Compositions and methods for improving canine antibody functions

Abstract

The invention relates generally to canine antibody variants and uses thereof. Specifically, the invention relates to mutations in the constant region of canine antibody for improving various characteristics.

Description

ZP000529ACOMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR IMPROVING CANINE ANTIBODYFUNCTIONSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of United States Provisional Patent Application 63 / 736,133, filed on December 19, 2024, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention relates generally to compositions and methods for improving various canine antibody characteristics. Specifically, the invention relates to one or more mutations in the Fc constant region of canine antibody and uses thereof.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Canine IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are emerging as promising therapeutics in veterinary medicine. Librela, one such canine mAb, is currently FDA-approved for treating pain associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.

[0004] Several years ago, four canine IgG subclasses were identified and characterized (Bergeron et al., 2014, Vet Immunol Immunopathol., No\. 157(1-2), pages 31-41). Despite this progress, there has been limited research on improving various characteristics of canine IgGs.

[0005] Through a recycling mechanism, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) prolongs the half-life of an IgG in a pH-dependent interaction with its fragment crystallizable (Fc) region. Specifically, the Fc region spanning the interface of CH2 and CH3 domains interacts with the FcRn on the surface of cells to regulate IgG homeostasis. This interaction is favoured by an acidic interaction after IgG pinocytosis and thus IgG is protected from degradation. The endocytosed IgG is then recycled back to the cell surface and released into the blood stream at a slightly alkaline pH thereby maintaining sufficient serum IgG for proper function. Accordingly, the pharmacokinetic profile of IgGs depend on the structural and functional properties of their Fc regions.

[0006] Fc regions are also responsible for antibody immune effector functions, such as complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) andZP000529A antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). These effector functions rely on the interactions of antibody Fc regions with Fc gamma receptors (FcyRs) and complement component Iq (Clq). Therefore, engineering Fc regions to tune their interactions with FcyRs and Clq has emerged as a promising approach for enhancing the activity of therapeutic antibodies.

[0007] The Fc region can be engineered to obtain beneficial gain-of-function modifications, such as enhancing immune effector function on therapeutic mAbs targeting cancer cells, bacteria or viruses in order to augment killing / clearing of the cells / virus particles. However, in some cases, it can be beneficial to reduce or abolish antibody Fc function. These situations include antibodies that are used as receptor agonists to crosslink receptors and induce signaling (e.g., receptor antagonists to block receptordigand interactions to prevent signaling, or drug delivery vehicles to deliver drugs or a drug to antigen-expressing target cells). In these instances, Fc engagement of receptors on effector cells or engagement of Clq is not wanted, because it can lead to undesired killing of biologically important cells expressing the receptor or recruitment of drug-conjugated antibodies to off-target cells. Effector function null IgG is thus important for a number of antibody mechanisms of action in a wide range of disease areas. In addition, this is also important in Fc- fusion proteins and alternative antibody formats such as bi- or multi-specific antibodies. Several strategies to manipulate FcyRs binding of human antibodies and complement protein Clq binding, including changes to Fc sequence and glycosylation, are known in the art and fully described in Saunders, Front Immunol., 2019, Volume 10, Article 1296. However, not much work has been done in canine antibodies.

[0008] Accordingly, there exists a need for novel IgG Fc region mutations to improve various characteristics of canine IgGs for use as safe and effective therapeutic mAbs.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] The invention relates to modified recombinant canine IgGs that exhibit desired characteristics, relative to wild-type IgGs. Specifically, the inventors of the instant application have found that substituting an amino acid residue at positions described herein with another amino acid surprisingly and unexpectedly produced a desired effect. Tn an exemplary embodiment, the unexpected, desired effects include, but are not limited to, altered binding to Fc gamma receptor (FcyR); and altered binding to complement component Iq (Clq); or a combination thereof.ZP000529A

[0010] In one aspect, the invention provides a modified IgG comprising: a canine IgG constant domain comprising at least one amino acid substitution relative to a wild-type canine IgG constant domain, wherein said substitution is at amino acid residue 232, 234, 235, 236, 239, 240, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 294, 297, 298, 299, 300, 323, 324, 326, 328, 330, 332, 334, 418, 420, 421, 422, 423, 441, 442, or 445, numbered according to the Eu index as in Kabat.

[0011] In some embodiments, the constant domain comprises one or more of substitutions L266G, G298L, Y300Q, L266V, G298K, M234D, G236E, L235D, G236W, V240S, V262L, P232W, V264I, V240Q, P268W, Y300D, K326R, D267K, T299E, V263W, N297A, D421K, T422K, Q418K, G420R, S239L, L328F, E294M, L441F, S330K, S330L, V323H, G298I, S330A, N324P, T299Q, S442K, F423K, I332E, S442L, P445K, R334E, and P445E.

[0012] In another aspect, the invention provides a canine IgG constant domain comprising means for altering its binding to FcyR, which comprise one or more substitutions described herein. In one example, the means, described herein, is capable of altering the binding of the canine IgG constant domain to FcyR at a higher affinity, relative to the FcyR binding affinity of a wild-type feline IgG constant domain. In another example, the means, described herein, is capable of altering the binding of the canine IgG constant domain to FcyR at a lower affinity, relative to the FcyR binding affinity of a wild-type feline IgG constant domain. In yet another example, the means, described herein, is capable of knocking out or nullifying the binding of the canine IgG constant domain to FcyR (i.e., no binding to FcyR).

[0013] In another aspect, the invention provides a canine IgG constant domain comprising means for altering its binding to Clq, which comprise one or more substitutions described herein. In one example, the means, described herein, is capable of altering the binding of the canine IgG constant domain to Clq at a higher affinity, relative to the Clq binding affinity of a wild-type feline IgG constant domain. In another example, the means, described herein, is capable of altering the binding of the canine IgG constant domain to Clq at a lower affinity, relative to the Clq binding affinity of a wild-type feline IgG constant domain. In yet another example, the means, described herein, is capable of knocking out or nullifying the binding of the canine IgG constant domain to Clq (i.e., no binding to Clq).

[0014] In another aspect, the invention provides a canine IgG constant domain comprising means for regulating complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), wherein the means is capable ofZP000529A enhancing or reducing CDC in a canine subject, relative to the CDC of a wild-type canine IgG constant domain. In another aspect, the invention provides methods for enhancing or reducing CDC in a canine subject.

[0015] In another aspect, the invention provides a canine IgG constant domain comprising means for regulating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), wherein the means is capable of enhancing or reducing ADCC in a canine subject, relative to the ADCC of a wild-type canine IgG constant domain. In another aspect, the invention provides methods for enhancing or reducing ADCC in a canine subject.

[0016] In another aspect, the invention provides a recombinant polypeptide comprising a modified recombinant canine IgG Fc region as described herein comprising one or more substitutions described herein.

[0017] In another aspect, the invention provides a recombinant antibody or a fusion molecule comprising a canine IgG Fc region as described herein comprising one or more substitutions described herein.

[0018] In another aspect, the invention provides a method for producing or manufacturing an antibody or a molecule, the method comprising: providing a vector or a host cell having a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an antibody, wherein said antibody comprises a canine IgG constant domain comprising one or more amino acid substitutions described herein.

[0019] Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description examples and figures. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

[0021] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary domain structure of IgG.ZP000529A

[0022] FIG. 2 shows the alignment of the amino acid sequences of wild-type (WT) human IgGl , WT canine IgGA, WT canine IgGB, WT canine IgGC, and WT canine IgGD. The amino acid residues are numbered according to the Eu index as in Kabat. The CHI, hinge, CH2, and CH3 amino acid residues are in red, violet, blue, and green, respectively.

[0023] FIG. 3 shows canine Fc IgGB WT nucleotide sequence.

[0024] FIG. 4 shows a cell-based complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0025] FIG. 5 shows a cell-based CDC activity of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0026] FIG. 6 shows a cell-based CDC activity of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0027] FIG. 7 shows a cell-based CDC activity of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0028] FIG. 8 shows a cell-based CDC activity of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0029] FIG. 9 shows a cell-based CDC activity of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0030] FIG. 10 shows a cell-based CDC activity of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0031] FIG. 11 shows a cell-based CDC activity of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0032] FIG. 12 shows a cell-based CDC activity of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0033] FIG. 13 shows a cell-based canine FcRIII binding of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0034] FIG. 14 shows a cell-based canine FcRIII binding of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.ZP000529A

[0035] FIG. 1 shows a cell-based canine FcRTII binding of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0036] FIG. 16 shows a cell-based canine FcRIII binding of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0037] FIG. 17 shows a cell-based canine FcRIII binding of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0038] FIG. 18 shows a cell-based canine FcRIII binding of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0039] FIG. 19 shows a cell-based canine FcRIII binding of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0040] FIG. 20 shows a cell-based canine FcRIII binding of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0041] FIG. 21 shows a cell-based canine FcRIII binding of canine wild type Fc IgG2 and Fc mutants, according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0042] FIG. 22 shows ADCC effects in Canine IgGB WT control antibody and Fc mutations, according to another embodiment of the invention.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTINGS

[0043] SEQ ID NO.: 1 refers to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGA constant region.

[0044] SEQ ID NO. : 2 refers to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGB (65) constant region.

[0045] SEQ ID NO.: 3 refers to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGC constant region.

[0046] SEQ ID NO.: 4 refers to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGD constant region.

[0047] SEQ ID NO.: 5 refers to the nucleic acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGB (65) codon optimized, according to one embodiment.ZP000529A

[0048] SEQ ID NO.: 6 refers to the nucleic acid sequence of the wildtype canine TgGB (65) constant domain, according to one embodiment.

[0049] SEQ ID NO.: 7 refers to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGB CHI domain.

[0050] SEQ ID NO.: 8 refers to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGB hinge domain.

[0051] SEQ ID NO.: 9 refers to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGB CH2 domain.

[0052] SEQ ID NO.: 10 refers to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGB CH3 domain.

[0053] SEQ ID NO.: 11 refers to the nucleic acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGB CHI domain.

[0054] SEQ ID NO.: 12 refers to the nucleic acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGB hinge domain.

[0055] SEQ ID NO.: 13 refers to the nucleic acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGB CH2 domain.

[0056] SEQ ID NO.: 14 refers to the nucleic acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGB CH3 domain.

[0057] SEQ ID NO.: 15 refers to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype human IgGl constant region.

[0058] SEQ ID NO.: 16 refers to the nucleic acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGA constant region.

[0059] SEQ ID NO.: 17 refers to the nucleic acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGC constant region.

[0060] SEQ ID NO.: 18 refers to the nucleic acid sequence of the wildtype canine IgGD constant region.ZP000529A

[0061] SEQ ID NO.: 19 refers to the nucleic acid sequence of the wildtype human IgGl constant region.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0062] The present subject matter may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description which forms a part of this disclosure. It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the specific products, methods, conditions or parameters described and / or shown herein, and that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments by way of example only and is not intended to be limiting of the claimed invention.

[0063] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present application shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular.

[0064] As employed above and throughout the disclosure, the following terms and abbreviations, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings.Definitions

[0065] In the present disclosure the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include the plural reference, and reference to a particular numerical value includes at least that particular value, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to “a molecule” or "a compound" is a reference to one or more of such molecules or compounds and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. The term "plurality", as used herein, means more than one. When a range of values is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about," it is understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. All ranges are inclusive and combinable.

[0066] In the specification and claims, the numbering of the amino acid residues in an immunoglobulin heavy chain is that of the Eu index as in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991). The "Eu index as in Kabat" refers to the residue numbering of the IgG antibody and is reflected herein in FIG. 2.ZP000529A

[0067] The term "isolated" when used in relation to a nucleic acid is a nucleic acid that is identified and separated from at least one contaminant nucleic acid with which it is ordinarily associated in its natural source. Isolated nucleic acid is in a form or setting different from that in which it is found in nature. Isolated nucleic acid molecules therefore are distinguished from the nucleic acid molecule as it exists in natural cells. An isolated nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleic acid molecule contained in cells that ordinarily express the polypeptide encoded therein where, for example, the nucleic acid molecule is in a plasmid or a chromosomal location different from that of natural cells. The isolated nucleic acid may be present in single-stranded or double-stranded form. When an isolated nucleic acid molecule is to be utilized to express a protein, the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide will contain at a minimum the sense or coding strand, but may contain both the sense and anti-sense strands (i.e., may be double-stranded).

[0068] A nucleic acid molecule is "operably linked" or "operably attached" when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid molecule. For example, a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence of nucleic acid if it affects the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence of nucleic acid if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation. A nucleic acid molecule encoding a variant Fc region is operably linked to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous protein (i.e., a protein or functional fragment thereof which does not, as it exists in nature, comprise an Fc region) if it is positioned such that the expressed fusion protein comprises the heterologous protein or functional fragment thereof adjoined either upstream or downstream to the variant Fc region polypeptide; the heterologous protein may by immediately adjacent to the variant Fc region polypeptide or may be separated therefrom by a linker sequence of any length and composition. Likewise, a polypeptide (used synonymously herein with "protein") molecule is "operably linked" or "operably attached" when it is placed into a functional relationship with another polypeptide.

[0069] As used herein the term "functional fragment" when in reference to a polypeptide or protein (e g., a variant Fc region, or a monoclonal antibody) refers to fragments of that protein which retain at least one function of the full-length polypeptide. The fragments may range in size from six amino acids to the entire amino acid sequence of the full-length polypeptide minus one amino acid. A functional fragment of a variant Fc region polypeptide of the present invention retains at least one "amino acid substitution" as herein defined. A functional fragment of a variant Fc region polypeptide retains at least one function known in the art to be associated with the Fc region (e.g.,ZP000529AADCC, CDC, Fc receptor binding, Clq binding, down regulation of cell surface receptors or may, e.g., increase the in vivo or in vitro half-life of a polypeptide to which it is operably attached).

[0070] The term "purified" or "purify" refers to the substantial removal of at least one contaminant from a sample. For example, an antigen-specific antibody may be purified by complete or substantial removal (at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, or more preferably at least 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%) of at least one contaminating non-immunoglobulin protein; it may also be purified by the removal of immunoglobulin protein that does not bind to the same antigen. The removal of non-immunoglobulin proteins and / or the removal of immunoglobulins that do not bind a particular antigen results in an increase in the percent of antigen-specific immunoglobulins in the sample. In another example, a polypeptide (e.g., an immunoglobulin) expressed in bacterial host cells is purified by the complete or substantial removal of host cell proteins; the percent of the polypeptide is thereby increased in the sample.

[0071] The term "native" as it refers to a polypeptide (e.g., Fc region) is used herein to indicate that the polypeptide has an amino acid sequence consisting of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide as it commonly occurs in nature or a naturally occurring polymorphism thereof. A native polypeptide (e.g., native Fc region) may be produced by recombinant means or may be isolated from a naturally occurring source.

[0072] The term "expression vector" as used herein refers to a recombinant DNA molecule containing a desired coding sequence and appropriate nucleic acid sequences necessary for the expression of the operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism.

[0073] As used herein, the term "host cell" refers to any eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell (e.g., bacterial cells such as E. coli, CHO cells, yeast cells, mammalian cells, avian cells, amphibian cells, plant cells, fish cells, and insect cells), whether located in vitro or in situ, or in vivo

[0074] As used herein, the term "Fc region" refers to a C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain. The "Fc region" may be a native sequence Fc region or a variant Fc region. Although the generally accepted boundaries of the Fc region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain might vary, the canine IgG heavy chain Fc region is usually defined to stretch, for example, from an amino acid residue at position 231 to the carboxyl-terminus thereof. In some embodiments, variants comprise only portions of the Fc region and can include or not include the carboxy-terminus. The Fc region of an immunoglobulin generally comprises two constant domains, CH2 and CH3. InZP000529A some embodiments, variants having one or more of the constant domains are contemplated. In other embodiments, variants without such constant domains (or with only portions of such constant domains) are contemplated.

[0075] The "CH2 domain" of a canine IgG Fc region usually extends, for example, from about amino acid 231 to about amino acid 340 (see FIG. 2). The CH2 domain is unique in that it is not closely paired with another domain. Two N-linked branched carbohydrate chains are interposed between the two CH2 domains of an intact native IgG molecule.

[0076] The "CH3 domain" of a canine IgG Fc region generally is the stretch of residues C-terminal to a CH2 domain in an Fc region extending, for example, from about amino acid residue 341 to about amino acid residue 447 (see FIG. 2).

[0077] A "functional Fc region" possesses an "effector function" of a native sequence Fc region. At least one effector function of a polypeptide comprising a variant Fc region of the present invention may be enhanced or diminished with respect to a polypeptide comprising a native Fc region or the parent Fc region of the variant. Examples of effector functions include, but are not limited to: Clq binding; complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC); Fc receptor binding; antibody- depended cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); phagocytosis; down regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g., B cell receptor; BCR), etc. Such effector functions may require the Fc region to be operably linked to a binding domain (e.g., an antibody variable domain) and can be assessed using various assays (e.g., Fc binding assay, ADCC assays, CDC assays, target cell depletion from whole or fractionated blood samples, etc ).

[0078] A "native sequence Fc region" or "wild type Fc region" refers to an amino acid sequence that is identical to the amino acid sequence of an Fc region commonly found in nature. Exemplary native sequence canine Fc regions are shown in FIG. 2 and include a native sequence of canine IgG Fc region.

[0079] A "variant Fc region" comprises an amino acid sequence that differs from that of a native sequence Fc region (or fragment thereof) by virtue of at least one "amino acid substitution" as defined herein. In preferred embodiments, the variant Fc region has at least one amino acid substitution compared to a native sequence Fc region or in the Fc region of a parent polypeptide, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acid substitutions in a native sequence Fc region or in the Fc region of the parent polypeptide. In an alternative embodiment, a variant Fc region may be generatedZP000529A according to the methods herein disclosed and this variant Fc region can be fused to a heterologous polypeptide of choice, such as an antibody variable domain or a non-antibody polypeptide, e.g., binding domain of a receptor or ligand.

[0080] As used herein, the term "derivative" in the context of polypeptides refers to a polypeptide that comprises and amino acid sequence which has been altered by introduction of an amino acid residue substitution. The term "derivative" as used herein also refers to a polypeptide which has been modified by the covalent attachment of any type of molecule to the polypeptide. For example, but not by way of limitation, an antibody may be modified, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to a cellular ligand or other protein, etc. A derivative polypeptide may be produced by chemical modifications using techniques known to those of skill in the art, including, but not limited to specific chemical cleavage, acetylation, formylation, metabolic synthesis of tunicamycin, etc. Further, a derivative polypeptide possesses a similar or identical function as the polypeptide from which it was derived. It is understood that a polypeptide comprising a variant Fc region of the present invention may be a derivative as defined herein, preferably the derivatization occurs within the Fc region.

[0081] "Substantially of canine origin" as used herein in reference to a polypeptide (e.g., an Fc region or a monoclonal antibody), indicates the polypeptide has an amino acid sequence at least 80%, at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94% or even more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homologous to that of a native canine amino polypeptide.

[0082] The terms "Fc receptor" or "FcR" are used to describe a receptor that binds to an Fc region (e.g., the Fc region of an antibody). The preferred FcR is a native sequence FcR. Moreover, a preferred FcR is one which binds an IgG antibody (a gamma receptor) and includes receptors of the Fc gamma RI, Fc gamma RII, Fc gamma RIII subclasses, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced forms of these receptors. Another preferred FcR includes the neonatal receptor, FcRn, which is responsible for the transfer of maternal IgGs to the fetus (Guyer et al., J. Immunol. 117:587 (1976) and Kim et al., J. Immunol. 24:249 (1994)). Other FcRs, including those to be identified in the future, are encompassed by the term "FcR" herein.

[0083] The phrase "antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity" and "ADCC" refer to a cell- mediated reaction in which nonspecific cytotoxic cells (e.g., nonspecific) that express FcRs (e.g.,ZP000529ANatural Killer ("NK") cells, neutrophils, and macrophages) recognize bound antibody on a target cell and subsequently cause lysis of the target cells. The primary cells for mediating ADCC, NK cells, express Fc gamma RIII only, whereas monocytes express Fc gamma RI, Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII.

[0084] As used herein, the phrase "effector cells" refers to leukocytes (preferably canine) which express one or more FcRs and perform effector functions. Preferably, the cells express at least Fc gamma Rill and perform ADCC effector function. Examples of leukocytes which mediate ADCC include PBMC, NK cells, monocytes, cytotoxic T cells and neutrophils. The effector cells may be isolated from a native source (e.g., from blood or PBMCs).

[0085] A variant polypeptide with "altered" FcRn binding affinity is one which has enhanced (i.e., increased, greater or higher), diminished (i.e., reduced, decreased or lesser), no FcRn binding affinity compared to the variant's parent polypeptide or to a polypeptide comprising a native Fc region (i.e., wildtype) when measured at pH 6.0. A variant polypeptide which displays increased binding or increased binding affinity to an FcRn binds FcRn with greater affinity than the parent polypeptide. A variant polypeptide which displays decreased binding or decreased binding affinity to an FcRn, binds FcRn with lower affinity than its parent polypeptide. A variant polypeptide which displays no binding affinity to an FcRn lacks the ability to bind FcRn relative to the parent polypeptide.

[0086] A variant polypeptide with "altered" FcyR binding affinity is one which has enhanced (i.e., increased, greater or higher), diminished (i.e., reduced, decreased or lesser), no FcyR binding affinity compared to the variant's parent polypeptide or to a polypeptide comprising a native Fc region (i.e., wildtype). A variant polypeptide which displays increased binding or increased binding affinity to an FcyR binds FcyR with greater affinity than the parent or wildtype polypeptide. A variant polypeptide which displays decreased binding or decreased binding affinity to an FcyR, binds FcyR with lower affinity than its parent or wildtype polypeptide. A variant polypeptide which displays no binding affinity to an FcyR lacks the ability to bind FcyR relative to the parent or wildtype polypeptide.

[0087] A variant polypeptide with "altered" Clq binding affinity is one which has enhanced (i.e., increased, greater or higher), diminished (i.e., reduced, decreased or lesser), or no Clq binding affinity compared to the variant's parent polypeptide or to a polypeptide comprising a native FcZP000529A region (i.e., wildtype). A variant polypeptide which displays increased binding or increased binding affinity to an Clq binds Clq with greater affinity than the parent or wildtype polypeptide. A variant polypeptide which displays decreased binding or decreased binding affinity to an Clq, binds Clq with lower affinity than its parent or wildtype polypeptide. A variant polypeptide which displays no binding affinity to an C 1 q lacks the ability to bind Clq relative to the parent or wildtype polypeptide.

[0088] As used herein, an "amino acid substitution" refers to the replacement of at least one existing amino acid residue in a given amino acid sequence with another different "replacement" amino acid residue. The replacement residue or residues may be "naturally occurring amino acid residues" (i.e., encoded by the genetic code) and selected from: alanine (Ala); arginine (Arg); asparagine (Asn); aspartic acid (Asp); cysteine (Cys); glutamine (Gin); glutamic acid (Glu); glycine (Gly); histidine (H is); isoleucine (He): leucine (Leu); lysine (Lys); methionine (Met); phenylalanine (Phe); proline (Pro); serine (Ser); threonine (Thr); tryptophan (Trp); tyrosine (Tyr); and valine (Vai). Substitution with one or more non-naturally occurring amino acid residues is also encompassed by the definition of an amino acid substitution herein. A "non-naturally occurring amino acid residue" refers to a residue, other than those naturally occurring amino acid residues listed above, which is able to covalently bind adjacent amino acid residues (s) in a polypeptide chain. Examples of non-naturally occurring amino acid residues include norleucine, ornithine, norvaline, homoserine and other amino acid residue analogues such as those described in Ellman et al. Meth. Enzym. 202: 301-336 (1991).

[0089] The term "assay signal" refers to the output from any method of detecting protein-protein interactions, including but not limited to, absorbance measurements from colorimetric assays, fluorescent intensity, or disintegrations per minute. Assay formats could include ELISA, facs, or other methods. A change in the "assay signal" may reflect a change in cell viability and / or a change in the kinetic off-rate, the kinetic on-rate, or both. A "higher assay signal" refers to the measured output number being larger than another number (e.g., a variant may have a higher (larger) measured number in an ELISA assay as compared to the parent polypeptide). A "lower" assay signal refers to the measured output number being smaller than another number (e.g., a variant may have a lower (smaller) measured number in an ELISA assay as compared to the parent polypeptide).ZP000529A

[0090] The term "binding affinity" refers to the equilibrium dissociation constant (expressed in units of concentration) associated with each Fc receptor-Fc binding interaction. The binding affinity is directly related to the ratio of the kinetic off-rate (generally reported in units of inverse time, e.g., seconds'1) divided by the kinetic on-rate (generally reported in units of concentration per unit time, e.g., molar / second). In general it is not possible to unequivocally state whether changes in equilibrium dissociation constants are due to differences in on-rates, off-rates or both unless each of these parameters are experimentally determined (e.g., by BIACORE or SAPID YNE measurements).

[0091] As used herein, the term "hinge region" refers to the stretch of amino acids in canine IgG stretching, for example, from position 216 to position 230 of canine IgG. Hinge regions of other IgG isotypes may be aligned with the IgG sequence by placing the cysteine residues forming interheavy chain disulfide (S — S) bonds in the same positions.

[0092] "Clq" is a polypeptide that includes a binding site for the Fc region of an immunoglobulin. Clq together with two serine proteases, Clr and Cis, forms the complex Cl, the first component of the CDC pathway.

[0093] As used herein, the term "antibody" is used interchangeably with "immunoglobulin" or "Ig," is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers monoclonal antibodies (including full length monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity or functional activity. Single chain antibodies, and chimeric, canine, or caninized antibodies, as well as chimeric or CDR-grafted single chain antibodies, and the like, comprising portions derived from different species, are also encompassed by the present invention and the term "antibody". The various portions of these antibodies can be joined together chemically by conventional techniques, synthetically, or can be prepared as a contiguous protein using genetic engineering techniques. For example, nucleic acids encoding a chimeric or caninized chain can be expressed to produce a contiguous protein. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,397; WO 86 / 01533; U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,585,089 and 5,698,762. See also, Newman, R. et al. BioTechnology, 10: 1455-1460, 1993, regarding primatized antibody, and Ladner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778 and Bird, R. E. et al., Science, 242:423-426, 1988, regarding single chain antibodies. It is understood that all forms of the antibodies comprising an Fc region (or portionZP000529A thereof) are encompassed herein within the term "antibody." Furthermore, the antibody may be labeled with a detectable label, immobilized on a solid phase and / or conjugated with a heterologous compound (e.g., an enzyme or toxin) according to methods known in the art.

[0094] As used herein, the term "antibody fragments" refers to a portion of an intact antibody. Examples of antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules; Fc or Fc' peptides, Fab and Fab fragments, and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments. The antibody fragments preferably retain at least part of the hinge and optionally the CHI region of an IgG heavy chain. In other preferred embodiments, the antibody fragments comprise at least a portion of the CH2 region or the entire CH2 region.

[0095] As used herein, the term "functional fragment", when used in reference to a monoclonal antibody, is intended to refer to a portion of the monoclonal antibody that still retains a functional activity. A functional activity can be, for example, antigen binding activity or specificity, receptor binding activity or specificity, effector function activity and the like. Monoclonal antibody functional fragments include, for example, individual heavy or light chains and fragments thereof, such as VL, VH and Fd; monovalent fragments, such as Fv, Fab, and Fab'; bivalent fragments such as F(ab')2; single chain Fv (scFv); and Fc fragments. Such terms are described in, for example, Harlowe and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989); Molec. Biology and Biotechnology: A Comprehensive Desk Reference (Myers, R. A. (ed.), New York: VCH Publisher, Inc ); Huston et al., Cell Biophysics, 22: 189-224 (1993); Pluckthun and Skerra, Meth. Enzymol., 178:497-515 (1989) and in Day, E. D., Advanced Immunochemistry, Second Ed., Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, N.Y. (1990). The term functional fragment is intended to include, for example, fragments produced by protease digestion or reduction of a monoclonal antibody and by recombinant DNA methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0096] As used herein, the term "fragment" refers to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of at least 5, 15, 20, 25, 40, 50, 70, 90, 100 or more contiguous amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence of another polypeptide. In a preferred embodiment, a fragment of a polypeptide retains at least one function of the full-length polypeptide.

[0097] As used herein, the term "chimeric antibody" includes monovalent, divalent or polyvalent immunoglobulins. A monovalent chimeric antibody is a dimer formed by a chimeric heavy chainZP000529A associated through disulfide bridges with a chimeric light chain. A divalent chimeric antibody is a tetramer formed by two heavy chain-light chain dimers associated through at least one disulfide bridge. A chimeric heavy chain of an antibody for use in canine comprises an antigen-binding region derived from the heavy chain of a non-canine antibody, which is linked to at least a portion of a canine heavy chain constant region, such as CHI or CH2. A chimeric light chain of an antibody for use in canine comprises an antigen binding region derived from the light chain of a non-canine antibody, linked to at least a portion of a canine light chain constant region (CL). Antibodies, fragments or derivatives having chimeric heavy chains and light chains of the same or different variable region binding specificity, can also be prepared by appropriate association of the individual polypeptide chains, according to known method steps. With this approach, hosts expressing chimeric heavy chains are separately cultured from hosts expressing chimeric light chains, and the immunoglobulin chains are separately recovered and then associated. Alternatively, the hosts can be co-cultured and the chains allowed to associate spontaneously in the culture medium, followed by recovery of the assembled immunoglobulin or fragment or both the heavy and light chains can be expressed in the same host cell. Methods for producing chimeric antibodies are well known in the art (see, e g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,284,471; 5,807,715; 4,816,567; and 4,816,397).

[0098] As used herein, "caninized" forms of non-canine (e.g., murine) antibodies (i.e., caninized antibodies) are antibodies that contain minimal sequence, or no sequence, derived from non-canine immunoglobulin. For the most part, caninized antibodies are canine immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a hypervariable region of the recipient are replaced by residues from a hypervariable region of a non-canine species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit, human or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some instances, framework region (FR) residues of the canine immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-canine residues. Furthermore, caninized antibodies may comprise residues that are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications are generally made to further refine antibody performance. In general, the caninized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops (CDRs) correspond to those of a non-canine immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR residues are those of a canine immunoglobulin sequence. TheZP000529A caninized antibody may also comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a canine immunoglobulin.

[0099] As used herein, the term "immunoadhesin" designates antibody-like molecules which combine the binding domain of a heterologous "adhesin" protein (e.g., a receptor, ligand or enzyme) with an immunoglobulin constant domain. Structurally, immunoadhesins comprise a fusion of the adhesin amino acid sequence with the desired binding specificity which is other than the antigen recognition and binding site (antigen combining site) of an antibody (i.e., is "heterologous") with an immunoglobulin constant domain sequence.[000100] As used herein, the term "ligand binding domain" refers to any native receptor or any region or derivative thereof retaining at least a qualitative ligand binding ability of a corresponding native receptor. In certain embodiments, the receptor is from a cell-surface polypeptide having an extracellular domain that is homologous to a member of the immunoglobulin supergenefamily. Other receptors, which are not members of the immunoglobulin supergenefamily but are nonetheless specifically covered by this definition, are receptors for cytokines, and in particular receptors with tyrosine kinase activity (receptor tyrosine kinases), members of the hematopoietin and nerve growth factor receptor superfamilies, and cell adhesion molecules (e.g., E-, L-, and P- selectins).[000101] As used herein, the term "receptor binding domain" refers to any native ligand for a receptor, including, e.g., cell adhesion molecules, or any region or derivative of such native ligand retaining at least a qualitative receptor binding ability of a corresponding native ligand.[000102] As used herein, an "isolated" polypeptide is one that has been identified and separated and / or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Contaminant components of its natural environment are materials that would interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the polypeptide, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous solutes. In certain embodiments, the isolated polypeptide is purified (1) to greater than 95% by weight of polypeptides as determined by the Lowry method, and preferably, more than 99% by weight, (2) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) to homogeneity by SDS-page under reducing or nonreducing conditions using Coomassie blue or silver stain. Isolated polypeptide includes the polypeptide in situ within recombinant cells since at least one component of the polypeptide'sZP000529A natural environment will not be present. Ordinarily, however, isolated polypeptide will be prepared by a least one purification step.[000103] As used herein, the term "disorder" and "disease" are used interchangeably to refer to any condition that would benefit from treatment with a variant polypeptide (a polypeptide comprising a variant Fc region of the invention), including chronic and acute disorders or diseases (e.g., pathological conditions that predispose a patient to a particular disorder).[000104] As used herein, the term "receptor" refers to a polypeptide capable of binding at least one ligand. The preferred receptor is a cell-surface or soluble receptor having an extracellular ligandbinding domain and, optionally, other domains (e.g., transmembrane domain, intracellular domain and / or membrane anchor). A receptor to be evaluated in an assay described herein may be an intact receptor or a fragment or derivative thereof (e.g. a fusion protein comprising the binding domain of the receptor fused to one or more heterologous polypeptides). Moreover, the receptor to be evaluated for its binding properties may be present in a cell or isolated and optionally coated on an assay plate or some other solid phase or labeled directly and used as a probe.Canine Wildtype IgG[000105] Canine IgGs are well known in the art and fully described, for example, in Bergeron et al., 2014, Vet Immunol Immunopathol., vol. 157 (1-2), pages 31-41. In one embodiment, canine IgG is IgG.4. In another embodiment, canine IgG is TgGn. In yet another embodiment, canine IgG is IgGc. In further embodiment, canine IgG is IgGo. In a particular embodiment, canine IgG is IgGB.[000106] The amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of IgGA, IgGs, IgGc, and IgGo are also well known in the art.[000107] In one example, IgG of the invention comprises a constant domain, for example, CHI, CH2, or CH3 domains, or a combination thereof. In another example, the constant domain of the invention comprises Fc region, including, for example, CH2 or CH3 domains or a combination thereof.[000108] In a particular example, the wild-type constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.: 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, the wild-type IgG constant domain is a homologue, a variant, an isomer, or a functional fragment of SEQ ID NO.: 1, 2, 3, orZP000529A4, but without any mutation described herein. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.[000109] IgGs constant domains also include polypeptides with amino acid sequences substantially similar to the amino acid sequence of the heavy and / or light chain. Substantially the same amino acid sequence is defined herein as a sequence with at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% identity to a compared amino acid sequence, as determined by the FASTA search method in accordance with Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444-2448 (1988).[000110] The present invention also includes nucleic acid molecules that encode IgGs or portion thereof, described herein. In one embodiment, the nucleic acids may encode an antibody heavy chain comprising, for example, CHI, CH2, CH3 regions, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the nucleic acids may encode an antibody heavy chain comprising, for example, any one of the VH regions or a portion thereof, or any one of the VH CDRs, including any variants thereof. The invention also includes nucleic acid molecules that encode an antibody light chain comprising, for example, any one of the CL regions or a portion thereof, any one of the VL regions or a portion thereof or any one of the VL CDRs, including any variants thereof. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid encodes both a heavy and light chain, or portions thereof.[000111] The amino acid sequence of the wild-type constant domain set forth in SEQ ID NO.: 1, 2, 3, or 4 is encoded by its corresponding nucleic acid sequence. For example, the amino acid sequence of the wild-type constant domain set forth in SEQ ID NO.: 2 is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.: 5 or 6. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the wild-type constant domain set forth in SEQ ID NO.: 1, 2, 3, or 4 is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.: 16, 5, 17, or 18, respectively.Modified Canine IgG[000112] The inventors of the instant application have found that substituting one or more amino acid residues surprisingly and unexpectedly altered the binding affinity to FcyR and Clq. The amino acid position number, as used herein, refers to a position numbered according to the Eu index as in Kabat (Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)).ZP000529A[000113] Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention provides a modified TgG comprising: a canine IgG constant domain comprising at least one amino acid substitution relative to a wild-type canine IgG constant domain, wherein said substitution is at amino acid residue 232, 234, 235, 236, 239, 240, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 294, 297, 298, 299, 300, 323, 324, 326, 328, 330, 332, 334, 418, 420, 421, 422, 423, 441, 442, or 445, numbered according to the Eu index as in Kabat.[000114] In some embodiments, the constant domain comprises one or more of substitutions L266G, G298L, Y300Q, L266V, G298K, M234D, G236E, L235D, G236W, V240S, V262L, P232W, V264I, V240Q, P268W, Y300D, K326R, D267K, T299E, V263W, N297A, D421K, T422K, Q418K, G420R, S239L, L328F, E294M, L441F, S330K, S330L, V323H, G298I, S33OA, N324P, T299Q, S442K, F423K, I332E, S442L, P445K, R334E, and P445E.[000115] In a particular example, the invention comprises one or more mutations, described herein, in the wild-type amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. : 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, the mutant IgG constant domain is a homologue, a variant, an isomer, or a functional fragment having one or more mutations, described herein. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.[000116] The amino acid sequence of the mutant constant domain is encoded by its corresponding mutant nucleic acid sequence.[000117] In one aspect, the modified canine IgG of the invention provides a canine IgG constant domain comprising means for altering its binding to FcyR, which comprise one or more substituitions described herein. In one example, the means, described herein, is capable of altering the binding of the canine IgG constant domain to FcyR at a higher affinity, relative to the FcyR binding affinity of a wild-type feline IgG constant domain. In another example, the means, described herein, is capable of altering the binding of the canine IgG constant domain to FcyR at a lower affinity, relative to the FcyR binding affinity of a wild-type feline IgG constant domain. In yet another example, the means, described herein, is capable of knocking out or nullifying the binding of the canine IgG constant domain to FcyR (i.e., no binding to FcyR).[000118] In another aspect, the modified canine IgG of the invention provides a canine IgG constant domain comprising means for altering its binding to Clq, which comprise one or more substituitions described herein. In one example, the means, described herein, is capable of altering the binding of the canine IgG constant domain to Clq at a higher affinity, relative to the ClqZP000529A binding affinity of a wild-type feline IgG constant domain. Tn another example, the means, described herein, is capable of altering the binding of the canine IgG constant domain to Clq at a lower affinity, relative to the Clq binding affinity of a wild-type feline IgG constant domain. In yet another example, the means, described herein, is capable of knocking out or nullifying the binding of the canine IgG constant domain to Clq (i.e., no binding to Clq).[000119] In another aspect, the invention provides a canine IgG constant domain comprising means for regulating complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), wherein the means is capable of enhancing or reducing CDC in a canine subject, relative to the CDC of a wild-type canine IgG constant domain. In another aspect, the invention provides methods for enhancing or reducing CDC in a canine subject.[000120] In another aspect, the invention provides a canine IgG constant domain comprising means for regulating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), wherein the means is capable of enhancing or reducing ADCC in a canine subject, relative to the ADCC of a wild-type canine IgG constant domain. In another aspect, the invention provides methods for enhancing or reducing ADCC in a canine subject.[000121] The Invention also provides recombinant proteins and fusion molecules comprising canine immunoglobulin Fc region variants and ligand-binding domains. In one aspect, the disclosure features a recombinant protein comprising a binding domain, or a fragment thereof, that specifically binds to a ligand or to an epitope of a protein. The binding domain is operably linked to a domain comprising a CH2 region, a CH3 region, or an Fc region (comprising both CH2 and CH3 regions) of a canine immunoglobulin, as described herein.[000122] In certain embodiments, the binding domain comprises at least one of: (i) the six complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of a canine or another species antibody; (ii) the VH and / or VL regions of a canine, felinized, or another species antibody; (iii) a nanobody; (iv) a singlechain variable fragment (scFv); (v) an antigen-binding fragment (Fab); or (vi) a soluble receptorbinding domain or a ligand-binding fragment thereof that binds a ligand.[000123] The invention further provides fusion molecules comprising a canine IgG Fc region variant and a polypeptide. In some embodiments, the canine IgG Fc region variant is covalently attached to the polypeptide, for example, via a hinge region or a linker. The polypeptide may comprise a ligand-binding domain of a canine receptor protein, an extracellular domain of a canineZP000529A receptor protein, or an antigen-binding domain. In certain embodiments, the polypeptide is selected from the ligand-binding domain or extracellular domain of any protein known in the art, for example, but not limited to, VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR3, CD-31, IL-1R, IL-13R, IL-31, IL-31R, NGF, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, EPO, GLP-1, or a GLP-1R agonist. In additional embodiments, the polypeptide comprises a scFv, a nanobody, or a single-domain antibody, known to one of skilled in the art.[000124] In some embodiments, the IgG Fc region variant is a variant of a canine IgG subclass antibody Fc region. The polypeptide or polypeptides disclosed herein may comprise a binding domain that specifically binds to a protein, subunit, domain, motif, or epitope of a selected target described herein. In certain embodiments, the polypeptide or fusion polypeptide comprises a therapeutic protein. The target (for the binding domain) or the therapeutic protein (for the fusion polypeptide) may be a molecule known in the art, including, for example, but not limited to, VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR3, CD-31, IL-1R, IL-13R, IL-31, IL-31R, NGF, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, EPO, GLP-1, or a GLP-1 R agonist.Methods for Making Antibody Molecules of the Invention[000125] Methods for making antibody molecules are well known in the art and fully described in U.S. Patents 8,394,925; 8,088,376; 8,546,543; 10,336,818; and 9,803,023 and U.S. Patent Application Publication 20060067930, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Any suitable method, process, or technique, known to one of skilled in the art, can be used. An antibody molecule having a variant Fc region of the invention may be generated according to the methods well known in the art. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region can be fused to a heterologous polypeptide of choice, such as an antibody variable domain or binding domain of a receptor or ligand.[000126] With the advent of methods of molecular biology and recombinant technology, a person of skilled in the art can produce antibody and antibody-like molecules by recombinant means and thereby generate gene sequences that code for specific amino acid sequences found in the polypeptide structure of the antibodies. Such antibodies can be produced by either cloning the gene sequences encoding the polypeptide chains of said antibodies or by direct synthesis of said polypeptide chains, with assembly of the synthesized chains to form active tetrameric (H2L2) structures with affinity for specific epitopes and antigenic determinants. This has permitted theZP000529A ready production of antibodies having sequences characteristic of neutralizing antibodies from different species and sources.[000127] Regardless of the source of the antibodies, or how they are recombinantly constructed, or how they are synthesized, in vitro or in vivo, using transgenic animals, large cell cultures of laboratory or commercial size, using transgenic plants, or by direct chemical synthesis employing no living organisms at any stage of the process, all antibodies have a similar overall 3 dimensional structure. This structure is often given as H2L2 and refers to the fact that antibodies commonly comprise two light (L) amino acid chains and 2 heavy (H) amino acid chains. Both chains have regions capable of interacting with a structurally complementary antigenic target. The regions interacting with the target are referred to as "variable" or 'V" regions and are characterized by differences in amino acid sequence from antibodies of different antigenic specificity. The variable regions of either H or L chains contain the amino acid sequences capable of specifically binding to antigenic targets.[000128] As used herein, the term "antigen binding region" refers to that portion of an antibody molecule which contains the amino acid residues that interact with an antigen and confer on the antibody its specificity and affinity for the antigen. The antibody binding region includes the "framework" amino acid residues necessary to maintain the proper conformation of the antigenbinding residues. Within the variable regions of the H or L chains that provide for the antigen binding regions are smaller sequences dubbed "hypervariable" because of their extreme variability between antibodies of differing specificity. Such hypervariable regions are also referred to as "complementarity determining regions" or "CDR" regions. These CDR regions account for the basic specificity of the antibody for a particular antigenic determinant structure.[000129] The CDRs represent non-contiguous stretches of amino acids within the variable regions but, regardless of species, the positional locations of these critical amino acid sequences within the variable heavy and light chain regions have been found to have similar locations within the amino acid sequences of the variable chains. The variable heavy and light chains of all antibodies each have three CDR regions, each non-contiguous with the others. In all mammalian species, antibody peptides contain constant (i.e., highly conserved) and variable regions, and, within the latter, there are the CDRs and the so-called "framework regions" made up of amino acid sequences within the variable region of the heavy or light chain but outside the CDRs.ZP000529A[000130] The present invention further provides a vector including at least one of the nucleic acids described above. Because the genetic code is degenerate, more than one codon can be used to encode a particular amino acid. Using the genetic code, one or more different nucleotide sequences can be identified, each of which would be capable of encoding the amino acid. The probability that a particular oligonucleotide will, in fact, constitute the actual encoding sequence can be estimated by considering abnormal base pairing relationships and the frequency with which a particular codon is actually used (to encode a particular amino acid) in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells expressing an antibody or portion. Such "codon usage rules" are disclosed by Lathe, et al., 183 J. Molec. Biol. 1-12 (1985). Using the "codon usage rules" of Lathe, a single nucleotide sequence, or a set of nucleotide sequences that contains a theoretical "most probable" nucleotide sequence capable of encoding canine IgG sequences can be identified. It is also intended that the antibody coding regions for use in the present invention could also be provided by altering existing antibody genes using standard molecular biological techniques that result in variants of the antibodies and peptides described herein. Such variants include, but are not limited to deletions, additions and substitutions in the amino acid sequence of the antibodies or peptides.[000131] For example, one class of substitutions is conservative amino acid substitutions. Such substitutions are those that substitute a given amino acid in a canine antibody peptide by another amino acid of like characteristics. Typically seen as conservative substitutions are the replacements, one for another, among the aliphatic amino acids Ala, Vai, Leu, and lie; interchange of the hydroxyl residues Ser and Thr, exchange of the acidic residues Asp and Glu, substitution between the amide residues Asn and Gin, exchange of the basic residues Lys and Arg, replacements among the aromatic residues Phe, Tyr, and the like. Guidance concerning which amino acid changes are likely to be phenotypically silent is found in Bowie et al., 247 Science 1306-10 (1990).[000132] Variant canine antibodies or peptides may be fully functional or may lack function in one or more activities. Fully functional variants typically contain only conservative variations or variations in non-critical residues or in non-critical regions. Functional variants can also contain substitution of similar amino acids that result in no change or an insignificant change in function. Alternatively, such substitutions may positively or negatively affect function to some degree. Nonfunctional variants typically contain one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions,ZP000529A deletions, insertions, inversions, or truncation or a substitution, insertion, inversion, or deletion in a critical residue or critical region.[000133] Amino acids that are essential for function can be identified by methods known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis. Cunningham et al., 244 Science 1081-85 (1989). The latter procedure introduces single alanine mutations at every residue in the molecule. The resulting mutant molecules are then tested for biological activity such as epitope binding or in vitro ADCC activity. Sites that are critical for ligand-receptor binding can also be determined by structural analysis such as crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, or photoaffinity labeling. Smith et al., 224 J. Mol. Biol. 899-904 (1992); de Vos et al., 255 Science 306-12 (1992).[000134] Moreover, polypeptides often contain amino acids other than the twenty "naturally occurring" amino acids. Further, many amino acids, including the terminal amino acids, may be modified by natural processes, such as processing and other post-translational modifications, or by chemical modification techniques well known in the art. Known modifications include, but are not limited to, acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphotidylinositol, cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent crosslinks, formation of cystine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and ubiquitination. Such modifications are well known to those of skill in the art and have been described in great detail in the scientific literature. Several particularly common modifications, glycosylation, lipid attachment, sulfation, gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, hydroxylation and ADP ribosylation, for instance, are described in most basic texts, such as Proteins-Structure and Molecular Properties (2nd ed., T. E. Creighton, W. H. Freeman & Co., N.Y., 1993). Many detailed reviews are available on this subject, such as by Wold, Posttranslational Covalent Modification of proteins, 1-12 (Johnson, ed., Academic Press, N.Y., 1983); Seifter et al. V I Meth. Enzymol. 626-46 (1990); and Rattan et al. 663 Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 48-62 (1992).ZP000529A[000135] In another aspect, the invention provides antibody derivatives. A "derivative" of an antibody contains additional chemical moieties not normally a part of the protein. Covalent modifications of the protein are included within the scope of this invention. Such modifications may be introduced into the molecule by reacting targeted amino acid residues of the antibody with an organic derivatizing agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or terminal residues. For example, derivatization with bifunctional agents, well-known in the art, is useful for cross-linking the antibody or fragment to a water-insoluble support matrix or to other macromolecular carriers.[000136] Derivatives also include radioactively labeled monoclonal antibodies that are labeled. For example, with radioactive iodine (251,131 1), carbon (4C), sulfur (35S), indium, tritium (H3) or the like; conjugates of monoclonal antibodies with biotin or avidin, with enzymes, such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-D-galactosidase, glucose oxidase, glucoamylase, carboxylic acid anhydrase, acetylcholine esterase, lysozyme, malate dehydrogenase or glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; and also conjugates of monoclonal antibodies with bioluminescent agents (such as luciferase), chemoluminescent agents (such as acridine esters) or fluorescent agents (such as phycobiliproteins).[000137] Another derivative bifunctional antibody of the invention is a bispecific antibody, generated by combining parts of two separate antibodies that recognize two different antigenic groups. This may be achieved by crosslinking or recombinant techniques. Additionally, moieties may be added to the antibody or a portion thereof to increase half-life in vivo (e.g., by lengthening the time to clearance from the blood stream. Such techniques include, for example, adding PEG moieties (also termed pegylation), and are well-known in the art. See U.S. Patent. Appl. Pub. No. 20030031671.[000138] In some embodiments, the nucleic acids encoding a subject antibody are introduced directly into a host cell, and the cell is incubated under conditions sufficient to induce expression of the encoded antibody. After the subject nucleic acids have been introduced into a cell, the cell is typically incubated, normally at 37° C., sometimes under selection, for a period of about 1-24 hours in order to allow for the expression of the antibody. In one embodiment, the antibody is secreted into the supernatant of the media in which the cell is growing. Traditionally, monoclonal antibodies have been produced as native molecules in murine hybridoma lines. In addition to thatZP000529A technology, the present invention provides for recombinant DNA expression of the antibodies. This allows the production of antibodies, as well as a spectrum of antibody derivatives and fusion proteins in a host species of choice.[000139] A nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one antibody, portion or polypeptide of the invention may be recombined with vector DNA in accordance with conventional techniques, including blunt-ended or staggered-ended termini for ligation, restriction enzyme digestion to provide appropriate termini, fdling in of cohesive ends as appropriate, alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable joining, and ligation with appropriate ligases. Techniques for such manipulations are disclosed, e.g., by Maniatis et al., MOLECULAR CLONING, LAB. MANUAL, (Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press, NY, 1982 and 1989), and Ausubel et al. 1993 supra, may be used to construct nucleic acid sequences which encode an antibody molecule or antigen binding region thereof.[000140] A nucleic acid molecule, such as DNA, is said to be "capable of expressing" a polypeptide if it contains nucleotide sequences which contain transcriptional and translational regulatory information and such sequences are "operably linked" to nucleotide sequences which encode the polypeptide. An operable linkage is a linkage in which the regulatory DNA sequences and the DNA sequence sought to be expressed are connected in such a way as to permit gene expression as peptides or antibody portions in recoverable amounts. The precise nature of the regulatory regions needed for gene expression may vary from organism to organism, as is well known in the analogous art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., 2001 supra; Ausubel et al., 1993 supra.[000141] The present invention accordingly encompasses the expression of an antibody or peptide, in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. Suitable hosts include bacterial or eukaryotic hosts including bacteria, yeast, insects, fungi, bird and mammalian cells either in vivo, or in situ, or host cells of mammalian, insect, bird or yeast origin. The mammalian cell or tissue may be of human, primate, hamster, rabbit, rodent, cow, pig, sheep, horse, goat, dog or cat origin. Any other suitable mammalian cell, known in the art, may also be used.[000142] In one embodiment, the nucleotide sequence of the invention will be incorporated into a plasmid or viral vector capable of autonomous replication in the recipient host. Any of a wide variety of vectors may be employed for this purpose. See, e.g., Ausubel et al., 1993 supra. Factors of importance in selecting a particular plasmid or viral vector include: the ease with which recipientZP000529A cells that contain the vector may be recognized and selected from those recipient cells which do not contain the vector; the number of copies of the vector which are desired in a particular host; and whether it is desirable to be able to "shuttle" the vector between host cells of different species.[000143] Example prokaryotic vectors known in the art include plasmids such as those capable of replication in A. coli (such as, for example, pBR322, CoIEl, pSClOl, pACYC 184, .pi.vX). Such plasmids are, for example, disclosed by Maniatis et al., 1989 supra; Ausubel et al, 1993 supra. Bacillus plasmids include pC194, pC221, pT127, etc. Such plasmids are disclosed by Gryczan, in THE MOLEC. BIO. OF THE BACILLI 307-329 (Academic Press, NY, 1982). Suitable Streptomyces plasmids include plJlOl (Kendall et al., 169 J. Bacteriol. 4177-83 (1987), and Streptomyces bacteriophages such as phLC31 (Chater et al., in SIXTH INT'L SYMPOSIUM ON ACTINOMYCETALES BIO. 45-54 (Akademiai Kaido, Budapest, Hungary 1986). Pseudomonas plasmids are reviewed in John et al., 8 Rev. Infect. Dis. 693-704 (1986); Izaki, 33 Jpn. J. Bacteriol. 729-42 (1978); and Ausubel et al., 1993 supra.[000144] Alternatively, gene expression elements useful for the expression of cDNA encoding antibodies or peptides include, but are not limited to, (a) viral transcription promoters and their enhancer elements, such as the SV40 early promoter (Okayama et al., 3 Mol. Cell. Biol. 280 (1983), Rous sarcoma virus LTR (Gorman et al., 79 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 6777 (1982), and Moloney murine leukemia virus LTR (Grosschedl et al., 41 Cell 885 (1985); (b) splice regions and polyadenylation sites such as those derived from the SV40 late region (Okayarea et al., 1983), and (c) polyadenylation sites such as in SV40 (Okayama et al., 1983).[000145] Immunoglobulin cDNA genes can be expressed as described by Weidle et al., 51 Gene 21 (1987), using as expression elements the SV40 early promoter and its enhancer, the mouse immunoglobulin H chain promoter enhancers, SV40 late region mRNA splicing, rabbit S-globin intervening sequence, immunoglobulin and rabbit S-globin polyadenylation sites, and SV40 polyadenylation elements. For immunoglobulin genes comprised of part cDNA, part genomic DNA (Whittle et al., 1 Protein Engin. 499 (1987)), the transcriptional promoter can be human cytomegalovirus, the promoter enhancers can be cytomegalovirus and mouse / human immunoglobulin, and mRNA splicing and polyadenylation regions can be the native chromosomal immunoglobulin sequences.ZP000529A[000146] In one embodiment, for expression of cDNA genes in rodent cells, the transcriptional promoter is a viral LTR sequence, the transcriptional promoter enhancers are either or both the mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer and the viral LTR enhancer, the splice region contains an intron of greater than 31 bp, and the polyadenylation and transcription termination regions are derived from the native chromosomal sequence corresponding to the immunoglobulin chain being synthesized. In other embodiments, cDNA sequences encoding other proteins are combined with the above-recited expression elements to achieve expression of the proteins in mammalian cells.[000147] Each fused gene can be assembled in, or inserted into, an expression vector. Recipient cells capable of expressing the immunoglobulin chain gene product are then transfected singly with a peptide or H or L chain-encoding gene, or are co-transfected with H and L chain gene. The transfected recipient cells are cultured under conditions that permit expression of the incorporated genes and the expressed immunoglobulin chains or intact antibodies or fragments are recovered from the culture.[000148] In one embodiment, the fused genes encoding the peptide or H and L chains, or portions thereof are assembled in separate expression vectors that are then used to cotransfect a recipient cell. Alternatively the fused genes encoding the H and L chains can be assembled on the same expression vector. For transfection of the expression vectors and production of the antibody, the recipient cell line may be a myeloma cell. Myeloma cells can synthesize, assemble and secrete immunoglobulins encoded by transfected immunoglobulin genes and possess the mechanism for glycosylation of the immunoglobulin. Myeloma cells can be grown in culture or in the peritoneal cavity of a mouse, where secreted immunoglobulin can be obtained from ascites fluid. Other suitable recipient cells include lymphoid cells such as B lymphocytes of canine or non-canine origin, hybridoma cells of canine or non-canine origin, or interspecies heterohybridoma cells.[000149] The expression vector carrying an antibody construct or polypeptide of the invention can be introduced into an appropriate host cell by any of a variety of suitable means, including such biochemical means as transformation, transfection, conjugation, protoplast fusion, calcium phosphate-precipitation, and application with polycations such as diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) dextran, and such mechanical means as electroporation, direct microinjection, and microprojectile bombardment. Johnston et al., 240 Science 1538 (1988).ZP000529A[000150] Yeast may provide substantial advantages over bacteria for the production of immunoglobulin H and L chains. Yeasts carry out post-translational peptide modifications including glycosylation. A number of recombinant DNA strategies now exist which utilize strong promoter sequences and high copy number plasmids which can be used for production of the desired proteins in yeast. Yeast recognizes leader sequences of cloned mammalian gene products and secretes peptides bearing leader sequences (i.e., pre-peptides). Hitzman et al., 11th Int'l Conference on Yeast, Genetics & Molec. Biol. (Montpelier, France, 1982).[000151] Yeast gene expression systems can be routinely evaluated for the levels of production, secretion and the stability of peptides, antibodies, fragments and regions thereof. Any of a series of yeast gene expression systems incorporating promoter and termination elements from the actively expressed genes coding for glycolytic enzymes produced in large quantities when yeasts are grown in media rich in glucose can be utilized. Known glycolytic genes can also provide very efficient transcription control signals. For example, the promoter and terminator signals of the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) gene can be utilized. A number of approaches can be taken for evaluating optimal expression plasmids for the expression of cloned immunoglobulin cDNAs in yeast. See Vol. II DNA Cloning, 45-66, (Glover, ed.,) IRL Press, Oxford, UK 1985).[000152] Bacterial strains can also be utilized as hosts for the production of antibody molecules or peptides described by this invention. Plasmid vectors containing replicon and control sequences which are derived from species compatible with a host cell are used in connection with these bacterial hosts. The vector carries a replication site, as well as specific genes which are capable of providing phenotypic selection in transformed cells. A number of approaches can be taken for evaluating the expression plasmids for the production of antibodies, fragments and regions or antibody chains encoded by the cloned immunoglobulin cDNAs in bacteria (see Glover, 1985 supra; Ausubel, 1993 supra; Sambrook, 2001 supra; Colligan et al., eds. Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, NY, N.Y. (1994-2001); Colligan et al., eds. Current Protocols in Protein Science, John Wiley & Sons, NY, N.Y. (1997-2001).[000153] Host mammalian cells may be grown in vitro or in vivo. Mammalian cells provide posttranslational modifications to immunoglobulin protein molecules including leader peptide removal, folding and assembly of Hand L chains, glycosylation of the antibody molecules, and secretion of functional antibody protein. Mammalian cells which can be useful as hosts for theZP000529A production of antibody proteins, in addition to the cells of lymphoid origin described above, include cells of fibroblast origin, such as Vero (ATCC CRL 81) or CH0-K1 (ATCC CRL 61) cells. Many vector systems are available for the expression of cloned peptides Hand L chain genes in mammalian cells (see Glover, 1985 supra). Different approaches can be followed to obtain complete H2L2 antibodies. It is possible to co-express Hand L chains in the same cells to achieve intracellular association and linkage of Hand L chains into complete tetrameric H2L2 antibodies and / or peptides. The co-expression can occur by using either the same or different plasmids in the same host. Genes for both Hand L chains and / or peptides can be placed into the same plasmid, which is then transfected into cells, thereby selecting directly for cells that express both chains. Alternatively, cells can be transfected first with a plasmid encoding one chain, for example the L chain, followed by transfection of the resulting cell line with an H chain plasmid containing a second selectable marker, cell lines producing peptides and / or H2L2 molecules via either route could be transfected with plasmids encoding additional copies of peptides, H, L, or H plus L chains in conjunction with additional selectable markers to generate cell lines with enhanced properties, such as higher production of assembled H2L2 antibody molecules or enhanced stability of the transfected cell lines.[000154] For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant antibodies, stable expression may be used. For example, cell lines, which stably express the antibody molecule may be engineered. Rather than using expression vectors which contain viral origins of replication, host cells can be transformed with immunoglobulin expression cassettes and a selectable marker. Following the introduction of the foreign DNA, engineered cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in enriched media, and then are switched to a selective media. The selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into a chromosome and grow to form foci which in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines. Such engineered cell lines may be particularly useful in screening and evaluation of compounds / components that interact directly or indirectly with the antibody molecule.[000155] Once an antibody of the invention has been produced, it may be purified by any method known in the art for purification of an immunoglobulin molecule, for example, by chromatography (e g., ion exchange, affinity, particularly affinity for the specific antigen after Protein A, and sizing column chromatography), centrifugation, differential solubility, or by any other standard techniqueZP000529A for the purification of proteins. Tn many embodiments, antibodies are secreted from the cell into culture medium and harvested from the culture medium.Pharmaceutical and[000156] The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising molecules of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. More specifically, the invention provides for a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and, as active ingredient, an antibody or peptide according to the invention.[000157] “Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers” include any excipient which is nontoxic to the cell or animal being exposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed. The pharmaceutical composition may include one or additional therapeutic agents.[000158] "Pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and / or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for contact with the tissues of animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio.[000159] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include solvents, dispersion media, buffers, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, wetting agents, preservatives, buggers, chelating agents, antioxidants, isotonic agents and absorption delaying agents.[000160] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include water; saline; phosphate buffered saline; dextrose; glycerol; alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol; phosphate, citrate and other organic acids; ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; EDTA; salt forming counterions such as sodium; and / or nonionic surfactants such as TWEEN, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and PLURONICS; isotonic agents such as sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol, and sodium chloride; as well as combinations thereof.[000161] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated in a variety of ways, including for example, liquid, semi-solid, or solid dosage forms, such as liquid solutions (e g., injectable and infusible solutions), dispersions or suspensions, liposomes, suppositories,ZP000529A tablets, pills, or powders. Tn some embodiments, the compositions are in the form of injectable or infusible solutions. The composition can be in a form suitable for intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, transmucosal, oral, topical, or transdermal administration. The composition may be formulated as an immediate, controlled, extended or delayed release composition.[000162] The compositions of the invention can be administered either as individual therapeutic agents or in combination with other therapeutic agents. They can be administered alone, but are generally administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice. Administration of the antibodies disclosed herein may be carried out by any suitable means, including parenteral injection (such as intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular injection), orally, or by topical administration of the antibodies (typically carried in a pharmaceutical formulation) to an airway surface. Topical administration to an airway surface can be carried out by intranasal administration (e.g., by use of dropper, swab, or inhaler). Topical administration of the antibodies to an airway surface can also be carried out by inhalation administration, such as by creating respirable particles of a pharmaceutical formulation (including both solid and liquid particles) containing the antibodies as an aerosol suspension, and then causing the subject to inhale the respirable particles. Methods and apparatus for administering respirable particles of pharmaceutical formulations are well known, and any conventional technique can be employed.[000163] In some desired embodiments, the antibodies are administered by parenteral injection. For parenteral administration, antibodies or molecules can be formulated as a solution, suspension, emulsion or lyophilized powder in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable parenteral vehicle. For example, the vehicle may be a solution of the antibody or a cocktail thereof dissolved in an acceptable carrier, such as an aqueous carrier such vehicles are water, saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, trehalose or sucrose solution, or 5% serum albumin, 0.4% saline, 0.3% glycine and the like. Liposomes and nonaqueous vehicles such as fixed oils can also be used. These solutions are sterile and generally free of particulate matter. These compositions may be sterilized by conventional, well known sterilization techniques. The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, toxicity adjustment agents and the like, for example sodium acetate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium lactate,ZP000529A etc. The concentration of antibody in these formulations can vary widely, for example from less than about 0.5%, usually at or at least about 1% to as much as 15% or 20% by weight and will be selected primarily based on fluid volumes, viscosities, etc., in accordance with the particular mode of administration selected. The vehicle or lyophilized powder can contain additives that maintain isotonicity (e.g., sodium chloride, mannitol) and chemical stability (e.g., buffers and preservatives). The formulation is sterilized by commonly used techniques. Actual methods for preparing parenterally administrable compositions will be known or apparent to those skilled in the art and are described in more detail in, for example, REMINGTON'S PHARMA. SCI. (15th ed., Mack Pub. Co., Easton, Pa., 1980).[000164] The antibodies or molecules of the invention can be lyophilized for storage and reconstituted in a suitable carrier prior to use. This technique has been shown to be effective with conventional immune globulins. Any suitable lyophilization and reconstitution techniques can be employed. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that lyophilization and reconstitution can lead to varying degrees of antibody activity loss and that use levels may have to be adjusted to compensate. The compositions containing the present antibodies or a cocktail thereof can be administered for prevention of recurrence and / or therapeutic treatments for existing disease. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in the most recent edition of REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, a standard reference text in this field of art. In therapeutic application, compositions are administered to a subject already suffering from a disease, in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest or alleviate the disease and its complications.[000165] Effective doses of the compositions of the present invention, for treatment of conditions or diseases as described herein vary depending upon many different factors, including, for example, but not limited to, the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent, and its mode and route of administration; target site; physiological state of the animal; other medications administered; whether treatment is prophylactic or therapeutic; age, health, and weight of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms kind of concurrent treatment, frequency of treatment, and the effect desired.[000166] Single or multiple administrations of the compositions can be carried out with dose levels and pattern being selected by the treating veterinarian. In any event, the pharmaceuticalZP000529A formulations should provide a quantity of the antibody(ies) of this invention sufficient to effectively treat the subject.[000167] Treatment dosages may be titrated using routine methods known to those of skill in the art to optimize safety and efficacy.[000168] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may include a “therapeutically effective amount.” A “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic result. A therapeutically effective amount of a molecule may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the molecule to elicit a desired response in the individual. A therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the molecule are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.[000169] In another aspect, the compositions of the invention can be used, for example, in the treatment of various diseases and disorders in dogs. As used herein, the terms “treat” and “treatment” refer to therapeutic treatment, including prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological change associated with a disease or condition. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of the extent of a disease or condition, stabilization of a disease or condition (i.e., where the disease or condition does not worsen), delay or slowing of the progression of a disease or condition, amelioration or palliation of the disease or condition, and remission (whether partial or total) of the disease or condition, whether detectable or undetectable. Those in need of treatment include those already with the disease or condition as well as those prone to having the disease or condition or those in which the disease or condition is to be prevented.[000170] In some embodiments, the disease or condition treated by the invention is an oncology- related disease or condition. In other embodiments, the disease or condition treated by the invention is a bacterial or viral infection related disease or condition. In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is associated with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), defective binding to Fc gamma receptor (bFcyR), defective binding to Clq, or any combination thereof.ZP000529A[000171] All patents and literature references cited in the present specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.[000172] The following examples are provided to supplement the prior disclosure and to provide a better understanding of the subject matter described herein. These examples should not be considered to limit the described subject matter. It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be apparent to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within, and can be made without departing from, the true scope of the invention.EXAMPLESEXAMPLE 1Construction of canine IgG Fc mutants[000173] Construction of all canine IgGs (FIG. 1) was carried out as described by Bergeron et al. (Bergeron et al., 2014, Vet Immunol Immunopathol., vol. 157(1-2), pages 31-41), in which plasmids containing sequence encoding for canine constant regions for the IgGB (65) sub-class were utilized. Sequences for a target recognition domain were inserted upstream and in frame with the nucleotides encoding for the constant domains. Mutations were incorporated into each respective position of the CHI, CH2 or CH3 domain (Fig. 2) of each plasmid.Expression and Purification[000174] The monoclonal antibody (mAbs) mutants were expressed in mammalian suspension cell systems, EXPICHO-S (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells, obtained from Thermo Fisher. Suspension EXPICHO-S cells were maintained in EXPICHO expression medium (Gibco) between 0.14 and 8.0xl0e6 cells / ml. Cells were diluted following the ExpiCHO Protocol user manual on Day -1 and transfection day. Diluted cells were transfected as described in the protocol using reagents sourced from ExpiFectamine CHO Transfection Kit (Gibco) following Max Titer conditions. Following 12-14 days of incubation, the cultures were harvested and clarified. Antibodies were purified from the clarified supernatant via Protein A chromatography over Mab Select Sure LX (GE Healthcare) which had been pre-equilibrated with PBS. Following sample load, the resin was washed with PBS and then with 20 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5. Samples were eluted from theZP000529A column with 20 mM acetic acid, pH 3.5. Following elution, pools were made and neutralized with the addition of 1 M sodium acetate to 4%. Depending on available volume and intended use, samples were sometimes exchanged into a final buffer (e.g. PBS, other). Concentration was measured by absorbance at 280 nm.SDS-PAGE[000175] Non-reduced (nr) and reduced sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed using 4-12% Bis-Tris NuPAGE gels in MES-SDS running buffer, and SeeBlue Plus 2 standards, all from Invitrogen. For non-reduced samples, ImM of alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) was added, for reduced samples reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) was added. Gels were stained with Coomassie Blue to detect the protein bands.EXAMPLE 2Fey receptor and Clq Binding assay[000176] Binding of canine IgG 65 (i.e., IgGB or IgG2) WT and mutant Fc were measured by surface plasmon resonance. IgGs were used as the ligand and captured to a sensor chip for analysis of canine Fey receptor and Clq binding. 10 mM HEPES, 150mM NaCl, 3mM EDTA and 0.05% v / v Surfactant P20 pH 7.4 was used as titration and method running running buffer. Canine Fey receptors and Human Clq were used as analytes and flowed over captured Fc mutant IgGs. Kinetics and affinities were determined using Cytiva 8K evaluation software. (Table 1). Blank runs containing buffer only were subtracted out from all runs. Flow cells were regenerated using lOmM Glycine pH 1.5. Runs were performed at room temperature. Mutations (Table 1) made at respective canine mutatnt Fc IgG positions have a marked effect on the kinetics and / or affinity of the IgG to canine Fey receptors and / or Clq when compared against the preceding respective WT Fc values.[000177] The results are summarized in Table 1 below.ZP000529ATable 1 . Effect of mutants on Fc gamma receptor (FcgR) and Cl q binding affinity.ZP000529AZP000529AZP000529AZP000529AZP000529AMutants are numbered according to the Eu Index as in Kabat. NBO=No binding observed. LS=Low Signal.WT 1, 2, 3, and 4 refer to the same wildtype but the experiments were run at four different times. Mutant ID Nos. 2-51 may be compared against WT ID No.1 (i.e., WT 1); Mutant ID Nos. 53-64 may be compared against WT ID No.52 (i.e., WT 2); Mutant ID Nos. 66-134 may be compared against WT ID No. 65 (i.e., WT 3); and Mutant ID No. 136 may be compared against WT ID No. 1355 (i.e., WT 4).ZP000529A[000178] The results clearly show that mutations made at various positions have a marked effect on the affinity of the IgG to Fey receptor and / or Cl q.EXAMPLE 3Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity (CPC) Assay[000179] The CDC cell-based assay was developed and employed to characterize the effectiveness of canine IgG subclasses IgG2 and IgG3 Fc mAbs in mediating CDC and to investigate Fc region mutations in the subclass. This will help define key residues in the Fc region that determine CDC activity of the canine IgG subclasses. The assay utilizes CLBL-1 target cells that express canine CD20 which binds to the anti-canine CD20 test mAbs. These target cells have been used in past canine CDC assays and have been shown to be dependable.[000180] Incubation of the mAb-bound target cells with canine complement-preserved serum can result in Fc binding on the mAbs to complement component Clq initiating the complement cascade, ultimately forming membrane attack complexes. The pore-forming complexes mediate cell lysis of the target cells measured by loss of cell viability. If there is no Fc binding to Clq there is no resultant cell lysis / death.Methods[000181] Briefly, canine CD20-expressing CLBL-1 (target cells) were plated at 40,000 cells / well in complete RPMI 1640 media in round-bottomed 96-well plates. Titrated fusion proteins in complete RPMI 1640 media were added to the target cells and allowed to bind for 60 minutes at 37°C. Canine complement preserved serum (25% in complete RPMI 1640 media) was added to the plates for 60 minutes at 37°C. Cell viability was then measured using CellTiter-Glo and data were expressed as “cell viability % of control” calculated using no fusion protein + complement preserved serum controls.Results[000182] Canine IgG2 WT Fc showed robust concentration-dependent CDC activity.[000183] As shown in Figure 4, wild type canine IgG2 Fc subclass showed robust and potent CDC activity. The Fc mutations investigated (M234D+S239L; S239L+I332E; S239L+L328F+I332E; G236W+S239L; G236W+S239L+I332E; and Y300D+K326R) showed CDC activity. TheZP000529AM234D+S239L mutation shows no effect on CDC activity. All of the mutations of the Fc tested in this figure showed some enhancement of CDC activity.[000184] As shown in Figure 5, wild type IgG2 Fc subclass showed robust and potent CDC activity. The Fc mutations investigated (P232W+V240S+V264I+E294M; and R334E+V264I+E294M) all showed no effect of CDC activity.[000185] As shown in Figure 6, wild type IgG2 Fc subclass showed robust and potent CDC activity. The Fc mutations investigated (P268W, Q345R, and P268W+345R) all showed enhanced CDC activity. The P268W+Q345R mutation showed the greatest enhancement of ~a log increase in CDC potency.[000186] As shown in Figure 7, wild type IgG2 Fc subclass showed robust and potent CDC activity. The Fc mutations investigated (P268W; P268W+G298M+Q345R;P268W+G298M+N324P+Q345R; P268W+F296A; and P268W+Q345R) all showed enhancement of CDC activity to varying degrees. P264W+G298M+N324P+Q345R showed no effect in CDC activity. All of the other mutations tested showed varying degrees of enhancement of CDC activity.[000187] As shown in Figure 8, wild type IgG2 Fc subclass showed robust and potent CDC activity. The Fc mutations investigated (P268F, P268W, P268Y, G298I, Y300D, A327F, S33OA, I332T, and E333 Y) all showed little to no effect (Enhancement or Knockout / Knockdown) on CDC activity. P268W and Y300D are the best enhancers.[000188] As shown in Figure 9, wild type IgG2 Fc subclass showed robust and potent CDC activity. The Fc mutations investigated (K326R+S330A; and Y300D+K326R+S330A) all showed enhancement of CDC activity or no effect. K326R+S330A has no effect where the triple mutant shows good enhancement.[000189] As shown in Figure 10, wild type IgG2 Fc subclass showed robust and potent CDC activity. The Fc mutations investigated (P268W+Q345R; P268W+Q345R+R292D; P268W+Q345R+R292E; P268W+Q345R+R292H; and P268W+Q345R+R292I) all showed enhancement of CDC activity or no effect. P269W+Q345R+R292E and P269W+Q345R+R292H and P269W+Q345R+R292I show great enhancing of CDC activity.ZP000529A[000190] As shown in Figure 11, wild type IgG2 Fc subclass showed robust and potent CDC activity. The Fc mutations investigated (Win; P268W+Y300D; P268W+A339W; P268W+Q345R; Y300D+K338Y; Y300D+A339Y; Y300D+Q345R; K338Y+A339Y;K338Y+Q345R; A339W+Q345R; and P268W+Y300D+A339Y) all showed enhancement of CDC activity or no effect. P269W+A339W and P269W+Y300D+A339Y show great enhancing of CDC activity.[000191] As shown in Figure 12, wild type lgG2 Fc subclass showed robust and potent CDC activity. The Fc mutations investigated (P268W+Y300D+Q345R; P268W+K338Y+A339Y; P268W+A339Y+Q345R; Y300D+K338Y+A339Y; Y300D+K338Y+Q345R;K338Y+A339W+Q345R; P268W+Y300D+A339W+Q345R; P268W+K338Y+A339W+Q345R; and Y300D+K338Y+A339W+Q345R) all showed enhancement of CDC activity. The mutations tested all showed great enhancement of CDC activity.[000192] In sum, based on the results reported here, there are many great enhancers. Some of the best Fc mutations that best enhance canine CDC activity are P269W+Q345R+R292E; P269W+Q345R+R292H; P269W+Q345R+R292I; P268W+A339W andP268 W+Y300D+ A339 Y.EXAMPLE 4Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Assay[000193] The canine FcyRIII binding (ADCC) cell-based assay was developed and employed to characterize the effectiveness of canine IgG2 Fc anti-canine CD20 chimera IgGs in mediating ADCC and to investigate Fc region mutations. This will help define key residues in the Fc region that determine ADCC activity of the canine IgG2. The assay utilizes specially engineered Jurkat “effector cells” (Promega) in which express canine FcRylll extracellularly and express a NFAT- Response Element linked to a luciferase reporter intracellularly. The “target cells” were CLBL-1 cells that express canine CD20. Our test articles were anti-canine CD20 chimera constructs of canine IgG2 wild type (WT) Fc and mutations of the canine IgG2 WT Fc.[000194] Following engagement with the Fc region of our anti-canine CD20 canine IgG2 test articles that are bound to CLBL-1 “target cells”, the ADCC Bioassay Effector Cells expressing canine FcyRIII will transduce intracellular signals resulting in NFAT-mediated luciferase activityZP000529A that can be easily quantified using Bi oGlo Luciferase Assay Reagent (Promega) and a lumi nometer plate reader. The more binding of the Fc of our test articles to the FcyRIII on the “effector cells, the higher the luminescence. If there is no Fc binding to FcyRIII there is no resultant luminescence measured.Methods[000195] Briefly, CLBL-1 cells (target cells) were plated at ~6,000 cells / well in RPMI1640 media in 96-well plates. Titrated test canine mAbs in RPMI 1640 media were added to the target cells and allowed to bind for 60 minutes at 37°C. The engineered “effector cells”, were counted and added to the plates for 6 hours at 37°C using an effectoctarget cell ratio (E:F Ratio) of 10: 1. FcyRIII binding was then quantified using the Promega Bio-Gio Luciferase Assay Reagent Luminescent Detection. Data were expressed as ’’Fold Increase” normalized to controls (minus effector cells).Results[000196] As shown in Figure 13, wild type canine IgG2 showed concentration-dependent and robust canine FcyRlll binding translating to ADCC activity. The Fc mutations investigated (P268W+Q345R; P268W; and Q345R) either showed no effect or knock down of canine FcyRIII binding suggesting translating to ADCC activity.[000197] Canine IgG2 Fc showed ADCC activity via strong canine FcRylll binding. All of the mutations tested in this figure showed knock down of ADCC activity.[000198] As shown in Figure 14, wild type canine IgG2 showed concentration-dependent and robust canine FcyRIII binding translating to ADCC activity. The Fc mutations investigated (P268W, V262L, V264F, Q295N, G298M, F296A, and F296S) either showed complete knockout or knock down of canine FcyRIII binding suggesting translating to ADCC activity.[000199] Canine IgG2 Fc showed ADCC activity. V264F showed complete knockout of FcyRIII binding. The rest of the mutations showed knock down FcyRIII binding. V262L show no effect of FcyRIII binding.[000200] As shown in Figure 15, wild type canine IgG2 showed concentration-dependent and robust canine FcyRIII binding translating to ADCC activity. The Fc mutations investigated (G236W+S239L; P232W+V240S+V264I+E294M and R334E+V264I+E294M) either showedZP000529A complete knockout, knock down, or enhancement of canine FcyRIII binding suggesting translating to ADCC activity.[000201] Canine IgG2 Fc CTLA4 fusion protein showed ADCC activity. The G236W+S239L mutation in the Fc showed knockout of FcyRIII binding. Both P232W+V240S+V264I+E294M and R334E+V264I+E294M mutations showed enhancement of FcyRIII binding.[000202] As shown in Figure 16, wild type canine IgG2 showed concentration-dependent and robust canine FcyRIII binding translating to ADCC activity. The Fc mutations investigated (M234D+S239L; S239L+I332E; and S239L+L328F+I332E) either showed complete knockout or no effect of canine FcyRIII binding suggesting translating to ADCC activity.[000203] Canine IgG2 Fc CTLA4 fusion protein showed ADCC activity. The M234D_S239L and S239L L328F I332E mutations in the Fc completely knocked out FcyRIII binding and the S239L I332E mutations showed no effect on FcyRIII binding.[000204] As shown in Figure 17, wild type canine IgG2 showed concentration-dependent and robust canine FcyRIII binding translating to ADCC activity. The Fc mutations investigated (V323H+P232W+V262L; V323H+P232W+E294M; and V323H+V262L+E294M) showed enhancement of canine FcyRIII binding suggesting translating to ADCC activity.[000205] Canine IgG2 Fc CTLA4 fusion protein showed ADCC activity. All of the mutations showed enhancement of FcyRIII binding.[000206] As shown in Figure 18, wild type canine IgG2 showed concentration-dependent and robust canine FcyRIII binding translating to ADCC activity. The Fc mutations investigated showed enhancement of canine FcyRIII binding suggesting translating to ADCC activity. The Fc mutations investigated were P262W+V240S+V262L; P262W+V240S+E294M;P262W+V262L+E294M; V240S+V262L+E294M; V323H+P232W+V262L+E294M;P232W+V240S+V262L+E294M; R334E+V240S+E294M.[000207] Canine IgG2 Fc CTLA4 fusion protein showed ADCC activity. All of the mutations showed enhancement of FcyRIII binding.[000208] As shown in Figure 19, wild type canine IgG2 showed concentration-dependent and robust canine FcyRIII binding translating to ADCC activity. The Fc mutations investigated showed enhancement of canine FcyRIII binding suggesting translating to ADCC activity. The FcZP000529A mutations investigated were R334E+V262L+E294M; R334E+V240S+V262L+E294M; and V323H+P232W+ V264I.[000209] Canine IgG2 Fc CTLA4 fusion protein showed ADCC activity. All of the mutations showed enhancement of FcyRIII binding.[000210] As shown in Figure 20, wild type canine IgG2 showed concentration-dependent and robust canine FcyRIII binding translating to ADCC activity. The Fc mutations investigated showed enhancement of canine FcyRIII binding suggesting translating to ADCC activity. Investigated Fc mutations are shown in Figure 20.[000211] Canine TgG2 Fc CTLA4 fusion protein showed ADCC activity. All of the mutations showed enhancement of FcyRIII binding.[000212] As shown in Figure 21, wild type canine IgG2 showed concentration-dependent and robust canine FcyRIII binding translating to ADCC activity. The Fc mutations investigated showed enhancement or knockout of canine FcyRIII binding suggesting translating to ADCC activity. Investigated Fc mutations Winter mutations (i.e., M234A-L235A-G237A); R334E+V2641+E294M; R334E+V2641+E294M+R292A; R334E+V2641+E294M+R292G; and R334E+V264I+E294M+R292P .[000213] In sum, based on the results is reported here, the Fc mutations that best knockout canine FcyRIII binding for ADCC mediated by the IgG2 subclass are: V264F, G236W+S239L, M234D+S239L and S239L+L328F+I332E.[000214] In addition, the Fc mutations that best enhance canine FcyRIII binding for ADCC mediated by the IgG2 subclass are: P232W+V240S+V264I+E294M and R334E+V264I+E294M.[000215] The specific Fc mutations identified herein as “best” are provided as exemplary embodiments and are not intended to be limiting. The invention encompasses all Fc mutations, combinations, or modifications that are effective. Mutations that provide any degree of effect, as shown in the Figures, are within the scope of this invention.ZP000529AEXAMPLE 5Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Assay[000216] Canine cell line, such as MDCK II cell line (ATCC), was stably transfected with a construct encoding for the canine CD20 protein and a construct expressing a fluorescent protein (e.g. GFP). Either MDCK II cell line expressing the fluorescent protein, but not antigen, or an isotype control antibody was used as negative control for the experiment.[000217] Canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs, in house animal facility) were used as a source of effector cells. PBMCs were isolated from freshly drawn whole blood, with sodium heparin anticoagulant, using Ficoll-Paque plus (Cytiva, GE17-1440-02) density gradient centrifugation by following the recommended protocol. PBMCs were resuspended in media (PBMC media = RPMI + 10% heat inactivated foetal bovine serum + 1% penicillin-streptomycin + 1% non-essential amino acids + 1% L-glutamine + 1% sodium pyruvate + 2% HEPES) supplemented with 50 ng / ml of recombinant canine IL-2 (R&D systems) and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C before being used in ADCC assay.[000218] To assess ADCC activity, 10,000 MDCK 11 cells were co-cultured with PBMCs at an effector: target ratio of 35: 1 and a titration of antibodies (11 -point 1 :3 dilution starting at 10 pg / ml antibody), for 24 h at 37°C, in a 1 :1 mix of MDCK II media (DMEM + 1% L-glutamine + 10% fetal bovine serum) and PBMC media. Rituximab-cIGGB was used as the negative (isotype) control antibody.[000219] GFP signal, which is proportional to the number of live cells per well, was used as a measure of the number of live cells remaining in the well at the end of the 24h incubation. GFP signal was measured on a CLARIOstar (BMG Labtech). Data was analysed using MARS software (BMG Labtech) and percentage of killing in the presence of antibodies was calculated using Microsoft Excel, using wells without antibody as baseline. Graphs were plotted with GraphPad Prism.[000220] Based on the results in Figure 22, canine IgGB WT control antibody shows a high percentage of ADCC mediated killing. Mutations V240S-V262L-E294M and R334E-V264L E294M show comparable / advanced ADCC mediated killing ability compared to the WT control. Mutations L266G-G298L-Y300Q-S330K shows some killing ability at higher concentration, butZP000529A lower than the WT control. Mutations M234D-L328F shows low / no killing ability, even at higher concentrations.[000221] Having described preferred embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise embodiments, and that various changes and modifications may be effected therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

ZP000529AWHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A modified IgG comprising: a canine IgG constant domain comprising at least one amino acid substitution relative to a wild-type canine IgG constant domain, wherein said substitution is at amino acid residue 232, 234, 235, 236, 239, 240, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 294, 297, 298, 299, 300, 323, 324, 326, 328, 330, 332, 334, 418, 420, 421, 422, 423, 441, 442, or 445, numbered according to the Eu index as in Kabat.

2. The modified IgG of claim 1, wherein said constant domain comprising one or more of substitutions L266G, G298L, Y300Q, L266V, G298K, M234D, G236E, L235D, G236W, V240S, V262L, P232W, V264I, V240Q, P268W, Y300D, K326R, D267K, T299E, V263W, N297A, D421K, T422K, Q418K, G420R, S239L, L328F, E294M, L441F, S33OK, S330L, V323H, G298I, S33OA, N324P, T299Q, S442K, F423K, I332E, S442L, P445K, R334E, and P445E.

3. The modified IgG of claim 1, wherein the modified IgG has an altered affinity to FcyR or Clq, relative to an IgG having the wild-type canine IgG constant domain.

4. The modified IgG of claim 1, wherein the modified IgG is a canine or caninized IgG.

5. The modified IgG of claim 1, wherein the IgG is IgGA, IgGn. IgGc, or IgGo.

6. The modified IgG of claim 1, wherein the IgG constant domain is a constant domain of IgGA, IgGn, IgGc, or IgGo.

7. The modified IgG of claim 1, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises an Fc constant region having CH3 domain.

8. The modified IgG of claim 1, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises an Fc constant region having CH2 and CH3 domain.

9. The modified IgG of claim 1, wherein the wild-type canine IgG constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.: 1.ZP000529A10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the modified IgG of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

11. A kit comprising the modified IgG of claim 1, in a container, and instructions for use.

12. A polypeptide comprising: a canine IgG constant domain comprising at least one amino acid substitution relative to a wild-type canine IgG constant domain, wherein said substitution is at amino acid residue 232, 234, 235, 236, 239, 240, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 294, 297, 298, 299, 300, 323, 324, 326, 328, 330, 332, 334, 418, 420, 421, 422, 423, 441, 442, or 445, numbered according to the EU index as in Kabat.

13. The polypeptide of claim 12, wherein said constant domain comprising one or more of substitutions L266G, G298L, Y300Q, L266V, G298K, M234D, G236E, L235D, G236W, V240S, V262L, P232W, V264I, V240Q, P268W, Y300D, K326R, D267K, T299E, V263W, N297A, D421K, T422K, Q418K, G420R, S239L, L328F, E294M, L441F, S33OK, S330L, V323H, G298I, S33OA, N324P, T299Q, S442K, F423K, I332E, S442L, P445K, R334E, and P445E.

14. The polypeptide of claim 12, wherein the polypeptide has an altered affinity to FcyR or C Iq, relative to a polypeptide having the wild-type canine IgG constant domain.

15. The polypeptide of claim 12, wherein the polypeptide is a polypeptide of a canine or caninized IgG.

16. The polypeptide of claim 12, wherein the IgG is lgG \, IgGn. IgGc, or IgGo.

17. The polypeptide of claim 12, wherein the IgG constant domain is a constant domain of IgG.v, IgGn, IgGc, or IgGo.

18. The polypeptide of claim 12, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises an Fc constant region having CH3 domain.

19. The polypeptide of claim 12, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises an Fc constant region having CH2 and CH3 domain.ZP000529A20. The polypeptide of claim 12, wherein the wild-type canine IgG constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.: 1.

21. An antibody comprising: a canine IgG constant domain comprising at least one amino acid substitution relative to a wild-type canine IgG constant domain, wherein said substitution is at amino acid residue 232, 234, 235, 236, 239, 240, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 294, 297, 298, 299, 300, 323, 324, 326, 328, 330, 332, 334, 418, 420, 421, 422, 423, 441, 442, or 445, numbered according to the EU index as in Kabat.

22. The antibody of claim 21, wherein said constant domain comprising one or more of substitutions L266G, G298L, Y300Q, L266V, G298K, M234D, G236E, L235D, G236W, V240S, V262L, P232W, V264I, V240Q, P268W, Y300D, K326R, D267K, T299E, V263W, N297A, D421K, T422K, Q418K, G420R, S239L, L328F, E294M, L441F, S33OK, S330L, V323H, G298I, S33OA, N324P, T299Q, S442K, F423K, I332E, S442L, P445K, R334E, and P445E.

23. The antibody of claim 21, wherein the antibody has an altered affinity to FcyR or Clq, relative to an antibody having the wild-type canine IgG constant domain.

24. The antibody of claim 21, wherein the antibody comprises a polypeptide of a canine or caninized IgG.

25. The antibody of claim 21, wherein the IgG is IgGA, IgGn, IgGc, or IgGo.

26. The antibody of claim 21, wherein the IgG constant domain is a constant domain of IgGA, IgGn, IgGc, or IgGo.

27. The antibody of claim 21, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises an Fc constant region having CH3 domain.

28. The antibody of claim 21, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises an Fc constant region having CH2 and CH3 domain.

29. The antibody of claim 21, wherein the wild-type canine IgG constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. : 1.ZP000529A30. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 21 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

31. A kit comprising the antibody of claim 21, in a container, and instructions for use.

32. A vector comprising the nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of antibody of any one of claims 21-29, wherein the wild-type canine IgG constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.: 1.

33. An isolated cell comprising the vector of claim 32.

34. A method of manufacturing an antibody or a molecule, the method comprising: providing the cell of claim 33; and culturing said cell.

35. A method of manufacturing an antibody, the method comprising: providing an antibody of any one of claims 21-29.

36. A fusion molecule comprising: a canine IgG constant domain comprising at least one amino acid substitution relative to a wild-type canine IgG constant domain, wherein said substitution is at amino acid residue 232, 234, 235, 236, 239, 240, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 294, 297, 298, 299, 300, 323, 324, 326, 328, 330, 332, 334, 418, 420, 421, 422, 423, 441, 442, or 445, numbered according to the EU index as in Kabat.

37. The molecule of claim 36, wherein said constant domain comprising one or more of substitutions L266G, G298L, Y300Q, L266V, G298K, M234D, G236E, L235D, G236W, V240S, V262L, P232W, V264I, V240Q, P268W, Y300D, K326R, D267K, T299E, V263W, N297A, D421K, T422K, Q418K, G420R, S239L, L328F, E294M, L441F, S33OK, S330L, V323H, G298I, S33OA, N324P, T299Q, S442K, F423K, I332E, S442L, P445K, R334E, and P445E.

38. The molecule of claim 36, wherein the molecule has an altered affinity to FcyR or Clq, relative to a molecule having the wild-type canine IgG constant domain.

39. The molecule of claim 36, wherein the molecule comprises a polypeptide of a canine or caninized IgG.ZP000529A40. The molecule of claim 36, wherein the IgG is lgG \, IgGn TgGc. or IgGo.

41. The molecule of claim 36, wherein the IgG constant domain is a constant domain of IgGA, IgGn, IgGc, or IgGo.

42. The molecule of claim 36, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises an Fc constant region having CH3 domain.

43. The molecule of claim 36, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises an Fc constant region having CH2 and CH3 domain.

44. The molecule of claim 36, wherein the wild-type canine IgG constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. : 1.

45. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the molecule of claim 36 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

46. A kit comprising the molecule of claim 36, in a container, and instructions for use.

47. A method for altering the binding affinity of canine IgG to an Fc gamma receptor (FcyR) or complement component Iq (Clq), the method comprising: providing a modified IgG comprising a canine IgG constant domain, said canine IgG constant domain comprising at least one amino acid substitution relative to a wild-type canine IgG constant domain, wherein said substitution is at amino acid residue amino acid residue 232, 234, 235, 236, 239, 240, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 294, 297, 298, 299, 300, 323, 324, 326, 328, 330, 332, 334, 418, 420, 421, 422, 423, 441, 442, or 445, numbered according to the Eu index as in Kabat.

48. The method of claim 47, wherein said canine IgG constant domain comprises one or more of mutations L266G, G298L, Y300Q, L266V, G298K, M234D, G236E, L235D, G236W, V240S, V262L, P232W, V264I, V240Q, P268W, Y300D, K326R, D267K, T299E, V263W, N297A, D421K, T422K, Q418K, G420R, S239L, L328F, E294M, L441F, S33OK, S330L, V323H, G298I, S33OA, N324P, T299Q, S442K, F423K, I332E, S442L, P445K, R334E, and P445E.ZP000529A49. The method of claim 47, wherein said canine IgG constant domain has an improved effector function, relative to an IgG having the wild-type canine IgG constant domain.

50. The method of claim 47, wherein the IgG is IgGA, IgGB, IgGC, or IgGD.

51. The method of claim 47, wherein the IgG constant domain is a constant domain of IgGA, IgGB, IgGC, or IgGD.

52. The method of claim 47, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises an Fc constant region having CH3 domain.

53. The method of claim 47, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises an Fc constant region having CH2 and CH3 domain.

54. The method of claim 47, wherein the wild-type canine IgG constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.: 1, 2, 3, or 4.

55. A method for regulating complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in a canine subject, the method comprising: providing a modified IgG of any one of claims 1-9.

56. A method for regulating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in a canine subject, the method comprising: providing a modified IgG of any one of claims 1-9.

57. A canine IgG constant domain comprising means for regulating complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), wherein the means is capable of enhancing or reducing CDC in a canine subject, relative to the CDC of a wild-type canine IgG constant domain.

58. A canine IgG constant domain comprising means for regulating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), wherein the means is capable of enhancing or reducing CDC in a canine subject, relative to the ADCC of a wild-type canine IgG constant domain.

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