Antibodies against lilrb1 and / or lilrb2, method for preparing the same, and use thereof
Monoclonal antibodies targeting LILRB1 and/or LILRB2, combined with PD-1 therapy, enhance immune cell activation and phagocytosis to improve treatment outcomes in PD-1 resistant cancers.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- WUXI BIOLOGICS (SHANGHAI) CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-12-26
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-02
AI Technical Summary
Current immunotherapies targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 have shown limited efficacy in treating various cancers, particularly those resistant to PD-1 therapy, highlighting the need for a new therapeutic approach to enhance immune response against tumors.
Development of monoclonal antibodies that inhibit the function of LILRB1 and/or LILRB2, potentially combined with PD-1 therapy, to activate tumor-infiltrating immune cells and enhance their anti-tumor effect.
The LILRB1 & LILRB2 dual-blocker antibodies improve anti-tumor efficacy, especially in PD-1 resistant cancers, by activating immune cells and enhancing macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and cytokine production.
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Figure PCTCN2025145846-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025145846-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025145846-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
ANTIBODIES AGAINST LILRB1 AND / OR LILRB2, METHOD FOR PREPARING THE SAME, AND USE THEREOFFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This application generally relates to antibodies. More specifically, the application relates to monoclonal antibodies against leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 1(LILRB1) and / or leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 2 (LILRB2) , a method for preparing the same, and the use thereof.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Cancer continues to be one of the most threatening diseases to human health and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Some cancers are refractory to chemotherapy, radiotherapy or targeted therapy. Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncology) is the stimulation of the immune system to treat cancer, improving the immune system's natural ability to fight the disease. Current immunotherapies directed against the inhibitory receptors, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) , have shown efficacy in various types of cancers that were previously untreatable. Besides PD-1 and CTLA4, a variety of other cell-surface receptors are implicated in the regulation of the immune system and are potential targets for immunotherapy.
[0003] The family of leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig) -like receptors (LILRs) are a family of type I transmembrane glycoproteins with extracellular Ig-like domains that play a major role in regulating immune responses and inflammatory processes associated with the control or progression of infectious diseases [1] . The LILRs can be further divided into two subfamilies: the inhibitory (LILRB) and activating (LILRA) receptors. LILRB includes five inhibitory receptors and signal through their immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) : LILRB1 (also known as CD85J, LIR1, ILT2) , LILRB2 (also known as CD85D, LIR2, ILT4) , LILRB3 (also known as CD85A, LIR3, ILT5) , LILRB4 (also known as CD85K, LIR5, ILT3) , and LILRB5 (also known as CD85C, LIR8) . LILRA receptors includes six members: LILRA1 (also known as CD85I, LIR6) , LILRA2 (also known as CD85H, LIR7, ILT1) , LILRA3 (also known as CD85E, LIR4, ILT6) , LILRA4 (also known as CD85G, ILT7) , LILRA5 (also known as CD85F, LIR9, ILT11) , and LILRA6 (also known as CD85b, ILT8) . Apart from LILRA3 that only exists as a soluble form, the other five activating receptors transduce signals through their immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) . The inhibitory and activating proteins of the LILR family appear to work in concert to modulate immune homeostasis. Among all the 11 receptors, LILRB1 and LILRB2 are the most well-studied ones which play important roles in regulating the function of several immune cells. However, the biological functions and clinical significance of many of these LILRs are still to be further investigated.
[0004] Blocking the immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-1 / PD-L1 have led to improvements in disease outcomes, and thus have emerged as frontline treatments for various cancers such as non-small cell lung cancer, metastatic melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma [2] . Unlike traditional anti-tumor treatments, PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitors have been reported to have a long-lasting anti-tumor response with reactivation of the immune system. However, while anti-PD- (L) 1 therapy has shown promising efficacy in treating patients with advanced cancer, the objective response rate (ORR) to anti-PD- (L) 1 therapy in most cancer types is relatively low (<20%) , including pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer and breast cancer, etc [3] . Thus, there is a need in the art for a new therapeutic approach to treat cancers.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] One aim of the present disclosure is to provide a potent antagonist monoclonal antibody (mAb) to inhibit the function of LILRB1 and / or LILRB2, which may activate tumor-infiltrating immune cells and enhance their anti-tumor effect. Considering the overlapping expression pattern and functional role of LILRB1 and LILRB2 on immune cells, a LILRB1 &LILRB2 dual-blocker mAb may provide better clinical benefit to cancer patient than mAb blocking LILRB1 or LILRB2 alone. Besides, combination of LILRB1 &LILRB2 dual-blocker mAb with the current PD- (L) 1 therapy may improve anti-tumor efficacy especially in PD- (L) 1 resistant patient.
[0006] These and other objectives are provided for by the present disclosure which, in a broad sense, is directed to compounds, methods, compositions and articles of manufacture that provide antibodies with improved efficacy. The benefits provided by the present disclosure are broadly applicable in the field of antibody therapeutics and diagnostics and may be used in conjunction with antibodies that react with a variety of targets.
[0007] The present disclosure provides antibodies (e.g., monoclonal antibodies, humanized monoclonal antibodies) and antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind to LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 (e.g., human LILRB1 and / or LILRB2) . The antibodies of this disclosure have high binding affinity and good thermal stability; specifically bind to both human and monkey LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 protein, and can be used to detect human or monkey LILRB1 and / or LILRB2. The anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof can, for example, block the binding to LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 to an LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 ligand (such as HLA-G) , block human LILRB1-HLA-G and human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction, induce inflammatory cytokine (such as TNFα) production by macrophage, induce macrophage phagocytosis to cell expressing HLA-G (such as tumor cell) . Also provided are isolated nucleic acids (polynucleotides) , such as complementary DNA (cDNA) , encoding anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof. Further provided are vectors (e.g., expression vectors) and cells (e.g., host cells) comprising nucleic acids (polynucleotides) encoding anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof. It also provides methods of making anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof. The disclosure also provides methods of detecting anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof. The disclosure further provides the methods for validating the function of the anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibodies in vitro and in vivo.
[0008] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to LILRB1, such as human or rhesus LILRB1. In some aspects, the present disclosure provides antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to LILRB2, such as human or cynomolgus LILRB2. In some aspects, the present disclosure provides antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to LILRB1 and LILRB2, such as human or cynomolgus LILRB1 and LILRB2.
[0009] In some aspects, the disclosure comprises an isolated antibody against LILRB1 and / or LILRB2, or an antigen-binding portion thereof.
[0010] In some embodiments, the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof comprises:
[0011] A) a heavy chain variable region comprising heavy chain CDR1-3 (CDRH1-3) :
[0012] (i) a CDRH1 with at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, 19, 37, 55, 73, 91, 109, 127, 145, 163, 181, 199, 217, 235, 253, 271, 289 or 307;
[0013] (ii) a CDRH2 with at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, 20, 38, 56, 74, 92, 110, 128, 146, 164, 182, 200, 218, 236, 254, 272, 290 or 308; and
[0014] (iii) a CDRH3 with at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, 21, 39, 57, 75, 93, 111, 129, 147, 165, 183, 201, 219, 237, 255, 273, 291 or 309; and
[0015] B) a light chain variable region comprising light chain CDR1-3 (CDRL1-3) :
[0016] (i) a CDRL1 with at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4, 22, 40, 58, 76, 94, 112, 130, 148, 166, 184, 202, 220, 238, 256, 274, 292 or 310;
[0017] (ii) a CDRL2 with at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5, 23, 41, 59, 77, 95, 113, 131, 149, 167, 185, 203, 221, 239, 257, 275, 293 or 311; and
[0018] (iii) a CDRL3 with at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6, 24, 42, 60, 78, 96, 114, 132, 150, 168, 186, 204, 222, 240, 258, 276, 294 or 312.
[0019] In some embodiments, the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof comprises:
[0020] A) a heavy chain variable region comprising heavy chain CDR1-3 (CDRH1-3) :
[0021] (i) a CDRH1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 19, 37, 55, 73, 91, 109, 127, 145, 163, 181, 199, 217, 235, 253, 271, 289 or 307, or a CDRH1 that differs in amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO: 1, 19, 37, 55, 73, 91, 109, 127, 145, 163, 181, 199, 217, 235, 253, 271, 289 or 307 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids;
[0022] (ii) a CDRH2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 20, 38, 56, 74, 92, 110, 128, 146, 164, 182, 200, 218, 236, 254, 272, 290 or 308, or a CDRH2 that differs in amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO: 2, 20, 38, 56, 74, 92, 110, 128, 146, 164, 182, 200, 218, 236, 254, 272, 290 or 308 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids; and
[0023] (iii) a CDRH3 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 21, 39, 57, 75, 93, 111, 129, 147, 165, 183, 201, 219, 237, 255, 273, 291 or 309, or a CDRH3 that differs in amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO: 3, 21, 39, 57, 75, 93, 111, 129, 147, 165, 183, 201, 219, 237, 255, 273, 291 or 309 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids; and
[0024] B) a light chain variable region comprising light chain CDR1-3 (CDRL1-3) :
[0025] (i) a CDRL1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, 22, 40, 58, 76, 94, 112, 130, 148, 166, 184, 202, 220, 238, 256, 274, 292 or 310, or a CDRL1 that differs in amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO: 4, 22, 40, 58, 76, 94, 112, 130, 148, 166, 184, 202, 220, 238, 256, 274, 292 or 310 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids;
[0026] (ii) a CDRL2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, 23, 41, 59, 77, 95, 113, 131, 149, 167, 185, 203, 221, 239, 257, 275, 293 or 311, or a CDRL2 that differs in amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO: 5, 23, 41, 59, 77, 95, 113, 131, 149, 167, 185, 203, 221, 239, 257, 275, 293 or 311 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids; and
[0027] (iii) a CDRL3 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, 24, 42, 60, 78, 96, 114, 132, 150, 168, 186, 204, 222, 240, 258, 276, 294 or 312, or a CDRL3 that differs in amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO: 6, 24, 42, 60, 78, 96, 114, 132, 150, 168, 186, 204, 222, 240, 258, 276, 294 or 312 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids.
[0028] In some embodiments, the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof comprises:
[0029] (a) a CDRH1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 19, 37, 55, 73, 91, 109, 127, 145, 163, 181, 199, 217, 235, 253, 271, 289 or 307;
[0030] (b) a CDRH2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, 20, 38, 56, 74, 92, 110, 128, 146, 164, 182, 200, 218, 236, 254, 272, 290 or 308;
[0031] (c) a CDRH3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 21, 39, 57, 75, 93, 111, 129, 147, 165, 183, 201, 219, 237, 255, 273, 291 or 309;
[0032] (d) a CDRL1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4, 22, 40, 58, 76, 94, 112, 130, 148, 166, 184, 202, 220, 238, 256, 274, 292 or 310;
[0033] (e) a CDRL2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5, 23, 41, 59, 77, 95, 113, 131, 149, 167, 185, 203, 221, 239, 257, 275, 293 or 311; and
[0034] (f) a CDRL3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, 24, 42, 60, 78, 96, 114, 132, 150, 168, 186, 204, 222, 240, 258, 276, 294 or 312.
[0035] In a specific embodiment, the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof comprises: heavy chain variable region (VH) complementarity determining region CDR 1, CDR2, CDR3 and light chain variable region (VL) CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 1-6, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 19-24, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 37-42, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 55-60, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 73-78, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 91-96, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 109-114, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 127-132, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 145-150, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 163-168, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 181-186, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 199-204, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 217-222, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 235-240, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 253-258, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 271-276, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 289-294, respectively; and SEQ ID NOs: 307-312, respectively.
[0036] In some embodiments, the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof further comprises one or more framework regions. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprising from N-terminus to C-terminus: a first framework region; CDR1; a second framework region; CDR2; a third framework region; CDR3; a fourth framework region. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region comprising from N-terminus to C-terminus: a first framework region; CDR1; a second framework region; CDR2; a third framework region; CDR3; a fourth framework region. In some embodiments, the fourth framework region is from IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, or IgM., In an embodiment, the framework region is from IgG.
[0037] In some embodiments, in heavy chain variable region, the first framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 25, 43, 61, 79, 97, 115, 133, 151, 169, 187, 205, 223, 241, 259, 277, 295 and 313, the second framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 26, 44, 62, 80, 98, 116, 134, 152, 170, 188, 206, 224, 242, 260, 278, 296 and 314, the third framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 9, 27, 45, 63, 81, 99, 117, 135, 153, 171, 189, 207, 225, 243, 261, 279, 297 and 315, and the fourth framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 28, 46, 64, 82, 100, 118, 136, 154, 172, 190, 208, 226, 244, 262, 280, 298 and 316.
[0038] In some embodiments, in light chain variable region, the first framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11, 29, 47, 65, 83, 101, 119, 137, 155, 173, 191, 209, 227, 245, 263, 281, 299 and 317, the second framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 30, 48, 66, 84, 102, 120, 138, 156, 174, 192, 210, 228, 246, 264, 282, 300 and 318, the third framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 31, 49, 67, 85, 103, 121, 139, 157, 175, 193, 211, 229, 247, 265, 283, 301 and 319, and the fourth framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 14, 32, 50, 68, 86, 104, 122, 140, 158, 176, 194, 212, 230, 248, 266, 284, 302 and 320.
[0039] In a specific embodiment, the heavy chain variable region comprising framework regions 1-4 selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 7-10, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 25-28, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 43-46, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 61-64, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 79-82, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 97-100, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 115-118, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 133-136, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 151-154, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 169-172, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 187-190, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 205-208, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 223-226, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 241-244, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 259-262, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 277-280, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 295-298, respectively; and SEQ ID NOs: 313-316, respectively.
[0040] In a specific embodiment, the light chain variable region comprising framework regions 1-4 selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 11-14, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 29-32, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 47-50, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 65-68, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 83-86, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 119-122, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 137-140, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 155-158, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 173-176, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 191-194, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 209-212, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 227-230, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 245-248, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 263-266, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 281-284, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 299-302, respectively; and SEQ ID NOs: 317-320, respectively.
[0041] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises:
[0042] (A) a heavy chain variable region:
[0043] (i) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321;
[0044] (ii) comprising an amino acid sequence at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321; or
[0045] (iii) comprising an amino acid sequence with addition, deletion and / or substitution of one or more amino acids compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321; and
[0046] (B) a light chain variable region:
[0047] (i) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322;
[0048] (ii) comprising an amino acid sequence at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322; or
[0049] (iii) comprising an amino acid sequence with addition, deletion and / or substitution of one or more amino acids compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322.
[0050] In a specific embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequences of: SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 34, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 51 and 52, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 69 and 70, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 87 and 88, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 105 and 106, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 123 and 124, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 141 and 142, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 159 and 160, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 177 and 178, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 195 and 196, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 213 and 214, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 231 and 232, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 249 and 250, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 267 and 268, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 285 and 286, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 303 and 304, respectively; or SEQ ID NOs: 321 and 322, respectively.
[0051] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises a heavy chain constant region, wherein the heavy chain constant region is selected from the group consisting of human immunoglobulins IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2 heavy chain constant regions. In an embodiment, it can be human IgG heavy chain constant region, or the human IgG1 or IgG4 heavy chain constant region.
[0052] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises a light chain constant region, wherein the light chain constant region is selected from the group consisting of human immunoglobulins IgGκ and IgGλ light chain constant regions. In an embodiment, it can be IgGκ light chain constant region.
[0053] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain and a light chain, the heavy chain having at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 98%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 35, 53, 71, 89, 107, 125, 143, 161, 179, 197, 215, 233, 251, 269, 287, 305 or 323, and the light chain having at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 98%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, 126, 144, 162, 180, 198, 216, 234, 252, 270, 288, 306 or 324.
[0054] In a specific embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequences of: SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 18, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 35 and 36, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 53 and 54, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 71 and 72, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 89 and 90, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 107 and 108, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 125 and 126, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 143 and 144, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 161 and 162, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 179 and 180, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 197 and 198, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 215 and 216, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 233 and 234, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 251 and 252, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 269 and 270, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 287 and 288, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 305 and 306, respectively; or SEQ ID NOs: 323 and 324, respectively.
[0055] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody, a chimeric antibody, or a humanized antibody. In specific embodiment, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is a full length antibody. In specific embodiment, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is an antigen binding fragment. In some embodiments, the antigen binding fragment includes Fab, Fab', F (ab') 2, Fd, Fv, dAb and complementary determining region (CDR) fragments, single chain antibody (e.g. scFv) , chimeric antibody, diabody and such polypeptides that comprise at least part of antibody sufficient to confer the specific antigen binding ability on the polypeptides.
[0056] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can block human LILRB1-HLA-G and / or human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can induce TNFα production by macrophage. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can induce macrophage phagocytosis to tumor cell expressing HLA-G.
[0057] In some embodiments, the present disclosure comprises an isolated antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof which competes binding for the same epitope with the isolated antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof as defined above.
[0058] Also provided herein is an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain variable region or heavy chain of an antibody or antigen-biding fragment thereof provided herein, and / or the light chain variable region or light chain of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein. In specific embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule encodes the VH of SEQ ID NO: 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321. In specific embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule encodes the heavy chain of 17, 35, 53, 71, 89, 107, 125, 143, 161, 179, 197, 215, 233, 251, 269, 287, 305 or 323. In specific embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule encodes the VL of 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322. In specific embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule encodes the light chain of SEQ ID NO: 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, 126, 144, 162, 180, 198, 216, 234, 252, 270, 288, 306 or 324.
[0059] Also provided herein is an isolated vector comprising a polynucleotide provided herein. In some embodiments, the vector is an expression vector. In specific embodiment, vector including but not limited to plasmids, phages, cosmids, artificial chromosome such as yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) , bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) or P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) ; phage such as λ phage or M13 phage and animal virus.
[0060] Also provided herein is a host cell comprising a polynucleotide provided herein or a vector provided herein. In one embodiment, the host cell is a cell selected from the group consisting of E. coli, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyces, yeast, CHO, YB / 20, NS0, PER-C6, HEK-293T, Expi293 cell, NIH-3T3, HeLa, BHK, Hep G2, SP2 / 0, R1.1, B-W, L-M, COS 1, COS 7, BSC1, BSC40, BMT10 cell, plant cell, insect cell, and human cell. In specific embodiment, the host cell is a CHO cell or Expi293 cell.
[0061] Also provided herein is a method (e.g., an in vitro method) of preparing an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to LILRB1 and / or LILRB2, comprising expressing the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein in a host cell, and isolating the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof from the host cell.
[0062] Also provided herein is an isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 and is encoded by a polynucleotide or a vector provided herein.
[0063] Also provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein, a polynucleotide provided herein, a vector provided herein, or a host cell provided herein; and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0064] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprising (i) antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically bind to LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 and comprise the heavy chain variable region (VH) complementarity determining region CDR 1, VH CDR2, VH CDR3 and light chain variable region (VL) CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1-6, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 19-24, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 37-42, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 55-60, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 73-78, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 91-96, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 109-114, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 127-132, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 145-150, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 163-168, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 181-186, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 199-204, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 217-222, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 235-240, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 253-258, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 271-276, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 289-294, respectively; and SEQ ID NOs: 307-312, respectively and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0065] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein and another agent, such as another antibody or antagonist. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein and anti-PD1 / PD-L1 antibody or antagonist. The anti-PD1 / PD-L1 antibody including but not limited to nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, avelumab and / or durvalumab.
[0066] HLA-G is a nonclassical MHC class I molecule that plays a crucial role in fetal-maternal tolerance. It is an inhibitory molecule regulating T cell activation. HLA-G via interaction of the LILRB1 and LILRB2 receptors inhibits cytotoxic T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and B cells, induces T cell anergy, modulates myeloid cells, and promotes T regulatory cells (Tregs) .
[0067] LILRB1 is mainly expressed on both innate and adaptive immune cells. Inhibition mediated by LILRB1 can lead to the proliferation disorders of T cells and NK cells, and generate "don't eat me" signals, thereby preventing the phagocytosis of tumor cell by macrophage. LILRB2 is mainly expressed on myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils. LILRB2 can interact with relevant ligand HLA-G in the tumor microenvironment, causing myeloid cells to promote tumor growth and enhance tumor immune escape. HLA-G / LILRBs affect a wider spectrum of immune cells compared to those modulated by cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA) -4 / B7 and programmed death (PD) -1 / PD ligand-1; known targets of current immune checkpoint blockade therapies. Therefore, the checkpoint HLA-G / LILRB interaction can be a target for cancer immunotherapy.
[0068] In some aspects, the disclosure is directed to a method of modulating an immune response in a subject, comprising administering the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof as disclosed herein to the subject such that an immune response in the subject is modulated.
[0069] In some aspects, the present disclosure is directed to a method for enhancing macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis, comprising contacting the macrophage with the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof or the pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein and HLA-G expressing tumor cell.
[0070] In some aspects, the present disclosure is directed to a method for inducing inflammatory cytokine production by macrophage, comprising contacting the macrophage with the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof or the pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein. The inflammatory cytokine includes but not limit to TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12.
[0071] In some aspects, the present disclosure is directed to a method for enhancing macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof or the pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein to the subject. In an embodiment, the tumor cell expressing HLA-G.
[0072] In some aspects, the present disclosure is directed to a method for activating tumor-infiltrating immune cells and enhance their anti-tumor effect in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof or the pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein to a subject. The tumor-infiltrating immune cells include but not limit to T cell, B cell, dendritic cell and macrophage. In an embodiment, the tumor-infiltrating immune cell is macrophage.
[0073] In some aspects, the present disclosure is directed to a method for treating or preventing diseases characterized by expression of LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 (such as cancers) , comprising administering an effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof or the pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein to the subject.
[0074] In some aspects, the present disclosure is directed to the use of the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof as disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing diseases characterized by expression of LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 (such as cancers) .
[0075] In some aspects, the present disclosure is directed to the use of the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof as disclosed herein in the manufacture of a diagnostic agent for diagnosing diseases characterized by expression of LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 (such as cancers) .
[0076] In some aspects, the present disclosure is directed to kits or devices and associated methods that employ the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof as disclosed herein, and pharmaceutical compositions as disclosed herein, which can be used for the treatment of diseases characterized by expression of LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 (such as cancers) . To this end the present disclosure provides an article of manufacture that can be used for treating such disorders comprising a receptacle containing the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof as disclosed herein and instructional materials for using the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof as disclosed herein to treat, ameliorate or prevent diseases characterized by expression of LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 (such as cancers) .
[0077] Also provided herein is a method for inhibiting growth of tumor cells in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein, a polynucleotide provided herein, a vector provided herein, a host cell provided herein, or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein to the subject. In one embodiment, growth of tumor cell is inhibited by at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, or at least about 80% (e.g., as compared to treatment with a control antibody) .
[0078] Also provided herein is a method for treating LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 expressing cancer in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein, a polynucleotide provided herein, a vector provided herein, a host cell provided herein, or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein to the subject. Also provided herein is a method for treating diseases associated with overexpressing LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein, a polynucleotide provided herein, a vector provided herein, a host cell provided herein, or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein to the subject. The above method further comprising administering PD-1 / PDL1 antagonist including but not limited to nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, avelumab and / or durvalumab.
[0079] In an aspect, the present disclosure relates to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the present disclosure for use in reducing or eliminating LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 expressing cancer in a subject, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the present disclosure can further include a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier.
[0080] In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the present disclosure for use in detecting LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 in a sample, or an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof for use in inducing inflammatory cytokine production by macrophage by contacting the macrophage with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the present disclosure, wherein the inflammatory cytokine includes but not limit to TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12.
[0081] In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the present disclosure for use in enhancing macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis by contacting the macrophage with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of the present disclosure and HLA-G expressing tumor cell.
[0082] In an aspect, the present disclosure relates to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the present disclosure of for use in activating tumor-infiltrating immune cells and enhance their anti-tumor effect in a subject by providing an effective amount of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the present disclosure, or optionally including a pharmaceutical composition to a subject, wherein the tumor-infiltrating immune cell includes T cell, B cell, dendritic cell or macrophage.
[0083] In an aspect, the present disclosure relates to an isolated antibody or an antigen-binding portion of the present disclosure that specifically binds to LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 comprising: a heavy chain complementarity determining region one, a heavy chain complementarity determining region two, and / or a heavy chain complementarity determining region three obtained from any one of the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequences as recited in SEQ ID NO: 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321; and a light chain complementarity determining region one, a light chain complementarity determining region two, and / or a light chain complementarity determining region three obtained from any one of the light chain variable region amino acid sequences as recited in SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322.
[0084] In an aspect, the present disclosure relates an isolated antibody or an antigen-binding portion of the present disclosure that specifically binds to LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 comprising: a heavy chain complementarity determining region one, a heavy chain complementarity determining region two, and / or a heavy chain complementarity determining region three obtained from any one of the heavy chain amino acid sequences as recited in SEQ ID NO: 17, 35, 53, 71, 89, 107, 125, 143, 161, 179, 197, 215, 233, 251, 269, 287, 305 or 323; and a light chain complementarity determining region one, a light chain complementarity determining region two, and / or a light chain complementarity determining region three obtained from any one of the light chain amino acid sequences as recited in SEQ ID NO: 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, 126, 144, 162, 180, 198, 216, 234, 252, 270, 288, 306 or 324.
[0085] Also provided herein is a method for detecting LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 in a sample comprising contacting said sample with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein.
[0086] Also provided herein is a kit comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein, a polynucleotide provided herein, a vector provided herein, a host cell provided herein, or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein and a detection reagent.
[0087] The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations, and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. Other aspects, features, and advantages of the methods, compositions and / or devices and / or other subject matter described herein will become apparent in the teachings set forth herein. The summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. Further, the contents of all references, patents and published patent applications cited throughout this application are incorporated herein in entirety by reference.
[0088] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0089] Figure 1. SDS-PAGE and SEC-HPLC analysis of anti-LILRB2 antibody 2.74.3 (FIG. 1A) and anti-LILRB1 / LILRB2 antibody 1.239.2 (FIG. 1B) , 2.247.213 (FIG. 1C) , 2. B. 1C1, 2. B. 1D1 and 2.B. 1A2 (FIG. 1D) .
[0090] Figure 2. Binding of the antibodies 2.74.3 (FIG. 2A) , 1.239.2 (FIG. 2B) , 2.247.213 (FIG. 2C) and MK-4830, IO-108, NGM707, hIgG4 isotype to human LILRB1 or human LILRB2 by FACS.
[0091] Figure 3. Binding of the antibodies 2.74.3 (FIG. 3A) , 2.247.213 (FIG. 3B) , 2. B. 1C1, 2. B. 1D1 and 2. B. 1A2 (FIG. 3C) and BND-22, MK-4830, IO-108, NGM707, hIgG4 isotype to rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2 by FACS.
[0092] Figure 4. Ability of the antibodies 2.74.3 (FIG. 4A) , 1.239.2 (FIG. 4B) 2.247.213 (FIG. 4C) , 2.B. 1C1, 2. B. 1D1 and 2. B. 1A2 (FIG. 4D) and BND-22, MK-4830, IO-108, NGM707, hIgG4 isotype to block human LILRB1-HLA-G and human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction.
[0093] Figure 5. Ability of the antibodies 2.74.3 (FIG. 5A) , 1.239.2 (FIG. 5B) , 2.247.213 (FIG. 5C) , and MK-4830, IO-108, NGM707, hIgG4 isotype to induce TNFα production by macrophage.
[0094] Figure 6. Ability of the antibodies 1.239.2 (FIG. 6A) , 2.247.213 (FIG. 6B) , and BND-22, NGM707, hIgG4 isotype to induce macrophage phagocytosis to A375 cells expressing human HLA-G.
[0095] Figure 7. Epitope binning assay of 2.74.3 against biotin-labeled MK-4830 (FIG. 7A) . Epitope binning assay of 1.239.2 against biotin-labeled NGM707 (FIG. 7B) . Epitope binning assay of 2.247.213 against biotin-labeled NGM707 (FIG. 7C) .
[0096] Figure 8. DSF profile of 2.74.3 (FIG. 8A) , 1.239.2 (FIG. 8B) and 2.247.213 (FIG. 8C) .
[0097] Figure 9. SDS-PAGE and SEC-HPLC analysis of anti-LILRB2 antibodies 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 (FIG. 9A) and anti-LILRB1 / LILRB2 antibodies 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 (FIG. 9B) , 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 (FIG. 9C) .
[0098] Figure 10. Binding of the antibodies 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 (FIG. 10A) , 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 (FIG. 10B) , 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 (FIG. 10C) , MK-4830, JTX-8064, IO-108, NGM707 and hIgG4 isotype to human LILRB1 or human LILRB2 by FACS.
[0099] Figure 11. Binding of the antibodies 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 (FIG. 11A) , 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 (FIG. 11B) , 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 (FIG. 11C) , MK-4830, JTX-8064, IO-108, NGM707 and hIgG4 isotype to rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2 by FACS.
[0100] Figure 12. Ability of the antibodies 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 (FIG. 12A) , 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 (FIG. 12B) , 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 (FIG. 12C) , MK-4830, JTX-8064, IO-108, NGM707 and hIgG4 isotype to block human LILRB1-HLA-G or human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction.
[0101] Figure 13. Ability of the antibodies 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 (FIG. 13A) , 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 (FIG. 13B) , 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 (FIG. 13C) , MK-4830, JTX-8064, IO-108, NGM707 and hIgG4 isotype to induce TNFα production by macrophage.
[0102] Figure 14. Ability of the antibodies 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 (FIG. 14A) , 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 (FIG. 14B) , NGM707 and hIgG4 isotype to induce macrophage phagocytosis to A375 cells expressing human HLA-G.
[0103] Figure 15. DSF profile of 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 (FIG. 15A) , 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 10 (FIG. 15B) , 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 (FIG. 15C) .
[0104] Figure 16. Average serum concentration of MK4830, NGM707, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 1.239.2-z2-p4 in a pharmacokinetic study.
[0105] Figure 17. In vivo efficacy study of NGM707 and 1.239.2-z2-p4 in MC38-hB2M / HLA-G xenograft model using B-Tg (hLILRB2 / hLILRB3 / hLILRB1 / hLILRB4) , Pirb KO mice: tumor growth curve (FIG. 17A) and body weight of tumor bearing mice (FIG. 17B) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0106] While the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms, disclosed herein are specific illustrative embodiments thereof that exemplify the principles of the disclosure. It should be emphasized that the present disclosure is not limited to the specific embodiments illustrated. Moreover, any section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.
[0107] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. More specifically, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “aprotein” includes a plurality of proteins; reference to “acell” includes mixtures of cells, and the like. In this application, the use of “or” means “and / or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term “comprising” , as well as other forms, such as “comprises" and “comprised” , is not limiting. In addition, ranges provided in the specification and appended claims include both end points and all points between the end points.
[0108] Generally, nomenclature used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those known and used in the art. The methods and techniques of the present disclosure are generally performed according to conventional methods known in the art and as described in various general and more specific references that are cited and discussed throughout the present specification unless otherwise indicated. See, e.g., Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 6th ed., W. B. Saunders Company (2010) ; Sambrook J. &Russell D. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. (2000) ; Ausubel et al., Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley, John &Sons, Inc. (2002) ; Harlow and Lane Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. (1998) ; and Coligan et al., Short Protocols in Protein Science, Wiley, John &Sons, Inc. (2003) .
[0109] Definitions
[0110] In order to better understand the present disclosure, the definitions and explanations of the relevant terms are provided as follows.
[0111] The term “antibody” or “Ab” , as used herein, generally refers to a Y-shaped tetrameric protein comprising two heavy (H) and two light (L) polypeptide chains held together by covalent disulfide bonds and non-covalent interactions. Light chains of an antibody may be classified into κ and λ light chain. Heavy chains may be classified into μ, δ, γ, α and ε, which define isotypes of an antibody as IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA and IgE, respectively. Each heavy chain consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a heavy chain constant region (CH) . A heavy chain constant region consists of 3 domains (CH1, CH2 and CH3) . Each light chain consists of a light chain variable region (VL) and a light chain constant region (CL) . VH and VL region can further be divided into hypervariable regions (called complementary determining regions (CDR) ) , which are interspaced by relatively conservative regions (called framework region (FR) ) . Each VH and VL consists of 3 CDRs and 4 FRs in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4 from N-terminal to C-terminal. The variable region (VH and VL) of each heavy / light chain pair forms antigen binding sites, respectively.
[0112] The term “antigen-binding fragment” or “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody, which can be interchangeably used in the context of the application, refers to polypeptides comprising fragments of a full-length antibody, which retain the ability of specifically binding to an antigen that the full-length antibody specifically binds to, and / or compete with the full-length antibody for binding to the same antigen. Generally, see Fundamental Immunology, Ch. 7 (Paul, W., ed., the second edition, Raven Press, N.Y. (1989) , which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. Antigen binding fragments of an antibody may be produced by recombinant DNA techniques or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of an intact antibody. Under some conditions, antigen binding fragments include Fab, Fab', F (ab') 2, Fd, Fv, dAb and complementary determining region (CDR) fragments, single chain antibody (e.g. scFv) , chimeric antibody, diabody and such polypeptides that comprise at least part of antibody sufficient to confer the specific antigen binding ability on the polypeptides. Antigen-binding fragments of an antibody may be obtained from a given antibody (e.g., the monoclonal anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibody provided in the present disclosure) by conventional techniques known by a person skilled in the art (e.g., recombinant DNA technique or enzymatic or chemical cleavage methods) , and may be screened for specificity in the same manner by which intact antibodies are screened.
[0113] The terms “variable region” or “variable domain” , as used herein, are used interchangeably and are common in the art. The variability in sequence is concentrated in those regions called complementarity determining regions (CDRs) while the more highly conserved regions in the variable domain are called framework regions (FR) . Without wishing to be bound by any particular mechanism or theory, it is believed that the CDRs of the light and heavy chains are primarily responsible for the interaction and specificity of the antibody with antigen. In certain embodiments, the variable region is a human variable region. In certain embodiments, the variable region is a mouse variable region. In certain embodiments, the variable region comprises rodent or murine CDRs and human framework regions (FRs) . In particular embodiments, the variable region is a primate (e.g., non-human primate) variable region. In certain embodiments, the variable region comprises rodent or murine CDRs and primate (e.g., non-human primate) framework regions (FRs) .
[0114] The terms “VL” and “VL domain” are used interchangeably to refer to the light chain variable region of an antibody.
[0115] The terms “VH” and “VH domain” are used interchangeably to refer to the heavy chain variable region of an antibody.
[0116] The term “Kabat numbering” and like terms are recognized in the art and refer to a system of numbering amino acid residues in the heavy and light chain variable regions of an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. In certain aspects, CDRs can be determined according to the Kabat numbering system (see, e.g., Kabat EA &Wu TT (1971) Ann NY Acad Sci 190: 382-391 and Kabat EA et al., (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242) . In a specific embodiment, the CDRs of the antibodies described herein have been determined according to the Kabat numbering scheme. CDR boundaries for antibodies may also be defined or identified by the conventions of Chothia (Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196: 901-917 (1987) ) and / or IMGT (the international ImMunoGeneTics database, http: / / www. imgt. org) . In a specific embodiment, the CDR1 of heavy chain variable region of the antibodies described herein has been determined according to the Kabat and / or IMGT numbering scheme. In another embodiment, the CDR1 of heavy chain variable region of the antibodies described herein has been determined according to the Kabat and / or Chothia numbering scheme.
[0117] In the present application, Table A’s 1.239.2 and all its variants (e.g., 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and / or 1.239.2-z14-p3) include CDR1 of heavy chain variable region that is determined according to the combination of Kabat and Chothia numbering scheme. Apart from the CDR1 of heavy chain variable region of 1.239.2 and all its variants (e.g., 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and / or 1.239.2-z14-p3) , all other CDRs of the present application are determined according to Kabat numbering scheme alone.
[0118] The term “monoclonal antibody” or “mAb” , as used herein, refer to a preparation of antibody molecules of single molecular composition. A monoclonal antibody displays a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope.
[0119] The term “human antibody” or “fully human antibody” , as used herein, is intended to include antibodies having variable regions in which both the framework and CDR regions are derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Furthermore, if the antibody contains a constant region, the constant region also is derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. The human antibodies of the present disclosure can include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo) . However, the term “human antibody” , as used herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences.
[0120] The term “human monoclonal antibody” , as used herein, refers to antibodies displaying a single binding specificity, which have variable regions in which both the framework and CDR regions are derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.
[0121] The term “humanized antibody” refers to antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences. Additional framework region modifications may be made within the human framework sequences.
[0122] The term “chimeric antibody” , as used herein, refers to an antibody in which the variable region sequences are derived from one species and the constant region sequences are derived from another species, such as an antibody in which the variable region sequences are derived from a mouse antibody and the constant region sequences are derived from a human antibody.
[0123] The term “recombinant antibody” , as used herein, refers to an antibody that is prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as antibodies isolated from an animal that is transgenic for another species’ immunoglobulin genes, antibodies expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell, antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial antibody library, or antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involves splicing of immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences.
[0124] The term “anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibody” or “LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibody, as used herein, refers to an antibody, as defined herein, capable of binding to an LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 receptor, for example, a human LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 receptor.
[0125] The term “Ka” , as used herein, refers to the association rate of a particular antibody-antigen interaction, whereas the term “Kd” as used herein, refers to the dissociation rate of a particular antibody-antigen interaction. Kd values for antibodies can be determined using methods established in the art. The term “KD” as used herein, refers to the dissociation constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction, which is obtained from the ratio of Kd to Ka (i.e., Kd / Ka) and is expressed as a molar concentration (M) . A method for determining the Kd of an antibody is by using surface plasmon resonance, for example, using a biosensor system such as a system.
[0126] The term “high affinity” for an IgG antibody, as used herein, refers to an antibody having a KD of about 1 x 10-7 M or less, about 1 x 10-8 M or less, about 1x10-9 M or less, about 1 x 10-10 M or less, and / or about 1 x 10-11 M or less for a target antigen, for example, LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 receptor.
[0127] The term “EC50” , as used herein, which is also termed as “half maximal effective concentration” refers to the concentration of a drug, antibody or toxicant which induces a response halfway between the baseline and maximum after a specified exposure time. In the context of the application, EC50 is expressed in the unit of “nM” .
[0128] The term “compete for binding” , as used herein, refers to the interaction of two antibodies in their binding to a binding target. A first antibody competes for binding with a second antibody if binding of the first antibody with its cognate epitope is detectably decreased in the presence of the second antibody compared to the binding of the first antibody in the absence of the second antibody. The alternative, where the binding of the second antibody to its epitope is also detectably decreased in the presence of the first antibody, can, but need not, be the case. That is, a first antibody can inhibit the binding of a second antibody to its epitope without that second antibody inhibiting the binding of the first antibody to its respective epitope. However, where each antibody detectably inhibits the binding of the other antibody with its cognate epitope, whether to the same, greater, or lesser extent, the antibodies are said to “cross-compete” with each other for binding of their respective epitope (s) .
[0129] The term “isolated” , as used herein, refers to a state obtained from natural state by artificial means. If a certain “isolated” substance or component is present in nature, it is possible because its natural environment changes, or the substance is isolated from natural environment, or both. For example, a certain un-isolated polynucleotide or polypeptide naturally exists in a certain living animal body, and the same polynucleotide or polypeptide with a high purity isolated from such a natural state is called isolated polynucleotide or polypeptide. The term “isolated” excludes neither the mixed artificial or synthesized substance nor other impure substances that do not affect the activity of the isolated substance.
[0130] The term “isolated antibody” , as used herein, refers to an antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities. An isolated antibody that specifically binds a human LILRB1 protein may, however, have cross-reactivity to other antigens, such as LILRB1 proteins from other species (e.g. Rhesus LILRB1) . An isolated antibody that specifically binds a human LILRB2 protein may, however, have cross-reactivity to other antigens, such as LILRB2 proteins from other species (e.g. Cynomolgus LILRB2) . Moreover, an isolated antibody can be substantially free of other cellular material and / or chemicals.
[0131] The term “vector” , as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid vehicle which can have a polynucleotide inserted therein. When the vector allows for the expression of the protein encoded by the polynucleotide inserted therein, the vector is called an expression vector. The vector can have the carried genetic material elements expressed in a host cell by transformation, transduction, or transfection into the host cell. Vectors are known by a person skilled in the art, including, but not limited to plasmids, phages, cosmids, artificial chromosome such as yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) , bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) or P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) ; phage such as λ phage or M13 phage and animal virus. The animal viruses that can be used as vectors, include, but are not limited to, retrovirus (including lentivirus) , adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus (such as herpes simplex virus) , pox virus, baculovirus, papillomavirus, papova virus (such as SV40) . A vector may comprise multiple elements for controlling expression, including, but not limited to, a promoter sequence, a transcription initiation sequence, an enhancer sequence, a selection element and a reporter gene. In addition, a vector may comprise origin of replication.
[0132] The term “host cell” , as used herein, refers to a cellular system which can be engineered to generate proteins, protein fragments, or peptides of interest. Host cells include, without limitation, cultured cells, e.g., mammalian cultured cells derived from rodents (rats, mice, guinea pigs, or hamsters) such as CHO, BHK, NSO, SP2 / 0, YB2 / 0; or human tissues or hybridoma cells, yeast cells, and insect cells, and cells comprised within a transgenic animal or cultured tissue. The term encompasses not only the particular subject cell but also the progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell. ”
[0133] The term “identity” , as used herein, refers to a relationship between the sequences of two or more polypeptide molecules or two or more nucleic acid molecules, as determined by aligning and comparing the sequences. “Percent identity” means the percent of identical residues between the amino acids or nucleotides in the compared molecules and is calculated based on the size of the smallest of the molecules being compared. For these calculations, gaps in alignments (if any) are addressed by a particular mathematical model or computer program (i.e., an “algorithm” ) . Methods that can be used to calculate the identity of the aligned nucleic acids or polypeptides include those described in Computational Molecular Biology, (Lesk, A.M., ed. ) , 1988, New York: Oxford University Press; Biocomputing Informatics and Genome Projects, (Smith, D.W., ed. ) , 1993, New York: Academic Press; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, (Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H.G., eds. ) , 1994, New Jersey: Humana Press; von Heinje, G., 1987, Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, New York: Academic Press; Sequence Analysis Primer, (Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds. ) , 1991, New York: M. Stockton Press; and Carillo et al, 1988, SIAMJ. Applied Math. 48: 1073.
[0134] The term “hybridoma” and the term “hybridoma cell line” , as used herein, may be used interchangeably. When the term “hybridoma” and the term “hybridoma cell line” are mentioned, they also include subclone and progeny cell of hybridoma.
[0135] The term “SPR” or “surface plasmon resonance” , as used herein, refers to and includes an optical phenomenon that allows for the analysis of real-time biospecific interactions by detection of alterations in protein concentrations within a biosensor matrix, for example using the BIAcore system (Pharmacia Biosensor AB, Uppsala, Sweden and Piscataway, N.J. ) .
[0136] The term “transfection” , as used herein, refers to the process by which nucleic acids are introduced into eukaryotic cells, particularly mammalian cells. Protocols and techniques for transfection include but not limited to lipid transfection and chemical and physical methods such as electroporation. A number of transfection techniques are known in the art and are disclosed herein. See, e.g., Graham et al., 1973, Virology 52: 456; Sambrook et al., 2001, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, supra; Davis et al., 1986, Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elsevier; Chu et al, 1981, Gene 13: 197. In a specific embodiment, human / mouse LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 gene was transfected into 293F cells.
[0137] The term “fluorescence-activated cell sorting” or “FACS” , as used herein, refers to a specialized type of flow cytometry. It provides a method for sorting a heterogeneous mixture of biological cells into two or more containers, one cell at a time, based upon the specific light scattering and fluorescent characteristics of each cell (FlowMetric. “Sorting Out Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting” . Retrieved 2017-11-09. ) . Instruments for carrying out FACS are known to those of skill in the art and are commercially available to the public. Examples of such instruments include FACS Star Plus, FACScan and FACSort instruments from Becton Dickinson (Foster City, Calif. ) Epics C from Coulter Epics Division (Hialeah, Fla. ) and MoFlo from Cytomation (Colorado Springs, Colo. ) .
[0138] The term “subject” includes any human or nonhuman animal.
[0139] The term “cancer” , as used herein, refers to any or a tumor or a malignant cell growth, proliferation or metastasis-mediated, such as solid tumors and / or non-solid tumors.
[0140] The term “treatment” , “treating” or “treated” , as used herein in the context of treating a condition, pertains generally to treatment and therapy, whether of a human or an animal, in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the inhibition of the progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a halt in the rate of progress, regression of the condition, amelioration of the condition, and cure of the condition. Treatment as a prophylactic measure (i.e., prophylaxis, prevention) is also included. For cancer, “treating” may refer to dampen or slow the tumor or malignant cell growth, proliferation, or metastasis, or some combination thereof. For tumors, “treatment” includes removal of all or part of the tumor, inhibiting or slowing tumor growth and metastasis, preventing or delaying the development of a tumor, or some combination thereof.
[0141] The term “an effective amount” , as used herein, pertains to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage from comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen. For instance, the “an effective amount” , when used in connection with treatment of LILRB1 and / or LILRB2-related diseases or conditions, refers to an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof in an amount or concentration effective to treat the said diseases or conditions.
[0142] The term “prevent” , “prevention” or “preventing” , as used herein, with reference to a certain disease condition in a mammal, refers to preventing or delaying the onset of the disease, or preventing the manifestation of clinical or subclinical symptoms thereof.
[0143] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” , as used herein, means that the vehicle, diluent, excipient and / or salts thereof, are chemically and / or physically is compatible with other ingredients in the formulation, and the physiologically compatible with the recipient.
[0144] As used herein, the term “apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and / or excipient” refers to a carrier and / or excipient pharmacologically and / or physiologically compatible with a subject and an active agent, which is known in the art (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. Edited by Gennaro AR, 19th ed. Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Company, 1995) , and includes, but is not limited to pH adjuster, surfactant, adjuvant and ionic strength enhancer. For example, the pH adjuster includes, but is not limited to, phosphate buffer; the surfactant includes, but is not limited to, cationic, anionic, or non-ionic surfactant, e.g., Tween-80; the ionic strength enhancer includes, but is not limited to, sodium chloride.
[0145] As used herein, “about” mean within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range of up to 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.55, 20%, 22.5%25%, 27.5%, 30%, 32.5%, 35%, 37.5%, or 40%of difference in either direction (positive or negative) compared to a reference value. Furthermore, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the terms can mean up to an order of magnitude or up to 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5-folds of a value. When particular values are provided in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated, the meaning of “about” should be assumed to be within an acceptable error range for that particular value. Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter per se. For example, description referring to “about X” includes description of “X” . Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. As used herein, the term “adjuvant” refers to a non-specific immunopotentiator, which can enhance immune response to an antigen or change the type of immune response in an organism when it is delivered together with the antigen to the organism or is delivered to the organism in advance. There are a variety of adjuvants, including, but not limited to, aluminum adjuvants (for example, aluminum hydroxide) , Freund’s adjuvants (for example, Freund’s complete adjuvant and Freund’s incomplete adjuvant) , coryne bacterium parvum, lipopolysaccharide, cytokines, and the like. Freund's adjuvant is the most commonly used adjuvant in animal experiments now. Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant is typically used in clinical trials.
[0146] Anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 Antibodies
[0147] In some aspects, the present disclosure comprises an isolated antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof.
[0148] In the context of the application, the “antibody” may include polyclonal antibodies, multiclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized and primatized antibodies, CDR grafted antibodies, human antibodies, recombinantly produced antibodies, intrabodies, multispecific antibodies, bispecific antibodies, monovalent antibodies, multivalent antibodies, anti-idiotypic antibodies, synthetic antibodies, including muteins and variants thereof, and derivatives thereof including Fc fusions and other modifications, and any other immunoreactive molecule so long as it exhibits preferential association or binding with a LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 protein. Moreover, unless dictated otherwise by contextual constraints the term further comprises all classes of antibodies (i.e. IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM) and all subclasses (i.e., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2) . In an embodiment, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In another embodiment, the antibody is a human monoclonal antibody.
[0149] Human antibodies can be produced using various techniques known in the art. One technique is phage display in which a library of (for example: human) antibodies is synthesized on phages, the library is screened with the antigen of interest or an antibody-binding portion thereof, and the phage that binds the antigen is isolated, from which one may obtain the immune-reactive fragments. Methods for preparing and screening such libraries are known in the art and kits for generating phage display libraries are commercially available (e.g., the Pharmacia Recombinant Phage Antibody System, catalog no. 27-9400-01; and the Stratagene SurfZAPTM phage display kit, catalog no. 240612) . There also are other methods and reagents that can be used in generating and screening antibody display libraries (see, e.g., Barbas et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 7978-7982 (1991) ) .
[0150] Human antibodies can also be made by introducing human immunoglobulin loci into transgenic animals, e.g., mice in which the endogenous immunoglobulin genes have been partially or completely inactivated and human immunoglobulin genes have been introduced. Upon challenge, human antibody production is observed, which closely resembles that seen in humans in all respects, including gene rearrangement, assembly, and antibody repertoire. This approach is described, for example, in U.S.P.Ns. 5,545,807; 5,545,806; 5,569,825; 5,625,126; 5,633,425; 5,661,016, and U.S.P.Ns. 6,075,181 and 6,150,584 regarding technology; and Lonberg and Huszar, Intern. Rev. Immunol. 13: 65-93 (1995) . Alternatively, the human antibody may be prepared via immortalization of human B lymphocytes producing an antibody directed against a target antigen (such B lymphocytes may be recovered from an individual suffering from a neoplastic disorder or may have been immunized in vitro) . See, e.g., Cole et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, p. 77 (1985) ; Boerner et al., J. Immunol, 147 (l) : 86-95 (1991) ; and U.S.P.N. 5,750,373.
[0151] Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared using a wide variety of techniques known in the art including hybridoma techniques, recombinant techniques, phage display technologies, transgenic animals (e.g., a ) or some combination thereof. For example, monoclonal antibodies can be produced using hybridoma and art-recognized biochemical and genetic engineering techniques such as described in more detail in An, Zhigiang (ed. ) Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: From Bench to Clinic, John Wiley and Sons, 1st ed. 2009; Shire et. al. (eds. ) Current Trends in Monoclonal Antibody Development and Manufacturing, Springer Science + Business Media LLC, 1st ed. 2010; Harlow et al., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2nd ed. 1988; Hammerling, et al., in: Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell Hybridomas 563-681 (Elsevier, N. Y., 1981) each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. It should be understood that a selected binding sequence can be further altered, for example, to improve affinity for the target, to humanize the target binding sequence, to improve its production in cell culture, to reduce its immunogenicity in vivo, to create a multispecific antibody, etc., and that an antibody comprising the altered target binding sequence is also an antibody of this disclosure. In an embodiment, the anti-human LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 monoclonal antibody is prepared by using hybridoma.
[0152] Generation of Hybridomas Producing Human Monoclonal Antibodies
[0153] To generate hybridomas producing the antibodies of the present disclosure, for instance, human monoclonal antibodies, splenocytes and / or lymph node cells from immunized mice can be isolated and fused to an appropriate immortalized cell line, such as a mouse myeloma cell line. The resulting hybridomas can be screened for the production of antigen-specific antibodies. Generation of hybridomas is known in the art. See, e.g., Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Publications, New York.
[0154] Generation of Transfectomas Producing Monoclonal Antibodies
[0155] Antibodies of the present disclosure also can be produced in a host cell transfectoma using, for example, a combination of recombinant DNA techniques and gene transfection methods as is known in the art (e.g., Morrison, S. (1985) Science 229: 1202) . In one embodiment, DNA encoding partial or full-length light and heavy chains obtained by standard molecular biology techniques is inserted into one or more expression vectors such that the genes are operatively linked to transcriptional and translational regulatory sequences. In this context, the term "operatively linked" means that an antibody gene is ligated into a vector such that transcriptional and translational control sequences within the vector serve their intended function of regulating the transcription and translation of the antibody gene. The term “regulatory sequence” include, but not limited to promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals) that control the transcription or translation of the antibody chain genes.
[0156] The antibody light chain gene and the antibody heavy chain gene can be inserted into the same or separate expression vectors. In some embodiments, the variable regions are used to create full-length antibody genes of any antibody isotype by inserting them into expression vectors already encoding heavy chain constant and light chain constant regions of the desired isotype such that the VH segment is operatively linked to the CH segment (s) within the vector and the VL segment is operatively linked to the CL segment within the vector. Additionally or alternatively, the recombinant expression vector can encode a signal peptide that facilitates secretion of the antibody chain from a host cell. The antibody chain gene can be cloned into the vector such that the signal peptide is linked in-frame to the amino terminus of the antibody chain gene. The signal peptide can be an immunoglobulin signal peptide or a heterologous signal peptide (i.e., a signal peptide from a non-immunoglobulin protein) .
[0157] In addition to the antibody chain genes and regulatory sequences, the recombinant expression vectors of the present disclosure can carry additional sequences, such as sequences that regulate replication of the vector in host cells (e.g., origins of replication) and selectable marker genes. The selectable marker gene facilitates selection of host cells into which the vector has been introduced (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,216; 4,634,665 and 5,179,017) . For example, typically the selectable marker gene confers resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin or methotrexate, on a host cell into which the vector has been introduced. Selectable marker genes may include the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in dhfr-host cells with methotrexate selection / amplification) and the neo gene (for G418 selection) .
[0158] For expression of the light and heavy chains, the expression vector (s) encoding the heavy and light chains is transfected into a host cell by standard techniques. The various forms of the term “transfection” are intended to encompass a wide variety of techniques used for the introduction of exogenous DNA into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, e.g., electroporation, calcium-phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran transfection and the like. It is possible to express the antibodies of the present disclosure in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells, for example, mammalian host cells, which can assemble and secrete a properly folded and immunologically active antibody.
[0159] Mammalian host cells for expressing the recombinant antibodies of the present disclosure include Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO cells) (including dhfr CHO cells, described in Urlaub and Chasin, (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA 77: 4216-4220, used with a DHFR selectable marker, e.g., as described in R. J. Kaufman and P.A. Sharp (1982) J. Mol. Biol. 159: 601-621) , NSO myeloma cells, COS cells and SP2 cells. In particular, for use with NSO myeloma cells, another expression system is the GS gene expression system disclosed in WO 87 / 04462, WO 89 / 01036 and EP 338, 841. When recombinant expression vectors encoding antibody genes are introduced into mammalian host cells, the antibodies are produced by culturing the host cells for a period of time sufficient to allow for expression of the antibody in the host cells or, secretion of the antibody into the culture medium in which the host cells are grown. Antibodies can be recovered from the culture medium using standard protein purification methods.
[0160] Anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibodies with certain properties
[0161] The antibodies of the present disclosure are characterized by particular functional features or properties of the antibodies. In some embodiments, the isolated antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof has one or more of the following properties:
[0162] (a) binding human LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 with a KD of about 1 x 10-7 M or less;
[0163] (b) inducing the production of inflammatory cytokine (e.g., TNF-α) in macrophage cells;
[0164] (c) blocking human LILRB1-HLA-G and / or human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction;
[0165] (d) enhancing macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis.
[0166] The antibody of the present disclosure binds to human LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 with high affinity. The binding of an antibody of the present disclosure to LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 can be assessed using one or more techniques established in the art, for instance, ELISA. The binding specificity of an antibody of the present disclosure can also be determined by monitoring binding of the antibody to cells expressing an LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 protein, e.g., flow cytometry. For example, an antibody can be tested by a flow cytometry assay in which the antibody is reacted with a cell line that expresses human LILRB1 and / or LILRB2, such as CHO cells that have been transfected to express LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 on their cell surface. Additionally or alternatively, the binding of the antibody, including the binding kinetics (e.g., Kd value) can be tested in BIAcore binding assays. Still other suitable binding assays include ELISA assays, for example using a recombinant LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 protein. For instance, an antibody of the present disclosure binds to a human LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 with a KD of about 1 x 10-8 M or less, binds to a human LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 with a KD of about 1 x 10-9 M or less, binds to a human LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 with a KD of about 5 x 10-10 M or less, binds to a human LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 with a KD of about 2 x 10-10 M or less, binds to a human LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 protein with a KD of about 1 x 10-10 M or less, binds to a human LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 protein with a KD of about 5 x 10-11 M or less, binds to a human LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 protein with a KD of about 3 x 10-11 M or less, or binds to a human LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 protein with a KD of about 2 x 10-11 M or less.
[0167] Anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibodies comprising CDRs with sequence identity to specific sequences
[0168] In some embodiments, the isolated antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof comprises:
[0169] A) one or more heavy chain CDRs (CDRHs) selected from at least one of the group consisting of:
[0170] (i) a CDRH1 with at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, 19, 37, 55, 73, 91, 109, 127, 145, 163, 181, 199, 217, 235, 253, 271, 289 or 307;
[0171] (ii) a CDRH2 with at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, 20, 38, 56, 74, 92, 110, 128, 146, 164, 182, 200, 218, 236, 254, 272, 290 or 308; and
[0172] (iii) a CDRH3 with at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, 21, 39, 57, 75, 93, 111, 129, 147, 165, 183, 201, 219, 237, 255, 273, 291 or 309; and
[0173] B) one or more light chain CDRs (CDRLs) selected from at least one of the group consisting of:
[0174] (i) a CDRL1 with at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4, 22, 40, 58, 76, 94, 112, 130, 148, 166, 184, 202, 220, 238, 256, 274, 292 or 310;
[0175] (ii) a CDRL2 with at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5, 23, 41, 59, 77, 95, 113, 131, 149, 167, 185, 203, 221, 239, 257, 275, 293 or 311; and
[0176] (iii) a CDRL3 with at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6, 24, 42, 60, 78, 96, 114, 132, 150, 168, 186, 204, 222, 240, 258, 276, 294 or 312, or
[0177] C) one or more CDRHs of A) and one or more CDRLs of B) .
[0178] In other embodiments, the CDR amino acid sequences can be at least about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%or about 99%identical to the respective sequences set forth above. As an illustrative example, the antibody may comprise a CDRH1 with at least about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%or about 99%sequence identity to a CDRH1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 19, 37, 55, 73, 91, 109, 127, 145, 163, 181, 199, 217, 235, 253, 271, 289 or 307.
[0179] Variable regions and CDRs in an antibody sequence can be identified according to general rules that have been developed in the art (as set out above, such as, for example, the Kabat and IMGT numbering system) or by aligning the sequences against a database of known variable regions. Methods for identifying these regions are described in Kontermann and Dubel, eds., Antibody Engineering, Springer, New York, NY, 2001 and Dinarello et al., Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2000.
[0180] Anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibodies comprising CDRs with amino acid addition, deletion and / or substitution
[0181] In some embodiments, the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof comprises:
[0182] A) one or more heavy chain CDRs (CDRHs) selected from at least one of the group consisting of:
[0183] (i) a CDRH1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 19, 37, 55, 73, 91, 109, 127, 145, 163, 181, 199, 217, 235, 253, 271, 289 or 307, or a CDRH1 that differs in amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO: 1, 19, 37, 55, 73, 91, 109, 127, 145, 163, 181, 199, 217, 235, 253, 271, 289 or 307 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids;
[0184] (ii) a CDRH2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 20, 38, 56, 74, 92, 110, 128, 146, 164, 182, 200, 218, 236, 254, 272, 290 or 308, or a CDRH2 that differs in amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO: 2, 20, 38, 56, 74, 92, 110, 128, 146, 164, 182, 200, 218, 236, 254, 272, 290 or 308 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids; and
[0185] (iii) a CDRH3 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 21, 39, 57, 75, 93, 111, 129, 147, 165, 183, 201, 219, 237, 255, 273, 291 or 309, or a CDRH3 that differs in amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO: 3, 21, 39, 57, 75, 93, 111, 129, 147, 165, 183, 201, 219, 237, 255, 273, 291 or 309 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids; and
[0186] B) one or more light chain CDRs (CDRLs) selected from at least one of the group consisting of:
[0187] (i) a CDRL1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, 22, 40, 58, 76, 94, 112, 130, 148, 166, 184, 202, 220, 238, 256, 274, 292 or 310, or a CDRL1 that differs in amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO: 4, 22, 40, 58, 76, 94, 112, 130, 148, 166, 184, 202, 220, 238, 256, 274, 292 or 310 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids;
[0188] (ii) a CDRL2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, 23, 41, 59, 77, 95, 113, 131, 149, 167, 185, 203, 221, 239, 257, 275, 293 or 311, or a CDRL2 that differs in amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO: 5, 23, 41, 59, 77, 95, 113, 131, 149, 167, 185, 203, 221, 239, 257, 275, 293 or 311 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids; and
[0189] (iii) a CDRL3 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, 24, 42, 60, 78, 96, 114, 132, 150, 168, 186, 204, 222, 240, 258, 276, 294 or 312, or a CDRL3 that differs in amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO: 6, 24, 42, 60, 78, 96, 114, 132, 150, 168, 186, 204, 222, 240, 258, 276, 294 or 312 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids, or
[0190] C) one or more CDRHs of A) and one or more CDRLs of B) .
[0191] In some embodiments, the CDRs of the isolated antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof contain a conservative substitution of not more than 1 amino acid. The term “conservative substitution” , as used herein, refers to amino acid substitutions which would not disadvantageously affect or change the essential properties of a protein / polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence. For example, a conservative substitution may be introduced by standard techniques known in the art such as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Conservative amino acid substitutions include substitutions wherein an amino acid residue is substituted with another amino acid residue having a similar side chain, for example, a residue physically or functionally similar (such as, having similar size, shape, charge, chemical property including the capability of forming covalent bond or hydrogen bond, etc. ) to the corresponding amino acid residue. The families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids having alkaline side chains (for example, lysine, arginine and histidine) , amino acids having acidic side chains (for example, aspartic acid and glutamic acid) , amino acids having uncharged polar side chains (for example, glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan) , amino acids having nonpolar side chains (for example, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine) , amino acids having β-branched side chains (such as threonine, valine, isoleucine) and amino acids having aromatic side chains (for example, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) . Therefore, a corresponding amino acid residue can be substituted with another amino acid residue from the same side-chain family. Methods for identifying amino acid conservative substitutions are known in the art (see, for example, Brummell et al., Biochem. 32: 1180-1187 (1993) ; Kobayashi et al., Protein Eng. 12 (10) : 879-884 (1999) ; and Burks et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 412-417 (1997) , which are incorporated herein by reference) .
[0192] Anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibodies comprising CDRs
[0193] In some embodiments, the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof comprises:
[0194] (a) a CDRH1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 19, 37, 55, 73, 91, 109, 127, 145, 163, 181, 199, 217, 235, 253, 271, 289 or 307;
[0195] (b) a CDRH2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, 20, 38, 56, 74, 92, 110, 128, 146, 164, 182, 200, 218, 236, 254, 272, 290 or 308;
[0196] (c) a CDRH3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 21, 39, 57, 75, 93, 111, 129, 147, 165, 183, 201, 219, 237, 255, 273, 291 or 309;
[0197] (d) a CDRL1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4, 22, 40, 58, 76, 94, 112, 130, 148, 166, 184, 202, 220, 238, 256, 274, 292 or 310;
[0198] (e) a CDRL2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5, 23, 41, 59, 77, 95, 113, 131, 149, 167, 185, 203, 221, 239, 257, 275, 293 or 311; and
[0199] (f) a CDRL3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, 24, 42, 60, 78, 96, 114, 132, 150, 168, 186, 204, 222, 240, 258, 276, 294 or 312.
[0200] In a specific embodiment, the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof comprises heavy chain variable region (VH) complementarity determining region CDR 1, CDR2, CDR3 and light chain variable region (VL) CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 1-6, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 19-24, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 37-42, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 55-60, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 73-78, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 91-96, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 109-114, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 127-132, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 145-150, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 163-168, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 181-186, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 199-204, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 217-222, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 235-240, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 253-258, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 271-276, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 289-294, respectively; and SEQ ID NOs: 307-312, respectively.
[0201] Anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibodies comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region
[0202] In some embodiments, the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof comprises:
[0203] (A) a heavy chain variable region:
[0204] (i) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321;
[0205] (ii) comprising an amino acid sequence at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321; or
[0206] (iii) comprising an amino acid sequence with addition, deletion and / or substitution of one or more amino acids compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321; and
[0207] (B) a light chain variable region:
[0208] (i) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322;
[0209] (ii) comprising an amino acid sequence at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322; or
[0210] (iii) comprising an amino acid sequence with addition, deletion and / or substitution of one or more amino acids compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322.
[0211] In a specific embodiment, the isolated antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321 and a light chain variable region consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322.
[0212] In other embodiments, the amino acid sequences of the heavy chain variable region and / or the light chain variable region can be at least about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%or about 99%identical to the respective sequences set forth above. As an illustrative example, the antibody may comprise a heavy chain variable region with at least about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%or about 99%sequence identity to a heavy chain variable region consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321. As an illustrative example, the antibody may comprise a light chain variable region with at least about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%or about 99%sequence identity to a light chain variable region consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322.
[0213] In some further embodiments, the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof may contain conservative substitution or modification of amino acids in the variable regions of the heavy chain and / or light chain. It is understood in the art that certain conservative sequence modification can be made which do not remove antigen binding. See, e.g., Brummell et al. (1993) Biochem 32: 1180-8; de Wildt et al. (1997) Prot. Eng. 10: 835-41; Komissarov et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272: 26864-26870; Hall et al. (1992) J. Immunol. 149: 1605-12; Kelley and O’ Connell (1993) Biochem. 32: 6862-35; Adib-Conquy et al. (1998) Int. Immunol. 10: 341-6 and Beers et al. (2000) Clin. Can. Res. 6: 2835-43.
[0214] Binning and epitope mapping
[0215] It will further be appreciated the disclosed antibodies will associate with, or bind to, discrete epitopes or immunogenic determinants presented by the selected target or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, epitope or immunogenic determinants include chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids, sugar side chains, phosphoryl groups, or sulfonyl groups. In some embodiments, epitopes may have specific three-dimensional structural characteristics, and / or specific charge characteristics. Thus, as used herein the term “epitope” includes any protein determinant capable of specific binding to an immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor or otherwise interacting with a molecule. In some embodiments, an antibody is said to specifically bind (or immune-specifically bind or react) an antigen when it preferentially recognizes its target antigen in a complex mixture of proteins and / or macromolecules. In some embodiments, an antibody is said to specifically bind an antigen when the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) is less than or equal to about 10-6 M or less than or equal to about 10-7 M. In another embodiment, the KD can be less than or equal to about 10-8 M. Yet in another embodiment the KD is less than or equal to about 10-9 M.
[0216] Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids (sometimes referred to as “linear” or “continuous” epitopes) are typically retained upon protein denaturing, whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding are typically lost upon protein denaturing. In any event an antibody epitope typically includes at least 3, and more usually, at least 5 or 8-10 amino acids in a unique spatial conformation.
[0217] In this respect, it will be appreciated that, in some embodiments, an epitope may be associated with, or reside in, one or more regions, domains or motifs of a protein. Similarly, the art-recognized term “motif” will be used in accordance with its common meaning and shall generally refer to a short, conserved region of a protein that is typically ten to twenty contiguous amino acid residues.
[0218] In any event once a desired epitope on an antigen is determined, it is possible to generate antibodies to that epitope, e.g., by immunizing with a peptide comprising the epitope using techniques described in the present disclosure. Alternatively, the generation and characterization of antibodies may elucidate information about desirable epitopes located in specific domains or motifs. From this information, it is then possible to competitively screen antibodies for binding to the same epitope. An approach to achieve this is to conduct competition studies to find antibodies that competitively bind with one another, i.e. the antibodies compete for binding to the antigen. A high throughput process for binning antibodies based upon their cross-competition is described in WO 03 / 48731. Other methods of binning or domain level or epitope mapping comprising antibody competition or antigen fragment expression on yeast are known in the art.
[0219] As used herein, the term “binning” refers to methods used to group or classify antibodies based on their antigen binding characteristics and competition. While the techniques are useful for defining and categorizing the antibodies of the present disclosure, the bins do not always directly correlate with epitopes and such initial determinations of epitope binding may be further refined and confirmed by other art-recognized methodology in the art and as described herein. However, it will be appreciated that empirical assignment of the antibodies to individual bins provides information that may be indicative of the therapeutic potential of the disclosed antibodies.
[0220] More specifically, one can determine whether a selected reference antibody (or fragment thereof) binds to the same epitope or cross competes for binding with a second test antibody (i.e., is in the same bin) by using methods known in the art and set forth in the Examples herein.
[0221] Other compatible epitope mapping techniques include alanine scanning mutants, peptide blots (Reineke (2004) Methods Mol Biol 248: 443-63) (herein specifically incorporated by reference in its entirety) , or peptide cleavage analysis. In addition, methods such as epitope excision, epitope extraction and chemical modification of antigens can be employed (Tomer (2000) Protein Science 9: 487-496) (herein specifically incorporated by reference in its entirety) .
[0222] Nucleic Acid Molecules Encoding Antibodies
[0223] In some aspects, the present disclosure is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule, comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chain variable region and / or the light chain variable region of the isolated antibody as disclosed herein. In some aspects, the present disclosure is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule, comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chain and / or the light chain of the isolated antibody as disclosed herein.
[0224] Nucleic acids of the present disclosure can be obtained using standard molecular biology techniques. For antibodies expressed by hybridomas (e.g., hybridomas prepared from transgenic mice carrying human immunoglobulin genes as described further below) , cDNAs encoding the light and heavy chains of the antibody made by the hybridoma can be obtained by standard PCR amplification or cDNA cloning techniques. For antibodies obtained from an immunoglobulin gene library (e.g., using phage display techniques) , a nucleic acid encoding such antibodies can be recovered from the gene library.
[0225] The isolated nucleic acid encoding the VH region can be converted to a full-length heavy chain gene by operatively linking the VH-encoding nucleic acid to another DNA molecule encoding heavy chain constant regions (CH1, CH2 and CH3) . The sequences of human heavy chain constant region genes are known in the art (see e.g., Kabat et al. (1991) , supra) and DNA fragments encompassing these regions can be obtained by standard PCR amplification. The heavy chain constant region can be an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IgE, IgM or IgD constant region, alternatively, it can be an IgG1 or IgG4 constant region.
[0226] The isolated nucleic acid encoding the VL region can be converted to a full-length light chain gene (as well as a Fab light chain gene) by operatively linking the VL-encoding DNA to another DNA molecule encoding the light chain constant region, CL. The sequences of human light chain constant region genes are known in the art (see e.g., Kabat et al., supra) and DNA fragments encompassing these regions can be obtained by standard PCR amplification. In some embodiments, the light chain constant region can be a kappa or lambda constant region.
[0227] Once DNA fragments encoding VH and VL segments are obtained, these DNA fragments can be further modified by standard recombinant DNA techniques, for example to convert the variable region genes to full-length antibody chain genes, to Fab fragment genes or to a scFv gene. In these modifications, a VL-or VH-encoding DNA fragment is operatively linked to another DNA fragment encoding another protein, such as an antibody constant region or a flexible linker. The term “operatively linked” , as used in this context, means that the two DNA fragments are joined such that the amino acid sequences encoded by the two DNA fragments remain in-frame.
[0228] Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0229] In some aspects, the present disclosure is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof as disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0230] Components of the compositions
[0231] The pharmaceutical composition may optionally contain one or more additional pharmaceutically active ingredients, such as another antibody or a drug. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure also can be administered in a combination therapy with, for example, another immune-stimulatory agent, anti-cancer agent, an antiviral agent, or a vaccine. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can include, for example, a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid, gel or solid carriers, an aqueous medium, a non-aqueous medium, an anti-microbial agent, isotonic agents, buffers, antioxidants, anesthetics, suspending / dispersing agent, a chelating agent, a diluent, adjuvant, excipient or a nontoxic auxiliary substance, other known in the art various combinations of components or more.
[0232] Examples of components may include, for example, antioxidants, fillers, binders, disintegrating agents, buffers, preservatives, lubricants, flavorings, thickening agents, coloring agents, emulsifiers or stabilizers such as sugars and cyclodextrin. Examples of anti-oxidants may include, for example, methionine, ascorbic acid, EDTA, sodium thiosulfate, platinum, catalase, citric acid, cysteine, mercapto glycerol, thioglycolic acid, Mercapto sorbitol, butyl methyl anisole, butylated hydroxy toluene and / or propylgalacte. As disclosed in the present disclosure, in a solvent containing an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment of the present disclosure discloses compositions include one or more anti-oxidants such as methionine, reducing antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof may be oxidized. The oxidation reduction may prevent or reduce a decrease in binding affinity, thereby enhancing antibody stability and extended shelf life. Thus, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising one or more antibodies or antigen binding fragment thereof and one or more anti-oxidants such as methionine. The present disclosure further provides a variety of methods, wherein an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is mixed with one or more anti-oxidants, such as methionine, so that the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof can be prevented from oxidation, to extend their shelf life and / or increased activity.
[0233] To further illustrate, pharmaceutical acceptable carriers may include, for example, aqueous vehicles such as sodium chloride injection, Ringer's injection, isotonic dextrose injection, sterile water injection, or dextrose and lactated Ringer's injection, nonaqueous vehicles such as fixed oils of vegetable origin, cottonseed oil, corn oil, sesame oil, or peanut oil, antimicrobial agents at bacteriostatic or fungistatic concentrations, isotonic agents such as sodium chloride or dextrose, buffers such as phosphate or citrate buffers, antioxidants such as sodium bisulfate, local anesthetics such as procaine hydrochloride, suspending and dispersing agents such as sodium carboxymethylcelluose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, or polyvinylpyrrolidone, emulsifying agents such as Polysorbate 80 (TWEEN-80) , sequestering or chelating agents such as EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) or EGTA (ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid) , ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acid, or lactic acid. Antimicrobial agents utilized as carriers may be added to pharmaceutical compositions in multiple-dose containers that include phenols or cresols, mercurials, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride. Examples of excipients may include, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, or ethanol. Examples of non-toxic auxiliary substances may include, for example, wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, stabilizers, solubility enhancers, or agents such as sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, or cyclodextrin.
[0234] Administration, Formulation and Dosage
[0235] The pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure may be administered in vivo, to a subject in need thereof, by various routes, including, but not limited to, oral, intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, parenteral, intranasal, intramuscular, intracranial, intracardiac, intraventricular, intratracheal, buccal, rectal, intraperitoneal, intradermal, topical, transdermal, and intrathecal, or otherwise by implantation or inhalation. The subject compositions may be formulated into preparations in solid, semi-solid, liquid, or gaseous forms; including, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, powders, granules, ointments, solutions, suppositories, enemas, injections, inhalants, and aerosols. The formulation and route of administration may be selected according to the intended application and therapeutic regimen.
[0236] Examples of formulations for enteral administration include hard or soft gelatin capsules, pills, tablets, including coated tablets, elixirs, suspensions, syrups or inhalations and controlled release forms thereof.
[0237] Formulations for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection) may include aqueous or non-aqueous, isotonic, pyrogen-free, sterile liquids (e.g., solutions, suspensions) , in which the active ingredient is dissolved, suspended, or otherwise provided (e.g., in a liposome or other microparticulate) . Such liquids may additionally contain other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, such as anti-oxidants, buffers, preservatives, stabilisers, bacteriostats, suspending agents, thickening agents, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood (or other relevant bodily fluid) of the intended recipient. Examples of excipients include, for example, water, alcohols, polyols, glycerol, vegetable oils, and the like. Examples of isotonic carriers for use in such formulations include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Solution, or Lactated Ringer's Injection. Similarly, the particular dosage regimen, including dose, timing and repetition, may depend on the particular subject and that subject’s medical history, as well as empirical considerations such as pharmacokinetics (e.g., half-life, clearance rate, etc. ) .
[0238] Frequency of administration may be determined and adjusted over the course of therapy, and is based on reducing the number of proliferative or tumorigenic cells, maintaining the reduction of such neoplastic cells, reducing the proliferation of neoplastic cells, or delaying the development of metastasis. In some embodiments, the dosage administered may be adjusted or attenuated to manage potential side effects and / or toxicity. Alternatively, sustained continuous release formulations of a subject therapeutic composition may be used.
[0239] It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that dosages can vary from patient to patient. Determining the optimal dosage will generally involve the balancing of the level of therapeutic benefit against any risk or deleterious side effects. The selected dosage level will depend on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the compound, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds, and / or materials used in combination, the severity of the condition, and the species, sex, age, weight, condition, general health, and prior medical history of the patient. The amount of compound and route of administration will ultimately be at the discretion of the physician, veterinarian, or clinician, although generally the dosage will be selected to achieve local concentrations at the site of action that achieve the desired effect without causing substantial harmful or deleterious side-effects.
[0240] In any event, the antibody or the antigen binding portion thereof of the present disclosure is administered as needed to subjects in need thereof. Determination of the frequency of administration may be made by persons skilled in the art, such as an attending physician based on considerations of the condition being treated, age of the subject being treated, severity of the condition being treated, general state of health of the subject being treated and the like.
[0241] In certain embodiments, the course of treatment involving the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof of the present disclosure will comprise multiple doses of the selected drug product over a period of weeks or months. More specifically, the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof of the present disclosure may be administered about once every day, about every two days, about every four days, about every week, about every ten days, about every two weeks, about every three weeks, about every month, about every six weeks, about every two months, about every ten weeks or about every three months. In this regard, it will be appreciated that the dosages may be altered, or the interval may be adjusted based on patient response and clinical practices.
[0242] Dosages and regimens may also be determined empirically for the disclosed therapeutic compositions in individuals who have been given one or more administration (s) . For example, individuals may be given incremental dosages of a therapeutic composition produced as described herein. In selected embodiments, the dosage may be gradually increased or reduced or attenuated based respectively on empirically determined or observed side effects or toxicity. To assess efficacy of the selected composition, a marker of the specific disease, disorder or condition can be followed as described previously. For cancer, these include direct measurements of tumor size via palpation or visual observation, indirect measurement of tumor size by x-ray or other imaging techniques; an improvement as assessed by direct tumor biopsy and microscopic examination of the tumor sample; the measurement of an indirect tumor marker (e.g., PSA for prostate cancer) or a tumorigenic antigen identified according to the methods described herein, a decrease in pain or paralysis; improved speech, vision, breathing or other disability associated with the tumor; increased appetite; or an increase in quality of life as measured by accepted tests or prolongation of survival. It will be apparent to one of skill in the art that the dosage will vary depending on the individual, the type of neoplastic condition, the stage of neoplastic condition, whether the neoplastic condition has begun to metastasize to other location in the individual, and the past and concurrent treatments being used.
[0243] Applications
[0244] The antibodies, antibody compositions and methods of the present disclosure have numerous in vitro and in vivo utilities involving, for example, detection of LILRB1 and / or LILRB2.
[0245] The present disclosure further provides methods for detecting the presence of LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antigen in a sample, or measuring the amount of LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antigen, comprising contacting the sample with a monoclonal antibody, or an antigen binding portion thereof, which specifically binds to LILRB1 and / or LILRB2, under conditions that allow for formation of a complex between the antibody or portion thereof and LILRB1 and / or LILRB2. The formation of a complex is then detected, wherein a difference complex formation between the sample compared to the control sample is indicative of the presence of LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antigen in the sample. Moreover, the anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibodies of the present disclosure can be used to purify LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 via immunoaffinity purification.
[0246] Treatment of disorders including cancers
[0247] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a disorder in a mammal, which comprises administering to the subject (for example, a human) in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof as disclosed herein. For example, the disorder is a cancer.
[0248] In some aspects, the anti-LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof herein can be used to treat disorders characterized by the expression of LILRB1 and / or LILRB2.
[0249] Effective doses of the compositions herein for the treatment of disease vary depending upon many different factors, including means of administration, target site, physiological state of the patient, whether the patient is human or an animal, other medications administered, and whether treatment is prophylactic or therapeutic. Usually, the patient is a human, but nonhuman mammals may also be treated, e.g., monkey, dogs, cats, horses, etc., laboratory mammals such as rabbits, mice, rats, etc., and the like. Treatment dosages can be titrated to optimize safety and efficacy. Dosage levels can be readily determined by the ordinarily skilled clinician, and can be modified as required, e.g., as required to modify a subject's response to therapy. The amount of active ingredient that can be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form varies depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
[0250] Combined use with chemotherapies
[0251] The antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof may be used in combination with an anti-cancer agent, a cytotoxic agent or chemotherapeutic agent.
[0252] The term “anti-cancer agent” or “anti-proliferative agent” means any agent that can be used to treat a cell proliferative disorder such as cancer, and includes, but is not limited to, cytotoxic agents, cytostatic agents, anti-angiogenic agents, debulking agents, chemotherapeutic agents, radiotherapy and radiotherapeutic agents, targeted anti-cancer agents, BRMs, therapeutic antibodies, cancer vaccines, cytokines, hormone therapies, radiation therapy and anti-metastatic agents and immunotherapeutic agents. It will be appreciated that, in selected embodiments as discussed above, such anti-cancer agents may comprise conjugates and may be associated with the disclosed site-specific antibodies prior to administration. More specifically, in certain embodiments selected anti-cancer agents will be linked to the unpaired cysteines of the engineered antibodies to provide engineered conjugates as set forth herein. Accordingly, such engineered conjugates are expressly contemplated as being within the scope of the instant disclosure. In other embodiments, the disclosed anti-cancer agents will be given in combination with site-specific conjugates comprising a different therapeutic agent as set forth above.
[0253] As used herein the term “cytotoxic agent” means a substance that is toxic to the cells and decreases or inhibits the function of cells and / or causes destruction of cells. In certain embodiments, the substance is a naturally occurring molecule derived from a living organism. Examples of cytotoxic agents include, but are not limited to, small molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of bacteria (e.g., Diptheria toxin, Pseudomonas endotoxin and exotoxin, Staphylococcal enterotoxin A) , fungal (e.g., α-sarcin, restrictocin) , plants (e.g., abrin, ricin, modeccin, viscumin, pokeweed anti-viral protein, saporin, gelonin, momoridin, trichosanthin, barley toxin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolacca mericana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S) , Momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, saponaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitegellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, neomycin, and the tricothecenes) or animals, (e.g., cytotoxic RNases, such as extracellular pancreatic RNases; DNase I, including fragments and / or variants thereof) .
[0254] For the purposes of the present disclosure a “chemotherapeutic agent” comprises a chemical compound that non-specifically decreases or inhibits the growth, proliferation, and / or survival of cancer cells (e.g., cytotoxic or cytostatic agents) . Such chemical agents are often directed to intracellular processes necessary for cell growth or division, and are thus particularly effective against cancerous cells, which generally grow and divide rapidly. For example, vincristine depolymerizes microtubules, and thus inhibits cells from entering mitosis. In general, chemotherapeutic agents can include any chemical agent that inhibits, or is designed to inhibit, a cancerous cell or a cell likely to become cancerous or generate tumorigenic progeny (e.g., TIC) . Such agents are often administered, and are often most effective, in combination, e.g., in regimens such as CHOP or FOLFIRI.
[0255] Examples of anti-cancer agents that may be used in combination with the site-specific constructs of the present disclosure (either as a component of a site specific conjugate or in an unconjugated state) include, but are not limited to, alkylating agents, alkyl sulfonates, aziridines, ethylenimines and methylamelamines, acetogenins, a camptothecin, bryostatin, callystatin, CC-1065, cryptophycins, dolastatin, duocarmycin, eleutherobin, pancratistatin, a sarcodictyin, spongistatin, nitrogen mustards, antibiotics, enediyne antibiotics, dynemicin, bisphosphonates, esperamicin, chromoprotein enediyne antiobiotic chromophores, aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, carminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycinis, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, (also known as doxorubicin) , epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites, erlotinib, vemurafenib, crizotinib, sorafenib, ibrutinib, enzalutamide, folic acid analogues, purine analogs, androgens, anti-adrenals, folic acid replenisher such as frolinic acid, aceglatone, aldophosphamide glycoside, aminolevulinic acid, eniluracil, amsacrine, bestrabucil, bisantrene, edatraxate, defofamine, demecolcine, diaziquone, elfornithine, elliptinium acetate, an epothilone, etoglucid, gallium nitrate, hydroxyurea, lentinan, lonidainine, maytansinoids, mitoguazone, mitoxantrone, mopidanmol, nitraerine, pentostatin, phenamet, pirarubicin, losoxantrone, podophyllinic acid, 2-ethylhydrazide, procarbazine, polysaccharide complex (JHS Natural Products, Eugene, OR) , razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofiran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2, 2', 2"-trichlorotriethylamine; trichothecenes (especially T-2 toxin, verracurin A, roridin A and anguidine) ; urethan; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside ( “Ara-C” ) ; cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; taxoids, chloranbucil; gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; platinum analogs, vinblastine; platinum; etoposide (VP-16) ; ifosfamide; mitoxantrone; vincristine; vinorelbine; novantrone; teniposide; edatrexate; daunomycin; aminopterin; xeloda; ibandronate; irinotecan (Camptosar, CPT-11) , topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluorometlhylornithine; retinoids; capecitabine; combretastatin; leucovorin; oxaliplatin; inhibitors of PKC-alpha, Raf, H-Ras, EGFR and VEGF-A that reduce cell proliferation and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above. Also included in this definition are anti-hormonal agents that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors such as anti-estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators, aromatase inhibitors that inhibit the enzyme aromatase, which regulates estrogen production in the adrenal glands, and anti-androgens; as well as troxacitabine (a 1, 3-dioxolane nucleoside cytosine analog) ; antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes such as a VEGF expression inhibitor and a HER2 expression inhibitor; vaccines, rIL-2; topoisomerase 1 inhibitor; rmRH; Vinorelbine and Esperamicins and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above.
[0256] Combined use with radiotherapies
[0257] The present disclosure also provides for the combination of the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof with radiotherapy (i.e., any mechanism for inducing DNA damage locally within tumor cells such as gamma-irradiation, X-rays, UV-irradiation, microwaves, electronic emissions and the like) . Combination therapy using the directed delivery of radioisotopes to tumor cells is also contemplated, and the disclosed conjugates may be used in connection with a targeted anti-cancer agent or other targeting means. Typically, radiation therapy is administered in pulses over a period of time from about 1 to about 2 weeks. The radiation therapy may be administered to subjects having head and neck cancer for about 6 to about 7 weeks. Optionally, the radiation therapy may be administered as a single dose or as multiple, sequential doses.
[0258] Diagnosis
[0259] The present disclosure also provides in vitro and in vivo methods for detecting, diagnosing or monitoring diseases characterized by expression of LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 and methods of screening cells from a patient to identify cells expressing LILRB1 and / or LILRB2. Such methods comprising contacting the patient or a sample obtained from a patient (either in vivo or in vitro) with an antibody as described herein and detecting presence or absence, or level of association, of the antibody to bound or free target molecules in the sample. In some embodiments, the antibody will comprise a detectable label or reporter molecule.
[0260] Samples can be analyzed by numerous assays, for example, radioimmunoassays, enzyme immunoassays (e.g., ELISA) , competitive-binding assays, fluorescent immunoassays, immunoblot assays, Western Blot analysis and flow cytometry assays. In vivo theragnostic or diagnostic assays can comprise art recognized imaging or monitoring techniques, for example, magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomography (e.g., CAT scan) , positron tomography (e.g., PET scan) , radiography, ultrasound, etc., as would be known by those skilled in the art.
[0261] Pharmaceutical packs and kits
[0262] Pharmaceutical packs and kits comprising one or more containers, comprising one or more doses of the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof are also provided. In certain embodiments, a unit dosage is provided wherein the unit dosage contains a predetermined amount of a composition comprising, for example, the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof, with or without one or more additional agents. For other embodiments, such a unit dosage is supplied in single-use prefilled syringe for injection. In still other embodiments, the composition contained in the unit dosage may comprise saline, sucrose, or the like; a buffer, such as phosphate, or the like; and / or be formulated within a stable and effective pH range. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, the conjugate composition may be provided as a lyophilized powder that may be reconstituted upon addition of an appropriate liquid, for example, sterile water or saline solution. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises one or more substances that inhibit protein aggregation, including, but not limited to, sucrose and arginine. Any label on, or associated with, the container (s) indicates that the enclosed conjugate composition is used for treating the neoplastic disease condition of choice.
[0263] The present disclosure also provides kits for producing single-dose or multi-dose administration units of site-specific conjugates and, optionally, one or more anti-cancer agents. The kit comprises a container and a label or package insert on or associated with the container. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, etc. The containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic and contain a pharmaceutically effective amount of the disclosed conjugates in a conjugated or unconjugated form. In other embodiments, the container (s) comprise a sterile access port (for example the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle) . Such kits will generally contain in a container a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation of the engineered conjugate and, optionally, one or more anti-cancer agents in the same or different containers. The kits may also contain other pharmaceutically acceptable formulations, either for diagnosis or combined therapy. For example, in addition to the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof of the disclosure such kits may contain any one or more of a range of anti-cancer agents such as chemotherapeutic or radiotherapeutic drugs; anti-angiogenic agents; anti-metastatic agents; targeted anti-cancer agents; cytotoxic agents; and / or other anti-cancer agents.
[0264] More specifically the kits may have a single container that contains the disclosed the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof, with or without additional components, or they may have distinct containers for each desired agent. Where combined therapeutics are provided for conjugation, a single solution may be pre-mixed, either in a molar equivalent combination, or with one component in excess of the other. Alternatively, the conjugates and any optional anti-cancer agent of the kit may be maintained separately within distinct containers prior to administration to a patient. The kits may also comprise a second / third container means for containing a sterile, pharmaceutically acceptable buffer or other diluent such as bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI) , phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) , Ringer's solution and dextrose solution.
[0265] When the components of the kit are provided in one or more liquid solutions, the liquid solution can be an aqueous solution, with a sterile aqueous or saline solution can be used. However, the components of the kit may be provided as dried powder (s) . When reagents or components are provided as a dry powder, the powder can be reconstituted by the addition of a suitable solvent. It is envisioned that the solvent may also be provided in another container.
[0266] As indicated briefly above the kits may also contain a means by which to administer the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof and any optional components to a patient, e.g., one or more needles, I. V. bags or syringes, or even an eye dropper, pipette, or other such like apparatus, from which the formulation may be injected or introduced into the subject or applied to a diseased area of the body. The kits of the present disclosure will also typically include a means for containing the vials, or such like, and other component in close confinement for commercial sale, such as, e.g., injection or blow-molded plastic containers into which the desired vials and other apparatus are placed and retained.
[0267] Sequence Listing Summary
[0268] Appended to the instant application is a sequence listing comprising a number of amino acid sequences. The following Tables A, B, C and D provide a summary of the included sequences.
[0269] Table A amino acid sequence of CDR
[0270] Table B-1 amino acid sequence of framework region
[0271] Table B-2 amino acid sequence of framework region
[0272] Table C amino acid sequence of variable region
[0273] Table D amino acid sequence of heavy chain and light chain
[0274] EXAMPLES
[0275] The present disclosure, thus generally described, will be understood more readily by reference to the following Examples, which are provided by way of illustration and are not intended to be limiting of the instant disclosure. The Examples are not intended to represent that the experiments below are all or the only experiments performed.
[0276] The commercial materials used in the examples are listed in Table E.
[0277] Table E
[0278] EXAMPLE 1
[0279] Antigen and Other Proteins Generation
[0280] 1.1 Production of antigen protein
[0281] The plasmids encoding the Avi-His-tagged Human LILRB1 ECD (Q8NHL6, G24-V461, Uniprot) , Avi-His-tagged Human LILRB2 ECD (Q8N423, Q22-V461, Uniprot) or Avi-His-tagged Rhesus LILRB1 ECD (F7H3G7, S17-V459, Uniprot) were transfected into Expi293 cells or CHO-Scells at 200 ml to 1500 mL scale. Cells were cultured for 5 or 8 days and the supernatant was collected for protein purification using HisTrap excel columns (Cytiva-17371202) and SEC column (Cytiva-28990944) . The antigen concentration was detected by Nano Drop at 280 nm. The purity of the antigen was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and SEC-HPLC. The antigen was stored at -80℃.
[0282] Recombinant Cynomolgus LILRB2 Protein (NCBI, XP_015297203.1, G24-R457) was purchased from Kactusbio. (Catalog #: LIL-CM1B2) .
[0283] 1.2 Production of benchmark antibodies
[0284] DNA sequences encoding the anti-LILRB1 antibody BND-22 were synthesized in Genewiz (Suzhou, China) according to the sequence of 15G8 from WO 2021 / 028921 A1, and then subcloned into modified pcDNA3.3 expression vectors (Thermo) .
[0285] DNA sequences encoding the anti-LILRB2 antibody MK-4830 were synthesized in Genewiz (Suzhou, China) according to the sequence of 1E1 from US 2018 / 0298096 A1, and then subcloned into modified pcDNA3.3 expression vectors (Thermo) .
[0286] DNA sequences encoding the anti-LILRB2 antibody JTX-8064 were synthesized in Genewiz (Suzhou, China) according to the sequence of J-19. h1 from US 10723798 B2, and then subcloned into modified pcDNA3.3 expression vectors (Thermo) .
[0287] DNA sequences encoding the anti-LILRB2 antibody IO-108 were synthesized in Genewiz (Suzhou, China) according to the sequence of B2-19-16 from WO 2022087188 A1, and then subcloned into modified pcDNA3.3 expression vectors (Thermo) .
[0288] DNA sequences encoding the anti-LILRB1 / LILRB2 antibody NGM707 were synthesized in Genewiz (Suzhou, China) according to the sequence of Hz73D1. v1 from WO 2021 / 222544 A1, and then subcloned into modified pcDNA3.3 expression vectors (Thermo) .
[0289] The plasmids encoding heavy chain and light chain were co-transfected into Expi293 cells. Cells were cultured for 5 days, and supernatant was collected for protein purification using Protein A column (GE Healthcare, 175438) . The obtained antibody was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and SEC-HPLC, and then stored at -80℃.
[0290] EXAMPLE 2
[0291] Cell Pool / Line Generation
[0292] Human LILRB1-expressing W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro1. pool (Human LILRB1+ CHO cell) was generated using CHO-S. A12 cells (attP site-specific loci sequence integration into CHO-Scell (Invitrogen, R80007) ) transfected with the plasmid encoding full-length human LILRB1 (Q8NHL6, Uniprot) following the user instructions.
[0293] Human LILRB2-expressing W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro2. pool (Human LILRB2+ CHO cell) was generated using CHO-S. A12 cells transfected with the plasmid encoding full-length human LILRB2 (Q8N423, Uniprot) following the user instructions.
[0294] Rhesus LILRB1-expressing W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. cPro1. pool (Rhesus LILRB1+ CHO cell) was generated using CHO-S. A12 cells transfected with the plasmid encoding full-length rhesus LILRB1 (F7H3G7, Uniprot) following the user instructions.
[0295] Cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. cPro2. pool (Cynomolgus LILRB2+ CHO cell) was generated using CHO-S. A12 cells transfected with the plasmid encoding full-length cynomolgus LILRB2 (XP_015297203.1, NCBI) following the user instructions.
[0296] Human HLA-G-expressing cell W3XX138-A375. hPro1L1. FL. G2 (human HLA-G+ A375 cell) was generated using A375 cells (ATCC-CRL-1619) transfected with the plasmid encoding full-length human HLA-G isoform 1 (P17693-1, Uniprot) .
[0297] EXAMPLE 3
[0298] Generation of Hybridoma Antibody
[0299] 3.1 Immunization and cell fusion
[0300] Eight Balb / c mice at age of 6-8 weeks were immunized with human LILRB1 ECD protein and human LILRB2 ECD protein alternately. Sandwich ELISA assay was used to measure serum antibody titer against human LILRB1 or human LILRB2 or cynomolgus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2.96-well plates (Thermo Scientific-442404) were coated with Rabbit anti his Ab at 0.5 μg / ml at 4 ℃ overnight, and blocked with blocking buffer (2%BSA / 1X PBS) for 1 h at room temperature. Then antigen of LILRB1 or LILRB2 at 0.5 μg / ml was added into the coated wells and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. After washing, mouse serum was 1: 3 diluted starting at 1: 100 dilutions in blocking buffer and incubated for 2 h at room temperature. The plates were then washed and subsequently incubated with secondary antibody goat anti-mouse IgG-Fc-HRP for 1 h. After washing, TMB substrate was added and the reaction was stopped by 1M H2SO4. The absorbance at 450 nm was read using a microplate reader. Serum titer was determined at 3-folds background.
[0301] Lymph nodes and spleens from immunized Balb / c mice were homogenized and filtered to remove blood clots and cell debris. Sp2 / 0 myeloma cells in logarithmic growth were collected and centrifuged. A plasma B cell enrichment was performed using the anti-mouse CD138 positive selection kit (STEMCELL, 18957) following the standard instruction. The Sp2 / 0 myeloma cells were treated with pronase solution (Millipore-53702) and the reaction was stopped by FBS (ExCell Bio, FND500) . The cells were washed, and counted. B cells from lymphocytes and splenocytes were mixed with Sp2 / 0 myeloma cells at a ratio of 1: 1.5 in electric fusion solution. The electro-fusion (BTX, ECM2001) was performed according to Electro-fusion procedures. The fused cells were re-suspended in DMEM medium supplemented with 20%FBS (ExCell Bio, FND500) , 1X HAT medium (Sigma, H0262) and 1x OPI (Sigma, O5003) and cultured in a 37℃, 5%CO2 incubator for 7 days. Medium change was performed twice before primary screening.
[0302] 3.2 High throughput antibody screening
[0303] 3.2.1 Hybridoma screening
[0304] The process of high-throughput screening with hybridoma culture supernatants includes primary screening by ELISA binding to human LILRB1 or human LILRB2 or rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2, and the confirmation screening by FACS to human LILRB1 / LILRB2, rhesus LILRB1 and cynomolgus LILRB2 and blocking to PE-HLA-G / Human H2AFX (RIIPRHLQL) MHC Tetramer.
[0305] 3.2.2 Single B cell screening
[0306] The enriched plasma B cells were also used for single B cell screening (Beacon platform from Berkeley Lights Inc. ) . The screening assay was initiated by detection of mouse IgG secretion by bead-based binding assay. Then the antigen specific binding of human LILRB1 or human LILRB2 or cynomolgus LILRB1 was carried out by bead-based binding assay. Then, an engineered cell pool expressing LILRB2 were loaded into the channel for target-specific binding assays. Target-specific single B cells were identified based on the IgG secretion and cell-based binding results. The cells were then exported by OptoElectro Positioning (OEP) into a 96-well plate containing cell lysis buffer for antibody sequencing.
[0307] 3.2.3 Sequencing and IgG conversion
[0308] Total RNA was extracted from single B cell or hybridoma cells and cDNA was synthesized using 5’ -RACE kit, followed by PCR amplification of the antibody VH / VL using 5’ universal primers and 3’ gene specific primers (GSP) . The PCR products were sequenced by Sanger sequencing. Alternatively, the PCR products were purified, and cloned into the pMD18-T vector before sequencing. The antibody sequences were analyzed by WuXi Biologics’ internal software.
[0309] After sequence analysis and functional screening, candidates were selected for chimeric antibody production. The DNA sequences of the variable domain of the candidates were synthesized and cloned into modified pcDNA3.4 vectors containing human IgG4 (S228P) Fc. After sequence confirming, the expression vectors containing whole IgG of chimeric antibodies were used for transient transfection for antibodies production. Purified chimeric antibodies were further screened by FACS binding to human and cynomolgus LILRB1 and LILRB2 as well as HLA-G ligand blockade assay. The antibodies 2.74.3, 1.239.2, 2.247.213, 2. B. 1C1, 2. B. 1D1 and 2.B. 1A2 were selected for further characterization.
[0310] EXAMPLE 4
[0311] Chimeric Antibody in vitro Characterization
[0312] 4.1 Protein analytics
[0313] Heavy chain and light chain expression plasmids of the antibodies 2.74.3, 1.239.2, 2.247.213, 2.B. 1C1, 2. B. 1D1 and 2. B. 1A2 were co-transfected into Expi293 cells respectively using Expi293 expression system kit (ThermoFisher-A14635) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 5 days after transfection, the supernatant was collected and used for protein purification using Protein A column. Antibody concentration was measured by NanoDrop. The purity of proteins was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and SEC-HPLC (FIG. 1A-1D) . After purification, the yield of 2.74.3 was 206.33 mg / L, and the purity by SEC-HPLC was 98.95%. The yield of 1.239.2 was 137.70 mg / L, and the purity by SEC-HPLC was 99.43%. The yield of 2.247.213 was 144.49 mg / L, and the purity by SEC-HPLC was 99.41%. The yield of 2. B. 1C1, 2. B. 1D1 and 2. B. 1A2 was 13.37 mg / L, 118.84 mg / L and 102.29 mg / L respectively, and the purity by SEC-HPLC was 98.21%, 98.28%and 98.74%respectively.
[0314] 4.2 Target binding by FACS
[0315] Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to detect the binding of selected antibodies to human LILRB1 or human LILRB2. Human LILRB1-expressing engineered cells (W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro1. pool) or human LILRB2-expressing engineered cells (W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro2. pool) were maintained in CHOgro expression medium containing 3%Poloxamer 188 (10%solution) , 2%L-Glutamine and 500μg / mL Hygromycin. Briefly, 1×105 cells per well of W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro1. pool or W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro2. pool were incubated with various concentrations of indicated antibody (3-fold serially diluted with 1×PBS / 1%BSA from 100 nM to 0.046 nM) in a volume of 100 μL / well for 1 hour in a refrigerator set to 4℃. MK-4830, IO-108 or NGM707 was used as the positive control and human IgG4 isotype antibody was used as the negative control. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, Alexa fluor 647-labeled goat anti-human antibody (1: 500 diluted with 1xPBS / 1%BSA) was added into the cells and incubated in a refrigerator set to 4℃ for 0.5 hour in the dark. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the cells was measured by a flow cytometer and analyzed by FLOWJO. The binding EC50 was calculated by GraphPad Prism through plotting antibody concentration (x-axis) versus MFI (y-axis) and analyzing as: Nonlinear regression (curve fit) -log (agonist) vs. response -Variable slope (four parameters) .
[0316] The binding result of 2.74.3 to human LILRB2-expressing CHO cells is shown in FIG. 2A and Table 1.2.74.3 could effectively bind to human LILRB2-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 0.751 nM, which shows higher binding affinity than the reference antibody MK-4830 and IO-108. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious binding to human LILRB2-expressing CHO cells. The result suggested good binding ability of 2.74.3 to cells expressing human LILRB2.
[0317] Table 1. Antibody binding to human LILRB2-expressing CHO cells
[0318] The binding result of 1.239.2 to human LILRB1 / LILRB2-expressing CHO cells is shown in FIG. 2B and Table 2.1.239.2 could effectively bind to human LILRB1-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 2.006 nM, and to human LILRB2-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 1.966 nM, which shows higher binding affinity than the reference antibody NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious binding to human LILRB1 / LILRB2-expressing CHO cells. The result suggested good binding ability of 1.239.2 to cells expressing human LILRB1 / LILRB2.
[0319] Table 2. Antibody binding to human LILRB1 / LILRB2-expressing CHO cells
[0320] The binding result of 2.247.213 to human LILRB1 / LILRB2-expressing CHO cells is shown in FIG. 2C and Table 3.2.247.213 could effectively bind to human LILRB1-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 3.931 nM, and to human LILRB2-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 1.37 nM, which shows comparable binding affinity to the reference antibody NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious binding to human LILRB1 / LILRB2-expressing CHO cells. The result suggested good binding ability of 2.247.213 to cells expressing human LILRB1 / LILRB2.
[0321] Table 3. Antibody binding to human LILRB1 / LILRB2-expressing CHO cells
[0322] 4.3 Cross species binding by FACS
[0323] Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to detect the binding of selected antibodies to rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2. Rhesus LILRB1-expressing engineered cells (W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. cPro1. pool) or cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing engineered cells (W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. cPro2. pool) were maintained in CHOgro expression medium containing 3%Poloxamer 188 (10%solution) , 2%L-Glutamine and 500μg / mL Hygromycin. Briefly, 1×105 cells per well of W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. cPro1. pool or W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. cPro2. pool were incubated with various concentrations of indicated antibody (3-fold serially diluted with 1×PBS / 1%BSA from 100 nM to 0.046 nM) in a volume of 100 μL / well for 1 hour in a refrigerator set to 4℃. BND-22, MK-4830, IO-108 or NGM707 was used as the positive control and human IgG4 isotype antibody was used as the negative control. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, Alexa fluor 647-labeled goat anti-human antibody (1: 500 diluted with 1xPBS / 1%BSA) was added into the cells and incubated in a refrigerator set to 4℃ for 0.5 hour in the dark. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the cells was measured by a flow cytometer and analyzed by FLOWJO. The binding EC50 was calculated by GraphPad Prism through plotting antibody concentration (x-axis) versus MFI (y-axis) and analyzing as: Nonlinear regression (curve fit) -log (agonist) vs. response -Variable slope (four parameters) .
[0324] The binding result of 2.74.3 to cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells is shown in FIG. 3A and Table 4.2.74.3 could effectively bind to cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 10.23 nM, while the reference antibody MK-4830 and IO-108 showed no obvious binding to cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious binding to cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells. The result suggested good binding ability of 2.74.3 to cells expressing cynomolgus LILRB2.
[0325] Table 4. Antibody binding to cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells
[0326] The binding result of 2.247.213 to rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells is shown in FIG. 3B and Table 5.2.247.213 could effectively bind to rhesus LILRB1-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 4.885 nM, and to cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 9.385 nM, which is comparable to the reference antibody NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious binding to rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells. The result suggested good binding ability of 2.247.213 to cells expressing rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2.
[0327] Table 5. Antibody binding to rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells
[0328] The binding result of 2. B. 1C1, 2. B. 1D1 and 2. B. 1A2 to rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells is shown in FIG. 3C. 2. B. 1C1 and 2. B. 1D1 could effectively bind to both rhesus LILRB1-expressing CHO cells and cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells, which is similar to the reference antibody NGM707.2. B. 1A2 could effectively bind to cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells but not the rhesus LILRB1-expressing CHO cells.
[0329] 4.4 Binding affinity test by surface plasmon resonance (SPR)
[0330] The binding affinity of 2.74.3, MK-4830, JTX-8064 and IO-108 to human LILRB2 were detected by SPR assay using Biacore 8K. Each antibody was captured on an anti-human IgG Fc antibody immobilized CM5 sensor chip (Cytiva) . Human LILRB2 at different concentrations were injected over the sensor chip at a flow rate of 30 μL / min for an association phase of 180 s, followed by 3600 s dissociation. The chip was regenerated by 10 mM glycine (pH 1.5) after each binding cycle.
[0331] The sensorgrams of blank surface and buffer channel were subtracted from the test sensorgrams. The experimental data was fitted by 1: 1 binding model. Molecular weight of 50.4 kDa were used to calculate the molar concentration of human LILRB2.
[0332] The on-rate constants (ka) , off-rate constants (kd) and affinity constants (KD) of the antibodies are listed in Table 6. The binding affinity of 2.74.3 to human LILRB2 was higher than that of MK-4830, JTX-8064 and IO-108.
[0333] Table 6. Kinetic affinity results of antibodies
[0334] kd labeled with *is approaching or outside the limits that can be measured by the instrument. The kd and KD are only for reference.
[0335] The binding affinity of 1.239.2, 2.247.213 and NGM707 to human LILRB1 and human LILRB2 were detected by SPR assay using Biacore 8K. Each antibody was captured on an anti-human IgG Fc antibody immobilized CM5 sensor chip (Cytiva) . Human LILRB1 and human LILRB2 at different concentrations were injected over the sensor chip at a flow rate of 30 μL / min for an association phase of 180 s, followed by 3600 s dissociation. The chip was regenerated by 10 mM glycine (pH 1.5) after each binding cycle.
[0336] The sensorgrams of blank surface and buffer channel were subtracted from the test sensorgrams. The experimental data was fitted by 1: 1 binding model. Molecular weight of 50.1 kDa and 50.4 kDa were used to calculate the molar concentration of human LILRB1 and human LILRB2 respectively.
[0337] The on-rate constants (ka) , off-rate constants (kd) and affinity constants (KD) of the antibodies are listed in Table 7. The binding affinity of 1.239.2 to human LILRB1 and human LILRB2 was higher than that of NGM707. The binding affinity of 2.247.213 was lower than of NGM707.
[0338] Table 7. Kinetic affinity results of antibodies
[0339] kd labeled with *is approaching or outside the limits that can be measured by the instrument. The kd and KD are only for reference.
[0340] 4.5 Ligand blockade assay by FACS
[0341] Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to detect the ability of 2.74.3, MK-4830 and IO-108 to block the interaction between human LILRB2 and its ligand HLA-G tetramer. Human LILRB2-expressing engineered cells (W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro2. pool) were maintained in CHOgro expression medium containing 3%Poloxamer 188 (10%solution) , 2%L-Glutamine and 500μg / mL Hygromycin. Briefly, 1×105 cells per well of W3XX138-CHO-S.A12. hPro2. pool were incubated with various concentrations of indicated antibody (3-fold serially diluted with 1×PBS / 1%BSA from 200 nM to 0.092 nM) in a volume of 100 μL / well for 0.5 hour in a refrigerator set to 4℃. MK-4830 and IO-108 were used as the positive control and human IgG4 isotype antibody was used as the negative control. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, 50μL 5μg / mL PE-labeled human HLA-G tetramer (Creative Biolabs, cat#: MHC-LC1325) was added into each cell and incubated in a refrigerator set to 4℃ for 1 hour in the dark. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the cells was measured by a flow cytometer and analyzed by FLOWJO. The blocking IC50 was calculated by GraphPad Prism through plotting antibody concentration (x-axis) versus MFI (y-axis) and analyzing as: Nonlinear regression (curve fit) -log (agonist) vs. response -Variable slope (four parameters) .
[0342] The result of 2.74.3 to block human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction is shown in FIG. 4A and Table 8.2.74.3 could effectively block human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction with an IC50 of 1.509 nM, which shows higher blocking ability than the reference antibody MK-4830 and IO-108. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious blocking ability.
[0343] Table 8. Human LILRB2-HLA-G ligand blockade by antibodies
[0344] Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to detect the ability of 1.239.2, 2.247.213 and NGM707 to block the interaction between human LILRB1 / LILRB2 and its ligand HLA-G tetramer. Human LILRB1-expressing engineered cells (W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro1. pool) and human LILRB2-expressing engineered cells (W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro2. pool) were maintained in CHOgro expression medium containing 3%Poloxamer 188 (10%solution) , 2%L-Glutamine and 500μg / mL Hygromycin. Briefly, 1×105 cells per well of W3XX138-CHO-S.A12. hPro1. pool or W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro2. pool were incubated with various concentrations of indicated antibody (3-fold serially diluted with 1×PBS / 1%BSA from 200 nM to 0.092 nM) in a volume of 100 μL / well for 0.5 hour in a refrigerator set to 4℃. NGM707 was used as the positive control and human IgG4 isotype antibody was used as the negative control. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, 50μL 5μg / mL PE-labeled human HLA-G tetramer was added into each cell and incubated in a refrigerator set to 4℃ for 1 hour in the dark. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the cells was measured by a flow cytometer and analyzed by FLOWJO. The blocking IC50 was calculated by GraphPad Prism through plotting antibody concentration (x-axis) versus MFI (y-axis) and analyzing as: Nonlinear regression (curve fit) -log (agonist) vs. response -Variable slope (four parameters) .
[0345] The result of 1.239.2 to block human LILRB1-HLA-G and human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction is shown in FIG. 4B and Table 9.1.239.2 could effectively block human LILRB1-HLA-G interaction with an IC50 of 7.41 nM, and block human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction with an IC50 of 1.55 nM, which shows higher blocking ability than the reference antibody NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious blocking ability.
[0346] Table 9. Human LILBB1 / LILRB2-HLA-G ligand blockade by antibodies
[0347] The result of 2.247.213 to block human LILRB1-HLA-G and human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction is shown in FIG. 4C and Table 10.2.247.213 could effectively block human LILRB1-HLA-G interaction with an IC50 of 5.844 nM, and block human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction with an IC50 of 3.05 nM, which is comparable to the reference antibody NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious blocking ability.
[0348] Table 10. Human LILRB1 / LILRB2-HLA-G ligand blockade by antibodies
[0349] The ability of 2. B. 1C1, 2. B. 1D1 and 2. B. 1A2 to block human LILRB1-HLA-G and human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction is similarly tested by the method described above. BND-22, MK-4830 and NGM707 were used as the positive control. 2. B. 1C1, 2. B. 1D1 and 2. B. 1A2 did not block human LILRB1-HLA-G or human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction (FIG. 4D) .
[0350] 4.6 Cell based functional assays
[0351] 4.6.1 Macrophage polarization assay
[0352] Macrophage polarization assay was used to evaluate the ability of 2.74.3, 1.239.2 and 2.247.213 to differentiate macrophage to a M2 subtype. Briefly, CD14+ monocytes were isolated from PBMC using CD14+ microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, cat#: 130-050-201) following to the manufacturer’s instruction. 1.2×107 isolated CD14+ monocytes were seeded into 10 cm dish and maintained in RPMI1640 with 10%FBS and 50 ng / ml rhM-CSF (R&D, cat#216-MC-025 / CF) for 6 days. During the culture, monocyte will be differentiated to macrophages. After digestion by versene solution, macrophages were resuspended in an appropriate volume of RPMI1640 with 10%FBS. 3 x 104 / well of macrophages were seeded into 96-well U bottom plate and incubated with various concentrations of indicated antibody (3-fold serially diluted with RPMI1640 / 10%FBS from 20 nM) at 37℃, 5%CO2 incubator for 1 hour. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was then added into each well to a final concentration of 2ng / ml and incubate for 24 hours at 37 ° C with 5 %CO2. TNFα production in the supernatant was then measured by OptEIATM Human TNF ELISA Set (BD, cat#: 555212) following the manufacturer’s instruction and data were analyze by Graphpad Prism.
[0353] The result of 2.74.3 to induce TNFα production by macrophages is shown in FIG. 5A and Table 11.2.74.3 could induce TNFα production by macrophages with an EC50 of 0.047 nM and max production of 8779 pg / ml, which is comparable to that of the reference antibody MK-4830 and IO-108. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious ability to induce TNFα production.
[0354] Table 11. Antibody-induced TNFα production by macrophages
[0355] The result of 1.239.2 to induce TNFα production by macrophages is shown in FIG. 5B and Table 12.1.239.2 could induce TNFα production by macrophages with a max production of 6452 pg / ml, which is comparable to that of the reference antibody MK-4830 and NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed very weak ability to induce TNFα production.
[0356] Table 12. Antibody-induced TNFα production by macrophages
[0357] The result of 2.247.213 to induce TNFα production by macrophages is shown in FIG. 5C and Table 13.2.247.213 could induce TNFα production by macrophages with an EC50 of 0.117 nM and max production of 9125 pg / ml, which is comparable to that of the reference antibody MK-4830 and NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious ability to induce TNFα production.
[0358] Table 13. Antibody-induced TNFα production by macrophages
[0359] 4.6.2 Macrophage phagocytosis assay
[0360] Macrophage phagocytosis assay was used to evaluate the ability of 1.239.2 and 2.247.213 to enhance macrophage phagocytosis to tumor cells. Briefly, CD14+ monocytes were isolated from PBMC using CD14+ microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, cat#: 130-050-201) following to the manufacturer’s instruction. 1.2×107 isolated CD14+ monocytes were seeded into 10 cm dish and maintained in RPMI1640 with 10%FBS and 50 ng / ml rhM-CSF (R&D, cat#216-MC-025 / CF) for 6 days. During the culture, monocyte will be differentiated to macrophages. After digestion by versene solution, macrophages were resuspended in an appropriate volume of RPMI1640 with 10%FBS. 3 x 104 / well of macrophages were seeded into 96-well U bottom plate and incubated for 3 hours at 37℃ to allow macrophage adherent. Human HLA-G-expressing cell W3XX138-A375. hPro1L1. FL. G2 was washed and resuspend at 2 x 106 / mL in PBS and then with labeled with 1 μM CFSE for 10 min at 37℃. Indicated antibodies were 3-fold serially diluted with RPMI1640 / 10%FBS from 20 nM. 50 μL / well of labelled W3XX138-A375. hPro1L1. FL. G2 cells and 50 μL / well of diluted antibody were added into appropriated wells and was incubated in a 37℃, 5%CO2 incubator overnight. After digestion and washed twice with FACS buffer (1%BSA in PBS) , the cells were labeled with APC-Anti-huCD14 dilution (1: 200) in FACS buffer. After washing the cells twice with FACS buffer, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the cells was measured by a flow cytometer and analyzed by FLOWJO. Phagocytosis index was determined as the percentage of CD14-APC+ / CFSE+ double positive cells in total CD14+ positive cells.
[0361] The result of 1.239.2 to enhance macrophages phagocytosis is shown in FIG. 6A and Table 14.1.239.2 could enhance macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis with an EC50 of 0.606 nM and max phagocytosis of 21.45%, which is comparable to that of the reference antibody BND-22 and NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed lower ability to induce macrophages phagocytosis.
[0362] Table 14. Antibody-induced macrophages phagocytosis
[0363] The result of 2.247.213 to enhance macrophages phagocytosis is shown in FIG. 6B and Table 15. 2.247.213 could enhance macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis with an EC50 of 5.659 nM and max phagocytosis of 40.72%, which is comparable to that of the reference antibody BND-22 and NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed lower ability to induce macrophages phagocytosis.
[0364] Table 15. Antibody-induced macrophages phagocytosis
[0365] 4.7 Epitope binning assay
[0366] Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to determine whether 2.74.3 shares the same epitope bin on human LILRB2 as the benchmark antibody MK-4830. Briefly, human LILRB2-expressing cells W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro2. pool were washed twice with PBS / 1%BSA and seeded into 96-well plate at 1×105 cells / well. 50 μl of 3.1 nM biotin-labeled MK-4830 was mixed with 50 μl of various concentrations of indicated antibody (5-fold serially diluted with PBS / 1%BSA from 200 nM to 0.00256 nM) and added to the cells for 1 hour in a refrigerator set to 4℃. Unlabeled MK-4830 and IO-108 were used as the positive control and human IgG4 isotype antibody was used as the negative control. After washing twice with PBS / 1%BSA, the cells were incubated with 100μl Alexa fluor 647-labeled streptavidin (1: 500 diluted with 1xPBS / 1%BSA) for 1 hour in the dark at 4 ℃. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the cells was measured by a flow cytometer and analyzed by FLOWJO.
[0367] The result of 2.74.3 to compete with biotin-labeled MK-4830 to bind human LILRB2 is shown in FIG. 7A and Table 16.2.74.3 could reduce the MFI to 238, which is similar to that of the positive control antibody MK-4830, indicating that 2.74.3 shares the same epitope bin on human LILRB2 with MK-4830. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, did not compete with biotin-labeled MK-4830 to bind human LILRB2.
[0368] Table 16. Epitope binning with MK-4830 on LILRB2-expressing CHO cells
[0369] Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to determine whether 1.239.2 or 2.247.213 shares the same epitope bin on human LILRB1 or LILRB2 as the benchmark antibody NGM707. Briefly, human LILRB1-expressing cells W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro1. pool or human LILRB2-expressing cells W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro2. pool were washed twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA and seeded into 96-well plate at 1×105 cells / well. 50 μl of 8.58 nM biotin-labeled NGM707 (for epitope binning on LILRB1) or 5.2 nM biotin-labeled NGM707 (for epitope binning on LILRB2) was mixed with 50 μl of various concentrations of indicated antibody (5-fold serially diluted with 1xPBS / 1%BSA from 200 nM to 0.00256 nM) and added to the cells for 1 hour in a refrigerator set to 4℃. Unlabeled NGM07 was used as the positive control and human IgG4 isotype antibody was used as the negative control. After washing twice with PBS / 1%BSA, the cells were incubated with 100μl Alexa fluor 647-labeled streptavidin (1: 500 diluted with 1xPBS / 1%BSA) for 1 hour in the dark at 4 ℃. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the cells was measured by a flow cytometer and analyzed by FLOWJO.
[0370] The result of 1.239.2 to compete with biotin-labeled NGM707 to bind human LILRB1 or LILRB2 is shown in FIG. 7B and Table 17.1.239.2 did not reduce the MFI from biotin-labeled NGM707, which is similar to that of the negative control antibody human IgG isotype, indicating that 1.239.2 does not share the same epitope bin on human LILRB1 or LILRB2 with NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, did not compete with biotin-labeled NGM707 to bind human LILRB1 or LILRB2.
[0371] Table 17. Epitope binning with NGM707 on LILRB1 or LILRB2-expressing CHO cells
[0372] The result of 2.247.213 to compete with biotin-labeled NGM707 to bind human LILRB1 or LILRB2 is shown in FIG. 7C and Table 18.2.247.213 could reduce the MFI to 2480 (on LILRB1) and 432 (on LILRB2) , which is similar to that of the positive control antibody unlabeled NGM707, indicating that 2.247.213 shares the same epitope bin on human LILRB1 and LILRB2 with NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, did not compete with biotin-labeled NGM707 to bind human LILRB1 or LILRB2
[0373] Table 18. Epitope binning with NGM707 on LILRB1 or LILRB2-expressing CHO cells
[0374] 4.8 Developability test
[0375] 4.8.1 Thermal stability test by DSF
[0376] Tm (melting temperature) of each antibody was investigated using 7 Flex Real-Time PCR system. 19 μL of antibody solution was mixed with 1 μL of 80x SYPRO Orange solution (Invitrogen) in the 96 well plate. The plate was sealed with the Optical Adhesive Film and centrifuged at 3, 000 rpm for 5 min to remove any air bubbles. The plate was heated from 26 ℃ to 95 ℃ at a rate of 0.9 ℃ / min, and the resulting fluorescence data was collected. The negative derivatives of the fluorescence changes with respect to different temperatures were calculated, and the maximal value was defined as melting temperature Tm. If a protein has multiple unfolding transitions, the first two Tm were reported, named as Tm1 and Tm2. Data collection and Tm calculation were conducted automatically by the Real Time PCR software (v1.3) . 2.74.3 shows good thermal stability with Tm1 of 65.4℃ and Tm2 of 75.9 ℃ (FIG. 8A) . 1.239.2 shows good thermal stability with Tm1 of 66.2℃ and Tm2 of 76.9 ℃ (FIG. 8B) . 2.247.213 shows good thermal stability with Tm1 of 68.3℃ (FIG. 8C) .
[0377] 4.8.2 Self-interaction test by AC-SINS
[0378] Self-Interaction risk of 2.74.3, 1.239.2 and 2.247.213 was investigated using AC-SINS method. Goat anti-human IgG Fc antibodies (capture) and ChromPure Goat IgG antibodies (non-capture) were buffer exchanged into 20 mM NaAc (pH 4.3) , and then the concentration was normalized to 0.4 mg / mL, respectively. Capture and non-capture IgG solution were mixed with a volume ratio of 4: 1. Then the IgG mixture was mixed with gold nanoparticle (AuNP) solution at a volume ratio of 1: 9, and incubated at room temperature (RT) overnight. To block the empty sites on the AuNP, thiolated PEG was added into the mixture to a final concentration 0.1 μM and incubated at RT for 1 h. The mixture was filtered through a 0.22 μm PVDF membrane, and 1 / 10 of the starting volume of 50 mM PB, pH 7.0 buffer was used to elute the coated AuNP particles from the membrane to obtain 10X AuNP solution. All antibodies were diluted to 0.1 mg / mL before testing. 90 μL of test antibody solution (0.1 mg / mL) was mixed with 20 μL 10X AuNP and incubated at RT for 2 h in a 96-well polypropylene plate. After incubation, 100 μL of the antibody-AuNP mixture was transferred into a 384-well polystyrene UV transparent plate. Absorbance data were collected from 450 to 650 nm at an increment of 2 nm. Δλmax value was calculated by subtraction the max absorbance value of samples with that of PBS. 2.74.3 shows low risk of self-interaction with Δλmax of 1.1.239.2 shows low risk of self-interaction with Δλmax of 4.2.247.213 shows low risk of self-interaction with Δλmax of 4 (Table 19) .
[0379] Table 19. Self-interaction test by AC-SINS
[0380] EXAMPLE 5
[0381] Generation of Humanized and PTM-removed Antibodies
[0382] The VH and VL domain sequences of the murine antibodies 2.74.3, 1.239.2 and 2.247.213 are aligned to the human germline sequence repertoires of the VH and VL domains at IMGT (http: / / www. imgt. org) respectively. The human germline sequence of the VH / VL domain with the least number of amino acid differences in framework with respect to the VH / VL domain sequence of indicated antibody is selected as the humanization template of the VH / VL domain. CDRs of 2.74.3, 1.239.2 or 2.247.213 VH / VL domain are grafted into the framework of the humanization template to constitute the germlined VH / VL domain sequence.
[0383] To restore the antigen binding capacity which is usually lost upon CDR grafting, several “back mutation” positions in the framework are empirically selected to convert the amino acids in the germlined sequence to their counterpart amino acids in the original murine sequence. A set of humanization variants are empirically designed to explore different combinations of these selected back mutation sites.
[0384] The VH and VL domain sequences of the humanization variants are scanned for several types of critical post-translational modification (PTM) sites: asparagine deamidation (N-G and N-S) in CDRs, aspartate isomerization (D-G) in CDRs, unpaired C in the entire length, and N-linked glycosylation sites (N-X-S / T in which X can be any amino acid except for P) in the entire length. Point mutations are designed empirically to remove these critical PTM sites in the humanization variants.
[0385] These humanized antibodies of 2.74.3 are referred to herein as 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1. These humanized antibodies of 1.239.2 are referred to herein as 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3. These humanized antibodies of 2.247.213 are referred to herein as 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13.
[0386] EXAMPLE 6
[0387] Humanized Antibody in vitro Characterization
[0388] 6.1 Protein analytics
[0389] Heavy chain and light chain expression plasmids of the humanized antibodies were co-transfected into Expi293 cells respectively using Expi293 expression system kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 5 days after transfection, the supernatant was collected and used for protein purification using Protein A column. Antibody concentration was measured by NanoDrop. The purity of antibody was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and SEC-HPLC (FIG. 9A-9C) . After purification, the yield of 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 was 80.18 mg / L, 85.89 mg / L, 156.59 mg / L and 93.09 mg / ml respectively, and the purity was 98.76%, 98.44%, 98.06%and 98.57%respectively. The yield of 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 was 240.76 mg / L, 305.58 mg / L, 243.97 mg / L, 319.50 mg / L and 263.99 mg / L respectively, and the purity was 98.6%, 99.17%, 99.11%, 99.14%and 98.97%respectively. The yield of 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 was 67.01 mg / L, 101.37 mg / L and 145.64 mg / L respectively, and the purity was 98.79%, 99.13%and 98.72%respectively.
[0390] 6.2 Target binding by FACS
[0391] Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to detect the binding of selected antibodies to human LILRB1 or human LILRB2. Human LILRB1-expressing engineered cells (W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro1. pool) or human LILRB2-expressing engineered cells (W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro2. pool) were maintained in CHOgro expression medium containing 3%Poloxamer 188 (10%solution) , 2%L-Glutamine and 500μg / mL Hygromycin. Briefly, 1×105 cells per well of W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro1. pool or W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro2. pool were incubated with various concentrations of indicated antibody (3-fold serially diluted with 1×PBS / 1%BSA from 300 nM to 0.015 nM) in a volume of 100 μL / well for 1 hour in a refrigerator set to 4℃. MK-4830, IO-108 or NGM707 was used as the positive control and human IgG4 isotype antibody was used as the negative control. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, Alexa fluor 647-labeled goat anti-human antibody (1: 500 diluted with 1xPBS / 1%BSA) was added into the cells and incubated in a refrigerator set to 4℃ for 0.5 hour in the dark. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the cells was measured by a flow cytometer and analyzed by FLOWJO. The binding EC50 was calculated by GraphPad Prism through plotting antibody concentration (x-axis) versus MFI (y-axis) and analyzing as: Nonlinear regression (curve fit) -log (agonist) vs. response -Variable slope (four parameters) .
[0392] The binding result of 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 to human LILRB2-expressing CHO cells is shown in FIG. 10A and Table 20.2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 could effectively bind to human LILRB2-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 1.02 nM, 0.94 nM, 0.88 nM and 0.84 nM respectively, which shows higher binding affinity than the reference antibody MK-4830, JTX-8064 and IO-108. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious binding to human LILRB2-expressing CHO cells. The result suggested good binding ability of 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 to cells expressing human LILRB2.
[0393] Table 20. Antibody binding to human LILRB2-expressing CHO cells
[0394] The binding result of 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 to human LILRB1 / LILRB2-expressing CHO cells is shown in FIG. 10B and Table 21. 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 could effectively bind to human LILRB1-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 1.48 nM, 1.55 nM, 1.58 nM, 1.77 nM and 1.40 nM respectively, and to human LILRB2-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 0.76 nM, 0.83 nM, 0.81 nM, 0.81 nM and 0.76 nM respectively, which shows higher binding affinity than the reference antibody NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious binding to human LILRB1 / LILRB2-expressing CHO cells. The result suggested good binding ability of 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 to cells expressing human LILRB1 / LILRB2.
[0395] Table 21. Antibody binding to human LILRB1 / LILRB2-expressing CHO cells
[0396] The binding result of 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 to human LILRB1 / LILRB2-expressing CHO cells is shown in FIG. 10C and Table 22.2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 could effectively bind to human LILRB1-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 17.02 nM, 12.76 nM and 14.63 nM respectively, and to human LILRB2-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 4.00 nM, 2.45 nM and 3.35 nM respectively, which is comparable to that of the reference antibody NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious binding to human LILRB1 / LILRB2-expressing CHO cells. The result suggested good binding ability of 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 to cells expressing human LILRB1 / LILRB2.
[0397] Table 22. Antibody binding to human LILRB1 / LILRB2-expressing CHO cells
[0398] 6.3 Cross species binding by FACS
[0399] Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to detect the binding of selected antibodies to rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2. Rhesus LILRB1-expressing engineered cells (W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. cPro1. pool) or cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing engineered cells (W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. cPro2. pool) were maintained in CHOgro expression medium containing 3%Poloxamer 188 (10%solution) , 2%L-Glutamine and 500μg / mL Hygromycin. Briefly, 1×105 cells per well of W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. cPro1. pool or W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. cPro2. pool were incubated with various concentrations of indicated antibody (3-fold serially diluted with 1×PBS / 1%BSA from 300 nM to 0.015 nM) in a volume of 100 μL / well for 1 hour in a refrigerator set to 4℃. BND-22, MK-4830, IO-108 or NGM707 was used as the positive control and human IgG4 isotype antibody was used as the negative control. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, Alexa fluor 647-labeled goat anti-human antibody (1: 500 diluted with 1xPBS / 1%BSA) was added into the cells and incubated in a refrigerator set to 4℃ for 0.5 hour in the dark. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the cells was measured by a flow cytometer and analyzed by FLOWJO. The binding EC50 was calculated by GraphPad Prism through plotting antibody concentration (x-axis) versus MFI (y-axis) and analyzing as: Nonlinear regression (curve fit) -log (agonist) vs. response -Variable slope (four parameters) .
[0400] The binding result of 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 to cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells is shown in FIG. 11A and Table 23.2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 could effectively bind to cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 7.52 nM, 6.58 nM, 6.15 nM and 8.77 nM respectively, while the reference antibody MK-4830, JTX-8064 and IO-108 showed no obvious binding. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious binding to cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells. The result suggested good binding ability of 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 to cells expressing cynomolgus LILRB2.
[0401] Table 23. Antibody binding to cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells
[0402] The binding result of 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 to rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells is shown in FIG. 11B and Table 24.1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 could effectively bind to rhesus LILRB1-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 2.87 nM, 2.82 nM, 2.90 nM, 3.55 nM and 2.92 nM respectively, which is comparable to that of the reference antibody NGM707. However, the 5 antibodies showed no obvious binding to cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious binding to rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells. The result suggested good binding ability of 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 to cells expressing rhesus LILRB1 but not cynomolgus LILRB2.
[0403] Table 24. Antibody binding to rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells
[0404] The binding result of 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 to rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells is shown in FIG. 11C and Table 25. 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 could effectively bind to rhesus LILRB1-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 4.93 nM, 3.53 nM and 4.55 nM respectively, and to cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells with an EC50 of 36.74 nM, 19.20 nM and 30.14 nM respectively, which is comparable to that of the reference antibody NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious binding to rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells. The result suggested good binding ability of 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 to cells expressing rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2.
[0405] Table 25. Antibody binding to rhesus LILRB1 or cynomolgus LILRB2-expressing CHO cells
[0406] 6.4 Binding affinity test by surface plasmon resonance (SPR)
[0407] The binding affinity of 2.74.3, MK-4830, JTX-8064 and IO-108 to human LILRB2 were detected by SPR assay using Biacore 8K. Each antibody was captured on an anti-human IgG Fc antibody immobilized CM5 sensor chip (Cytiva) . Human LILRB2 at different concentrations were injected over the sensor chip at a flow rate of 30 μL / min for an association phase of 180 s, followed by 3600 s dissociation. The chip was regenerated by 10 mM glycine (pH 1.5) after each binding cycle.
[0408] The sensorgrams of blank surface and buffer channel were subtracted from the test sensorgrams. The experimental data was fitted by 1: 1 binding model. Molecular weight of 50.4 kDa were used to calculate the molar concentration of human LILRB2.
[0409] The on-rate constants (ka) , off-rate constants (kd) and affinity constants (KD) of the antibodies are listed in Table 26. The binding affinity of 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 to human LILRB2 was similar to that of the parental antibody 2.74.3.
[0410] Table 26. Kinetic affinity results of antibodies
[0411] kd labeled with *is approaching or outside the limits that can be measured by the instrument. The kd and KD are only for reference.
[0412] The binding affinity of 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3, 1.239.2-z14-p3, 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 to human LILRB1 and human LILRB2 were detected by SPR assay using Biacore 8K. Each antibody was captured on an anti-human IgG Fc antibody immobilized CM5 sensor chip (Cytiva) . Human LILRB1 and human LILRB2 at different concentrations were injected over the sensor chip at a flow rate of 30 μL / min for an association phase of 180 s, followed by 3600 s dissociation. The chip was regenerated by 10 mM glycine (pH 1.5) after each binding cycle.
[0413] The sensorgrams of blank surface and buffer channel were subtracted from the test sensorgrams. The experimental data was fitted by 1: 1 binding model. Molecular weight of 50.1 kDa and 50.4 kDa were used to calculate the molar concentration of human LILRB1 and human LILRB2 respectively.
[0414] The on-rate constants (ka) , off-rate constants (kd) and affinity constants (KD) of the antibodies are listed in Table 27 and Table 28. The binding affinity of 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3, and 1.239.2-z14-p3 to human LILRB1 and human LILRB2 was similar to that of the parental antibody 1.239.2. The binding affinity of 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 to human LILRB1 and human LILRB2 was similar to that of the parental antibody 2.247.213.
[0415] Table 27. Kinetic affinity results of antibodies
[0416] kd labeled with *is approaching or outside the limits that can be measured by the instrument. The kd and KD are only for reference.
[0417] Table 28. Kinetic affinity results of antibodies
[0418] 6.5 Ligand blockade assay by FACS
[0419] Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to detect the ability of 2.74.3, MK-4830, JTX-8064 and IO-108 to block the interaction between human LILRB2 and its ligand HLA-G tetramer. Human LILRB2-expressing engineered cells (W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro2. pool) were maintained in CHOgro expression medium containing 3%Poloxamer 188 (10%solution) , 2%L-Glutamine and 500μg / mL Hygromycin. Briefly, 1×105 cells per well of W3XX138-CHO-S.A12. hPro2. pool were incubated with various concentrations of indicated antibody (3-fold serially diluted with 1×PBS / 1%BSA from 200 nM to 0.092 nM) in a volume of 100 μL / well for 0.5 hour in a refrigerator set to 4℃. MK-4830 and IO-108 were used as the positive control and human IgG4 isotype antibody was used as the negative control. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, 50μL 5μg / mL PE-labeled human HLA-G tetramer (Creative Biolabs, cat#: MHC-LC1325) was added into each cell and incubated in a refrigerator set to 4℃ for 1 hour in the dark. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the cells was measured by a flow cytometer and analyzed by FLOWJO. The blocking IC50 was calculated by GraphPad Prism through plotting antibody concentration (x-axis) versus MFI (y-axis) and analyzing as: Nonlinear regression (curve fit) -log (agonist) vs. response -Variable slope (four parameters) .
[0420] The result of 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 to block human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction is shown in FIG. 12A and Table 29.2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 could effectively block human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction with an IC50 of 0.90 nM, 1.00 nM, 0.86 nM and 0.96 nM, which is comparable to that of the reference antibody MK-4830, JTX-8064 and IO-108. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious blocking ability.
[0421] Table 29. Human LILRB2-HLA-G ligand blockade by antibodies
[0422] Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to detect the ability of 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3, 1.239.2-z14-p3, 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 to block the interaction between human LILRB1 / LILRB2 and its ligand HLA-G tetramer. Human LILRB1-expressing engineered cells (W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro1. pool) and human LILRB2-expressing engineered cells (W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro2. pool) were maintained in CHOgro expression medium containing 3%Poloxamer 188 (10%solution) , 2%L-Glutamine and 500μg / mL Hygromycin. Briefly, 1×105 cells per well of W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro1. pool or W3XX138-CHO-S. A12. hPro2. pool were incubated with various concentrations of indicated antibody (3-fold serially diluted with 1×PBS / 1%BSA from 200 nM to 0.092 nM) in a volume of 100 μL / well for 0.5 hour in a refrigerator set to 4℃. NGM707 was used as the positive control and human IgG4 isotype antibody was used as the negative control. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, 50μL 5μg / mL PE-labeled human HLA-G tetramer was added into each cell and incubated in a refrigerator set to 4℃ for 1 hour in the dark. After washing the cells twice with 1xPBS / 1%BSA, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the cells was measured by a flow cytometer and analyzed by FLOWJO. The blocking IC50 was calculated by GraphPad Prism through plotting antibody concentration (x-axis) versus MFI (y-axis) and analyzing as: Nonlinear regression (curve fit) -log (agonist) vs. response -Variable slope (four parameters) .
[0423] The result of 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 to block human LILRB1-HLA-G and LILRB2-HLA-G interaction is shown in FIG. 12B and Table 30.1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 could effectively block human LILRB1-HLA-G interaction with an IC50 of 1.85 nM, 2.30 nM, 2.36 nM, 2.31 nM and 2.09 nM respectively, and block human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction with an IC50 of 1.15 nM, 1.06 nM, 1.32 nM, 1.29 nM and 1.00 nM, which shows higher blocking ability than the reference antibody NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious blocking ability.
[0424] Table 30. Human LILBB1 / LILRB2-HLA-G ligand blockade by antibodies
[0425] The result of 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 to block human LILRB1-HLA-G and human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction is shown in FIG. 12C and Table 31. 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 could effectively block human LILRB1-HLA-G interaction with an IC50 of 19.45 nM, 21.39 nM and 23.15 nM respectively, and block human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction with an IC50 of 3.26 nM, 2.95 nM and 2.65 nM, which is comparable to the reference antibody NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious blocking ability.
[0426] Table 31. Human LILRB1 / LILRB2-HLA-G ligand blockade by antibodies
[0427] 6.6 Cell based functional assays
[0428] 6.6.1 Macrophage polarization assay
[0429] Macrophage polarization assay was used to evaluate the ability of humanized antibodies to differentiate macrophage to a M2 subtype. Briefly, CD14+ monocytes were isolated from PBMC using CD14+ microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, cat#: 130-050-201) following to the manufacturer’s instruction. 1.2×107 isolated CD14+ monocytes were seeded into 10 cm dish and maintained in RPMI1640 with 10%FBS and 50 ng / ml rhM-CSF (R&D, cat#216-MC-025 / CF) for 6 days. During the culture, monocyte will be differentiated to macrophages. After digestion by versene solution, macrophages were resuspended in an appropriate volume of RPMI1640 with 10%FBS. 3 x 104 / well of macrophages were seeded into 96-well U bottom plate and incubated with various concentrations of indicated antibody (3-fold serially diluted with RPMI1640 / 10%FBS from 20 nM) at 37℃, 5%CO2 incubator for 1 hour. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was then added into each well to a final concentration of 2ng / ml and incubate for 24 hours at 37℃ with 5 %CO2. TNFαproduction in the supernatant was then measured by OptEIATM Human TNF ELISA Set (BD, cat#: 555212) following the manufacturer’s instruction and data were analyze by Graphpad Prism.
[0430] The result of 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 to induce TNFαproduction by macrophages is shown in FIG. 13A and Table 32.2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 could induce TNFα production by macrophages with an EC50 of 0.035 nM, 0.040 nM and 0.042 nM and 0.041 nM respectively, which is more potent than the reference antibody MK-4830, JTX-8064 and IO-108. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious ability to induce TNFα production.
[0431] Table 32. Antibody-induced TNFα production by macrophages
[0432] The result of 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 to induce TNFα production by macrophages is shown in FIG. 13B and Table 33.1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 could induce TNFαproduction by macrophages with an EC50 of 0.017 nM, 0.017 nM and 0.016 nM, 0.020 and 0.002 nM respectively, which is more potent than that of the reference antibody NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious ability to induce TNFα production.
[0433] Table 33. Antibody-induced TNFα production by macrophages
[0434] The result of 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 to induce TNFαproduction by macrophages is shown in FIG. 13C and Table 34.2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 could induce TNFα production by macrophages with an EC50 of 0.718 nM, 0.129 nM and 0.151 nM respectively, which is comparable to that of the reference antibody NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed no obvious ability to induce TNFα production.
[0435] Table 34. Antibody-induced TNFα production by macrophages
[0436] 6.6.2 Macrophage phagocytosis assay
[0437] Macrophage phagocytosis assay was used to evaluate the ability of humanized antibodies to enhance macrophage phagocytosis to tumor cells. Briefly, CD14+ monocytes were isolated from PBMC using CD14+ microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, cat#: 130-050-201) following to the manufacturer’s instruction. 1.2×107 isolated CD14+ monocytes were seeded into 10 cm dish and maintained in RPMI1640 with 10%FBS and 50 ng / ml rhM-CSF (R&D, cat#216-MC-025 / CF) for 6 days. During the culture, monocyte will be differentiated to macrophages. After digestion by versene solution, macrophages were resuspended in an appropriate volume of RPMI1640 with 10%FBS. 3 x 104 / well of macrophages were seeded into 96-well U bottom plate and incubated for 3 hours at 37℃ to allow macrophage adherent. Human HLA-G-expressing cell W3XX138-A375. hPro1L1. FL. G2 was washed and resuspend at 2 x 106 / mL in PBS and then with labeled with 1 μM CFSE for 10 min at 37℃. Indicated antibodies were 3-fold serially diluted with RPMI1640 / 10%FBS from 20 nM. 50 μL / well of labelled W3XX138-A375. hPro1L1. FL. G2 cells and 50 μL / well of diluted antibody were added into appropriated wells and was incubated in a 37℃, 5%CO2 incubator overnight. After digestion and washed twice with FACS buffer (1%BSA in PBS) , the cells were labeled with APC-Anti-huCD14 dilution (1: 200) in FACS buffer. After washing the cells twice with FACS buffer, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the cells was measured by a flow cytometer and analyzed by FLOWJO. Phagocytosis index was determined as the percentage of CD14-APC+ / CFSE+ double positive cells in total CD14+ positive cells.
[0438] The result of 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 to enhance macrophages phagocytosis is shown in FIG. 14A and Table 35.1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3could enhance macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis with a max phagocytosis of 36.70%, 38.50%, 38.75%, 41.05%, and 42.70%respectively, which is comparable to that of the reference antibody NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed lower ability to induce macrophages phagocytosis.
[0439] Table 35. Antibody-induced macrophages phagocytosis
[0440] The result of 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 to enhance macrophages phagocytosis is shown in FIG. 14B and Table 36.2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 could enhance macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis with a max phagocytosis of 47.25%, 44.15%and 45.20%respectively, which is comparable to that of the reference antibody NGM707. Human IgG isotype antibody, which was used as the negative control, showed lower ability to induce macrophages phagocytosis.
[0441] Table 36. Antibody-induced macrophages phagocytosis
[0442] 6.7 Developability test
[0443] 6.7.1 Thermal stability test by DSF
[0444] Tm (melting temperature) of each antibody was investigated using 7 Flex Real-Time PCR system. 19 μL of antibody solution was mixed with 1 μL of 80x SYPRO Orange solution (Invitrogen) in the 96 well plate. The plate was sealed with the Optical Adhesive Film and centrifuged at 3, 000 rpm for 5 min to remove any air bubbles. The plate was heated from 26 ℃ to 95 ℃ at a rate of 0.9 ℃ / min, and the resulting fluorescence data was collected. The negative derivatives of the fluorescence changes with respect to different temperatures were calculated, and the maximal value was defined as melting temperature Tm. If a protein has multiple unfolding transitions, the first two Tm were reported, named as Tm1 and Tm2. Data collection and Tm calculation were conducted automatically by the Real Time PCR software (v1.3) . 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 show good thermal stability with Tm1 of 65.6℃, 65.5℃, 65.6℃ and 65.7℃ respectively (FIG. 15A) . 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 show good thermal stability with Tm1 of 65.7℃, 66.9℃, 66.0℃, 65.7℃ and 66.0℃ respectively (FIG. 15B) . 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 show good thermal stability with Tm1 of 65.8℃, 66.8℃ and 66.4℃ respectively (FIG. 15C) .
[0445] 6.7.2 Self-interaction test by AC-SINS
[0446] Self-Interaction risk of humanized antibodies was investigated using AC-SINS method. Goat anti-human IgG Fc antibodies (capture) and ChromPure Goat IgG antibodies (non-capture) were buffer exchanged into 20 mM NaAc (pH 4.3) , and then the concentration was normalized to 0.4 mg / mL, respectively. Capture and non-capture IgG solution were mixed with a volume ratio of 4: 1. Then the IgG mixture was mixed with gold nanoparticle (AuNP) solution at a volume ratio of 1: 9, and incubated at room temperature (RT) overnight. To block the empty sites on the AuNP, thiolated PEG was added into the mixture to a final concentration 0.1 μM and incubated at RT for 1 h. The mixture was filtered through a 0.22 μm PVDF membrane, and 1 / 10 of the starting volume of 50 mM PB, pH 7.0 buffer was used to elute the coated AuNP particles from the membrane to obtain 10X AuNP solution. All antibodies were diluted to 0.1 mg / mL before testing. 90 μL of test antibody solution (0.1 mg / mL) was mixed with 20 μL 10X AuNP and incubated at RT for 2 h in a 96-well polypropylene plate. After incubation, 100 μL of the antibody-AuNP mixture was transferred into a 384-well polystyrene UV transparent plate. Absorbance data were collected from 450 to 650 nm at an increment of 2 nm. Δλmax value was calculated by subtraction the max absorbance value of samples with that of PBS. 2.74.3-z19-p1, 2.74.3-z22-p1, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 2.74.3-z28-p1 show low risk of self-interaction with Δλmax of 0, -2, -2 and -2 respectively. 1.239.2-z1-p4, 1.239.2-z2-p4, 1.239.2-z3-p4, 1.239.2-z13-p3 and 1.239.2-z14-p3 show low risk of self-interaction with Δλmax of 2, 2, 2, 2 and 0 respectiely. 2.247.213-z16-p13, 2.247.213-z17-p13 and 2.247.213-z19-p13 show low risk of self-interaction with Δλmax of 0, 2 and 0 respectively (Table 37) .
[0447] Table 37. Self-interaction test by AC-SINS
[0448] EXAMPLE 7
[0449] Humanized Antibody in vivo Characterization
[0450] 7.1 Rat PK study
[0451] Female C57BL / 6 mice provided by Shanghai Lingchang Biotech Co., Ltd were randomly assigned to eight groups to evaluate pharmacokinetics of test molecules: MK4830, NGM707, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 1.239.2-z2-p4 administrated intravenously by a single dose of 1 mg / kg or 10 mg / kg. The start date of the first dose was recorded as Day 0. Blood samples were taken from the eyes with capillary tube and transferred to the EDTA tubes. The tubes were centrifuged at 8000 rpm (6010 g) for 5 minutes at 4 ℃ and then the plasma was collected and stored at -20 ℃.
[0452] The concentrations of analyte in plasma were determined using one bioanalytical ELISA method for antibody detection: several 384-well ELISA plates were coated overnight at 4 ℃ with 30 μL Goat anti-human IgG (SouthernBiotech 2049-01, concentration: 1.0 μg / mL) in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer as capturing antigen. After washing and blocking, serial diluted plasma samples were added and incubated 1 hour at ambient temperature, 30 μL Goat anti-human IgG-Biotin (SouthernBiotech 2049-08, concentration: 0.0625 μg / mL) was used as detection antibody and incubated 30 minutes at ambient temperature, 30 μL SA-HRP (Thermo-21127, concentration: 0.1 μg / mL) and 30 μL TMB substrate (Life Technologies-002023) were used for color development. The reaction was stopped after approximate 2 -10 minutes through the addition of 30 μL 2 M HCl. The absorbance was read at 450 nm and 540 nm using a microplate spectrophotometer ( M5e) . The OD value of the samples were substituted into the standard curve to obtain the plasma antibody concentration.
[0453] The plasma concentration was subjected to a non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis by using the Phoenix WinNonlin software (version 8.1, Pharsight, Mountain View, CA) . The linear / log trapezoidal rule was applied in obtaining the PK parameters.
[0454] PK data in C57BL / 6 for 1 mg / kg and 10 mg / kg single doses with MK4830, NGM707, 2.74.3-z25-p1 and 1.239.2-z2-p4 test articles was shown in Figure 16 and Table 38.
[0455] Table 38. Pharmacokinetic parameters summary
[0456] Antibody detection of 2.74.3-z25-p1 at the single IV bolus dose of 1 mg / kg and 10 mg / kg showed an average half-life at 216 hours and 190 hours in mice, respectively. The average AUC0-last at 1 mg / kg and 10 mg / kg were 1428 h*μg / mL and 12838 h*μg / mL, and the average Cl_obs at 1 mg / kg and 13.1 mg / kg were 16.5 mL / day / kg and 12.8 mL / day / kg respectively.
[0457] Antibody detection of 1.239.2-z2-p4 at the single IV bolus dose of 1 mg / kg and 10 mg / kg showed an average half-life at 357 hours and 282 hours in mice, respectively. The average AUC0-last at 1 mg / kg and 10 mg / kg were 2541 h*μg / mL and 19343 h*μg / mL, and the average Cl_obs at 1 mg / kg and 10 mg / kg were 6.00 mL / day / kg and 7.85 mL / day / kg respectively.
[0458] 7.2 in vivo efficacy in humanized mouse model
[0459] hB2M / HLA-G MC38 cells were provided by Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co., Ltd. The mouse B2m gene was replaced by human B2M and HLA-G coding sequence in hB2M / hHLA-G MC38. hB2M / HLA-G MC38 cells were maintained in vitro as a monolayer culture in DMEM medium supplemented with 10 %fetal bovine serum, 100 U / mL penicillin and 100 μg / mL streptomycin at 37 ℃ in an atmosphere of 5 %CO2 in air. The tumor cells were routinely sub-cultured twice or thrice a week with 0.25 %trypsin-EDTA treatment. The cells growing in an exponential growth phase were harvested and counted for tumor inoculation.
[0460] B-Tg (hLILRB2 / hLILRB3 / hLILRB1 / hLILRB4) , Pirb KO mice with pirb gene knockout and human LILRB1, LILRB2, LILRB3 and LILRB4 genes integrated into the mouse genome randomly were purchased from Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co., Ltd. Fifty-five female B-Tg (hLILRB2 / hLILRB3 / hLILRB1 / hLILRB4) , Pirb KO mice were subcutaneously implanted with hB2M / HLA-G MC38 tumor cells (5 x 105 viable cell in 100 μL DPBS) in the right front flank for tumor development. Tumor-bearing animals were randomly enrolled into five treatment groups when the mean tumor size reached approximately 100 mm3. Each group consisted of eight mice. Randomization is based on tumor volume and body weight, with post-test making sure that there’s no significant difference in tumor volume and body weight among groups. The grouping and first dosing day was defined as day 0. All groups were dosed intravenously (20 mg / kg) twice a week on day 0, day 4, day 7, day 11, day 14 and day 18 after grouping, respectively.
[0461] Tumor size was measured twice a week until day 25 after treatment in two dimensions using a caliper, and the volume was expressed in mm3 using the formula: V = 1 / 2 × a × b2 where a and b were the long and short dimensions of the tumor, respectively. Tumor growth inhibition was calculated by the formula: TGI (%) = [1 - (Ti -T0) / (Vi -V0) ] × 100 %where Ti was the mean tumor volume of treatment group on day i after administration, T0 was the mean tumor volume of treatment group on day 0 after administration, Vi was the mean tumor volume of control group on day i after administration and V0 was the mean tumor volume of control group on day 0. Data was analyzed by GraphPad Prism t-test or two-way ANOVA and P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Both statistical analysis and biological observations were taken into consideration. The tumor growth curve and statistical analysis are presented in Fig. 17A ad Table 39, and the body weights of tumor-bearing mice are presented in Fig. 17B.
[0462] At day 25 after treatment, 1.239.2-z2-p4 showed significant anti-tumor efficacy with the TGI of 35.60 % (P < 0.0001) , while NGM707 showed a TGI of 28.43 % (P = 0.0011) , indicating that 1.239.2-z2-p4 has a better anti-tumor effect than NGM707 in this model.
[0463] Table 39. Tumor growth inhibition before and post the treatment a: Mean ± SEM. b: Statistical analysis via Two-way ANOVA on tumor volume of the treatment group versus G1 on day 25 post treatment. **, P < 0.01, ****, P < 0.0001
[0464] Those skilled in the art will further appreciate that the present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or central attributes thereof. In that the foregoing description of the present disclosure discloses only exemplary embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that other variations are contemplated as being within the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the present disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments that have been described in detail herein. Rather, reference should be made to the appended claims as indicative of the scope and content of the disclosure.
[0465] References
[0466] [1] Redondo-García S, Barritt C, Papagregoriou C, et al. Human leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors in health and disease. Front Immunol. 2023; 14: 1282874.
[0467] [2] Chen SX, Zhang ZB, Zheng X, et al. Response Efficacy of PD-1 and PD-L1 Inhibitors in Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol. 2021; 11: 562315.
[0468] [3] Yarchoan M, Hopkins A, Jaffee EM. Tumor Mutational Burden and Response Rate to PD-1 Inhibition. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377 (25) : 2500-2501.
Claims
An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to LILRB1 and / or LILRB2, comprising heavy chain variable region (VH) complementarity determining region CDR 1, CDR2, CDR3 and light chain variable region (VL) CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences selected from the group consisting of:(a) SEQ ID NOs: 1-6, respectively;(b) SEQ ID NOs: 19-24, respectively;(c) SEQ ID NOs: 37-42, respectively;(d) SEQ ID NOs: 55-60, respectively;(e) SEQ ID NOs: 73-78, respectively;(f) SEQ ID NOs: 91-96, respectively;(g) SEQ ID NOs: 109-114, respectively;(h) SEQ ID NOs: 127-132, respectively;(i) SEQ ID NOs: 145-150, respectively;(j) SEQ ID NOs: 163-168, respectively;(k) SEQ ID NOs: 181-186, respectively;(l) SEQ ID NOs: 199-204, respectively;(m) SEQ ID NOs: 217-222, respectively;(n) SEQ ID NOs: 235-240, respectively;(o) SEQ ID NOs: 253-258, respectively;(p) SEQ ID NOs: 271-276, respectively;(q) SEQ ID NOs: 289-294, respectively; and(r) SEQ ID NOs: 307-312, respectively.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises one or more framework regions including the heavy chain variable region comprising from N-terminus to C-terminus: a first framework region; CDR1; a second framework region; CDR2; a third framework region; CDR3; a fourth framework region, the light chain variable region comprising from N-terminus to C-terminus: a first framework region; CDR1; a second framework region; CDR2; a third framework region; CDR3; a fourth framework region.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 2, wherein the framework region is from IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, or IgM.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 2, wherein in heavy chain variable region, the first framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 25, 43, 61, 79, 97, 115, 133, 151, 169, 187, 205, 223, 241, 259, 277, 295 and 313, the second framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 26, 44, 62, 80, 98, 116, 134, 152, 170, 188, 206, 224, 242, 260, 278, 296 and 314, the third framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 9, 27, 45, 63, 81, 99, 117, 135, 153, 171, 189, 207, 225, 243, 261, 279, 297 and 315, and the fourth framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 28, 46, 64, 82, 100, 118, 136, 154, 172, 190, 208, 226, 244, 262, 280, 298 and 316.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 2, wherein in light chain variable region, the first framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11, 29, 47, 65, 83, 101, 119, 137, 155, 173, 191, 209, 227, 245, 263, 281, 299 and 317, the second framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 30, 48, 66, 84, 102, 120, 138, 156, 174, 192, 210, 228, 246, 264, 282, 300 and 318, the third framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 31, 49, 67, 85, 103, 121, 139, 157, 175, 193, 211, 229, 247, 265, 283, 301 and 319, and the fourth framework region comprises a sequence with at least 80%identity to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 14, 32, 50, 68, 86, 104, 122, 140, 158, 176, 194, 212, 230, 248, 266, 284, 302 and 320.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 4, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprising framework regions 1-4 selected from the group consisting of:(a) SEQ ID NOs: 7-10, respectively;(b) SEQ ID NOs: 25-28, respectively;(c) SEQ ID NOs: 43-46, respectively;(d) SEQ ID NOs: 61-64, respectively;(e) SEQ ID NOs: 79-82, respectively;(f) SEQ ID NOs: 97-100, respectively;(g) SEQ ID NOs: 115-118, respectively;(h) SEQ ID NOs: 133-136, respectively;(i) SEQ ID NOs: 151-154, respectively;(j) SEQ ID NOs: 169-172, respectively;(k) SEQ ID NOs: 187-190, respectively;(l) SEQ ID NOs: 205-208, respectively;(m) SEQ ID NOs: 223-226, respectively;(n) SEQ ID NOs: 241-244, respectively;(o) SEQ ID NOs: 259-262, respectively;(p) SEQ ID NOs: 277-280, respectively;(q) SEQ ID NOs: 295-298, respectively; and(r) SEQ ID NOs: 313-316, respectively.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 5, wherein the light chain variable region comprising framework regions 1-4 selected from the group consisting of:(a) SEQ ID NOs: 11-14, respectively;(b) SEQ ID NOs: 29-32, respectively;(c) SEQ ID NOs: 47-50, respectively;(d) SEQ ID NOs: 65-68, respectively;(e) SEQ ID NOs: 83-86, respectively;(f) SEQ ID NOs: 101-104, respectively;(g) SEQ ID NOs: 119-122, respectively;(h) SEQ ID NOs: 137-140, respectively;(i) SEQ ID NOs: 155-158, respectively;(j) SEQ ID NOs: 173-176, respectively;(k) SEQ ID NOs: 191-194, respectively;(l) SEQ ID NOs: 209-212, respectively;(m) SEQ ID NOs: 227-230, respectively;(n) SEQ ID NOs: 245-248, respectively;(o) SEQ ID NOs: 263-266, respectively;(p) SEQ ID NOs: 281-284, respectively;(q) SEQ ID NOs: 299-302, respectively; and(r) SEQ ID NOs: 317-320, respectively.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises:(A) a heavy chain variable region:(i) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321;(ii) comprising an amino acid sequence at least about 85%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321; or(iii) comprising an amino acid sequence with addition, deletion and / or substitution of one or more amino acids compared with the amino acid sequence of 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321; and(B) a light chain variable region:(i) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322;(ii) comprising an amino acid sequence at least about 85%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322; or(iii) comprising an amino acid sequence with addition, deletion and / or substitution of one or more amino acids compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 2, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises:(A) a heavy chain variable region:(i) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321;(ii) comprising an amino acid sequence at least about 85%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321; or(iii) comprising an amino acid sequence with addition, deletion and / or substitution of one or more amino acids compared with the amino acid sequence of 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321; and(B) a light chain variable region:(i) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322;(ii) comprising an amino acid sequence at least about 85%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322; or(iii) comprising an amino acid sequence with addition, deletion and / or substitution of one or more amino acids compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 8, comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequences of:(a) SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively;(b) SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 34, respectively;(c) SEQ ID NOs: 51 and 52, respectively;(d) SEQ ID NOs: 69 and 70, respectively;(e) SEQ ID NOs: 87 and 88, respectively;(f) SEQ ID NOs: 105 and 106, respectively;(g) SEQ ID NOs: 123 and 124, respectively;(h) SEQ ID NOs: 141 and 142, respectively;(i) SEQ ID NOs: 159 and 160, respectively;(j) SEQ ID NOs: 177 and 178, respectively;(k) SEQ ID NOs: 195 and 196, respectively;(l) SEQ ID NOs: 213 and 214, respectively;(m) SEQ ID NOs: 231 and 232, respectively;(n) SEQ ID NOs: 249 and 250, respectively;(o) SEQ ID NOs: 267 and 268, respectively;(p) SEQ ID NOs: 285 and 286, respectively;(q) SEQ ID NOs: 303 and 304, respectively; or(r) SEQ ID NOs: 321 and 322, respectively.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 9, comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequences of:(a) SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively;(b) SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 34, respectively;(c) SEQ ID NOs: 51 and 52, respectively;(d) SEQ ID NOs: 69 and 70, respectively;(e) SEQ ID NOs: 87 and 88, respectively;(f) SEQ ID NOs: 105 and 106, respectively;(g) SEQ ID NOs: 123 and 124, respectively;(h) SEQ ID NOs: 141 and 142, respectively;(i) SEQ ID NOs: 159 and 160, respectively;(j) SEQ ID NOs: 177 and 178, respectively;(k) SEQ ID NOs: 195 and 196, respectively;(l) SEQ ID NOs: 213 and 214, respectively;(m) SEQ ID NOs: 231 and 232, respectively;(n) SEQ ID NOs: 249 and 250, respectively;(o) SEQ ID NOs: 267 and 268, respectively;(p) SEQ ID NOs: 285 and 286, respectively;(q) SEQ ID NOs: 303 and 304, respectively; or(r) SEQ ID NOs: 321 and 322, respectively.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises a heavy chain constant region, wherein the heavy chain constant region is selected from the group consisting of human immunoglobulins IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2 heavy chain constant regions including human IgG heavy chain constant region, or the human IgG1 or IgG4 heavy chain constant region.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises a light chain constant region, wherein the light chain constant region is selected from the group consisting of human immunoglobulins IgGκand IgGλ light chain constant regions.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 10 , wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain and a light chain, the heavy chain having at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 98%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 35, 53, 71, 89, 107, 125, 143, 161, 179, 197, 215, 233, 251, 269, 287, 305 or 323, and the light chain having at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 98%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, 126, 144, 162, 180, 198, 216, 234, 252, 270, 288, 306 or 324.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 13, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain and a light chain, the heavy chain having at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 98%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 35, 53, 71, 89, 107, 125, 143, 161, 179, 197, 215, 233, 251, 269, 287, 305 or 323, and the light chain having at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 98%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, 126, 144, 162, 180, 198, 216, 234, 252, 270, 288, 306 or 324.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 14, comprising a heavy chain and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequences of:(a) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 18, respectively;(b) SEQ ID NOs: 35 and 36, respectively;(c) SEQ ID NOs: 53 and 54, respectively;(d) SEQ ID NOs: 71 and 72, respectively;(e) SEQ ID NOs: 89 and 90, respectively;(f) SEQ ID NOs: 107 and 108, respectively;(g) SEQ ID NOs: 125 and 126, respectively;(h) SEQ ID NOs: 143 and 144, respectively;(i) SEQ ID NOs: 161 and 162, respectively;(j) SEQ ID NOs: 179 and 180, respectively;(k) SEQ ID NOs: 197 and 198, respectively;(l) SEQ ID NOs: 215 and 216, respectively;(m) SEQ ID NOs: 233 and 234, respectively;(n) SEQ ID NOs: 251 and 252, respectively;(o) SEQ ID NOs: 269 and 270, respectively;(p) SEQ ID NOs: 287 and 288, respectively;(q) SEQ ID NOs: 305 and 306, respectively; or(r) SEQ ID NOs: 323 and 324, respectively.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 15, comprising a heavy chain and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequences of:(a) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 18, respectively;(b) SEQ ID NOs: 35 and 36, respectively;(c) SEQ ID NOs: 53 and 54, respectively;(d) SEQ ID NOs: 71 and 72, respectively;(e) SEQ ID NOs: 89 and 90, respectively;(f) SEQ ID NOs: 107 and 108, respectively;(g) SEQ ID NOs: 125 and 126, respectively;(h) SEQ ID NOs: 143 and 144, respectively;(i) SEQ ID NOs: 161 and 162, respectively;(j) SEQ ID NOs: 179 and 180, respectively;(k) SEQ ID NOs: 197 and 198, respectively;(l) SEQ ID NOs: 215 and 216, respectively;(m) SEQ ID NOs: 233 and 234, respectively;(n) SEQ ID NOs: 251 and 252, respectively;(o) SEQ ID NOs: 269 and 270, respectively;(p) SEQ ID NOs: 287 and 288, respectively;(q) SEQ ID NOs: 305 and 306, respectively; or(r) SEQ ID NOs: 323 and 324, respectively.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the antibody 1) is a monoclonal antibody, a chimeric antibody, or a humanized antibody, 2) is capable of blocking human LILRB1-HLA-G and / or human LILRB2-HLA-G interaction, 3) is capable of inducing inflammatory cytokine production by macrophage, and / or 4) is capable of inducing macrophage phagocytosis to tumor cell expressing HLA-G.An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain variable region or heavy chain of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 and / or the light chain variable region or light chain of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18.A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 19.A host cell comprising the polynucleotide of claim 19.A host cell comprising the vector of claim 20.A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.A method for preparing antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof as defined in any of claims 1-18 comprising the steps of:- expressing the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 in the host cell of claim 21; and- isolating the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof from the host cell.A method for preparing antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof as defined in any of claims 1-18 comprising the steps of:- expressing the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 in the host cell of claim 22; and- isolating the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof from the host cell.A method for detecting LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 in a sample comprising contacting said sample with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18.A method for treating LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 expressing cancer in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 23 to the subject.The method of claim 27, further comprising administering PD-1 / PDL1 antagonist including nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, avelumab and / or durvalumab.A method for inducing inflammatory cytokine production by macrophage, comprising contacting the macrophage with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the inflammatory cytokine includes TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and / or IL-12.A method for enhancing macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis, comprising contacting the macrophage with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 and HLA-G expressing tumor cell.A method for activating tumor-infiltrating immune cells and enhance their anti-tumor effect in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 23 to the subject, wherein the tumor-infiltrating immune cell includes T cell, B cell, dendritic cell and / or macrophage.A kit comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 and a detection reagent.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 for use in reducing or eliminating LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 expressing cancer in a subject.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 33 further comprises a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 for use in detecting LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 in a sample.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 for use in inducing inflammatory cytokine production by macrophage by contacting the macrophage with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the inflammatory cytokine includes TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and / or IL-12.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 for use in enhancing macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis by contacting the macrophage with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 and HLA-G expressing tumor cell.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 for use in activating tumor-infiltrating immune cells and enhance their anti-tumor effect in a subject by providing an effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 23 to the subject, wherein the tumor-infiltrating immune cell includes T cell, B cell, dendritic cell and / or macrophage.A method for preparing antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof as defined in any of claims 1-18 characterized by:expressing the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 in the host cell of claim 21; andisolating the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof from the host cell.A method for preparing antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof as defined in any of claims 1-18 characterized by:expressing the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 in the host cell of claim 22; andisolating the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof from the host cell.A method for detecting LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 in a sample characterized by contacting said sample with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18.A method for treating LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 expressing cancer in a subject, characterized by administering an effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-18 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 23 to the subject.An isolated antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds to LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 comprising:a heavy chain complementarity determining region one, a heavy chain complementarity determining region two, and / or a heavy chain complementarity determining region three obtained from any one of the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequences as recited in SEQ ID NO: 15, 33, 51, 69, 87, 105, 123, 141, 159, 177, 195, 213, 231, 249, 267, 285, 303 or 321; anda light chain complementarity determining region one, a light chain complementarity determining region two, and / or a light chain complementarity determining region three obtained from any one of the light chain variable region amino acid sequences as recited in SEQ ID NO: 16, 34, 52, 70, 88, 106, 124, 142, 160, 178, 196, 214, 232, 250, 268, 286, 304 or 322.An isolated antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds to LILRB1 and / or LILRB2 comprising:a heavy chain complementarity determining region one, a heavy chain complementarity determining region two, and / or a heavy chain complementarity determining region three obtained from any one of the heavy chain amino acid sequences as recited in SEQ ID NO: 17, 35, 53, 71, 89, 107, 125, 143, 161, 179, 197, 215, 233, 251, 269, 287, 305 or 323; anda light chain complementarity determining region one, a light chain complementarity determining region two, and / or a light chain complementarity determining region three obtained from any one of the light chain amino acid sequences as recited in SEQ ID NO: 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, 126, 144, 162, 180, 198, 216, 234, 252, 270, 288, 306 or 324.