Wearable articles with integrated thermo-management systems

Abstract

An wearable article with an integrated thermo-management, system, comprising: a wearable article such as a garment or wearable gear, the aricle having at least two zones corresponding to areas of anatomy with a relatively high need for thermo-management, the wearable article configured with a plurality of zones with holders for removable thermo modules and / or integrated thermo modules.

Description

[0001] WEARABLE ARTICLES WITH INTEGRATED THERMO-MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Inventor: Frederick W. Herlitz

[0002] BACKGROUND

[0003] The inventive subject matter is generally directed to wearable articles with integrated systems for managing the body temperatures of a user, particularly athletes and others whose body temperatures are affected by physical activity and / or environmental conditions.

[0004] The human body is a complex system that constantly works to maintain a stable internal temperature and comfortable skin-surface temperatures. However, maintaining this balance can be challenging, especially for athletes who often train and compete in varying environmental conditions.

[0005] In hot environments, the body’s primary method of cooling down is through sweating. However, this process is not always efficient, especially during intense physical activity. Athletes often face the risk of overheating, which can lead to conditions such as heat exhaustion, dehydration, and heat stroke. These conditions may cause symptoms ranging from general discomfort, dizziness, and fatigue to more serious complications like organ damage or even death.

[0006] Moreover, excessive sweating can impair the body’s ability to cool down and may affect athletic performance.

[0007] Traditional athletic and other outdoor wear does not always provide adequate ventilation or moisture- wicking properties, leaving, for example, athletes feeling uncomfortable and restricted.

[0008] Conversely, in cold environments, the body needs to generate and retain heat to prevent hypothermia. This can be particularly challenging for athletes, as physical exertion in cold weather can give a false sense of warmth, leading to inadequate dressing. Traditional athletic wear may not provide sufficient insulation, leaving athletes vulnerable to the cold.

[0009] 1

[0010] Docket No. FHL2002PCTFurthermore, cold environments can lead to frostbite, a condition where skin and underlying tissues freeze. This is a serious risk for athletes training or competing in extremely cold conditions.

[0011] Independent of environmental conditions, an active person may generate heat from physical activity, which may need to be dissipated for the same reasons as the need exists in hot climates. The apparel and / or gear a person uses during activities may exacerbate the problem by being insulative or non- venting.

[0012] Given these challenges, there is a clear need for garments and wearable gear that can help athletes regulate their skin and body temperature effectively in both hot and cold environments. Such items may not only enhance athletic performance but also reduce the risk of temperature-related health issues.

[0013] Prior art that may be of background interest includes: Thermal Garment System And Method Of Using The Same, US20060036304A1; Article Of Apparel For Temperature Moderation, US20090062892A; Cool-Life Vest With Detachable Hood US5606746A; Apparel Article To Pre-Cool The Body, US20160249691A1; Sports Protective Garment With Impact Force Protection and Microclimate Control, US20120079647A1; and Temperature Controlling Vest And Method Of Manufacture And Use For Relieving Or Controlling Menopause And Post-Menopause Symptoms, US20190117447A.

[0014] SUMMARY

[0015] The inventive subject matter disclosed herein proposes an innovative solution to address the aforementioned needs and others, offering a new era of comfort and possibly safety for athletes and active persons.

[0016] In one possible embodiment, the inventive subject is directed to a wearable article with an integrated thermo-management system. This wearable article, such as a garment or wearable gear, includes multiple zones corresponding to areas of anatomy with a high need for thermo- 2

[0017] Docket No. FHL2002PCTmanagement, as defined by a thermo module heat map. These zones include areas such as the center third of the head, other thirds of the head, neck, shoulder region, central chest area, back area, central abdomen area, central back area, left and right abdomen areas, left and right back areas, and lower back / hip area. Each zone is equipped with a holder for a thermo module or an integrated thermo module.

[0018] In another embodiment, the wearable article comprises one or more thermo modules configured for each of the zones. These thermo modules may contain a liquid or gel with a high heat capacity, at least 3.0 times that of water, or may include PCM and / or SAP materials. The thermo modules can also feature electrical, mechanical, and / or evaporative cooling mechanisms and may be integrated into the holder or directly into the article.

[0019] Additionally, the wearable article may include various components such as valves, pumps, temperature sensors, conduits for fluids interconnecting holders and / or thermo modules, other sensors, controllers, stored executable instructions, and wireless communication modules. The thermo modules and the wearable article can provide multiple modes of heating and cooling, with holders designed to have high thermal transmissivity on the body-facing side and low thermal transmissivity on the exterior-facing side. The article may also incorporate thermochromic materials.

[0020] In another embodiment, the wearable article is a vest with a fixed or removable hoodie. The thermo modules can be integrated into the base material of the zones, which are formed from fine fibers or filaments of synthetic polymeric materials arranged randomly to create a cohesive web. The wearable article may consist of a single layer of base material with thermo modules fixedly attached via a flange area.

[0021] Furthermore, the wearable article may include two hoods, with one or both hoods containing holders and / or integrated modules, and which may be removable. The article can be configured with multiple holders for the thermo modules and may feature wireless control through a mobile application for adjustable and targeted heating to specific anatomical zones.

[0022] 3

[0023] Docket No. FHL2002PCTIn another embodiment, the inventive subject includes a method of making a wearable article with an integrated thermo-management system. This method involves providing a sheet of nonwoven, non-knit base material, configuring at least four zones according to a thermo module heat map, and integrating thermo modules into these zones.

[0024] In yet another embodiment, the inventive subject encompasses a method of using a cooling or heating station at an event where users have wearable articles with interchangeable or fixedly integrated thermo modules. This method includes replenishing the heating or cooling capacity of thermo modules received from different users, interchanging thermo modules or wearable articles, and providing replenished thermo modules or wearable articles back to the users.

[0025] The following is a description of various inventive lines under the inventive subject matter. The appended claims, as originally filed in this document, or as subsequently amended, are hereby incorporated into this Summary section as if written directly in. The foregoing is not intended to be an exhaustive list of embodiments and features of the inventive subject matter. Persons skilled in the art can appreciate other embodiments and features from the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings.

[0026] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] The appended figures show embodiments according to the inventive subject matter unless indicated to be otherwise.

[0028] FIG. 1 shows a front view of a wearable article having frontside pockets or pouches for holding a plurality of thermo modules and with a first head covering in deployed condition and second head covering in an undeployed condition.

[0029] FIG. 2 shows a back view of the wearable article of FIG. 1 having backside pockets or pouches for holding a plurality of thermo modules.

[0030] FIG. 3 shows in isolation a representative pocket of the wearable article of FIG. 1.

[0031] 4

[0032] Docket No. FHL2002PCTFIG. 4 shows a representative thermo module.

[0033] FIG. 5 shows a side view of the wearable article of FIG. 1.

[0034] FIG. 6 shows the frontside view of the wearable article of FIG. 1 with the first head covering removed and the second head covering still in an undeployed condition.

[0035] FIGs. 7A-E show a first body heat or sweat rate map for human anatomy, and FIG. 7F shows a sweat rate correspondence chart.

[0036] FIGs. 8A-E show a second body heat or sweat rate map for human anatomy, and FIG. 8F shows a sweat rate correspondence chart.

[0037] FIGs. 9A-C show a third body heat or sweat rate map for human anatomy, and FIG. 9F shows a sweat rate correspondence chart.

[0038] FIG. 10 shows a frontside interior view of an alternative embodiment of a wearable article similar to that of FIG. 1 but with integrated thermo modules instead of pockets for receiving a removable thermo modules

[0039] FIG. 11 shows a side view of the wearable article of FIG. 10.

[0040] FIG. 12 shows a front side exterior view of the wearable article of FIG. 10.

[0041] FIG. 13 schematically illustrates a thermomechanical thermal management system of wearable articles and includes computing device-controlled features.

[0042] 5

[0043] Docket No. FHL2002PCTDETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0044] The inventive subject matter is generally directed to garments and other wearable articles that include means for thermo-management means for regulating for cooling or warming a human or animal wearer. Examples of non-garment wearable articles include wearable gear like motocross roost deflector, football shoulder pads, lacrosse pads, hockey chest protector, military body armor, fire-fighting overcoats, etc.

[0045] In the inventive subject matter, the wearable article includes holders for an object that serves as a thermal reservoir, which may be referred to herein as a “thermo module”. A holder can be any means for incorporating the thermal reservoir in or on the wearable article, for example, pockets, pouches, attachment points, or mounts (e.g., hook and loop fasteners, magnets, snaps, etc.) In some embodiments, the holders receive a removable thermal reservoir. In other embodiments, the thermal reservoir may be fixedly coupled to or integrated with the holder.

[0046] One or more holders may be arranged on a wearable article so that each corresponds to a different anatomical zone of high sweat or heat production in hot environments or to high heat loss in cold environments. Holders are means of retaining a discrete thermo module on the wearable article. Retention means include pockets, pouches, bands and straps (elastic or adjustable); hook and loop fasteners, magnets, snap-fit couplings, snaps, buttons, etc. Pockets and pouches are used herein as representative holders.

[0047] As used herein, a pocket is a container with an open or closeable end that is integrated into a garment or other wearable article and at least one side is flush and integrated into one major panel section of the article. A pouch similarly is a container with one open or closeable side, but it does not have any side that is flush and integrated with a major panel section. For example, it can be mounted over such a section and may be fixedly or removably attached to the article. Unless context indicates otherwise, the terms "pocket" and "pouch", may be considered interchangeable terms unless context indicates otherwise.

[0048] 6

[0049] Docket No. FHL2002PCTIn certain embodiments the pockets or pouches contain removable bladders filled with a gel or fluid with a high heat capacity.

[0050] Generally, a thermal reservoir is a system or substance with a large heat capacity that can absorb or release heat without sharply changing its own temperature. It may act as a buffer, allowing efficient heat transfer between it and other objects.

[0051] One example of a thermal reservoir suitable for use in the inventive subject matter is a container or encapsulating layer filled with a reservoir material, i.e., a bladder filled with a liquid or gel. The thermal reservoir may also be a monolithic or solid object.

[0052] As used herein, the term "thermo module" generically refers to any form or kind of object including or consisting of a thermal reservoir. In the following discussion, a bladder will be used as an example of a thermo module, but persons skilled in the art will appreciate from the teachings herein that other thermo modules may be used instead of or in addition to bladders. FIG. 4 shows an example of a thermo module, which could be a bladder with one or more chambers.

[0053] As indicated, a bladder may be filled with a gel or fluid with a high heat capacity. The bladder can be cooled or heated before use.

[0054] In some embodiments, the thermo module is a bladder encapsulating an endothermic powder or composition that chills when different components in the powder are caused to mix by a user and thereafter to endothermically react. In some embodiments the bladder can be multichambered (e.g., as seen in FIG. 4) with one or more chambers being a gel or fluid with heat capacity for cooling or warming, and one or more different chambers contain an endothermic powder for chilling. For example, initial chilling of a user could be by the chilled compartments of a gel or fluid. Once their cooling capacity is expended, the user could activate the endothermic powder or composition in another chamber(s).

[0055] 7

[0056] Docket No. FHL2002PCTBy providing a plurality of holders in zones where thermal management may be desirable, the wearer can control the distribution of bladders across different zones of the garment or gear, offering a highly customizable solution for body temperature regulation. The inventive subject matter therefore allows for temperature regulation across different areas of the body, offering the potential for enhanced comfort and performance in a wide range of environmental conditions.

[0057] In some embodiments, wearable article includes a fixed or removable hood with pockets or pouches for bladders.

[0058] In some embodiments, the body-facing side of the pocket or pouch has a loose or open knit or woven construction that facilitates heat transfer from the bladders to the body. In addition to, or alternatively, the body-facing side can be a textile material that facilitates heat transfer. This could be achieved using materials with high thermal conductivity, such as certain types of polyester or nylon. Alternatively, the body-facing side can be a textile material that facilitates heat transfer, such as a moisture-wicking fabric. The opposite side of the pocket or pouch can be a relatively thick or tight knit or woven construction and / or material that inhibits heat transfer, i.e., is an insulating layer. This arrangement improves the cooling power of the bladders by keeping the environment from warming the bladders. The relative difference in each side can also be achieved using non-textiles, e.g., polymer foams, rubbers, or plastics with varying thicknesses and / or openness to tune thermal properties. The pockets or pouches could be designed in various shapes and sizes, and their placement on the garment can vary based on the specific needs of the wearer.

[0059] In certain embodiments, the holders, e.g., pockets or pouches, correspond to anatomical zones that map to areas of relative high sweat production in hot environments (such as the armpits, back, and chest) or high heat loss in cold environments (such as the chest, back, and extremities). The anatomical zones could be defined differently based on the specific sport or activity for which the garment is designed. Persons skilled in the art can readily identify such zones. For example, such zones have been defined in academic papers. See Smith, C. J. & Havenith, G. (2011). Body Mapping Of Sweating Patterns In Male Athletes In Mild Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia, Eur J Appl Physiol (2011) 111: 1391. https: / / doi.org / 10.1007 / s00421-010-1744- 8

[0060] Docket No. FHL2002PCT8; version of record available at: https: / / link.springer.com / article / 10.1007 / s00421-010-1744-8. FIGs. 7A-9F are reproduced from the foregoing article.

[0061] FIGs. 7A-E show sweat zones of test subjects exercising at a first relatively low intensity for the indicated areas of surfaces of the human anatomy. FIG. 7F shows a chart of sweat rates and color coding for corresponding to the color-coded zones of FIGs. 7A-7E. The darker the zone color, the higher the sweat rate. FIGs. 8A-8E show sweat zones of test subjects exercising at a second relatively higher intensity and FIG. 8F shows a chart like that of FIG. 7E for corresponding to zones of FIGs. 8A-8E. FIGs. 9A-E show median values of sweat. FIG. 9F shows a sweat-ratio chart similar to that of FIG. 7E for corresponding to zones of FIGs. 9A-9E.

[0062] In all maps, light to dark colors represent respectively relatively low to relatively high degree of sweating. The sweat zones may be considered heat zones given that the degree of sweating generally corresponds to body heat. Therefore, the shown maps may also be considered heat maps.

[0063] It may be considered desirable to cool a zone that is shown to have a sweat rate of 250 or more, or 350 or more, or 400 or more or 450 or more, or 500 or more or 550 or more, or 600 or more, or 650 or more, or 700, or more, or 750 or more or 800 or more, looking at the first intensity level of FIGs. 7A-E and / or the second intensity level of FIGs. 8A-E. The sweat rate map may also be considered a body heat map for where the body heat zones are during exercise, i.e., sweat rates are directly proportional to body heat during exercise, with higher body heat triggering sweat for cooling.

[0064] In general, as seen on the maps, the zones can be identified by subdivisions of the body. For example, referring to FIGs. 7A-7B (first exercise intensity) and identifying each zone by its indicated sweat rate (Z*), the zones for cooling may include any permutation of a center third of the head Z170 from the forehead to the neck; the other thirds of the head Z304, extending from the top side of the head to a level at about the ear lobes and running from the temples to the base of the back of the head; the neck; the shoulder region Z267; a central chest area Z318; back area Z707, and central abdomen Z370 area and back area Z771; areas left and right of those central 9

[0065] Docket No. FHL2002PCTareas Z262, Z515, Z244, Z431, Z322; front upper thigh areas Z271; and / or medial calf areas Z351. These are representative areas and not an exhaustive listing. Although not described in such terms herein, the areas delineated in the heat maps and having sweat rates according to the numerical values noted above can be understood by person skilled in the art as corresponding to more specific anatomy than generally described herein. Accordingly, if, for example, a claim herein references a sweat rate of let’s say 300 or more, it means an anatomical zone defined in FIGS. 7A-8F that has such a value.

[0066] The anatomical zone numbers may also be considered as defining physical locations independent of a sweat rate indicator and whatever exercise intensity level was used to generate a sweat-rate score, i.e., the numerical values shown may be considered zone location identifiers. For example, looking at FIGs. 7A and FIG. 7B, Z318 is a unique value that refers to a central upper chest zone, and Z244 is a shared value that can be identified with additional reference to anatomy, e.g. Z244 / left & right front shoulders (FIG. 7A) or Z244 / left & right back shoulders (FIG. 7B). In mapping a cooling bladder to any zone desired to be cooled, the bladder need not overlie the entire zone. A substantial cooling effect may occur if at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% of the surface area of the zone is in contact with the cooled surface area of a bladder or other thermo module.

[0067] As used herein, a “thermo module heat map” means a mapping of anatomy that breaks down the anatomy into one or more zones defined in the heat maps of FIGs.7-9.

[0068] A bladder may be filled with different types of gels or fluids with varying heat capacities.

[0069] The materials used for the body-facing side and for the opposite side of the pocket or pouch could vary provided they serve the purpose of facilitating and inhibiting heat transfer, respectively.

[0070] Example Embodiment: Hoodie

[0071] FIGs. 1-6 and FIGs. 10-12 illustrate embodiments of a wearable article in the form of a hoodie vest hoodie 10, 110 which has a front torso-covering portion 12 and back torso covering portion 10

[0072] Docket No. FHL2002PCT13 and which may have a fixed or removable hood or head cover 14 configured with thermo module holders and / or integrated thermo modules in select zones. Front torso portion 12 is connected to back torso portion by side portions 17 and 19. The side portions may be the same or a different material than the base material used for the torso portions. In this example, the side portions are illustrated to be a lightweight, elastic mesh material.

[0073] In the embodiment of FIGs. 1-6, the hoodie includes holders for a removable thermo module while in the embodiment of FIGs. 10-12 there are no holders. Instead, thermo modules are fixedly integrated directly to a sheet of base material of the wearable article, for example by stitching, seam sealing, thermal bonding, ultrasonic welding, dielectric welding,

[0074] laser seaming, and mechanical fastening like buttons, zippers, snaps, Velcro hook-and-loop tape. In these examples, the wearable article consists of a single sheet of base material, which may be a nonwoven textile as described in more detail below. While a vest is shown in these examples, the wearable article could include arm sleeves with or without thermo module holders or integrated thermo modules. The principles of the inventive subject matter could be applied to other wearable articles, including pants, standalone head coverings, or standalone arm or leg sleeves.

[0075] The hoodie includes a second hood or head cover 15 that can overlap the first hood, creating a double hood construction. The second hood may or may not be removable or include thermo module holders and / or integrated thermo modules. This a non-limiting, representative example for illustrative purposes.

[0076] The torso portion and hood portion in this example embodiment of FIGs.1-6 are divided into multiple thermo-module holder zones, or thermo module integration zones 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 (torso portion zones), 32, 24, 26, 38 (removable hood portion zones) each corresponding to a specific area of the body and configured to. The back and front torso portions are broken into a 4-zone grid on each of the front and back torso portions. The wearable article of FIGs. 10-12 is similar but is broken into a 6-zone grid on each of the front and back torso portions. Other grids have different zone numbers are of course possible, and zones in a grid can have uniform or varying sizes.

[0077] 11

[0078] Docket No. FHL2002PCTThese zone grids are designed to manage body temperature effectively based on the specific heat production or heat loss characteristics of each area.

[0079] FIG. 3 shows an isolated view of a thermo holder module holder configured into, for instance, zone 16 of hoodie 10. It is configured to receive a removable thermo module 40 like that shown in FIG. 4. The holder in this example is a pocket or pouch with a closable top opening.

[0080] The hoodie has a plurality of left and right front zones on a frontside and a plurality of back torso zones on a backside corresponding to chest and back areas, respectively. These areas are known for high heat production in hot environments due to the large muscle groups located there, and high heat loss in cold environments due to their large surface area. Pockets or pouches in these zones can contain removable bladders filled with a high heat capacity gel or fluid. In this embodiment, the sides do not include pockets but are made of a stretchable mesh that provides for ventilation and good fit.

[0081] Looking at the hood 14, it includes one or more pockets like the one of FIG. 3. In this example, the hood includes pockets that overlie the top of the head and neck. The hood may also include side pockets corresponding to the sides of the head. The hood may be removable using a zipper coupling system, as is well known.

[0082] In certain embodiments, the wearable article may be a hoodie that includes double hoods, as best seen in FIGs. 1, 5, and 6. As noted, one hood may include one or more holders for thermo modules, and the other may not. Or both could include holders. Advantageously, by making the hood with holders removable, the removed hood could be placed in a cooling or warming station to regenerate a desired thermal condition of thermo modules in the holders. The other hood can still serve to warm or shade the user or to create an aesthetic or privacy effect, or to provide alternative cooling or warming through associated holders and thermo modules, independent of the removed hood. FIG. 6 shows hoodie 10 with hood 14 removed and second hood 15 folded or compacted down over a collar area. In summary, one or both hoods may include holders and / or integrated modules, and one or both could be removable.

[0083] 12

[0084] Docket No. FHL2002PCTAs used herein, the zones corresponding to anatomy are understood to he based on a wearable article sized for an intended wearer of user of a given size range. For example, standard sizing may include XS, S, M, L, XL, XXL for men, women, and children respectively. When the article is sized for an intender wearer or user, the described zones will substantially align with the corresponding anatomical zones of such a wearer or user when the article is properly worn.

[0085] Thermo Module Example: Bladders

[0086] Suitable bladders are ideally designed to be flexible and durable, capable of holding a gel or fluid with a high heat capacity. The bladders can be inserted and removed from the pockets or pouches on the garment as needed.

[0087] The bladders, when filled with a gel or fluid, can absorb, store, and release thermal energy, thereby helping to regulate the wearer’s skin surface or body temperature in both hot and cold environments. The size and volume of the bladders can be selected based on the specific temperature management needs of the wearer, providing a customizable solution for effective body temperature regulation. The bladders can be any desired geometrical shape. They can include holes or patterns, defined by exterior walls of encapsulant material, to facilitate venting. For example, a bladder could have a donut shape or grid-like pattern. The bladders may also have contours that conform to the anatomy. For example, a bladder for a head or a protruding body part could have a circular or other recessed area to help avoid slippage or to receive and conform to the protrusion.

[0088] The bladders or other thermo modules can vary in size according to factors like surface area of body to be covered in a zone, different body shapes and sizes, specific temperature management needs, weight considerations, and aesthetic considerations. They can have a length ranging from 5.0 cm to 65 cm or there about such range end points, a width ranging from 5.0 cm to 80 cm, or there about such range end points, and a height ranging from 1 cm to 20 cm, or there about such range end points. These are exemplary dimensions, and other dimensions may apply according to the referenced factors

[0089] 13

[0090] Docket No. FHL2002PCTGiven these dimensions, the volume of the bladders can range significantly. For a rectangular prism (which is a good approximation for our bladder), the volume is calculated by multiplying the length, width, and height. Therefore, a small bladder (5.0 cm x 5.0 cm x 1.0 cm) would have a volume of approximately 25 cubic cm, and a large bladder (65 cm x 80 cm x 20 cm) would have a volume of approximately 104,000 cubic cm (100.4 liters). Since the weight of 104 liters (assuming water as a fill material) would be too much for a human to handle in a wearable article, in practice, dimensions would need to be adjusted to reduce weights to what is feasible. For example, it would be generally impractical or undesirable for even large, strong humans to use a thermo module with a weight of over 25 kilograms.

[0091] Fluids and Gels

[0092] The removable bladders can be filled with various types of fluids or gels known for their use in ice packs. These could include water, hydrogel, or a phase-change material (PCM) that can absorb, store, and release thermal energy. The composition of these fluids or gels can be adjusted based on the specific temperature management needs of the wearer.

[0093] The bladders themselves can be made from a variety of materials that can encapsulate the fluids or gels. These could include flexible, durable materials that are resistant to punctures and leaks, such as silicone or thermoplastic elastomers.

[0094] In general, fluids or gels could be the same as used in known ice or gel packs.

[0095] Ice packs, also known as gel packs, typically contain a gel-like substance that is primarily composed of water, often more than 99%. Water is a common choice due to its high latent heat of fusion, meaning it can absorb a large amount of heat to transition from its solid form (ice) to liquid water. Additionally, water has a relatively high specific heat capacity, which means it resists changes in temperature.

[0096] Additives or ingredients that are commonly used in ice or gel packs to enhance their cooling properties include the following: propylene glycol, super absorbent polymers like sodium polyacrylate, hydroxyethyl cellulose, silica gel.

[0097] 14

[0098] Docket No. FHL2002PCTPhase transformations in fluids or gels refer to the change from one state of matter to another, such as from a solid to a liquid (melting), or from a liquid to a solid (freezing). These transformations occur at specific temperatures known as phase transition temperatures. For example, water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C under standard conditions. Materials engineered for selective phase transformations may be suitable for use in some embodiments of the inventive subject matter. For example, phase change materials (PCMs) offer certain advantages. PCMs are substances that absorb and release thermal energy during the process of melting and freezing. When a PCM melts, it absorbs heat from the surrounding environment, effectively “storing” this energy. When the PCM freezes, it releases the stored heat back into the environment.

[0099] This property makes PCMs extremely useful for temperature regulation. In the context of a wearable garment or gear, a PCM could be used as the fluid or gel within the bladders. As the wearer’s body heat warms the PCM, it would begin to melt, absorbing and storing the excess heat. This would help to cool the wearer and maintain a comfortable body temperature.

[0100] Conversely, if the wearer is in a cold environment, the PCM would release the stored heat as it freezes, helping to warm the wearer. The temperature at which the PCM melts and freezes can be chosen based on the desired comfort range for body temperature.

[0101] One of the key advantages of using PCMs for temperature regulation is that they maintain a nearly constant temperature during the phase change. This is because the heat energy goes into changing the phase of the material, rather than increasing its temperature. Therefore, the temperature of the PCM will remain nearly constant until the phase change is complete, providing consistent and effective temperature regulation.

[0102] Examples of PCMs that could be used in this context include paraffin waxes, fatty acids, or salt hydrates. These materials have different phase transition temperatures and thermal storage capacities, allowing them to be selected based on the specific temperature management needs of the wearer.

[0103] 15

[0104] Docket No. FHL2002PCTIn certain embodiments is a solid at normal room temperature but undergoes a phase change to a liquid when exposed to skin temperature of approximately 28° C. or above. The PCM absorbs more energy than a temperature change of the cooling material within the same phase and does not require charging (or pre-cooling or freezing to a lower temperature) prior to use.

[0105] In summary, phase transformations in fluids or gels provide a powerful mechanism for temperature regulation in wearable garments or gear. By absorbing and releasing heat during phase changes, these materials can help to maintain a comfortable body temperature in a variety of environmental conditions.

[0106] In terms of heat capacity, the enthalpy of some thermal cooling gels used in ice packs is in a range of 250J / g°C). to 330J / g°C)., which is significantly higher than the specific heat capacity of water (about 4.18 J / g°C). This means these gels can absorb or release more heat than an equivalent mass of water when they change temperature, making them effective for use in in heat transfer to or from a user's body. In some embodiments, the cooling gel or other material has a heat capacity, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, or 10.0 times that of water.

[0107] Alternative Embodiment: Integrated Bladders

[0108] In an alternative embodiment, the bladders or other thermo module are integrated directly into the garment or gear, rather than being removable. This design could offer a more streamlined fit and eliminate the need for the wearer to insert and remove the bladders.

[0109] The integrated bladders may still be filled with a gel or fluid with a high heat capacity, and they may still correspond to the anatomical zones that map, for example, to areas of relative high sweat production in hot environments or high heat loss in cold environments.

[0110] The bladders could be integrated into the garment or gear using various methods. For example, they could be sewn directly into the fabric, or they could be encapsulated within the layers of the garment or gear during the manufacturing process. The specific method of integration would depend on the design of the garment or gear and the specific needs of the wearer.

[0111] 16

[0112] Docket No. FHL2002PCTFIGs. 10-12 show an example embodiment of a garment 110 with integrated bladders 40, 41. Tn this example, the garment is a hoodie vest. FIG. 10 shows the inside view of the garment. The bladders are affixed directly to the surface of a base material forming the garment or at least an inner layer of the garment.

[0113] The garment includes a back portion with four rectangular bladders and several smaller and rounded bladders configured for a shoulder area. The garment includes left and right panels for draping over the left and right sides of the front torso of a user. A similar arrangement of bladders is in each front panel. The back panel and the front panels are interconnected by left and right spacer panels that drape over the sides of the user. In this example the side panels do not include bladders. The side panels may be made using a ventilating mesh material. The side panels may be stretch material to better conform to a user’s body. In other embodiments the side panels may include bladders.

[0114] Extending from the shoulder area of the back portion is a hood 114 that includes bladders for draping over a user’s neck and head areas and the left and right sides of the user’s face.

[0115] The size and shape of the integrated bladders could be customized based on the specific temperature management needs of the wearer and the design of the garment or gear. For example, a jacket might have larger bladders in the torso area and smaller bladders in the arms and optional hood. In the embodiment of FIGs. 10-12, there are larger, rectangular bladders 40 in the torso portion and smaller, round bladders 41 in the shoulder, neck and head portions (only representative bladders labeled with reference numbers).

[0116] The materials used for the integrated bladders may be like those used for the removable bladders. They would need to be flexible and durable, capable of holding the gel or fluid and resistant to punctures and leaks. In the embodiment of FIGs. 10-12, the bladders 40, 41 have a flange area like flange 42 that is seen in FIG. 4. The bladders attach to the base garment material by stitching or bonding of the flange to the base material of the wearable article.

[0117] 17

[0118] Docket No. FHL2002PCTSpun Bound Synthetic Polymer

[0119] In certain embodiments, the base material is synthetic drapable sheet material made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or similar synthetic fibers. These materials may be lightweight, durable, water-resistant, breathable, and tear resistant. One example of such a material is soft-structure Tyvek® synthetic sheet material, composed of spunbound HDPE fibers. Tyvek® material suitable for garments is available from DuPont

[0120] (https: / / www.dupont.com / brands / tyvek.html).

[0121] Similar materials to spunbound HDPE that could serve as alternatives for the base material include polypropylene, which is lightweight, durable, water-resistant, and breathable, and commonly used in non-woven fabrics for medical textiles and geotextiles. Polyethylene terephthalate (polyester) is recognized for its strength, durability, and resistance to stretching and shrinking, and is widely utilized in clothing, containers, and packaging. Polyurethane fabrics, known for flexibility, durability, and water-resistance, are often employed in outdoor and sportswear due to their comfort and protective characteristics. Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon®), also supplied by DuPont, is highly resistant to heat, chemicals, and moisture, making it suitable for protective clothing and specialized gear. Nylon, a synthetic polymer noted for its strength, durability, and abrasion resistance, is frequently used in activewear, outerwear, and military equipment. These materials offer properties similar to those of spunbound HDPE, making them viable alternatives for inclusion in temperature-regulating garments or gear.

[0122] This alternative embodiment provides another option for effective body temperature regulation, facilitating a more seamless integration of the temperature management system into the garment or gear.

[0123] The foregoing materials may have a range of weights that can be selected from to address desired properties in a wearable article like lightweight and durability:

[0124] Polyurethane-based membranes: These materials typically weigh about 5 to 25 grams per square meter.

[0125] 18

[0126] Docket No. FHL2002PCTPolyester: This material is commonly used in clothing and has a weight range of approximately 60 to 150 grams per square meter.

[0127] Polypropylene: Lightweight and durable, polypropylene fabrics used in apparel generally weigh around 30 to 100 grams per square meter.

[0128] Nylon: Known for its strength and durability, nylon fabrics used in activewear and outerwear typically weigh between 70 to 200 grams per square meter.

[0129] Spunbound is a method used to produce nonwoven fabrics. In this process, thermoplastic polymers such as polypropylene, polyethylene, or polyester are melted and extruded through fine nozzles to form continuous filaments. These filaments are then laid down in a random pattern onto a conveyor belt, where they are bonded together through heat, pressure, or chemical means to create a cohesive fabric. The result is a lightweight, durable, and breathable material that can be used in various applications, including medical textiles, geotextiles, and garment manufacturing.

[0130] Alternative processes for creating drapable sheet material of synthetic polymer include the following:

[0131] Meltblown: In the meltblown process, thermoplastic polymers are melted and extruded through nozzles to form fine fibers. These fibers are blown by high-velocity hot air onto a conveyor belt, where they form a web. The web is then bonded together through heat or pressure to create a nonwoven fabric. Meltblown fabrics are known for their fine fiber structure and excellent filtration properties, making them suitable for applications such as face masks, air filters, and medical garments.

[0132] Electrospinning: Electrospinning is a technique used to produce ultra-fine fibers from a polymer solution. In this process, a high-voltage electric field is applied to the polymer solution, causing it to eject a jet of polymer that solidifies into fine fibers as the solvent evaporates. These fibers are collected on a grounded surface to form a nonwoven fabric. Electrospun fabrics have a high

[0133] 19

[0134] Docket No. FHL2002PCTsurface area and porosity, making them ideal for applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and advanced filtration.

[0135] Solution Spinning: Solution spinning involves dissolving a polymer in a suitable solvent to create a polymer solution. This solution is then extruded through a spinneret into a coagulation bath, where the polymer solidifies into fibers. These fibers are washed, dried, and collected to form a nonwoven fabric. Solution spinning is often used for producing fibers from polymers that are difficult to melt, such as aramids and polyacrylonitrile.

[0136] Wet Laid Process: The wet laid process is similar to traditional papermaking. In this method, a slurry of synthetic polymer fibers and water is formed and then deposited onto a moving screen. The water is drained away, leaving behind a web of fibers that is then bonded together through heat, pressure, or chemical means to create a nonwoven fabric. Wet laid fabrics are known for their uniformity and smooth surface, making them suitable for applications such as wipes, filtration media, and specialty papers.

[0137] Needlepunching: Needlepunching is a mechanical process used to bond nonwoven fabrics. In this method, a web of synthetic polymer fibers is passed through a series of barbed needles that entangle the fibers, creating a cohesive fabric. Needlepunching is often used for producing durable and resilient fabrics used in applications such as carpeting, automotive interiors, and geotextiles.

[0138] These alternative processes provide various options for creating drapable sheet materials from synthetic polymers, each with its own unique properties and applications.

[0139] Accordingly, the inventive subject matter in certain embodiments is directed to various processes for producing non-woven and non-knit drapable sheet materials from synthetic polymers for use in a thermo management garment. These processes generally involve forming fine fibers or filaments from non-naturally sourced polymeric materials and arranging these fibers randomly to create a cohesive web. The web is then bonded together through various methods such as heat, pressure, or chemical means to form a nonwoven fabric. (As used herein, “nonwoven” means a 20

[0140] Docket No. FHL2002PCTtextile that excludes both woven and knit materials.) These nonwoven fabrics are distinguished from standard woven and knit textiles by their unique fiber arrangement and bonding techniques, which impart specific properties suited for diverse applications.

[0141] Common aspects of the listed processes include:

[0142] • Utilizing synthetic polymers, which are melted or dissolved to form fine fibers or filaments.

[0143] • Creating fibers or filaments through extrusion, electrospinning, or other similar techniques.

[0144] • Depositing the fibers randomly to form a web on a surface, such as a conveyor belt or a grounded collector.

[0145] • Bonding the fibers together through heat, pressure, or chemical methods to create a cohesive fabric with desired properties.

[0146] The resulting nonwoven drapable sheet materials may be lightweight, durable, and breathable. These nonwoven fabrics are characterized by their high surface area, fine fiber structure, distinguishing them from conventional woven and knit textiles.

[0147] Alternative Embodiment: Interconnected Bladders with Valve and Pump System

[0148] In this alternative embodiment, the garment or gear features a plurality of bladders located in various zones. These bladders are interconnected through a network of channels that allow the fluid or gel to flow between them. This design allows for dynamic temperature regulation across different areas of the body.

[0149] Interconnected Bladders and Channels

[0150] The interconnected bladders are strategically placed in various zones across the garment or gear. These zones correspond to areas of the body with high sweat production in hot environments or high heat loss in cold environments. The bladders are connected through a series of channels that allow the fluid or gel to flow between them. The channels could be constructed from a flexible,

[0151] 21

[0152] Docket No. FHL2002PCTdurable material that is resistant to punctures and leaks. The size and shape of the channels would be designed to facilitate the flow of fluid or gel, but also to conform comfortably to the body when the garment or gear is worn.

[0153] Valve and Pump System

[0154] A built-in valve and pump system allows the wearer to control the flow of fluid or gel between the bladders. The user can select which zones to fill based on their specific temperature management needs. For example, if the user is feeling overheated in the chest area but cold in the arms, they could use the valve and pump system to direct more fluid or gel to the arm bladders and less to the chest bladders. The valve system could be manually operated, or it could be automated with a control unit that allows the user to easily select the desired settings. The pump system could be powered by a small, rechargeable battery integrated into the garment or gear. The materials used for the interconnected bladders, channels, and valve and pump system would be similar to those used in the previous embodiments. They would need to be flexible and durable, capable of holding the fluid or gel and resistant to punctures and leaks.

[0155] Micro pumps are small, often portable pumps that are used for precise fluid control. They can be either manual or electric and are suitable for a wide range of applications. They may be well-suited for use in an alternative embodiment. Known types of micro pumps include the following:

[0156] Piezoelectric Micro Pumps: These are miniature, slim, and lightweight diaphragm micro pumps that enable continuous micro fluid delivery. They are highly chemically inert as metals are not used as wetted materials.

[0157] Electroosmotic Pumps: These pumps utilize electrical fields to move fluids through porous media. They are often used in microfluidic applications where precise control of tiny fluid volumes is crucial.

[0158] Thermopneumatic Pumps: These pumps rely on temperature changes to generate pressure differentials, thus moving fluids.

[0159] 22

[0160] Docket No. FHL2002PCTValves

[0161] Various kinds of known valves may be well-suited for use in an alternative embodiment. Known types of valves include the following:

[0162] Solenoid Valve: The electromechanical solenoid valve is suitable for a wide range of uses, including air (pneumatics), oxygen, vacuum, pool water, light oils, and neutral gases. It operates by moving a core through an electrically powered solenoid to open or close the valve, thereby controlling fluid passage.

[0163] Check Valve: Based on fluid pressure, a check valve prevents backflow in conduits. The valve opens while fluid moves ahead, but it automatically closes when the flow changes.

[0164] Ball Valve: A ball valve, known for its cost-effective and lightweight design, efficiently halts fluid or gas flow by rotating a ball 90° around its axis.

[0165] Gate Valve: A gate valve opens or closes the pipe completely by vertically sliding the gate away from (or into) the path of the flowing liquid.

[0166] Pressure Relief Valve: A Pressure Relief Valve (PRV) is a safety valve that safeguards systems from excessive pressure, preventing potential accidents. When pressure surpasses the set limit, the PRV opens, diverting fluid to maintain safety.

[0167] These pumps and valves can be selected based on the specific requirements of the system, such as pressure rating, size and flow capacity, desired flow condition, temperature limits, shutoff response to leakage, equipment and pipes connected, and material compatibility and durability.

[0168] Optional Electrical and Mechanical Components

[0169] In other alternative embodiments, the wearable article may include any one or more of various electrical or mechanical components. For example, the article may include an integrated 23

[0170] Docket No. FHL2002PCTcontroller and temperature sensors, which, for example, may work in conjunction with the pump and valves to regulate body temperature effectively.

[0171] Temperature sensors are placed in desired zone of the garment or gear. These sensors continuously monitor the wearer’ s body temperature in each zone, providing real-time data to the controller. The sensors could be thin, flexible devices that conform to the body and do not interfere with the wearer’ s movement or comfort. They could be based on technologies such as thermistors or resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), which are known for their accuracy and sensitivity.

[0172] An integrated controller is typically a small, lightweight device that is built into the wearable article. It receives the temperature data from the sensors and may use this information to control, for example, the operation of any pump and valves. The controller could include a microprocessor and memory for storing control algorithms and temperature set points.

[0173] The controller may operate a pump to move the fluid or gel through the channels and into the bladders in the zones where cooling or heating is most needed. For example, if sensors detect that the wearer’s body temperature is rising in the chest area, the controller will operate the pump to move more fluid or gel into the bladders in the chest zone.

[0174] The controller may also operate any valves to control the flow of fluid or gel between the bladders. For example, it could close the valves leading to the bladders in the arm zones if the sensors detect that these areas are sufficiently cool.

[0175] A system of integrated controller, temperature sensors, pump, and valves allows for dynamic temperature regulation across different areas of the body. By continuously monitoring body temperature and adjusting the distribution of fluid or gel as needed, it offers the potential for enhanced comfort and performance in a wide range of environmental conditions.

[0176] Wearable devices may use controllers in the form of repurposed smartphone processors. For instance, the Apple Watch uses a version of Apple’s own S-series processors. Other companies 24

[0177] Docket No. FHL2002PCThave designed processors specifically for wearables. For example, MediaTek has designed a highly integrated processor for smartwatches. Qualcomm has also rolled out a wearables processor, which is popular for Android Wear. Samsung uses a version of its Exynos processor in its Gear watches. Another type of processor that could be used is the MIPS (Micro-processors without Interlocked Pipeline Stages) processor, developed by Imagination Technologies into the Warrior 64-bit processor.

[0178] Temperature Sensors

[0179] The optional temperature sensors can be based on various technologies, such as:

[0180] Thermistors: A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance changes significantly with temperature. By measuring this resistance, the device can calculate the temperature. Thermistors are appreciated for their precision and rapid response times.

[0181] Infrared Sensors: For non-contact temperature measurements, some wearables use infrared sensors. These devices detect the infrared energy emitted by the user’s skin and convert it into a temperature reading.

[0182] Temperature Thermistors: These sensors detect skin surface temperature.

[0183] Graphene-Based Sensors: Graphene, along with other materials like pure metals, metal nanowires, conductive polymers, and carbon materials (including carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphene oxide, etc.) are used in temperature- sensitive materials.

[0184] For any embodiment that includes a controller, the software, or other executable set of instructions, used in wearable devices can vary greatly depending on the device’s function and the operating system it uses. Some popular platforms for wearable devices include Apple’s watchOS, Google’s Wear OS, Samsung’s Tizen, and others. These platforms provide the foundation for the device’s, the software, or other executable set of instructions, including the operating system, user interface, and applications. The software, or other executable set of instructions, for wearable devices often includes an application or software that allows the user to check the collected data from his phone7. This could be something like an IoT monitoring dashboard, except the wearable has a simpler interface to understand the collected data. As 25

[0185] Docket No. FHL2002PCTalways, the specific types of processors, temperature sensors, and software used would depend on the specific requirements of the system, such as power consumption, size, cost, and the specific temperature management needs of the wearer.

[0186] FIG. 13 shows an example of the thermo-mechanical system that includes fluidly interconnected bladders. The figure illustrates a multi-bladder fluid management system comprising four bladder compartments (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4) arranged in a rectangular quadrant configuration. Each bladder is equipped with a sensor (S1-S4) to monitor fluid parameters (e.g., temperature, pressure, volume). The bladders are interconnected via a network of fluid transfer lines, each fitted with control valves (V1-V10) to regulate directional flow.

[0187] A centrally disposed pump facilitates active fluid transfer between bladders, while a programmable controller orchestrates valve states and pump operation based on sensor and / or user feedback input. The controller includes a wireless transceiver to communicate with a remote mobile device (e.g., smartphone or tablet), enabling user-directed control via a dedicated application.

[0188] An input / output valve is integrated into the system to permit external fluid introduction or extraction.

[0189] Operational Example:

[0190] To transfer fluid from Q1 to Q4:

[0191] • The controller receives a command from the mobile app.

[0192] • Valves V1, V4, and V7 open, while the pump activates.

[0193] • Sensors S1 and S4 confirm fluid temperatures in real time.

[0194] • The controller adjusts flow rates or terminates transfer upon reaching target thresholds.

[0195] Alternative Embodiment: Remote Device for Heating or Chilling A Thermal Reservoir In another alternative embodiment, the thermal reservoir is a fluid, gas, or gel circulated through the system that is heated or chilled by a remote device. This device or may be specifically 26

[0196] Docket No. FHL2002PCTconfigured to heat or chill the fluid, gas, or gel based on the wearer’s temperature needs, e.g., based on temperature sensing.

[0197] The remote device could be a stationary unit, such as a home appliance, or it could be part of a vehicle, such as a motorcycle used by the wearer. This device would include a heating or chilling mechanism, such as a heating coil or a refrigeration unit, to adjust the temperature of the flowable thermal reservoir substance.

[0198] The remote device would also include a tank or other vessel to hold the fluid or gel while it is being heated or chilled. Once the fluid or gel has reached the desired temperature, it can be pumped back into the wearable article.

[0199] Alternative Embodiment: Unitary, Seamless Wearable Article

[0200] In some embodiments, the wearable article could have a seamless fusion of sections that have varying materials or material properties so as to provide an object with unitary construction. Creating a unitary seamless garment with integrated pockets, pouches, and / or bladders requires advanced, but known knitting and weaving techniques. Here are some techniques that could be used:

[0201] Knitting Techniques

[0202] Whole Garment Knitting: This is a technique used to create a complete, three-dimensional garment in one piece without the need for additional sewing or linking. This could be used to create the main body of the garment, including the integrated pockets and pouches.

[0203] Double Knitting: This technique creates two layers of fabric at the same time, which could be used to create the bladders. The two layers are knitted simultaneously, allowing pockets of air (or in this case, pockets for the fluid or gel) to be trapped between them.

[0204] 27

[0205] Docket No. FHL2002PCTJacquard Knitting: This technique allows for the creation of complex, multi-color patterns and could be used to create areas of selective venting in the garment. By varying the tightness of the knit in different areas, it’s possible to create zones of greater or lesser breathability.

[0206] Weaving Techniques

[0207] 3D Weaving: This technique involves interlacing yams or threads at right angles to create a three-dimensional fabric. This could be used to create the integrated bladders within the garment.

[0208] Double Weave: This technique creates a fabric with two interconnected layers, which could be used, for example, to create the pockets or pouches for the bladders.

[0209] Jacquard Weave: This technique allows for the creation of intricate, patterned fabrics and could be used to create areas of selective venting in the garment.

[0210] By using such techniques, it is possible to create zones of different materials and / or material properties, e.g., zones with greater or lesser thermal conductivity, breathability, durability, dimensionality, etc.

[0211] Selective Thermal Properties:

[0212] To achieve the desired thermal properties of a body-facing side with relatively high thermo transmissivity and an exterior or opposite relatively low thermo transmissivity, the following steps may be used:

[0213] Example Materials and Construction:

[0214] Knit Construction: Use weft knitting for the body-facing side. Weft knitting creates loops that run back and forth, allowing flexibility and breathability. For the exterior side, consider warp knitting, which produces loops running up and down. Warp knitting provides stability and insulation.

[0215] 28

[0216] Docket No. FHL2002PCTThermo Transmissive: For the body-facing side, choose materials like lightweight wool, bamboo, or moisture-wicking synthetics. These allow heat transfer and moisture management. Again, opt for open knit structures (e.g., mesh or rib stitches) to enhance breathability. For the exterior-facing side, select insulating materials such as fleece, thermal knits, or quilted fabrics. Relatively thicker yams or double-layer knitting may be used to create insulation. Optionally, a windproof or water-resistant layer may be added on the exterior to enhance insulation.

[0217] Alternative Embodiment: Wearable Article with Thermochromic Material for Indicating the Status of Thermo Module

[0218] The inventive subject matter contemplates that thermochromic materials or agents may be incorporated in the wearable articles and / or the removeable bladders to create temperaturesensitive color changes. The color changes may be mapped to a temperature, an indication of how much cooling or heating capacity is left in a bladder, and / or an indication at a user's body part, to indicate if cooling or heating is needed or completed. For example, a zone of a garment could include a thermochromic material or agent that turns red when the corresponding body zone of a user is considered to be overheated and in need of cooling. A zone of a garment could include a thermochromic agent that turns blue to indicate warming is needed. A cool bladder could include in or on the encapsulating layer of the bladder a thermochromic agent that is blue when cooled and ready for use in a cooling application, green when its cooling capacity is about half used, and red when its capacity to cool is expended. Accordingly, thermochromic indicators may indicate a single color for a binary information or multiple colors indicating a range of information. The multiple colors may be in pattern or sequence like the colors of the light spectrum (e.g., visual spectrum like a rainbow’s colors). Common types of thermochromic materials or agents include:

[0219] Thermochromic Liquid Crystals: These are compounds that change color based on temperature fluctuations. When heated or cooled, the arrangement of their molecules shifts, altering the color of light they reflect. You'll find them in forehead strip thermometers, mood rings, and even coffee cups that change color when hot drinks are poured into them.

[0220] 29

[0221] Docket No. FHL2002PCTLeuco Dyes: These special pigments appear one color at room temperature but shift to a different shade when heated. They're commonly used in textiles and apparel, allowing fabrics to change color with temperature.

[0222] Optional Miscellaneous Electronics

[0223] The inventive subject matter may optionally include integrated electronic sensors for various applications. Here are a few examples:

[0224] Smart Textiles for Vital Signs Monitoring: e.g., woven electronic sensors may be integrated into wearable articles, as is known in the art. Such sensors can monitor vital signs such as temperature, respiration, and heart rate. These smart textiles snugly conform to the body, allowing precise data collection.

[0225] Wireless module: a wireless module may be used to communicate monitored data to / from athletic trainers or patient caregivers, for example. The wireless module may communicate with controllers disclosed herein to control any mechanical systems associated with a wearable, e.g., a pump or thermoelectric cooler.

[0226] Temperature-Sensitive Fabrics: Some fabrics incorporate temperature sensors using conductive threads coated with cotton. These materials can detect human body temperature and transmit signals to motors on the fabric.

[0227] Alternative Cooling and Warming Mechanisms

[0228] When it comes to cooling, wearable article zones may include instead of or in addition to bladders electrically based cooling or warming mechanisms integrated into wearable article zones such as the following:

[0229] Thermoelectric Coolers (Peltier Devices): These solid-state devices use the Peltier effect to create a heat flux at the junction of two different materials. When a DC electric current flows 30

[0230] Docket No. FHL2002PCTthrough the device, it transfers heat from one side to the other, resulting in one side getting cooler while the other gets hotter.

[0231] Peltier coolers can be used for both heating and cooling, but their primary application is cooling. They have advantages like lack of moving parts, long life, and flexibility in shape.

[0232] Common thermoelectric materials include bismuth telluride, lead telluride, silicon-germanium, and bismuth antimonide alloys.

[0233] Non-electric Cooling: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) scientists have developed a material inspired by camel fur that can keep items cold for extended periods without electricity or ice packs. The material combines a hydrogel with an upper layer of an aerogel.

[0234] Dual Cooling in a Zone

[0235] In another possible embodiment, the inventive subject matter relates to a garment or other wearable article wherein there are two or more modes of cooling built into each of one or more zones. A first mode is a chilled or warmed bladder disposed in a zone. A second mode of cooling is an evaporative cooling system that supplements the bladder, or which operates instead of the bladder, if the bladder is not in place or is expended. There are various known means for evaporative cooling, as discussed elsewhere herein. Another mode of cooling is a thermo module that includes an endothermic powder or composition that can be user activated. Another mode of cooling or warming is use of an electrically powered mechanism, as discussed elsewhere herein.

[0236] Optional Use of Evaporative Cooling Means

[0237] In some embodiments, the inventive subject matter may incorporate into selective zones of a wearable article evaporative cooling means. Evaporative cooling means could also be a removable thermo module that is used in or on a pocket, pouch or other holder of a thermo module.

[0238] 31

[0239] Docket No. FHL2002PCTIn some embodiments, the evaporative cooling means may be a layer in a zone of a wearable article that is above or below the area where a bladder is disposed. Or it can be adjacent the bladder. For example, a central portion of a zone could be covered by a bladder and side portions could be covered by evaporative cooling means or vice versa. In other embodiments, some zones are covered only by bladder and other zones by evaporative cooling means. In other embodiments, the evaporative cooling means may be a removable component, or it may be integrated with a bladder. For example, a bladder could have a donut shape with the whole area filled with an evaporative cooling means.

[0240] Evaporative cooling textiles are designed to enhance the cooling effect through the process of evaporation. These textiles can be constructed in various ways, using different materials and structures to maximize their cooling efficiency. Common textile constructions used for evaporative cooling include those that integrate (1) superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), and (2) special fiber or yarn arrangements:

[0241] Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) Integrated Textiles

[0242] Superabsorbent polymers can absorb and retain large amounts of water relative to their mass. In textiles, SAPs may be incorporated into fibers, yarns, or fabric coatings for water retention and thereby to create and prolong an evaporative cooling effect.

[0243] SAP-Embedded Nonwoven Fabrics: Nonwoven fabrics can be impregnated with SAP particles. These particles swell when wetted, providing a prolonged evaporative cooling effect. The nonwoven structure allows for high water uptake and rapid evaporation.

[0244] SAP Coated Yarns: Yarns can be coated with a layer of SAP. These yarns can then be woven or knitted into fabrics. The coating ensures a high-water retention capacity while maintaining flexibility and breathability.

[0245] Layered Constructions with SAPs: Fabrics can be constructed with multiple layers, where an inner layer contains SAPs to absorb water, and an outer layer facilitates evaporation. The inner 32

[0246] Docket No. FHL2002PCTlayer holds the water close to the body, while the outer layer maximizes the surface area for evaporation.

[0247] Common types of SAPs include:

[0248] Polyacrylate-based SAPs: Sodium Polyacrylate: One of the most widely used SAPs, known for its high absorbency and retention capacity. Commonly found in disposable diapers, sanitary napkins, and adult incontinence products.

[0249] Potassium Polyacrylate: Used in agricultural applications for water retention in soil and hydrogel-based products.

[0250] Polyacrylamide-based SAPs: Cross-linked Polyacrylamide: Used in agricultural and horticultural products to improve soil moisture retention. Also used in certain medical and personal care products.

[0251] Cellulose-based SAPs: Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC): A cellulose derivative that can be used as an SAP. It is biodegradable and used in various applications, including food, pharmaceuticals, and textiles.

[0252] Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (HEC): Another cellulose derivative used in similar applications as CMC, with a focus on cosmetics and personal care products.

[0253] Starch-based SAPs: Starch-grafted Polyacrylate: Combines natural starch with synthetic polymers to create an absorbent material. Often used in eco-friendly products due to its partially biodegradable nature.

[0254] Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA): Cross-linked Polyvinyl Alcohol: Known for its good absorbent properties and biocompatibility.

[0255] 33

[0256] Docket No. FHL2002PCTGellan Gum: A polysaccharide produced by bacteria, used as a gelling agent in food and pharmaceuticals. It also has water-absorbing properties and can be used in specialized applications requiring biodegradable SAPs.

[0257] Chitosan-based SAPs: Derived from chitin, found in the shells of crustaceans. Chitosan- based SAPs are biodegradable.

[0258] Polyurethane-based SAPs: Cross-linked Polyurethanes.

[0259] The ability of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) to regenerate, or be reused after releasing absorbed water, varies significantly among different types. Generally, SAPs are designed for one-time use because their superabsorbent properties can degrade over time with repeated absorption and desorption cycles. However, some SAPs have better regeneration capabilities than others. Here’s an overview of the regeneration potential of various SAPs.

[0260] Polyacrylate-based SAPs, e.g., Sodium Polyacrylate: Typically, these SAPs are not designed for regeneration. Repeated absorption and desorption can reduce their effectiveness due to the breakdown of the polymer network.

[0261] Potassium Polyacrylate: Similar to sodium polyacrylate, regeneration is limited, and effectiveness decreases with repeated use.

[0262] Polyacrylamide-based SAPs: Cross-linked Polyacrylamide: Some polyacrylamide-based SAPs can endure limited regeneration cycles, but their absorbent capacity diminishes over time.

[0263] Cellulose-based SAPs: Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (HEC): These cellulose derivatives can undergo some regeneration, but their absorbent properties are also reduced with each cycle. They are more biodegradable and eco- friendlier, making them more suitable for single-use applications.

[0264] Starch-based SAPs, e.g., Starch-grafted Polyacrylate: These SAPs can have some regenerative capability but are generally less durable compared to purely synthetic polymers. Their

[0265] 34

[0266] Docket No. FHL2002PCTbiodegradability makes them more suitable for applications where eco-friendliness is prioritized over reusability.

[0267] Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), e.g., Cross-linked Polyvinyl Alcohol: PVA-based SAPs can have good regeneration capabilities, especially in applications where biocompatibility and repeated absorption are required. They are often used in medical and industrial applications for their reusability.

[0268] Gellan Gum: Gellan gum can undergo limited regeneration but is more suitable for applications where biodegradability and natural origin are critical.

[0269] Chitosan-based SAPs: Chitosan-based SAPs can regenerate to some extent, but their absorbent capacity diminishes over repeated cycles. Their biocompatibility and biodegradability make them suitable for specific applications like medical and agricultural uses.

[0270] Polyurethane-based SAPs: Polyurethane-based SAPs can be designed for better regeneration compared to other types. They are often used in industrial applications where repeated absorption and desorption are needed.

[0271] Considerations for Regenerable SAPs in Textiles

[0272] For textiles designed for evaporative cooling, regeneration capability can be a desirable feature, particularly in applications where the fabric is expected to be reused multiple times. SAPs with better regeneration capabilities, such as those based on polyvinyl alcohol or specially formulated polyurethanes, might be preferred. However, even regenerable SAPs will experience a decline in performance over time. Approaches to enhancing the regeneration capability of SAPs include:

[0273] Chemical Cross-linking: Adjusting the degree of cross-linking to balance absorbency and durability.

[0274] Composite Materials: Combining SAPs with other materials to enhance structural integrity and regeneration potential.

[0275] 35

[0276] Docket No. FHL2002PCTEncapsulation: Encapsulating SAPs within a protective matrix to improve their stability and reusability.

[0277] Fiber- and Yarn-Based Arrangements for Evaporative Cooling

[0278] In other embodiments, instead of or in addition to SAP-based evaporative cooling means, evaporative cooling can be achieved through special arrangements of fibers or yarns in textile constructions can enhance water retention, distribution, and evaporation rates. Fiber and yarn based evaporative cooling means include the following:

[0279] Microfiber Fabrics: Microfibers have a high surface area to volume ratio, allowing them to hold more water and enhance evaporation. Fabrics made from microfibers can rapidly wick moisture away from the skin and distribute it evenly across the fabric surface for efficient evaporation.

[0280] Capillary- Action Yarns: Yarns designed with capillary channels can draw moisture through capillary action. These yarns can be woven or knitted into fabrics that effectively distribute water throughout the material, enhancing the cooling effect as the water evaporates.

[0281] Three-Dimensional Knitted Fabrics: 3D knitted structures can create spaces within the fabric that hold water while maintaining breathability. The open structure allows air to flow through, promoting evaporation and cooling.

[0282] Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Fiber Blends: Blending hydrophilic and hydrophobic fibers can create fabrics that efficiently manage moisture. Hydrophilic fibers absorb and retain water, while hydrophobic fibers facilitate quick drying and evaporation.

[0283] Special Textile Constructions: these focus on the arrangement of fibers and the overall fabric architecture to maximize evaporative cooling and include the following types of constructions:

[0284] • Mesh Fabrics: Mesh fabrics have an open structure that allows for excellent airflow.

[0285] When wetted, the increased air circulation through the mesh promotes rapid evaporation, providing a cooling effect.

[0286] 36

[0287] Docket No. FHL2002PCT• Waffle Weave Fabrics: Waffle weaves create a textured surface with pockets that can trap water. The increased surface area and air pockets enhance evaporation rates and cooling efficiency.

[0288] • Spacer Fabrics: Spacer fabrics consist of two layers of fabric connected by a network of filaments or yarns. This creates a 3D structure that can hold water in the spaces between the layers, allowing for continuous evaporation and cooling.

[0289] Phase Change Materials (PCMs) for Evaporative Cooling

[0290] Although not directly related to evaporative cooling, PCMs can be integrated into textiles to provide cooling through absorption and release of heat. For example, PCM-embedded textiles are fabrics that can contain microcapsules filled with PCMs. These materials absorb heat when they melt and release heat when they solidify, providing a cooling effect. When combined with evaporative cooling methods, they can enhance overall thermal regulation.

[0291] Kit of Bladders and Cooling / Warming Station

[0292] In another possible embodiment, the bladders or other form of thermo module may be sold in a kit that includes a station for cooling or warming the bladders. The station may be, for example, a refrigerated ice chest or a warming oven or a custom designed cabinet with receptacles for replenishing the cooling or heating capacity of a thermo module.

[0293] Referring to an exemplary embodiment thermo module of FIG. 4, the thermo module may be made in different shapes (e.g., rectangular, circular, cylindrical, etc.) as a matter of choice and for special applications. The module may be made of an outer container having supple plastic film forming walls and sealed along the peripheral edges to form a liquid tight seal. The film may be single ply or co-extrusions of different polymers or laminated films having the same properties or different properties. The walls are formed of materials that will be impervious to each of the ingredients and to the resulting combination. The outer container may be made using a tubular plastic film that is sealed at the opposite ends. The plastic film may be thermoplastic

[0294] 37

[0295] Docket No. FHL2002PCTand sealed by heat and pressure. If other plastic films are used, adhesives or solvents may form the seal.

[0296] A wide range of polymer materials may be utilized for the containment or encapsulating portion of a bladder or other thermo module. In selecting materials for such a module, engineering properties of the material (e.g., tensile strength, stretch properties, fatigue characteristics, dynamic modulus, and flexibility at different temperatures) as well as the ability of the material to prevent the diffusion of the material contained by the module. When formed of thermoplastic urethane (TPU), for example, the material forming the containment portion may, for example, have a thickness of approximately 1.0 millimeter, but the thickness may range from 0.25 to 2.0 millimeters or more, for example. In addition to TPU, suitable polymer materials for a module include polyurethane, polyester, polyester polyurethane, and polyether polyurethane, for example.

[0297] The main body of a wearable article may include a base layer that supports or integrates with a holder for a thermo module. One or more other layers may be fully or partially co-extensive with the base layer, e.g., waterproof breathable layer, comfort layer, durability layer, and / or insulating layer.

[0298] The fabrics or membranes used in the layers of the inventive subject matter may be selected to optimize body contact for treatment application, as well as wearer comfort so the article remains on the wearer. Comfort includes but is not limited to freedom of movement, breathability, anatomical conformity, and softness on skin contact. For an article of clothing, the base layer may be of any appropriate material that provides desired attributes, e.g., comfort and conformity to the anatomical form, durability, thermal insulation, etc. The base layer may be selected from textiles of natural fibers (including, but not limited to cotton, calico, hemp, bamboo, silk, wool, linen), synthetic fibers (including but not limited, to spandex, rayon, polyester, rayon, acrylic, olefin, Dacron, microfiber, Lycra,) or any suitable blends or combinations thereof.

[0299] In some embodiments, the wearable article may include a breathability in layer to help maintain the heat balance and dryness of the wearer’s body during various level of activity. The

[0300] 38

[0301] Docket No. FHL2002PCTbreathability layer may be a waterproof breathable (WBR) membrane like GORE- TEX® membranes. WBR membranes may be ePFTEs (expanded polytetra-flouroethylene). While waterproof breathable (WBR) membranes and coatings are often selected for their waterproof capabilities, the breathability of these fabrics is limited to the process of diffusion. The inventive subject matter contemplates that the optional breathability layer can be formed from any of various barrier breathable materials, which are known to persons skilled in the art, including:

[0302] • Closely woven fabrics

[0303] • Microporous and monolithic membranes and coatings

[0304] • Hydrophobic membranes and coatings

[0305] • Combination of microporous and hydrophilic membranes and coating

[0306] • Retroreflective microbeads

[0307] • Smart breathable fabrics

[0308] • Fabrics based on biomimetics

[0309] For waterproof or resistant barrier layers, the following is an outerwear waterproofness rating scale that has been used in the outerwear industry.

[0310] Waterproof Rating

[0311] Level of Water Resistance

[0312] (mm)

[0313] 0-5, 000mm No resistance / Little resistance

[0314] 6,000- 10,000mm Some resistance. Rainproof and waterproof under light pressure Normal resistance. Rainproof and waterproof except under high 11, 000- 15, 000mm

[0315] pressure.

[0316] 16, 000-20, 000mm High resistance. Rainproof and waterproof under high pressure. 20,000mm + Highest resistance

[0317]

[0318] The following is an outerwear breathability rating scale that has been used in the outerwear industry, which may be used to assess and rate blocking layer 12.

[0319] 39

[0320] Docket No. FHL2002PCTRET Score Breathability Notes

[0321] 0 - 6 Extremely breathable. Comfortable at higher activity rate.

[0322] Good to very good breathability. Comfortable at moderate

[0323] 6 - 13

[0324] activity rate.

[0325] Satisfactory to acceptable breathability. Uncomfortable at

[0326] 13 - 20

[0327] high activity rate.

[0328] Unsatisfactory or slightly breathable. Moderate comfort at

[0329] 20 - 30

[0330] low activity rate.

[0331] Unsatisfactory or not breathable. Uncomfortable and short

[0332] 30+

[0333] tolerance time.

[0334]

[0335] Suitable films / membranes and fabrics are commercially available to satisfy a range of desired barrier properties (e.g., waterproofness) and breathability ratings, including any combination of ratings from the tables above. Some such films and fabrics are identified below.

[0336] Newer barrier membranes, which include waterproofness and possibly oil resistance as well, allow for greater breathability than traditional ePTFE’s like GORE-TEX. Polartec NeoShell film (microporous polyurethane), eVent membranes (modified ePTFE), (www.eventfabrics.com) OutDry membranes (www.columbia.com / technology-outdry) and Mountain hardware DryQ

[0337]

[0338] maintain waterproofness and improve breathability and air permeability.

[0339] 40

[0340] Docket No. FHL2002PCTAn example of an appropriate fabric for a breathability layer is a microporous polyurethane-based fabric like Polartec’s NeoShell. Such polyurethane fabrics are not only waterproof, but they are also oleophobic, and more permeable to allow for improved level of breathability and temperature management. Microporous polyurethane fabric also has a 4-way stretch and softer fabric feel. The membrane may be formed using micro- or nanoscale jet extrusion methods like electrospinning. The high permeability of the waterproof membrane provides greater thermo and physiological wear comfort with wicking capabilities to transport moisture vapor away from the skin.

[0341] The air permeability of microporous polyurethane allows for two forms of heat transfer: convection and diffusion. Unlike diffusion that relies and gradient differentials, convection moves air directly through the membrane. If the air vapor starts at a constant temperature and the surface of the body starts to increase in temperature above that of the air vapor, there will be convective heat transfer from the body surface to the air vapor. This heat transfer to the vapor actively moves the air vapor through the fabric. Fabrics with the ability to move air vapor through both diffusion and convection produce higher breathability and wearer comfort and are the preferred selection for a breathability layer.

[0342] Persons skilled in the art will recognize that many modifications and variations are possible in the details, materials, and arrangements of the parts and actions which have been described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the inventive subject matter, and that such modifications and variations do not depart from the spirit and scope of the teachings and claims contained therein.

[0343] All patent and non-patent literature cited herein is hereby incorporated by references in its entirety for all purposes.

[0344] As used herein, “and / or” means “and” or "or", as well as “and” and “or.” Moreover, any and all patent and non-patent literature cited herein is hereby incorporated by references in its entirety for all purposes.

[0345] 41

[0346] Docket No. FHL2002PCTThe principles described above in connection with any particular example can be combined with the principles described in connection with any one or more of the other examples. Accordingly, this detailed description shall not be construed in a limiting sense, and following a review of this disclosure, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate the wide variety of systems that can be devised using the various concepts described herein. Moreover, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein can be adapted to various configurations without departing from the disclosed principles.

[0347] The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosed innovations. Various modifications to those embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of this disclosure. Thus, the claimed inventions are not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular, such as by use of the article "a" or "an" is not intended to mean "one and only one" unless specifically so stated, but rather "one or more".

[0348] All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various embodiments described throughout the disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the features described and claimed herein. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed as “a means plus function” claim under US patent law, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase "means for" or "step for".

[0349] All patents and publications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. All patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0350] 42

[0351] Docket No. FHL2002PCT

Claims

CURRENTLY CLAIMED INVENTIONS:

1. A wearable article with an integrated thermo-management, system, comprising:a wearable article such as a garment or wearable gear, the article having at least two zones corresponding to areas of anatomy defined in a thermo module heat map with a relatively high need for thermo-management, at least one zone corresponding to a torso zone;a holder for a thermo module and / or a thermo module arranged at each zone; wherein the zones correspond to areas of the anatomy including a plurality of: a center third of the head (Z170) from the forehead to the neck; the other thirds of the head (Z304), extending from the top side of the head to a level at about the ear lobes and running from the temples to the base of the back of the head; the neck; the shoulder region (Z267); a central chest area (Z318); back area (Z707); central abdomen are (Z370); central back area (Z771); left and right abdomen areas (Z244): left and right back areas (Z431); and / or lower back / hip area (677); and wherein at least one zone comprising a head zone in a hoodie or other head covering arranged on the article.

2. The wearable article of claim 1 further comprising one or more thermo modules configured for each of one or more of the zones.

3. The wearable article of claim 2 wherein one or more thermo module comprise a bladder containing a liquid or gel with a high heat capacity at least 3.0 times that of water.

4. The wearable article of claim 2 wherein the thermo-module comprises a PCM and / or SAP material.

5. The wearable article of claim 2 wherein the thermo-module and / or the electrically comprises an electrical, mechanical, and / or evaporative cooling mechanism.

6. The wearable article of claim 2 wherein the thermo-module is integrated into the holder or is integrated into the article instead of a holder.

7. The wearable article of claim 1 or 2 wherein the wearable article and / or thermo module includes one or more of a valve, pump, temperature sensor, conduit for fluids interconnecting holders and / or thermo modules, other sensor, controller, stored43Docket No. FHL2002PCTexecutable instructions, and / or wireless communication module or other hardware or mechanisms disclosed herein.

8. The wearable article of claim 1 or 2 wherein the thermo-module and / or the wearable article comprises a configuration providing a plurality of modes of heating and / or cooling.

9. The wearable article of claim 1 or 2 wherein one or more of the holders has a body-facing side configured with relatively high thermal transmissivity and an opposing, exterior facing side configured with relatively low thermal transmissivity.

10. The wearable article of any claim herein wherein the article is a vest with a fixed or removable hoodie.

11. The wearable article of claim 1 or 2 wherein a thermochromic material is included in the article and / or the thermo module.

12. A wearable article with an integrated thermo-management, system, comprising:a wearable having at least two zones according to a thermo module heat map, each zone corresponding to an area of anatomy having sweat rate values of 300 or higher, the zones being disposed on a sheet of drapable base material comprising a textile formed from fine fibers or filaments of synthetic polymeric materials and arranged randomly to create a cohesive web, with at least a first zone being configured in a torso portion of the wearable article and a second zone being configured in a head covering portion of the wearable article; and wherein disposed in each zone there is an associated thermo module and / or thermo module holder.

13. A wearable article with an integrated thermo-management, system, comprising:a wearable having at least four zones according to a thermo module heat map, each zone corresponding to an area of anatomy having sweat rate values of 300 or higher, the zones being disposed on a sheet of drapable base material comprising a textile formed from fine fibers or filaments of synthetic polymeric materials and arranged randomly to create a cohesive web; andwherein disposed in each zone there is an associated thermo module and / or thermo module holder.44Docket No. FHL2002PCT14. The wearable article of claim 12 or 13 wherein thermo modules are fixedly integrated with the base material in the zones.

15. The wearable article of claim 12 or 13 wherein the wearable article consists essentially of a single layer of the based material and the thermo modules include a flange area that fixedly attaches the thermo modules to the base material.

16. The wearable article of claim 12 or 13 wherein wearable article further comprises a second head covering portion.

17. The wearable article of claim 12 or 13 wherein the wearable article includes one or more of the following features:• wherein the thermo-module comprises a PCM and / or SAP material;• wherein the thermo-module comprises an electrical, mechanical, and / or evaporative cooling mechanism;• wherein the wearable article and / or thermo module includes one or more of a valve, pump, temperature sensor, conduit for fluids interconnecting holders and / or thermo modules, other sensor, controller, stored executable instructions, and / or wireless communication module;• wherein the thermo-module and / or the wearable article comprises a configuration providing a plurality of modes of heating and / or cooling;• wherein one or more of the holders has a body-facing side configured with relatively high thermal transmissivity and an opposing, exterior facing side configured with relatively low thermal transmissivity; and• wherein a thermochromic material is included in the wearable article and / or the thermo module.

18. A method of making a wearable article with an integrated thermo-management, system, comprising:providing a sheet of non-woven, non -knit base material;configuring in the base material garment at least four zones according to a thermo module heat map corresponding to areas of anatomy having sweat rate values of 300 or higher, the zones being disposed on a sheet of drapable base material 45Docket No. FHL2002PCTcomprising a textile formed from fine fibers or filaments of synthetic polymeric materials and arranged randomly to create a cohesive web; andwherein disposed in each zone a thermo module and / or thermo module holder.

19. The method of claim 18 wherein the thermo modules are fixedly integrated into the zones.

20. The wearable article of claim 1, 12, or 13 wherein the thermo modules are configured for:wireless control through a mobile application to provide adjustable and targeted heating to specific anatomical zones.

21. A method of using a cooling or heating station at an event where a plurality of users have associated wearable articles and interchangeable thermo modules, or wearable articles with fixedly integrated wearable articles, comprising:providing a station equipped with means for replenishing heating or cooling capacity of a plurality of thermo modules received from different users;interchanging thermo modules or wearable articles with integrated thermo modules, received at the station from a plurality of different users to replenish thermal management capabilities in the thermo modules;in the station, associating the thermo modules with the replenishment means; replenishing the thermo modules; andproviding the users with the replenished thermo modules or wearable articles with the replenished thermo modules.46Docket No. FHL2002PCT

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