Microwave resonators measure complex dielectric permittivity to detect ice accumulation on aircraft surfaces.
A porous cover and braze filler mount a heater cable on an air data probe endoskeleton to distribute thermal energy.
Embedded capacitive sensors detect ice presence through dielectric variations while conductive heating elements eliminate the layer via Joule heating.
Mount de-icing mat between structure and shield to enable independent replacement, reducing scrap costs while maintaining thermal efficiency.
Segmented adhesive bonding enables easy disassembly of de-icing mats from wing parts without damaging composite materials.