UIC 722, and ‘IMAGES’ UIC 724, as described hereinabove with respect to Fig. 7A.

[0311] Interface settings bar 1112 further includes a ‘TIMELINE’ UIC 1114 which, when engaged by the user, opens a display indicating the exact timeline, throughout the proposed treatment plan, for treating each tooth (e.g., the timeline may indicate that upper tooth 1 will be treated during stages 4-6 of the treatment plan). In some embodiments, the user may modify the timeline for each tooth within the display opened up by engaging UIC 1114.

[0312] Interface settings bar 1112 additionally includes a ‘ATTH’ UIC 1116 which, when engaged by the user, opens a display indicating the stage of the treatment plan at which each attachment is to be placed on the corresponding tooth. In some embodiments, the user may modify the stage for placing each attachment within the display opened up by engaging UIC 1116.

[0313] GUI 1100 additionally includes a treatment settings bar 1132, which is substantially identical to treatment settings bar 1032 described hereinabove with respect to Fig. 10.

[0314] A right-hand side of GUI 1100 includes a view region 1160, which is substantially identical to view region 1060 described hereinabove with respect to Fig. 10.

[0315] GUI 1100 additionally includes a stage display bar 1170, here shown beneath teeth representation region 1102. Stage display bar 1170 includes a UIC 1172 corresponding to each stage of the treatment such that, when a UIC 1172 for a specific selected stage is engaged by the user, the dentition model presented within region 1102 is the dentition model corresponding to the selected stage of treatment. Stage display bar 1170 further includes a ‘NEXT’ UIC 1174 and a ‘PREVIOUS’ UIC 1176, which, when engaged by the user, changes the dentition model presented within region 1102 to be the dentition model corresponding to the next stage of treatment or to the previous stage of treatment, respectively.

[0316] Stage display bar 1170 further includes a ‘FIRST’ UIC 1178 and a ‘LAST’ UIC 1180, which, when engaged by the user, changes the dentition model presented within region 1102 to be the dentition model corresponding to the first stage of treatment (i.e., initial state) or to the last stage of treatment (i.e., target state), respectively.

[0317] Stage display bar 1170 further includes a ‘PLAY’ UIC 1182, which, when engaged by the user, successively changes the dentition model presented within region 1102 from one stage to the next, thereby creating a “timelapse” of the dentition models for the user to be able to observe how the teeth are expected to change during the treatment.

[0318] DEFINITIONS

[0319] This disclosure should be interpreted according to the definitions below.

[0320] In case of a contradiction between the definitions in this Definitions section and other sections of this disclosure, this section should prevail.

[0321] In case of a contradiction between the definitions in this section and a definition or a description in any other document, including in another document incorporated in this disclosure by reference, this section should prevail, even if the definition or the description in the other document is commonly accepted by a person of ordinary skill in the art. a. “user” - A dental practitioner, including any dental professional, dentist, or orthodontist. b. “patient” - A person whose teeth are being, or will be, treated by a dental practitioner. c. “dentition” - An arrangement of the teeth in a patient’s mouth, at present or in the future (e.g., following one or more stages of dental treatment). The dentition includes information relating to the physical alignment or organization of the teeth, the spatial relationship between teeth, the number of teeth, the types of teeth, and the like. d. “dentition model” - A three-dimensional digital representation of a dentition. e. “initial dentition” - A dentition of the patient prior to initiation of planning of a specific dental or orthodontic treatment. The initial dentition is specific to a round of treatment planning, even if the patient had undergone previous orthodontic treatments, which were associated with previous treatment plans. f. “target dentition” - A dentition of the patient to be reached following completion of orthodontic treatment. g. “treatment plan” - A digital plan for moving the subject’s teeth from the initial dentition to the target dentition, in multiple stages. Each stage of the treatment plan includes a dentition model of a specific stage of the plan, which dentition model is associated with a specific dental device, which is configured to move the teeth of the subject from the current dentition to the dentition of the next stage of the treatment plan. h. “proposed dentition model” - A computer generated dentition model, in which there is a change to at least one tooth, relative to a previous dentition or to a previous dentition model. For example, a proposed target dentition model may include modification of the position of multiple teeth in an initial dentition model. i. “user-modified dentition model” - A proposed dentition model resulting from user modification or alteration of a previous dentition model. The previous dentition model may be an initial dentition model, a proposed dentation model, or a target dentition model. j. “interproximal reduction information” - A numerical value representing an amount, or volume, of tooth enamel to be removed from the side of one or more teeth, to create space for alignment of the teeth and to resolve dental crowding. The interproximal reduction information may relate to a single tooth or a group of teeth (e.g., a whole arch of teeth or half an arch of teeth), and may relate to material to be removed from the distal surface of the tooth or the mesial surface of the tooth. A positive numerical value for the interproximal reduction information is indicative of dental crowding, and a negative value is indicative of the presence of gaps between the teeth. k. "anteroposterior correction" - A process of assessment and planning of interventions aimed at correcting the alignment and positioning of teeth in the anterior-posterior dimension. Anteroposterior correction includes analysis of the relationship between the upper and lower jaws, assessing the way upper and lower dentitions fit together, and determining the adjustments or treatment required in order to achieve proper alignment and bite function. This correction addresses issues such as overbite, underbite, and crossbite, among others. l. "overjet correction" - A process of assessment and planning of interventions aimed at reducing or correcting the horizontal overlap between the upper and lower front teeth. Overjet in this context, is the measurement of how far the upper front teeth protrude horizontally beyond the lower front teeth. m. “transverse dimension” - An extent of expansion in the posterior teeth region of the dental arch. Stated differently, the transverse dimension reflects the distance between the second molars on the left and right sides of a dentition. n. "midline" - an imaginary line that divides the face and dental arches into left and right halves. o. “dental midline” - an imaginary line associated with each of the upper and lower dental arches, dividing each arch into right and left halves. Each of the halves typically includes a corresponding set of teeth. p. “facial midline” - an imaginary line dividing the face of a patient into right and left halves. q. “incisor midline” - imaginary line bisecting the central incisors in the upper and lower dental arches, which line represents the alignment of the central incisors in relation to the facial midline. r. "computing device" - Any device having a processing unit into which it is possible to install code that can be executed by the processing unit. The installation of the code may be possible even while the device is operative in the field or it may be possible only in the factory. s. "network" or "computing network" - A collection of computing devices and peripheral devices which are all connected to common communication means that allow direct communication between any two of the devices without requiring passing the communicated data through a third device. The network includes both the connected devices and the communication means. A network may be wired or wireless or partially wired and partially wireless. t. "explicitly selecting" - Directly and clearly selecting, by a user, of one option out of multiple options available to human user, leaving no room for doubt and not relying on making deductions by a computing device. u. "automatically selecting" - Selecting, by a computing device, of one option out of multiple options, without receiving from a human user an explicit selection of the selected option. It should be noted that the selecting of an option is an automatic selecting even if the computing device is basing the selection on one or more explicit selections by the user, as long as the selected option itself is not explicitly selected by the user. It should also be noted that receiving from a user of an approval for a recommendation which is otherwise automatically selected without giving the user an ability to override the recommendation does not make the selection a non-automatic selection. v. "user interface" - A man-machine interface that does at least one of (i) providing information to a user, and (ii) receiving input from the user. Towards this end, any user interface includes at least one of (i) an input device (e.g. touch-screen, mouse, keyboard, joystick, camera) for receiving input from the user, and (ii) an output device (e.g. display screen such as a touchscreen, speaker) for providing information to the user. A user interface typically also includes executable user-interface code for at least one of (i) causing the output device to provide information to the user (e.g. to display text associated with radio-buttons or with a check list, or text of a drop-down list) and (ii) processing user-input received via the input device. In different examples, the executable code may be compiled-code (e.g. in assembly or machinelanguage), interpreted byte-code (e.g. Java byte-code), or browser-executed code (e.g. JavaScript code) that may be sent to a client device from a remote server and then executed by the client device. w. "user interface of a computing device" - A user interface that is functionally attached to the computing device and serves the computing device for interacting with the user.

[0322] An input device of a user interface of a computing device may share a common housing with the computing device (e.g. a touch-screen of a tablet), or may be physically separate from the computing device and be in communication with it, either through a physical port (e.g. a USB port) or wirelessly (e.g. a wireless mouse).

[0323] A display device of a user interface of a computing device may share a common housing with the computing device (e.g. a touch-screen of a tablet), or may be physically separate from the computing device and be in communication with it, either through a physical port (e.g. an HDMI port) or wirelessly. User-interface code of a user interface of a computing device is stored in a memory accessible to the computing device and is executed by one or more processors of the computing device. In one example related to web-based user interfaces, at least some of this code may be received from a remote server and then locally executed by the computing device which functions as a client. In another example related to locally-implemented user interfaces, all of the user-interface code is pre-loaded onto the computing device. x. "or" - A logical operator combining two Boolean input conditions into a Boolean compound condition, such that the compound condition is satisfied if and only if at least one of the two input conditions is satisfied. In other words, if condition C = condition A or condition B, then condition C is not satisfied when both condition A and condition B are not satisfied, but is satisfied in each of the following cases: (i) condition A is satisfied and condition B is not satisfied, (ii) condition A is not satisfied and condition B is satisfied, and (iii) both condition A and condition B are satisfied.

[0324] CONCLUDING COMMENT

[0325] All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Citation of a reference does not constitute an admission that the reference is prior art.

[0326] It is further noted that any of the embodiments described above may further include receiving, sending or storing instructions and / or data that implement the operations described above in conjunction with the figures upon a computer readable medium. Generally speaking, a computer readable medium (e.g. non-transitory medium) may include storage media or memory media such as magnetic or flash or optical media, e.g. disk or CD-ROM, volatile or non-volatile media such as RAM, ROM, etc.

[0327] Having thus described the foregoing exemplary embodiments it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various equivalents, alterations, modifications, and improvements thereof are possible without departing from the scope and spirit of the claims as hereafter recited. In particular, different embodiments may include combinations of features other than those described herein. Accordingly, the claims are not limited to the foregoing discussion.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A system for generating an orthodontic treatment plan, by a user, for a patient having an initial dentition, the system comprising:(a) a server network interface for connection to at least one network, said at least one network including at least one other, user-operated device or system having a user interface including at least one input interface and at least one display;(b) at least one server processor; and(c) at least one server storage medium for instructions execution by the at least one server processor, the server storage medium having stored instructions forming a simplified-2D- presentation-engine, including:(A) instructions to obtain a three-dimensional digital model of teeth of the patient, where each tooth is represented as an individual and complete object;(B) instructions to determine a mesial-distal direction of each tooth in the three- dimensional digital model;(C) instructions to determine a buccal-lingual dimension of each tooth in the three- dimensional digital model; and(D) instructions to generate a simplified two-dimensional representation of teeth in the three-dimensional digital model, the simplified two-dimensional representation including an outline of each tooth and a length of each tooth in the mesial-distal direction.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the server storage medium further has stored instructions forming a proposed-target-model-engine, including:(A) instructions to receive a simplified two-dimensional digital representation of a user- confirmed dentition model for the patient; and(B) instructions to generate a proposed target dentition model based on the simplified two- dimensional digital representation of the user-confirmed dentition model.

3. The system of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the server storage medium further has stored instructions forming a planning-engine, including:(A) instructions to receive a user-confirmed target dentition model for the patient;(B) instructions to divide changes to the dentition model, required to move the patient’s teeth from the initial dentition to a dentition corresponding to the user-confirmed target dentition model, into a plurality of treatment stages; and(C) instructions to generate a plurality of proposed stage dentition models, a first of the plurality of stage dentition models corresponding to the initial dentition, a last of the plurality of stage dentition models corresponding to the user-confirmed target dentition model, and each other stage dentition model of the plurality of stage dentition models corresponding to the beginning of a corresponding one of the plurality of treatment stages.

4. The system of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the server storage medium further has stored instructions forming a 3D-model-generating-engine, including:(A) instructions to obtain a three-dimensional digital model of the initial dentition of the patient;(B) instructions to segment the three-dimensional digital model, so that each tooth of the initial dentition is represented as an individual object; and(C) instructions to complete each segmented tooth into a complete object.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the instructions forming the 3D-model-generating-engine further include instructions to generate a proposed dentition model based on the segmented and completed three-dimensional digital model.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein: the instructions forming the 3D-model-generating-engine further include instructions to receive input regarding constraints applied by the user to treatment of the patient’s teeth; and the instructions to generate a proposed dentition model include instructions to generate the proposed dentition model to comply with the received input regarding constraints.

7. The system of any one of claims 4-6, wherein the instructions to obtain a three-dimensional digital model of the initial dentition include instructions to the three-dimensional digital model from the user-operated device or system, via the network.

8. The system of any one of claims 4-6, wherein the instructions to obtain a three-dimensional digital model of the initial dentition include instructions to the receive, from the user-operated device or system, via the network, visual input of the teeth of the user, and wherein the instructions forming the 3D-model-generating-engine further include instructions to convert the received visual input into the three-dimensional digital model.

9. The system of any one of claims 4-8, wherein the instructions of the 2D-simplified- presentation-engine to obtain a three-dimensional digital model of teeth of the patient, where each tooth is represented as an individual and complete object, include instructions to receive, as the three-dimensional digital model of the teeth of the patient, the segmented and completed three- dimensional digital model.

10. The system of any one of claims 5-8, wherein the instructions of the 2D-simplified- presentation-engine to obtain a three-dimensional digital model of teeth of the patient, where each tooth is represented as an individual and complete object, include instructions to receive, as the three-dimensional digital model of the teeth of the patient, the proposed dentition model.

11. The system of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the server storage medium further has stored instructions forming an ordering-engine, including:(A) instructions to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, a user- confirmed treatment plan; and(B) instructions to generate a specification of orthodontic devices required for implementation of each stage of the user-confirmed treatment plan.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the instructions forming the ordering-engine further include instructions to electronically transmit the specification of the orthodontic devices to an orthodontic device manufacturing facility.

13. The system of any one of claims 11-12, wherein the instructions forming the orderingengine further include instructions to electronically transmit the specification of the orthodontic devices to the user-controlled device, via the network.

14. The system of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the instructions to receive a simplified two- dimensional digital representation of a user-confirmed dentition model for the patient comprise instructions to receive the simplified two-dimensional digital representation of a user-confirmed dentition model for the patient from the user-operated device, via the network.

15. The system of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the server storage medium further has stored instructions forming a 2D-display-engine, including:(A) instructions to receive, from the simplified-2D-presentation-engine, a simplified 2D representation of an initial dentition model and a simplified 2D representation of a proposed dentition model;(B) instruction to cause the display associated with the user-operated device to display a graphic user interface, simultaneously including:(i) the simplified 2D representation of the proposed dentition model superimposed with the simplified 2D representation of the initial dentition model;(ii) interproximal reduction information for the proposed dentition model; and(iii) user interface components for modifying at least one characteristic of the proposed dentition model; and(iv) a user interface component for selecting a proposed dentition model;(C) instruction to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, at least one manual and explicit modification to at least one characteristic of the simplified 2D representation of the proposed dentition model;(D) instructions, to be executed in real-time and in response to receipt of the at least one manual and explicit modification, to cause the display associated with the user-operated device to update the graphic user interface to display:(i) a simplified 2D representation of a user-modified proposed dentition model superimposed with the simplified 2D representation of the initial dentition model, the user- modified proposed dentition model reflecting the at least one manual and explicit modification and replacing the simplified 2D representation of the proposed dentition model;(ii) updated interproximal reduction information for the user-modified proposed dentition model; and(E) instructions to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, a manual and explicit selection of a specific simplified two-dimensional representation of a user-selected user- modified dentition model.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the instructions to receive a simplified two-dimensional digital representation of a user-confirmed dentition model for the patient comprise instructions to receive the simplified two-dimensional digital representation of a user-confirmed dentition model for the patient from the 2D-display-engine.

17. The system of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the instructions to receive a user-confirmed target dentition model for the patient comprise instructions to receive the user-confirmed target dentition model for the patient from the user-operated device, via the network.

18. The system of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the server storage medium further has stored instructions forming a 3D-display-engine, including:(A) instructions to receive, from the proposed-target-model-engine, a proposed target dentition model;(B) instruction to cause the display associated with the user-operated device to display a second graphic user interface, simultaneously including:(i) the proposed target dentition model;(ii) user interface components for modifying at least one characteristic of the proposed target dentition model;(iii) user interface components for modifying at least one characteristic of the display of the target dentition model; and(iv) a user interface component for selecting a proposed target dentition model;(C) instruction to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, at least one manual and explicit modification to at least one characteristic of the proposed target dentition model;(D) instructions, to be executed in real-time and in response to receipt of the at least one manual and explicit modification, to cause the display associated with the user-operated device to update the second graphic user interface to display a user-modified target proposed dentition model, the user-modified proposed target dentition model reflecting the at least one manual and explicit modification and replacing the proposed target dentition model in the display; and(E) instructions to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, a manual and explicit selection of a specific user-selected user-modified target dentition model.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein the instructions to receive a user-confirmed target dentition model for the patient comprise instructions to receive the user-confirmed target dentition model for the patient from the 3D-display-engine.

20. The system of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the server storage medium further has stored instructions forming a plan-display-engine, including:(A) instructions to receive, from the planning-engine, a proposed treatment plan for the patient, the proposed treatment plan including a plurality of proposed stage dentition models;(B) instruction to cause the display associated with the user-operated device to display a third graphic user interface, simultaneously including:(i) a stage dentition model of the plurality of proposed stage dentition models;(ii) user interface components for modifying at least one characteristic of the stage dentition model displayed within the third graphic user interface;(iii) user interface components for modifying at least one characteristic of the display of the stage dentition model displayed within the third graphic user interface;(iv) user interface components for switching to display of another stage dentition model of the plurality of proposed stage dentition models; and(v) a user interface component for confirming a proposed treatment plan;(C) instruction to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, at least one manual and explicit modification to at least one characteristic of the stage dentition model displayed within the third graphic user interface;(D) instructions, to be executed in real-time and in response to receipt of the at least one manual and explicit modification, to cause the display associated with the user-operated device to update the third graphic user interface to display a user-modified stage dentition model, the user- modified stage dentition model reflecting the at least one manual and explicit modification and replacing the stage dentition model in the display; and(E) instructions to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, a manual and explicit confirmation of a proposed treatment plan.

21. The system of claim 20, wherein the instructions forming the plan display engine further include:(F) instruction to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, at least one manual and explicit modification to at least one characteristic of the display of the stage dentition model within the third graphic user interface; and(G) instructions, to be executed in real-time and in response to receipt of the at least one manual and explicit modification to the at least one characteristic of the display, to cause the display associated with the user-operated device to update the third graphic user interface to display the stage dentition model in accordance with the modified characteristic of the display.

22. The system of any one of claims 20-21, wherein the instructions forming the plan display engine further include:(H) instruction to receive, from the user-operated device via the network, at least one manual and explicit selection of another stage of the proposed treatment plan; and(I) instructions, to be executed in real-time and in response to receipt of the at least one manual and explicit selection of the another stage, to cause the display associated with the useroperated device to update the third graphic user interface to display a proposed stage dentition model corresponding to the another stage in place of the stage dentition model previously displayed.

23. The system of any one of claims 1-22, wherein each of the simplified 2D representations consists only of an outline of each tooth and a length of each tooth in the mesial-distal direction.

24. A software module for generating an orthodontic treatment plan, by a user, for a patient having an initial dentition, the software module to be installed on and executed by a user-operated device or system having a user interface including at least one input interface and at least one display, the software module including:(A) instructions to receive a simplified 2D representation of an initial dentition model based on the initial dentition of the patient and a simplified 2D representation of a proposed dentition model for treating the patient, each of the simplified 2D representations including an outline of each tooth and a length of each tooth in the mesial-distal direction;(B) instruction to cause the display to display a graphic user interface, simultaneously including:(i) the simplified 2D representation of the proposed dentition model superimposed with the simplified 2D representation of the initial dentition model;(ii) interproximal reduction information for the proposed dentition model; and(iii) user interface components for modifying at least one characteristic of the proposed dentition model; and(iv) a user interface component for selecting a proposed dentition model;(C) instruction to receive from the user via the user interface, at least one manual and explicit modification to at least one characteristic of the simplified 2D representation of the proposed dentition model;(D) instructions, to be executed in real-time and in response to receipt of the at least one manual and explicit modification, to cause the display to update the graphic user interface to display:(i) a simplified 2D representation of a user-modified proposed dentition model superimposed with the simplified 2D representation of the initial dentition model, the user- modified proposed dentition model reflecting the at least one manual and explicit modification and replacing the simplified 2D representation of the proposed dentition model;(ii) updated interproximal reduction information for the user-modified proposed dentition model; and(E) instructions to receive, from the user via the user interface, a manual and explicit selection of a specific simplified two-dimensional representation of a user-selected user-modified dentition model.

25. The software module of claims 24, wherein each of the simplified 2D representations consists only of an outline of each tooth and a length of each tooth in the mesial-distal direction.

26. A network designed for planning an orthodontic treatment for a patient, by a user using a computing device at a first network node on said network, said computing device associated with at least one input interface and with at least one display, data sent via said network including, in order:(a) visual input of an initial dentition of the patient;(b) a simplified two-dimensional representation of each of an initial dentition model and a proposed dentition model, each simplified two-dimensional representation including an outline of each tooth and a length of each tooth in the mesial-distal direction;(c) a simplified two-dimensional representation of a user-selected user-modified dentition model, manually and explicitly selected by the user;(d) a proposed target dentition model;(e) a user-selected user-modified target dentition model, manually and explicitly selected by the user;(f) a proposed treatment plan;(g) a user-confirmed treatment plan, manually and explicitly confirmed by the user; and(h) a specification of a finalized treatment plan for the patient.

27. The network of claim 26, wherein the visual input of the initial dentition of the patient comprises two-dimensional images of the initial dentition.

28. The network of claim 26, wherein the visual input of the initial dentition of the patient comprises three-dimensional images of the initial dentition.

29. The network of claim 26, wherein the visual input of the initial dentition of the patient comprises a three-dimensional model of the initial dentition.

30. The network of any one of claims 26-29, wherein the simplified two-dimensional representation of the proposed dentition model includes interproximal reduction information for teeth within the proposed dentition model.

31. The network of any one of claims 26-30, wherein between sending of the data at (b) and the data at (c), data sent via said network includes: i. a manual and explicit modification to the simplified two-dimensional representation of the proposed dentition model; and ii. a simplified two-dimensional representation of a user-modified dentition model, applying the manual and explicit modification to the proposed dentition model.

32. The network of any one of claims 31, wherein the simplified two-dimensional representation of the user-modified dentition model includes updated interproximal reduction information for teeth within the user-modified dentition model.

33. The network of any one of claims 26-32, wherein between sending of the data at (d) and the data at (e), data sent via said network includes: i. a manual and explicit modification to the proposed target dentition model; and ii. a user-modified target dentition model, applying the manual and explicit modification to the proposed target dentition model.

34. The network of any one of claims 26-33, wherein between sending of the data at (f) and the data at (g), data sent via said network includes: i. a manual and explicit modification to a dentition model associated with at least one stage of the proposed treatment plan; and ii. a user-modified treatment plan, applying the manual and explicit modification to the dentition model of the at least one stage of the proposed treatment plan.

35. A computer implemented method for interactively planning an orthodontic treatment of a patient having an initial dentition, the method comprising: i. obtaining an initial dentition model of the initial dentition of the patient;ii. generating a proposed dentition model associated with interproximal reduction information, the proposed dentition model corresponding to a proposed treated state of the patient; iii. causing a display, functionally associated with a user-operated device operated by the user, simultaneously to display within a graphic user interface: a. a simplified two-dimensional digital representation of the proposed dentition model superimposed on a simplified two-dimensional digital representation of the initial dentition model, each said simplified two-dimensional digital representation including an outline of each tooth and a length of the tooth in the mesial-distal direction; b. said interproximal reduction information associated with said proposed dentition model; and c. one or more user-engageable interface elements configured for modifying one or more characteristics of the proposed dentition model; iv. receiving, via user engagement with one of the user-engageable interface elements, a modification to one or more of the characteristics of the proposed dentition model; v. in response to iii, and in real time, causing the display to update the display within the graphic user interface to: a. a simplified two-dimensional digital representation of a user-modified dentition model, the user-modified dentition model corresponding to the proposed dentition model when the modification is applied thereto, superimposed on the simplified two-dimensional digital representation of the initial patient dentition; and b. updated interproximal reduction information associated with the user-modified dentition model vi. receiving, via the graphic user interface, a user selection of a specific user-modified dentition model selected from one or more user-modified dentition models generated by steps iii and / or v; and vii. generating a digital orthodontic treatment plan based on the specific user-modified dentition model.

36. The method of claim 35, further comprising generating a specification of the digital orthodontic treatment plan and electronically transmitting the specification to a manufacturing facility for manufacturing orthodontic devices for implementing the digital orthodontic treatment plan.

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