Antenna system, and associated methods and uses

Abstract

The present invention discloses an antenna system comprising a dielectric substrate; an antenna radiator integrated to the substrate; a ground plane; a transmission line comprising a signal line and a ground line The antenna system comprises a first coupling pad positioned at a non-zero distance from the antenna radiator; the first coupling pad, the ground plane are arranged in a layered configuration, the first coupling pad being positioned between the antenna radiator and the ground plane; the ground plane is positioned at a non-zero-distance from the first coupling pad, creating a space between the ground plane and the dielectric substrate; the signal line is electrically connected to the first coupling pad; the ground line is electrically connected to the ground plane. The present invention also discloses a vehicle comprising an antenna system and associated methods and use.

Description

Antenna system, and associated methods and usesDescriptionTechnical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of antenna systems, particularly those integrated with dielectric substrates for use in various communication applications.

[0002] This is particularly relevant in modern applications where the integration of antennas into transparent substrates, such as glass, is becoming increasingly important. For instance, in automotive and architectural applications, antennas embedded in glass panels can provide seamless connectivity without compromising the aesthetic or structural integrity of the vehicle or building.

[0003] The invention is particularly relevant to antennas that are mounted on supports, such as windows or other structural elements, where the antenna is used for communication purposes in various applications including but not limited to automotive, aerospace, and building infrastructure.Thus, the invention concerns multiple domains where an antenna system is required. This is particularly relevant for domains where the dielectric substrate is related to a window. For example, it can be mounted on a stationary object like a building or a mobile object such as a vehicle, train, or plane.Background Art

[0004] In the field of antenna systems, significant advancements have been made to improve the performance and integration of antennas with various substrates, including glass. These systems are essential in numerous applications, such as telecommunications, automotive, and aerospace, where efficient and reliable signal transmission is critical. Current state-of-the-art antenna systems often employ complex configurations that require multiple layers of materials and intricate designs to achieve the desired performance characteristics. Aperture coupling is a common technique used to facilitate the transition of signals between different components of the antenna system, but it comes with its own set of challenges.

[0005] Traditional antenna systems are typically designed with single antenna radiators that are mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) attached to a substrate. These systems often face significant challenges in terms of bandwidth limitations, suboptimal radiation patterns, and poor impedance matching. The conventional designs usually involve straightforward configurations without the integration of advanced elements such as parasitic patches or strategically positioned slots, which can lead to inefficiencies in performance.

[0006] One of the primary disadvantages of these traditional antenna systems is their limited bandwidth. As the demand for high-speed data transmission continues to grow, the need for antennas that can operate efficiently across a wide range of frequencies becomes increasingly critical. Traditional single radiator designs often fail to provide the necessary bandwidth, resulting in reduced performance and reliability in modern communication systems.

[0007] Another significant drawback is the poor radiation pattern associated with conventional antenna systems. The radiation pattern of an antenna determines how well it can transmit and receive signals in different directions. Traditional designs often exhibit uneven radiation patterns, leading to areas of weak signal strength and increased susceptibility to interference. This can be particularly problematic in applications where consistent and reliable signal coverage is essential.

[0008] I mpedance matching is another area where traditional antenna systems fall short. Impedance matching is crucial for maximizing the power transfer between the antenna and the transmission line. Poor impedance matching can result in significant signal loss and reduced overall efficiency of the antenna system. Conventional designs often struggle to achieve optimal impedance matching, further limiting their performance.

[0009] In addition to these technical limitations, traditional antenna systems also face challenges related to their integration with various substrates. The materials used for substrates, such as glass, ceramic, and polymers, can significantly impact the performance of the antenna. Traditional designs often do not take full advantage of the properties of these materials, leading to suboptimal performance and increasedcomplexity in the manufacturing process.

[0010] The increasing complexity of modern communication systems also demands more versatile and adaptable antenna solutions. Traditional single radiator designs are often not capable of supporting multiple communication standards and applications simultaneously. This lack of versatility can limit the applicability of these antenna systems in various industries, where the ability to support diverse communication needs is essential.

[0011] Furthermore, the physical size and form factor of traditional antenna systems can be a limiting factor in their integration into modern devices. As devices become smaller and more compact, there is a growing need for antenna systems that can be seamlessly integrated without compromising performance. Traditional designs often struggle to meet these requirements, leading to bulky and inefficient solutions.

[0012] It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide an antenna system that overcomes the disadvantages of traditional designs by introducing novel antenna systems. These antenna systems aim to achieve superior performance characteristics, including improved bandwidth, radiation patterns, and impedance matching, thereby meeting the demands of modern communication applications.Summary of invention

[0013] It is an object of the present invention, in its different aspects, to alleviate the above-described problems and in particular to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art by providing a system, uses and methods for providing connection for a wireless communication network.

[0014] This is achieved through a novel antenna system of the present invention.

[0015] The present invention also aims to provide a high-efficiency antenna system that can deliver superior performance compared to existing solutions.

[0016] Then, the present invention relates, in a first aspect, to an antenna system comprising a dielectric substrate, an antenna radiator integrated to the substrate, a ground plane and a transmission line comprising a signal line and a ground line.

[0017] The solution as defined in the first aspect of the present invention is based on that the antenna system comprises a first coupling pad positioned at a non-zero distance from the antenna radiator.

[0018] In the first aspect of the present invention, the antenna radiator, the first coupling pad, and the ground plane are arranged in a layered configuration. Their surfaces remain substantially parallel to each other, with the first coupling pad positioned between the antenna radiator and the ground plane. In preferred embodiments, the ground plane is larger than the surface of the pad or of the antenna radiator. In such embodiments, at least the surface corresponding to the pad or to the antenna radiator is substantially parallel.

[0019] The solution as defined in the first aspect of the present invention is also based on that the ground plane is positioned at a non-zero-distance from the first coupling pad, creating a space between the ground plane and the dielectric substrate.

[0020] The solution as defined in the first aspect of the present invention is also based on that the signal line is electrically connected to the first coupling pad and the ground line is electrically connected to the ground plane.

[0021] The present invention relates, in a second aspect, to a vehicle comprising an antenna system according to the first aspect of the first aspect.

[0022] The present invention permits in the different aspects to ensure a seamless transition of signals, thereby minimizing loss and enhancing the overall efficiency of the antenna system.

[0023] Moreover, the present invention aims to achieve a unidirectional radiation pattern with the ground plane and the antenna radiator layers in / on the dielectric substrate. This simplification not only reduces the manufacturing complexity but also lowers the cost of production. By minimizing the number of layers required, the invention also enhances the durability and reliability of the antenna system, making it more suitable for a wide range of applications. The reduced complexity in the design translates to faster production times and lower development costs.

[0024] Another key objective of the present invention is to eliminate thedependency on the dielectric panel, especially a PCB, size and stack-up configuration. This independence allows for the use of smaller dielectric panels, such as small PCBs, which is particularly advantageous in applications where space is limited. Using smaller dielectric panels reduces the weight and cost of the final product. This makes it more attractive to both manufacturers and end-users. This flexibility in design also opens up new possibilities for integrating antenna systems into various devices and structures, thereby expanding the potential applications of the technology.

[0025] By optimizing the design and configuration of the antenna system, the invention ensures that the maximum amount of signal is transmitted and received, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the system. This high efficiency is particularly important in applications where signal strength and reliability are critical, such as in automotive systems.

[0026] In addition to the technical advantages, the present invention also focuses on ease of manufacturing and integration. The simplified design with fewer metal layers and the independence from PCB size and stack-up make the antenna system easier to produce and integrate into various devices. This ease of manufacturing not only reduces production costs but also shortens the time to market, allowing manufacturers to respond more quickly to market demands and technological advancements.

[0027] Then, the present invention relates, in a third aspect, to a method for assembling a communication system according to the first aspect of the present invention. The method comprises following steps:- Providing the antenna radiator and the ground plane with the dielectric substrate;- Providing the dielectric panel, preferably a PCB, already connected to the first connection means and to the second connection means;- Electrically connecting the first connection means and the second connection means around the slot of the ground plane- Inserting the dielectric panel into the housing until maintained by the retaining means and in order to electrically connect the first connection means to conductive layer and the second connection means to conductive layer.

[0028] Furthermore, the present invention in its different aspectsaddresses the need for a robust and reliable antenna system that can withstand various environmental conditions. The use of a dielectric substrate, such as glass, provides inherent durability and resistance to environmental factors, ensuring that the antenna system can perform reliably over an extended period. This robustness is particularly important in applications where the antenna system is exposed to harsh conditions, such as in automotive and outdoor telecommunications systems.

[0029] It is noted that the invention relates to all possible combinations of features recited in the claims or in the described embodiments.

[0030] The following description relates to vehicle applications, such as car, but it’s understood that the invention may be applicable to other fields like building, cities, streets, urban furniture, train, aerospace, boat, or transportation applications.Brief description of the drawings

[0031] This and other aspects of the present invention will now be described in more detail, with reference to the appended drawings showing various exemplifying embodiments of the invention which are provided by way of illustration and not of limitation. The drawings are a schematic representation and not true to scale. The drawings do not restrict the invention in any way. More advantages will be explained with examples.

[0032] FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of an antenna system according to the present invention according to some embodiments.

[0033] FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of an antenna system according to the present invention according to some embodiments.

[0034] FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view of an antenna system according to the present invention according to some embodiments.

[0035] FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional view of an antenna system according to the present invention according to some embodiments.

[0036] FIG. 5 is a 3D view from the top of an antenna system according to the present invention according to some embodiments.

[0037] FIG. 6 is a cross-schematic sectional view of an antenna system according to FIG. 5.

[0038] FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 are respectively a 3D view from the top and fromthe bottom of an antenna system according to the present invention according to some embodiments.

[0039] FIG. 9 illustrates a method according to the third aspect of the present invention.

[0040] FIG. 10 illustrates a vehicle according to the second aspect of the present invention.Detailed description

[0041] It should be understood that embodiments and terminologies / wordings used in the embodiments do not limit technology described in this document to a specific embodiment and include various changes, equivalents, and / or replacements of a corresponding embodiment. The same reference numbers are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

[0042] As used herein, spatial, or directional terms, such as "inner", "outer", "above", "below", "top", "bottom", and the like, relate to the invention as it is shown in the drawing figures. However, it is to be understood that the invention can assume various alternative orientations and, accordingly, such terms are not to be considered as limiting. Further, all numbers expressing dimensions, physical characteristics, processing parameters, quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and the like, used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about". Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical values set forth in the following specification and claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. In the following description, unless otherwise specified, expression “substantially” mean to within 10%, preferably to within 5%.

[0043] Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to be inclusive of the beginning and ending range values and to encompass any and all subranges subsumed therein. For example, a stated range of "1 to 10" should be considered to include any and all subranges between (and inclusive of) the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10; that is, all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1 or more, e.g. 1 to 6.1, and ending with a maximum value of 10 or less, e.g., 5.5 to 10. Further, as usedherein, the terms "deposited over" or "provided over" mean deposited or provided on but not necessarily in surface contact with. For example, a coating "deposited over" a substrate does not preclude the presence of one or more other coating films of the same or different composition located between the deposited coating and the substrate.

[0044] Where the term "transparent" is used in the present description and claims, it denotes a property illustrating the average TL (light transmission) of visible light transmitted through a material in the visible spectrum of at least 1%. Preferably, transparent relates to a TL property of at least 10%. More preferably, transparent denotes a TL of at least 50%. Ideally, transparent denotes a TL of at least 70%.

[0045] Where the term “comprising” is used in the present description and claims, it does not exclude other elements or steps. Where an indefinite or definite article is used when referring to a singular noun e.g. "a" or "an", "the", this includes a plural of that noun unless something else is specifically stated. In this document, "configured to (or set to)" may be interchangeably used in hardware and software with, for example, "appropriate to", "having a capability to", "changed to", "made to", "capable of", or "designed to" according to a situation. In any situation, an expression "device configured to do" may mean that the device "can do" together with another device or component.

[0046] Furthermore, the terms first, second and the like in the description and in the claims, are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking or in any other manner. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances and that the embodiments of the invention described herein are capable of operation in other sequences than described or illustrated herein. When it is described that a constituent element (e.g., a first constituent element) is "(functionally or communicatively) coupled to" or is "connected to" another constituent element (e.g., a second constituent element), it should be understood that the constituent element may be directly connected to the another constituent element or may be connected to the another constituent element through another constituent element (e.g., a third constituent element).

[0047] It is an object of the present invention to alleviate the abovedescribed problems by proposing an efficient antenna system.

[0048] Especially, according to a first aspect of the invention as illustrated in FIG.l, the invention relates to an antenna system 1. The antenna system comprises a dielectric substrate 2, an antenna radiator 3 integrated to the substrate, a ground plane 4; and a transmission line 7 comprising a signal line 71 and a ground line 72.

[0049] Transmission lines are designed to have specific impedance properties to match the source and load, thereby minimizing reflections and ensuring efficient signal transfer.

[0050] According to the invention, transmission lines include without limitation coaxial cables, planar transmission line such as microstrip line or coplanar waveguide (CPW), strip lines, twisted pair cables, and optical fibers. The type of the transmission line depends on the desire application.

[0051] According to the invention, the antenna system also comprises a first coupling pad 5 positioned at a non-zero distance, D35, from the antenna radiator 3.

[0052] It is understood in the sense of the present invention, a coupling pad is not the radiator itself, it is a structure designed to create coupling with an antenna radiator to excite it.

[0053] As illustrated in FIG. 1 and according to the invention, the antenna radiator 3, the first coupling pad 5, and the ground plane 4 are arranged in a layered configuration, ensuring that their surfaces remain substantially parallel to each other, the first coupling pad 5 being positioned between the antenna radiator 3 and the ground plane 4. The ground plane 4 is positioned at a non-zero-distance, D54, from the first coupling pad 5, creating a space 24 between the ground plane 4 and the dielectric substrate 2, specifically the surface F4 of the dielectric substrate 2 facing the ground plane 4, namely the bottom surface F4. The signal line 71 is electrically connected to the first coupling pad 5. The ground line 72 is electrically connected to the ground plane 4.

[0054] The inventors found that the created space 24 increase substantially the efficiency of the antenna system while enlarging its bandwidth.

[0055] The non-zero distances, D35 and D54, are measured substantially orthogonally to surfaces, especially substantially orthogonally to the bottom surface.<substrate>

[0056] The dielectric substrate can be made from various materials, such as glass, plastic-based material or other dielectric material, depending on the specific application and performance requirements. The dielectric substrate can be rigid, flexible or having rigid and flexible portions depending on the application.

[0057] In this invention, the term “dielectric” means that the substrate does not conduct electricity..

[0058] In some embodiments, the substrate can be a plastic-based substrate such as polycarbonate, Clear acrylic, or polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) substrate or any suitable plastic-based substrate.

[0059] In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the substrate 2 is a glazing panel comprising a glass sheet 2, 21, 22 which is preferably low in reflectance for RF waves.

[0060] Low in reflectance for RF waves means that RF waves are mostly transmitted through the material where high in reflectance for RF waves means that RF waves are mostly reflected on the surface of the material and / or absorbed by the material and the transmittance attenuation is at level of 20 decibels (dB) or more. Low in reflectance means a transmittance attenuation at level of 10 decibels (dB) or less.

[0061] The substrate especially a glazing panel, according to the invention, can be used as a window, especially to close an opening of the stationary object, such as a building, or to close an opening of the mobile object, such a train, a boat, a car,...

[0062] The dimensions and / or the shape of the substrate depends on the desired application.

[0063] In some embodiments, the glass sheet is at least transparent for visible waves in order to see-through and to let visible light passing through, meaning that the light transmission is greater than or equal to 1 %.

[0064] According to the invention, the dielectric substrate 2 usually has at least two major surfaces Fl, F4.

[0065] According to some embodiments, the dielectric substrate 2 can be a multilayer substrate comprising several layers 21, 22, 23.

[0066] FIG. 2 illustrates some embodiments according to the present invention, in which the dielectric substrate comprises three layers. The dielectric substrate 2 in such embodiments has four major surfaces Fl, F2, F3, F4. The external surface Fl corresponds to surface 211 while the bottom surface F4 corresponds to surface 222.

[0067] In some embodiments, the glazing panel comprises at least two glass sheets 21, 22 separated by a spacer 23 allowing to create a space filled by a gas like Argon to improve the thermal isolation of the glazing panel, creating an insulating glazing panel.

[0068] In some embodiments, the glazing panel comprises at least two glass sheets 21, 22 separated by spacers allowing to create a vacuum space 23 to improve the thermal isolation of the glazing panel, creating a vacuum insulating glazing (VIG).

[0069] In some embodiments, the glazing panel can be a laminated glazing panel to reduce the noise and / or to ensure the penetration safety. The laminated glazing comprises glazing panels 21, 22 maintained by one or more interlayers 23 positioned between glazing panels. The interlayers employed are typically polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) for which the stiffness can be tuned. These interlayers keep the glazing panels bonded together even when broken in such a way that they prevent the glass from breaking up into large sharp pieces.

[0070] As the material of the glazing panel, for example, soda-lime silica glass, borosilicate glass, or aluminosilicate glass can be mentioned or other materials such as thermoplastic polymers, polycarbonates are known, especially for automotive applications, and references to glass throughout this application should not be regarded as limiting.

[0071] The glazing panel can be manufactured by a known manufacturing method such as a float method, a fusion method, a redraw method, a press molding method, or a pulling method. As a manufacturing method of the glazing panel, from the viewpoint of productivity and cost, it is preferable to use the float method.

[0072] The glass sheet can be flat or curved according to requirements byknown methods such as hot or cold bending.

[0073] The glass sheet can be processed, i.e. annealed, tempered, ••• to respect with the specifications of security and anti-thief requirements.

[0074] The glass sheet can be a clear glass or a colored glass, tinted with a specific composition of the glass or by applying an additional coating or a plastic layer for example.

[0075] In case of several glass sheets, in some embodiments, each glass sheet can be independently processed and / or colored, ••• in order to improve the aesthetic, thermal insulation performances, safety, •••

[0076] The thickness of the glazing panel is set according to requirements of applications.

[0077] The glazing panel can be formed in a rectangular shape in a plan view by using a known cutting method. As a method of cutting the glazing panel, for example, a method in which laser light is irradiated on the surface of the glazing panel to cut the irradiated region of the laser light on the surface of the glazing panel to cut the glazing panel, or a method in which a cutter wheel is mechanically cutting can be used. The glazing panel can have any shape in order to fit with the application, for example a windshield, a sidelite, a sunroof of an automotive, a lateral glazing of a train, a window of a building, •••

[0078] In addition, the glazing panel can be assembled within a frame or be mounted in a double skin faqade, in a carbody or any other means able to maintain a glazing panel. Some plastics elements can be fixed on the glazing panel to ensure the tightness to gas and / or liquid, to ensure the fixation of the glazing panel or to add external element to the glazing panel.

[0079] In the sense of the present invention, the term “integrated to” means that the element, such as an antenna radiator, can be disposed on, meaning placed over at least a portion of the substrate on a major surface of the substrate, a surface of the substrate or embedded within the substrate especially in case of the substrate is a multilayer substrate, the element, such as an antenna radiator, can, for example, be embedded within an interlayer, or placed inside a cavity..

[0080] In some embodiments, the antenna system can comprise a coating system integrated to one of the major surfaces of the dielectric substrate.The coating system is usually high in reflectance and low in transmittance for RF waves. Low in transmittance means a transmission with an attenuation up to 20 decibels (dB) or more. It is understood that the substrate can generally be low in reflectance, meaning an attenuation at level of 10 decibels (dB) or less. In such embodiments, the antenna system should be transparent to wavelengths used by the antenna radiator such as FSS window, decoating area in front of the antenna radiator, or any other known means to create this EM transparency.

[0081] Said coating system can be a functional coating in order to heat the surface of the glass sheet, to reduce the accumulation of heat in the interior of a building or vehicle or to keep the heat inside during cold periods for example. Although coating system are thin and mainly transparent to eyes in order to see-through and to let visible light passing through. The coating system can be made of layers of different materials and at least one of these layers is electrically conductive. The coating system is electrically conductive over the majority of one major surface of the dielectric substrate. These different layers are deposited, for example, by means of vacuum deposition techniques such as magnetic field-assisted cathodic sputtering, more commonly referred to as "magnetron sputtering", or Chemical deposition such as CVD or PECVD or any other known deposition method. In addition to the dielectric layers, each functional layer may be protected by barrier layers or improved by deposition on a wetting layer.

[0082] In some embodiments, a masking element, such as an enamel layer, can be added on one of the major surfaces of the dielectric substrate. This enamel layer permits to hide, from the other side (i.e. from outside of a vehicle) portion of the antenna system such as the periphery, the antenna radiator and the dielectric substrate.

[0083] In some embodiments, the glazing panel can comprises several coating systems applied on same or different surface(s) of a glass sheet.

[0084] In some embodiments where the glazing panel comprises several glass sheets, different or same coating systems can be placed on different surfaces of the glass sheets. ontenna radiator>

[0085] The antenna radiator in the present invention can take variousforms, each tailored to specific performance requirements and application contexts.

[0086] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the antenna radiator 3 can be the patch antenna. Patch antennas are widely used due to their low profile, ease of fabrication, and ability to be integrated into various substrates, including glazing panel. Preferably, as illustrated in FIG. 3, the patch antenna can consist of a flat rectangular or circular conductive patch integrated to a surface of a dielectric substrate, with a ground plane at a non-zero distance from the conductive patch. This configuration allows for efficient radiation of electromagnetic waves, making it suitable for applications requiring a compact and efficient antenna design.

[0087] According to some specific embodiments, the antenna radiator can be a grid of conductors, meaning that the antenna radiator 3 comprises a plurality of conductors 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 arranged in a grid as illustrated in FIG. 5. The plurality of conductors are preferably rectangular conductors. This design involves arranging multiple rectangular conductive elements in a grid pattern on the dielectric substrate. The grid configuration can enhance the antenna's bandwidth and gain, making it suitable for applications that require high-performance signal transmission over a wide frequency range. The grid of rectangular conductors can also be optimized to achieve specific radiation patterns and impedance characteristics, providing flexibility in the design and application of the antenna system.

[0088] According to some embodiments, the number of rows and columns of the grid of antenna elements vary with the frequency and the desire application. In some preferred embodiments, the number of rows and columns are comprises between 3 and 8. For a Circularly polarized antenna according to some embodiments, the number of rows equals the numbers of columns and each antenna radiator are symmetrically arranged and positioned in a square grid for example.

[0089] The antenna radiator can also be configured to operate within a specific frequency range, preferably in a frequency range comprised between 100 M Hz and 50 GHz and more preferably, the antenna radiator is configured to operate in a frequency range above 6GHz also be, typically between 100 MHz and 50 GHz. This wide frequency range allows theantenna system to be used in various communication applications, from low- frequency radio communications to high-frequency millimeter-wave systems. The design of the antenna radiator can be optimized to achieve the desired performance characteristics within this frequency range, ensuring efficient signal transmission and reception.

[0090] Furthermore, the antenna radiator can be configured to achieve specific radiation patterns, such as unidirectional or omnidirectional patterns. A unidirectional radiation pattern focuses the radiated energy in a specific direction, enhancing the signal strength and reducing interference from other directions. This is particularly useful in applications where the antenna needs to communicate with a specific target, such as in point-to- point communication systems. An omnidirectional radiation pattern, on the other hand, radiates energy uniformly in all directions, making it suitable for applications where the antenna needs to communicate with multiple targets in different directions, such as in cellular networks.

[0091] The antenna radiator can also be designed to include additional features, such as impedance matching networks and baluns, to enhance its performance. Impedance matching networks ensure that the antenna's impedance matches the impedance of the transmission line and the connected devices, minimizing signal reflection and maximizing power transfer. Baluns (balanced-to-unbalanced transformers) are used to convert between balanced and unbalanced signals, ensuring efficient signal transmission in systems that use different types of transmission lines.

[0092] In some preferred embodiments, the antenna radiator is positioned on one of the internal surfaces F2, F3 to protect the antenna radiator from the environment. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the radiating element is in F2, increasing the distance between the antenna radiator and the first coupling pad. In this way, better bandwidth and efficiency is achieved compared to having the radiator in F3.

[0093] In FIG. 1, the antenna radiator 3 is integrated to a surface of the dielectric substrate 2. In some embodiments, the antenna radiator is position on the external surface Fl. In some other embodiments, the antenna radiator is integrated to an internal surface F4.

[0094] The antenna radiator is separated from the first coupling pad 5 bya non-zero distance D35 to ensure optimal performance. The inventors found that higher the distance the better for the efficiency and bandwidth, but after some point, surface waves are excited which can create a back lobe if the ground plane is not large enough. Ideally, the distance should be comprises between 1 and 6 mm.

[0095] In the sense of the invention, distances are measured substantially perpendicular to the surface on which the element is disposed. Distances are measures between the element to consider, meaning without taking into account their own thicknesses.<coupling pad>

[0096] According to the invention, a coupling pad in an antenna system is a conductive element used to transfer energy from the transmission line to the antenna radiator. It acts as an intermediary component that facilitates efficient coupling of the signal from the transmission line to the antenna radiator, which is essential for the proper functioning of the antenna.

[0097] The coupling pad in the present invention can take various forms, each tailored to specific performance requirements and application contexts. The coupling pad offers several advantages. It helps achieve good impedance matching between the transmission line and the antenna radiator, for maximizing power transfer and minimizing reflections that can lead to signal loss and inefficiency. By positioning the coupling pad at a specific non-zero distance from the antenna radiator, it enhances the coupling between the transmission line and the radiator, ensuring effective energy transfer and better antenna performance.

[0098] The coupling pad also provides flexibility in the design of the antenna system. It can be adjusted in terms of size, shape, and position to optimize the antenna's performance for different frequency ranges and applications. Properly designed coupling pads can help broaden the bandwidth of the antenna, allowing it to operate efficiently over a wider range of frequencies, making it more versatile for various applications.

[0099] The coupling pad is typically made of a conductive material, such as copper, gold, silver, or aluminum. The ground plane can also a coating system having at least a conductive material layer. In some other embodiments, the ground plane can be a rigid or flexible conductive mesh.

[0100] Preferably, the coupling pad can be designed to minimize interference and unwanted radiation patterns, leading to a cleaner signal and better overall performance of the antenna system. Integrating a coupling pad allows for a more compact antenna design, which is particularly beneficial in applications where space is limited, such as in mobile devices or automotive systems.

[0101] According to some embodiments, the antenna system can comprises several coupling pads.<Ground plane>

[0102] The ground plane 4 in the present invention can take various forms, each tailored to specific performance requirements and application contexts. The ground plane serves as a reference point for the antenna radiator and plays a crucial role in shaping the radiation pattern, impedance, and overall efficiency of the antenna. The ground plane is coupled with the antenna radiator allowing for efficient radiation of electromagnetic waves, making it suitable for applications requiring a compact and efficient antenna design.

[0103] The ground plane is typically made of a conductive material, such as copper, gold, silver, or aluminum. The ground plane can also a coating system having at least a conductive material layer. In some other embodiments, the ground plane can be a rigid or flexible conductive mesh.

[0104] According to some embodiments, in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3, FIG. 4, FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, the ground plane comprises a substantially planar part 41 with a hole 42 to let the signal line 71 passing through said hole.

[0105] In some embodiments, the ground plane can be attached to a dielectric panel such as a PCB.

[0106] Preferably, the ground line 72 is electrically connected to the ground plane around said hole 42.

[0107] In some embodiments, the ground line and the signal line can be connected to a coaxial cable respectively to the shield and to the pin of said coaxial cable.

[0108] As illustrated in FIG. 3, FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, according to some embodiments, the ground plane further comprises a fringe part 43 extending from the edge 411 of the planar part 41 creating a cavity 24 between the planar part 41, the fringe 43 and the dielectric substrate 2. This permits toreduce losses, to improve the overall efficiency of the antenna, to improve the impedance matching, while protecting the antenna from unwanted electromagnetic interference. The cavity can be designed to support a wider range of frequencies, allowing the antenna to operate efficiently over a broader spectrum. Additionally, the cavity can improve the antenna's directivity. By shaping the cavity appropriately, the radiation pattern of the antenna can be controlled and directed more precisely, which is beneficial for applications requiring focused signal transmission or reception. The cavity also allows for a more compact antenna design. By integrating the cavity into the ground plane, the overall size of the antenna system can be reduced without compromising performance, making it suitable for space- constrained applications.

[0109] In embodiments in which the space 24 is surrounded by the fringe 43, the space is the cavity.

[0110] In some preferred embodiments, the fringe 43 and the planar part 41 are made in a single piece. This piece can be bent to create the fringe.

[0111] In some preferred embodiments, the fringe 43 extends from substantially the extremity of the planar part 41, preferably the fringe 43 extends substantially perpendicular to the planar part 41.

[0112] In some preferred embodiments, the fringe 43 extends to substantially the bottom surface F4 of the dielectric substrate 2.

[0113] In some preferred embodiments, the length, the dimension measured in the plan perpendicular to the surface of the dielectric substrate, of the fringe 43 is substantially the distance D54. Preferably, the length, of the fringe 43 is between 0.01 % and 10 % smaller than the distance D54 to avoid scratches on the surface of the dielectric substrate.

[0114] The non-zero distance D54 is preferably comprised between about 1 mm and about 10 mm (1mm < D54 < 10mm). The distance D35 is preferably comprised between about 0.3 mm and about 4 mm (0.3mm < D35 < 4mm) depending on the selected antenna frequency range and / or on the application.

[0115] In some preferred embodiments, the fringe 43 surrounds the space 24.

[0116] Preferably, the space 24 created between ground plane and thedielectric substrate is filled with air, especially if this space is surrounded by the fringe 43. connection means>

[0117] According to the invention, as illustrated in FIG. 4, FIG. 5 and FIG. 6n the antenna system comprises a connection means 8 designed to electrically connect the signal line 71 to the first coupling pad 5, preferably the connection means is a connector designed to electrically connect the signal line to the first coupling pad.

[0118] According to some preferred embodiments, the connection means is inscribed in a volume V with a length measured perpendicularly to the dielectric substrate. The length of the connection means is designed to be reduced from a length at rest to a compression length when the connection apparatus is fixed to the support. It is understood that the length at rest is greater than the compression length. At least a part of the connection means 8 can be designed to be compressible to accommodate variations in the distance.

[0119] In such embodiments, the connection means permits to include reliable electrical connections, as they provide stable and consistent connections between the signal line 71 and the coupling pad 5, ensuring minimal signal loss or degradation. They offer mechanical stability by being designed to compress from a length at rest to a compression length, maintaining secure connections even in environments subject to vibrations or mechanical shocks.

[0120] Flexibility in design is a significant advantage, as the connection means can be customized in various forms, such as spring-loaded contacts or conductive foam, to suit different application requirements. Enhanced durability is achieved through the use of materials and designs optimized for long-term performance, even in harsh environmental conditions, including resistance to corrosion, temperature variations, and mechanical wear. Improved signal matching is another benefit, as the connection means can be designed to match the impedance of the transmission line and the external components, reducing reflections, and ensuring efficient signal transfer, which is particularly important in RF and microwave applications.

[0121] The compact design is facilitated by the ability to compress theconnection means from a length at rest to a compression length, allowing for a more space-efficient connection apparatus. Environmental protection is enhanced when the connection means are combined with a housing that provides protection from dust, moisture, and other contaminants, thereby improving the overall reliability of the connection apparatus.

[0122] According to some embodiments, wherein the connection means is a spring-loaded contact, as illustrated in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. A spring-loaded contact is a type of electrical connector that uses a spring mechanism to maintain a consistent and reliable connection between two conductive surfaces. In such embodiments, the spring creates the contact. The contact typically consists of a conductive element, such as a pin or pad, which is mounted on a spring. When the contact is pressed against another conductive surface, the spring compresses, ensuring that the contact element remains in firm contact with the surface. This design helps to accommodate variations in alignment and pressure, providing a stable electrical connection even in the presence of vibrations or mechanical shocks. Spring-loaded contacts are widely used in applications where durability and reliability are critical, such as in connectors for electronic devices, automotive systems, and industrial equipment. The spring-loaded contact is inscribed in a volume V with a length measured perpendicularly to the rigid dielectric panel; the length of the spring-loaded contact is designed to be reduced from a length at rest to a compression length when the connection apparatus is fixed to the support due to the spring mechanism.

[0123] According to some preferred embodiments, the connection means can be a pogo pin or alike. A pogo pin is a type of electrical connector that consists of a spring-loaded, cylindrical pin. In such embodiments, the spring pushes the part in contact. It is designed to establish an electrical connection between two components. The pin is housed within a barrel and is capable of compressing and extending due to the internal spring mechanism. When the pogo pin is pressed against a contact pad or another conductive surface, the spring compresses, from a rest position to a compressed position, allowing the pin to make a reliable electrical connection. The pogo pin is inscribed in a volume V with a length measured perpendicularly to the rigid dielectric panel; the length of the pogo pin isdesigned to be reduced from a length at rest to a compression length when the connection apparatus is fixed to the support due to the internal spring mechanism.

[0124] According to some embodiments, the connection means is designed to provide a contact force of at least 0.5 N when compressed to the compression length.

[0125] In some preferred embodiments, the antenna radiator is positioned on a first surface of the dielectric substrate and the first coupling pad is positioned on a second surface.

[0126] In some preferred embodiments, the antenna system can comprises several coupling pads. Each of the several coupling pads can be coupled to the same or different antenna radiator and with the same or different ground plane. As illustrated in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, the antenna system comprises a second coupling pad. The second coupling pad is preferably disposed on or embedded within as for the first coupling pad, meaning on the same surface and / or at the same distance. Preferably the first and the second coupling pads are substantially orthogonal to each other to provide the horizontal and the vertical polarization.<M ultiple antennas>

[0127] According to some preferred embodiments, the antenna system can comprise a plurality of antenna radiator; each designed to operate within specific frequency ranges or to provide distinct radiation patterns.

[0128] In some preferred embodiments, the antenna system comprises a plurality of antenna radiator; for each antenna radiator, the antenna system comprises a transmission line and a first coupling pad.

[0129] Preferably, the antenna radiators are integrated to the same surface. These antenna radiators can be strategically positioned on said surface to optimize the performance of the respective antenna radiators, ensuring efficient signal transmission and reception as for the slots improving the overall functionality of the antenna system. This configuration allows for a versatile and adaptable antenna system capable of supporting multiple communication standards and applications simultaneously and to create an antenna array.

[0130] The antenna system can comprise several antenna radiators. In aspecific embodiment, each antenna radiator can comprise a plurality of conductors arranged in a grid.

[0131] In some preferred embodiments, the plurality of antenna radiators is arranged in a grid shape, U-shape, L-shape or alike creating an antenna array. More preferably, the antenna radiators are arranged near the border of the dielectric substrate 2.

[0132] In some embodiments, the same ground plane can be used for several antenna radiators.

[0133] For each antenna radiator, there is a corresponding coupling pad, or multiple coupling pads as illustrated in FIG. 5 and FIG. 8

[0134] In some embodiments, especially dual-polarized embodiments, each antenna radiator can be coupled with two coupling pads that are perpendicularly, meaning orthogonally, positioned relative to each other, enabling support for both horizontal and vertical polarizations. This dual-pad configuration allows the antenna system to effectively handle multiple polarization states, thereby enhancing its versatility and performance in various communication scenarios. By accommodating both polarizations, the antenna system can achieve improved signal reception and transmission, reduce polarization mismatch losses, and provide more robust and reliable communication links, particularly in environments where signal orientation can vary.

[0135] According to some embodiments, the antenna system includes an impedance matching network offering an optimization of impedance matching between the antenna and the transmission line, which maximizes power transfer and minimizes signal reflections, leading to improved efficiency and performance. This optimization reduces signal loss and enhances the overall signal quality. Additionally, an impedance matching network can broaden the operational bandwidth of the antenna, allowing it to function effectively over a wider range of frequencies. This flexibility is particularly advantageous for applications requiring multi-band or wideband performance. The network also helps in stabilizing the antenna's performance across different environmental conditions and manufacturing variations, ensuring consistent and reliable operation. Furthermore, it can simplify the design process by allowing more flexibility in the choice ofantenna elements and their configurations.

[0136] In some embodiments, the coupling pad(es) is (are) configured to improve the impedance matching of the antenna radiator.<housing>

[0137] According to some embodiments, the antenna system can comprise a housing. The housing is designed to accommodate a part of the antenna system, such as the ground plane, therein.

[0138] In the second aspect of the present invention, the antenna system 1 can be used in a vehicle 300 as illustrated in FIG. 10. In such embodiments, preferably, the dielectric substrate is a laminated glazing, and the laminated glazing is a glass roof, a windshield, a backlite or a lateral window.

[0139] U sually in vehicles, as in other fields, the dielectric substrate can be curved, especially a glass roof. Said dielectric substrate can be cylindrically or spherically curved, meaning that the dielectric substrate can be curved, respectively, in a single direction or in two directions.

[0140] In some specific embodiments in which the dielectric substrate is curved, the ground plane of the antenna system can be tilted to minimize the variation in the perpendicular distance of the ground plane from the curved dielectric substrate.

[0141] In some other embodiments in which the dielectric substrate is curved, the ground plane of the antenna system can be conformed to the surface of the dielectric substrate, the planar part is then substantially following the curvature.

[0142] In some embodiments in which the dielectric substrate is curved, the ground plane of the antenna system can be comprised rigid portions separated by flexible portions to substantially follow the surface of the dielectric substrate.

[0143] According to some embodiments, the invention relates also to the use of the antenna system of the first aspect of the present invention for providing beamforming capabilities 1300 in a wireless communication network 301, 302, 303 preferably in a position, navigation, and timing system 303.

[0144] According to some embodiments, the invention relates also to a use of the antenna system in a radar system for steering radar beams in twodimensions for target detection and tracking.

[0145] According to some embodiments, the invention relates also to a use of the antenna system in an automotive application for providing adaptive beamforming for vehicle-to-vehicle communication and sensing 301.

[0146] According to some embodiments, the invention relates also to a use of the antenna system in a communication system 302 in a public or private network such as Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G, or alike.

[0147] According to some embodiments, the invention relates also to a use of the antenna system in a satellite communication system 303 for electronically steering communication beams toward different geographic areas.

[0148] According to some embodiments, the invention relates also to a use of the antenna system in a phased array radar for providing electronic scanning of radar beams in azimuth and elevation angles.

[0149] As illustrated in FIG. 9, the present invention relates to a method for assembling an antenna system according to the first aspect of the present invention.

[0150] The method comprises a step of providing 201 the dielectric substrate comprising the antenna radiator and the first coupling pad; a step of positioning the ground plane; a step of providing 202 the transmission line; a step of electrically connecting 203 the signal line with the feeding first patch and the ground line with the ground plane.

Claims

ClaimsClaim 1. An antenna system (1) comprising: o a dielectric substrate (2); o an antenna radiator (3) integrated to the substrate; o a ground plane (4); o a transmission line (7) comprising a signal line (71) and a ground line (72); characterized in that the antenna system comprises a first coupling pad (5) positioned at a non-zero distance (D35) from the antenna radiator; in that the antenna radiator, the first coupling pad, the ground plane are arranged in a layered configuration, the first coupling pad being positioned between the antenna radiator and the ground plane; in that the ground plane is positioned at a non-zero-distance (D54) from the first coupling pad, creating a space (24) between the ground plane and the dielectric substrate; in that the signal line is electrically connected to the first coupling pad; in that the ground line is electrically connected to the ground plane; in that the dielectric substrate is curved; and in that the ground plane of the antenna system is designed to be tilted to minimize the variation in the perpendicular distance of the ground plane from the curved dielectric substrate.Claim 2. Antenna system according to claim 1, wherein the antenna radiator is configured to operate in a frequency range comprised between 100 MHz and 50 GHz.Claim 3. Antenna system according to any of claims 1 to 2, wherein the antenna radiator is a patch antenna.Claim 4. Antenna system according to any preceding claims, wherein the ground plane comprises a substantially planar part (41) with a hole (42) to let the signal line (71) passing through said hole.Claim 5. Antenna system according to claim 4, wherein the ground plane further comprises a fringe part (43) extending from the edge (411) of the planar part (41) creating a cavity (24) between the planar part (41), the fringe (43) and the dielectric substrate (2).Claim 6. Antenna system according to any preceding claims, wherein the antenna system comprises a connection means (8) designed to electrically connect the signal line to the first coupling pad, preferably the connection means is a connector designed to electrically connect the signal line to the first coupling pad.Claim 7. Antenna system according to claim 6, wherein the connection means is a spring-loaded contact.Claim 8. Antenna system apparatus according to any preceding claims, wherein the dielectric substrate is a glazing panel.Claim 9. Antenna system according to any preceding claims, wherein the antenna radiator is positioned on a first surface of the dielectric substrate and the first coupling pad is positioned on a second surface.Claim 10. Antenna system according to any preceding claims, wherein the antenna system comprises a second coupling pad.Claim 11. Antenna system according to any preceding claims, wherein the ground plane is positioned substantially parallel to the dielectric substrate.Claim 12. Antenna system according to any preceding claims, wherein the antenna radiator comprises a plurality of rectangular conductors arranged in a grid.Claim 13. Antenna system according to any preceding claims, wherein the antenna system comprises a plurality of antenna radiator; for each antenna radiator, the antenna system comprises a transmission line and a first coupling pad.Claim 14. Vehicle comprising an antenna system according to any of the claims 1 to 13.Claim 15. A method for assembling an antenna system according to any of the claims 1 to 13, wherein the method comprises following steps:- Providing (201) the dielectric substrate comprising the antenna radiator and the first coupling pad;- Positioning the ground plane;- Providing (202) the transmission line;- Electrically connecting (203) the signal line with the feeding first patch and the ground line with the ground plane.

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