Pulsed argon or xenon plasma in a hermetic thermionic converter cuts arc drop and cesium ion flux, enabling more efficient lower-temperature operation.
Pulsed startup voltage alternates anode-cathode potential to suppress intense plasma, cut heat loss, and start ion pumps at higher pressure.
Introducing a low ionization energy metal mediator prevents zinc ion penetration and devitrification, maintaining high ultraviolet output.
Discharge sustaining fill with cesium and rare earth halides produces bright white light at high arc wall loadings.
A vacuum ultraviolet photon source uses external dielectric barrier discharge to generate excimers and transmit photons through a window.