Compositions comprising 1, 3-propanediol and methods of using 1, 3-propanediol to increase sweetness and / or reduce bitterness of sweeteners

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a sweetener composition comprising 1, 3-propanediol and a sweetener. Disclosed are food, beverage, confection or concentrate compositions comprising the aforementioned sweetener compositions and methods of producing such sweeteners.

Description

Cross - Reference to Related Applications

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 407,250, filed on September 16, 2022, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Field

[0002] The present disclosure relates to the field of sweeteners for beverages, foods, confections, and concentrates (calorie, bulk, and high - efficiency), and provides enhanced sweetness and / or reduced bitterness of sweeteners. Background

[0003] In the food and beverage industry, natural sugars such as sucrose, fructose, and glucose are utilized to provide pleasant tastes to beverages, foods, confections, and concentrates. Additionally, similarly, natural sugars are commonly used in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and oral hygiene / cosmetic products to impart pleasant tastes. In particular, sucrose imparts a taste highly preferred by many consumers. Although sucrose provides excellent sweetening properties, it is calorific. High - efficiency sweeteners have been introduced to meet consumers' demands for products with pleasant tastes while meeting the growing demand for healthier, reduced - calorie products. Furthermore, the demand for healthier, reduced - calorie products is being driven by public policies and regulatory requirements.

[0004] However, high - efficiency sweeteners are significantly different from natural calorific sugars, which frustrates consumers and limits the market penetration of products containing many high - efficiency sweeteners. On a taste basis, high - efficiency sweeteners exhibit different temporal characteristics, maximum responses, flavor profiles, mouthfeels, and adaptation behaviors compared to sugars. Generally, high - efficiency sweeteners exhibit a delayed onset of sweetness, a long - lasting sweet aftertaste, bitter off - flavors, astringency, coolness, and / or licorice - like tastes. High - efficiency sweeteners can be synthetic chemicals, natural substances, physically or chemically modified natural substances, and / or reaction products obtained from synthetic substances and / or natural substances. There is a high expectation for natural high - efficiency sweeteners with good taste properties.

[0005] One class of high - efficiency sweeteners is steviol glycosides. However, their utilization has been limited so far by certain undesirable taste properties, including licorice flavor and bitter off - flavors, astringency, and a long - lasting sweet aftertaste. These undesirable taste properties tend to become more prominent with increasing concentration.

[0006] Published U.S. Patent Application No. 20210127724 discloses the use of 1,3-propylene glycol to improve the taste and / or off-flavors of commercial energy drinks. Including 1,3-propylene glycol in an aqueous solution containing about 250 ppm to about 4,000 ppm of a bittering additive, about 3,000 ppm to about 15,000 ppm of a sour additive, and about 600 ppm to about 3,000 ppm of a sweetener improves the taste and / or off-flavors of those solutions.

[0007] U.S. Patents Nos. 9,408,406, 9,883,691, 10,201,176, and 10,238,135 disclose foods or beverages prepared with 1,3-propylene glycol with improved flavor characteristics. Published U.S. Patent Application No. 2021 / 0127724 discloses a method for improving the taste and / or off-flavor of a food, beverage, sweet food, or concentrate composition, comprising providing a food, beverage, sweet food, or concentrate composition comprising two or more of a sour additive, a bitter additive, and a sweetener; and adding 1,3-propylene glycol to the food, beverage, sweet food, or concentrate composition to form a delicious composition.

[0008] Therefore, there remains a need for compositions and methods for improving the sweetness and / or bitterness of sweeteners. Overview

[0009] One aspect pertains to a sweetener composition comprising: (a) from about 600 ppm to about 1,000 ppm of 1,3-propylene glycol; and (b) about 90 ppm to about 400 ppm of a sweetener. In some embodiments, the sweetener is a stevia sweetener, and in some embodiments, the stevia sweetener is Stevia Reb A97 or Stevia Reb M95.

[0010] Another aspect pertains to a food, beverage, dessert or concentrate composition comprising the aforementioned sweetener composition.

[0011] A further aspect relates to a sweetener composition comprising: from about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm of 1,3-propylene glycol; and (b) from about 18,000 ppm to about 62,000 ppm of a sweetener. In some embodiments, the sweetener is sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, erythritol, psicose, or tagatose.

[0012] Additional aspects pertain to food, beverage, dessert or concentrate compositions comprising the aforementioned sweetener composition.

[0013] On the other hand, a method for enhancing the sweetness of a sweetener and / or reducing the bitterness of a sweetener, comprising: (a) providing a sweetener in an amount of about 90 ppm to about 400 ppm; and (b) adding an amount of 1,3-propanediol of about 600 ppm to about 1,000 ppm to the sweetener to form a sweetener composition, whereby the sweetener composition has improved sweetness and / or bitterness as compared to a sweetener that does not contain the amount of 1,3-propanediol. In some embodiments, the sweetener is a stevia sweetener, and in some embodiments, the stevia sweetener is Stevia Reb A97 or Stevia Reb M95.

[0014] A further aspect relates to a sweetener composition produced by the foregoing method.

[0015] Another aspect relates to a food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate composition comprising the foregoing sweetener composition.

[0016] On the other hand, a method for enhancing the sweetness of a sweetener and / or reducing the bitterness of a sweetener, comprising: (a) providing a sweetener in an amount of about 18,000 ppm to about 62,000 ppm; and (b) adding an amount of 1,3-propanediol of about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm to the sweetener to form a sweetener composition, whereby the sweetener composition has improved sweetness and / or bitterness as compared to a sweetener that does not contain the amount of 1,3-propanediol. In some embodiments, the sweetener is sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, erythritol, allulose or tagatose.

[0017] A further aspect relates to a sweetener composition produced by the foregoing method.

[0018] Another aspect relates to a food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate composition comprising the foregoing sweetener composition.

[0019] Other objects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reference to the following detailed description. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0020] Figure 1 Shows a chart of the sweetness, flavor and bitterness of plain Greek yogurt containing USP-FCC propylene glycol and plain Greek yogurt without USP-FCC propylene glycol.

[0021] Figure 2 Shows a chart of the sweetness, flavor and bitterness of vanilla yogurt containing USP-FCC propylene glycol and vanilla yogurt without USP-FCC propylene glycol.

[0022] Figure 3Shows orange juice (no pulp) containing USP-FCC propylene glycol and orange juice (no pulp) without USP-FCC propylene glycol, graphs of sweetness, flavor, and bitterness.

[0023] Figure 4 Shows cranberry juice containing USP-FCC propylene glycol and cranberry juice without USP-FCC propylene glycol, graphs of sweetness, flavor, and bitterness.

[0024] Figure 5 Shows grapefruit juice containing USP-FCC propylene glycol and grapefruit juice without USP-FCC propylene glycol, graphs of sweetness, flavor, and bitterness. Details

[0025] The inventors have discovered that 1,3-propanediol (in some embodiments, bio-produced 1,3-propanediol) can enhance sweetness and / or reduce bitterness in sweeteners.

[0026] As used herein, "sweetener" refers to a substance that provides a perceptible sweetness when present in a food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate. Thus, as used herein, "sweetening amount" refers to the amount of a compound required to provide a perceptible sweetness when present in a food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate. Sweeteners can be natural, synthetic, or a combination thereof. Sweeteners can be salts of compounds, acids of compounds, or without salts and / or or acids.

[0027] As used herein, the term "bitter" ("bitter" or "bitter taste") refers to the perception or taste that occurs after detecting a bitter component. The following flavor attributes may contribute to bitterness: astringency, bitterness, metallic taste, bitter metallic taste, and off-flavor aftertaste; and off-flavors, including but not limited to freezer burn and cardboard taste, or combinations of these tastes.

[0028] As used herein, "concentrate" refers to a liquid composition or a powdered composition that can be diluted with an aqueous potable liquid or a dry bulk powder to prepare a finished product. It also refers to a beverage precursor or a food precursor or a "syrup" or a "beverage syrup" from which the fluid (usually water or other diluent) has been removed. It is then re-added to form a ready-to-drink high-strength beverage or a "beverage" or an "energy shot", and a ready-to-eat high-strength food or a "food" or a "condiment". Generally, it can be up to about 2 times, about 3 times, about 4 times, about 5 times, about 6 times, about 7 times, about 8 times, about 9 times or about 10 times or more, or about 2 times, about 3 times, about 4 times, about 5 times, about 6 times, about 7 times, about 8 times, about 9 times, or about 10 times or more the amount of a substance present in a unit amount of a mixture, which means that a significant amount of solute is dissolved in a given solvent or solution. An exemplary concentrate is "frozen concentrate" orange juice. Its undiluted concentrate has a much stronger flavor and sourness and is sweeter than ordinary diluted juice.

[0029] The term "natural flavor" or "natural flavoring" refers to essential oils, oleoresins, essences or extracts, protein hydrolysates, distillates or any products of roasting, heating or enzymatic hydrolysis that contain flavor components derived from spices, fruits or fruit juices, vegetables or vegetable juices, edible yeast, herbs, barks, buds, roots, leaves or similar plant materials, meats, seafood, poultry, eggs, dairy products or their fermentation products, and their important role in food is for flavoring rather than nutrition.

[0030] As used herein, the term "about" or "approximately" means within 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2% or 0.1% or less or more of a given value or range.

[0031] The term "comprising" is intended to include the embodiments covered by the terms "consisting essentially of" and "consisting of". Similarly, the term "consisting essentially of" is intended to include the embodiments covered by the term "consisting of".

[0032] Since the food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate compositions provided by the methods of the present disclosure are not limited, it should be recognized that the step of adding 1,3 - propanediol (biologically produced 1,3 - propanediol in some embodiments) to the food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate composition can be achieved by any suitable method for each specific food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate composition. For example, 1,3 - propanediol (biologically produced 1,3 - propanediol in some embodiments) can be directly added to a beverage and mixed, for example, by stirring. In one embodiment, 1,3 - propanediol (biologically produced 1,3 - propanediol in some embodiments) can be added as an aqueous solution or as a mixture with another additive, such as high - fructose corn syrup, simple syrup, agave nectar, or an aqueous solution of a sweetener such as sucralose, sucrose, glucose, sugar, acesulfame potassium, aspartame, erythritol, high - fructose corn syrup or combinations thereof. These addition methods will, for example, be suitable for preparing beverages such as fruit juices, juice punches, concentrates, dilutions, "ades" and sodas.

[0033] First, the inventors have shown that 1,3 - propanediol (biologically produced 1,3 - propanediol in some embodiments) enhances the sweetness of sweeteners and / or reduces the bitterness of sweeteners. Surprisingly, including from about 600 ppm to about 1,000 ppm of 1,3 - propanediol (biologically produced 1,3 - propanediol in some embodiments) together with from about 90 ppm to about 400 ppm of a sweetener or including from about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm of 1,3 - propanediol (biologically produced 1,3 - propanediol in some embodiments) together with from about 18,000 ppm to about 62,000 ppm of a sweetener enhances the sweetness of the sweetener and / or reduces the bitterness of the sweetener.

[0034] Further aspects of the compositions and methods disclosed herein are provided in the following description.

[0035] In addition to enhancing the sweetness of sweeteners and / or reducing the bitterness of sweeteners, 1,3 - propanediol (biologically produced 1,3 - propanediol in some embodiments) can also modulate the flavor impression of a food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate composition. As used herein, the term "modulate the flavor impression" means changing at least one aspect of the sensory description obtained using the methods described in the examples of use compared to a composition that does not contain any 1,3 - propanediol. In another aspect, compared to the sensory description of a food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate composition that does not contain any 1,3 - propanediol, 1,3 - propanediol (biologically produced 1,3 - propanediol in some embodiments) can mask or reduce one or more flavors reported in the sensory description.

[0036] In one embodiment, the sweetener composition disclosed herein can be added to fruit juices. For example, the sweetener composition can reduce the bitterness and increase the sweetness of grapefruit juice, orange juice, or cranberry juice. Other suitable beverage compositions include coffee, cocoa, tea (such as black tea, green tea, oolong tea, etc.), or kombucha.

[0037] In one embodiment, the sweetener composition disclosed herein can be added to milk, which can optionally be further mixed with coffee, espresso, or tea. In another embodiment, the milk is used to make cheese, yogurt, kefir, butter, pudding, custard, ice cream, or other dairy products. In the case of yogurt, the sweetener composition disclosed herein can be mixed with it after yogurt culturing, rather than mixing it with the milk before the culturing step.

[0038] In one embodiment, the sweetener composition disclosed herein is added to fruits by soaking the fruits in an aqueous liquid or syrup containing the sweetener composition. The fruits can be whole (such as berries), pitted (such as cherries, peaches, nectarines, plums), peeled (such as citrus fruits), and / or sliced. In one embodiment, the sweetener composition disclosed herein is added to the brine used for pickling fruits, vegetables, or meats. In one embodiment, the fruits or vegetables are washed, and the sweetener composition disclosed herein is added to the fruits or vegetables by spraying a water- or ethanol-based solution containing the sweetener on the fruits, vegetables, or their mixture (such as a fruit or vegetable salad). In one embodiment, the sweetener composition disclosed herein is added to jams or jellies (such as marmalade) before or after cooking.

[0039] In one embodiment, the sweetener composition disclosed herein can be added to dessert sauces or savory sauces to make a delicious composition. For example, dessert sauces such as chocolate, caramel, butterscotch, strawberry, cherry, pineapple, or other fruit flavorings can contain the sweetener composition. Savory sauces suitable for mixing with the sweetener composition disclosed herein include barbecue sauce, teriyaki sauce, oyster sauce, spice sauce, and other sauces with a high concentration of sweetening additives, savory additives, umami additives, and / or souring additives.

[0040] In one embodiment, the sweetener composition disclosed herein is added to confectioneries such as chocolate, chewing gum, sour gummy candies, and sour hard candies.

[0041] In some embodiments, a food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate product comprises a sweetener composition and an acidulant additive disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate product comprises a sweetener composition and a bitter additive disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate product comprises a sweetener composition, an acidulant additive and a bitter additive disclosed herein. 1 1,3 - propanediol

[0042] “1,3 - propanediol” or “PDO” refers to bio - produced 1,3 - propanediol. As used herein, the terms “bio - produced 1,3 - propanediol”, “bioPDO”, “bio - produced, biodegradable 1,3 - propanediol”, “renewably - based 1,3 - propanediol”, “renewably - based, biodegradable 1,3 - propanediol”, “biologically - sourced” and “bio - produced 1,3 - propanediol” and like terms refer to 1,3 - propanediol that is the microbial metabolism of plant - derived sugars composed of carbon from atmospheric sources rather than fossil - fuel carbon.

[0043] When selecting food, beverage and confectionery products, consumers consider product safety, environmental impact, the naturalness of the ingredients and the aesthetic quality of the overall product. Bio - produced 1,3 - propanediol (e.g., Primient Covation LLC's propanediol) is well - suited to meet these consumer needs. High - purity 1,3 - propanediol can be obtained from fermentation - based processes for incorporation into food, beverage and confectionery compositions. Its environmental impact is less than that of synthetically - produced diols because the biodegradation of bio - produced 1,3 - propanediol does not contribute anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. 1.1 Environmental Impact

[0044] Advantageously, bio - produced 1,3 - propanediol can be biodegradable and can have a zero (0) anthropogenic CO2 emissions profile. The term “biodegradable” denotes the ability of a composition or compound to be broken down by living organisms into simple, stable compounds (e.g., carbon dioxide and water) in a relatively short period of time, such as less than a few years or months (as opposed to plastics). “Anthropogenic emissions profile” denotes the anthropogenic CO2 emissions contributed to the atmosphere upon biodegradation of a compound or composition.

[0045] Photosynthesis is the process of generating growth substances by converting carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into plant material via the action of the sun, while biodegradation is the process of converting organic materials back into CO2 and H2O through the activity of living organisms. There are many published test methods for measuring the biodegradability of organic chemicals such as diols. One internationally recognized method is ASTM E1720-01, Standard Test Method for Determining Ready, Ultimate Biodegradability of Organic Chemicals in a Sealed Vessel CO2 Production Test. Chemicals that demonstrate 60% or better biodegradation in this test method will biodegrade in most aerobic environments and are classified as ready biodegradable. All diols mentioned in this document meet this standard.

[0046] Diols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, and 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol are biodegradable compounds that have uses in compositions ranging from cosmetics and personal care formulations to detergents to heat transfer compositions. While biodegradability is an important factor in protecting the environment, the biodegradation of diols derived from fossil-based sources inevitably results in the release of previously sequestered CO2 into the atmosphere. Thus, while diols generally have advantages due to their biodegradability, the global warming potential generated during the biodegradation of fossil-based diols is significant.

[0047] Carbon dioxide has been selected as the largest component of the greenhouse gas ensemble in the atmosphere. Over the past two hundred years, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have increased by 50%. Recent reports indicate that current atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are higher than peak levels during the late Pleistocene (the era before modern humans) (Siegenthaler, U. et al., Stable Carbon Cycle-Climate Relationship During the Late Pleistocene, Science, Vol. 310, No. 5752 (November 25, 2005), pp. 1313-1317). Thus, any further addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere is thought to further shift the role of greenhouse gases from stabilizing global temperatures to heating. Both consumers and environmental protection groups have identified industrial carbon released into the atmosphere as a carbon source contributing to the greenhouse effect.

[0048] Greenhouse gas emissions can occur at any point in the product life cycle. Consumers and environmental groups consider the entire life cycle of a product when evaluating its environmental impact. Taking into account the environmental impacts of production, use, and degradation, consumers seek products that do not generate new carbon in the atmosphere. Only organic products composed of carbon molecules from plant sugars and starches and ultimately atmospheric carbon are considered not to further contribute to the greenhouse effect.

[0049] In addition to adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, current industrial production methods for diols also generate pollutants and waste products, including sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and heavy metals (including iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, chromium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, rubidium, and platinum) (U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,434,110, 5,034,134, 5,334,778, and 5,10,036). 1.1.1 Carbon source release from fossil fuels

[0050] The calculations demonstrating the finding that 1,3 - propanediol disclosed herein does not contribute to anthropogenic CO2 emissions upon biodegradation are presented below. When one molecule of 1,3 - propanediol degrades, three molecules of CO2 are released into the atmosphere. Since all of these CO2 molecules released from "fermentation - derived" 1,3 - propanediol during degradation are derived from the atmosphere, the net CO2 released into the atmosphere is zero. In contrast, since propanediol derived from fossil fuels and fossil - derived 1,3 - propanediol contain three carbon atoms derived from a fixed carbon source (i.e., fossil fuels), the degradation of one molecule of propanediol derived from fossil fuels or 1,3 - propanediol results in a net release of three molecules of CO2 into the atmosphere. Similarly, since ethylene glycol derived from fossil fuels contains two carbon atoms derived from a fixed carbon source, the degradation of one molecule of ethylene glycol derived from fossil fuels results in a net release of two molecules of CO2 into the atmosphere.

[0051] To quantify the CO2 released by one kilogram each of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, chemical 1,3 - propanediol, and "fermentation - derived" 1,3 - propanediol (Bio - PDO TM ) divide the product weight (1 kg) by its molecular weight. For each carbon atom present in the molecule, one molecule of CO2 is released. Multiply the number of CO2 molecules by the molecular weight of CO2 (44 kg / kmol) to quantify the impact of CO2 release (kg) per unit (kg) of product.

[0052] Ethylene glycol (EG) derived from fossil fuels

[0053]

[0054] Propylene glycol (PG) derived from fossil fuels

[0055]

[0056] 1,3 - Propanediol (PDO) derived from fossil fuels

[0057]

[0058] Biologically produced 1,3 - propanediol (Bio - PDO TM ) Carbon feedstock balance

[0059] Capture:

[0060]

[0061] Release:

[0062]

[0063] Net:

[0064] - 1.7 kg CO2+1.7 kg CO2 = 0 kg CO2

[0065] The carbon feedstock balance results of the biologically produced 1,3 - propanediol demonstrate that there are no anthropogenic CO2 emissions from the biodegradation of biologically produced 1,3 - propanediol from renewable sources.

[0066] The term "anthropogenic" means man - made or fossil - derived.

[0067] As used herein, "atmospheric - sourced carbon" refers to the carbon atoms of carbon dioxide molecules that have been free in the Earth's atmosphere in recent decades. Such carbon in a substance can be identified by the presence of specific radioactive isotopes as described herein. "Green carbon", "atmospheric carbon", "environmentally friendly carbon", "life - cycle carbon", "non - fossil - fuel - based carbon", "non - petroleum - based carbon", "atmospheric - sourced carbon", and "bio - based carbon" are used synonymously herein.

[0068] As used herein, "fossil - sourced carbon" refers to carbon of petrochemical origin. Such carbon is not exposed to ultraviolet light like atmospheric carbon, and thus most fossil - sourced carbon has little radioactive isotope in its population. Fossil - sourced carbon can be identified by the means described herein. "Fossil - fuel carbon", "fossil carbon", "pollution carbon", "petrochemical carbon", "petroleum carbon", and fossil - sourced carbon are used synonymously herein.

[0069] The abbreviation "IRMS" refers to the measurement of CO2 by high - precision stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry.

[0070] The term "carbon substrate" means any carbon source that can be metabolized by a microorganism, where the substrate contains at least one carbon atom.

[0071] "Renewable type" means the carbon content of 1,3-propanediol from "new carbon" sources as measured by ASTM Test Method D 6866-05, Determining the Biobased Content of Natural Range Materials Using Radiocarbon and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Analysis (incorporated herein by reference). This test method measures the C-14 / C-12 isotope ratio in a sample and compares it to the C-14 / C-12 isotope ratio in a standard 100% biobased material to give the percentage of biobased content of the sample. "Biobased material" is an organic material in which the carbon is derived from CO2 present in the atmosphere that was recently (on the human time scale) fixed using solar energy (photosynthesis). On land, this CO2 is captured or fixed by plant life (such as agricultural crops or forestry materials). In the ocean, CO2 is captured or fixed by photosynthetic bacteria or phytoplankton. Biobased materials have a C-14 / C-12 isotope ratio in the range of 1:0 to greater than 0:1. In contrast, fossil-based materials have a C-14 / C-12 isotope ratio of 0:1.

[0072] A small amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is radioactive. This 14C carbon dioxide is produced when nitrogen is struck by neutrons generated by ultraviolet light (causing the nitrogen to lose a proton and form carbon with a molecular weight of 14, which is immediately oxidized to carbon dioxide). This radioactive isotope represents a small but measurable fraction of atmospheric carbon. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is cycled by green plants during a process called photosynthesis to produce organic molecules. The cycle is completed when the organic molecules are metabolized by green plants or other life forms to produce carbon dioxide that is released back into the atmosphere. Almost all life forms on Earth rely on this production of organic molecules by green plants to produce the chemical energy that promotes growth and reproduction. Thus, the 14C present in the atmosphere becomes part of all life forms and their biological products. These renewable type organic molecules that biodegrade to CO2 do not contribute to global warming because there is no net increase in carbon released into the atmosphere. In contrast, fossil fuel-based carbon does not have the characteristic radiocarbon ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

[0073] As used herein, atmospheric source and fixed carbon source are relative terms because the time period during which CO2 has an atmospheric source or a fixed source is related to the life cycle of 1,3-propanediol. Thus, while it is likely that carbon from fossil fuels was once found in the atmosphere (and as a corollary, atmospheric CO2 may one day be incorporated into a fixed carbon source), for the purposes of this document, carbon is considered to be from a fixed carbon source until it is released into the atmosphere through degradation.

[0074] The evaluation of renewable carbon in materials can be carried out by standard test methods. Using radiocarbon and isotope ratio mass spectrometry, the biobased content of materials can be determined. ASTM International, formally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials, has established standard methods for evaluating the biobased content of materials. The ASTM method is designated as ASTM-D6866.

[0075] The application of ASTM-D6866 to obtain the "biobased content" is based on the same concept as radiocarbon dating, but does not use the age equation. The analysis is carried out by obtaining the ratio of the amount of radiocarbon (14C) in the unknown sample to the amount of radiocarbon in the modern reference standard. In percentage form, the unit "pMC" (percent modern carbon) is used to report this ratio. If the material being analyzed is a mixture of contemporary radiocarbon and fossil carbon (carbon without radiocarbon), the pMC value obtained is directly related to the amount of biomass material present in the sample.

[0076] The modern reference standard used in radiocarbon dating is the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) standard, which has a known radiocarbon content approximately equivalent to the year 1950 AD. The reason for choosing the year 1950 AD is that it represents the time before thermonuclear weapon tests, which introduced large amounts of excess radiocarbon (referred to as "bomb carbon") into the atmosphere with each explosion. The year 1950 AD reference represents 100 pMC.

[0077] In 1963, at the peak of testing and before the treaty stopped testing, the "bomb carbon" in the atmosphere was almost twice the normal level. Since its appearance, its distribution in the atmosphere has been approximate, indicating that the values of plants and animals living since 1950 AD are greater than 100 pMC. It has gradually declined over time, with today's value approaching 107.5 pMC. This means that fresh biomass materials such as corn can give a radiocarbon signature around 107.5 pMC.

[0078] Combining fossil carbon with contemporary carbon in a material will result in dilution of the contemporary pMC content. Assuming that 107.5 pMC represents contemporary biomass material and 0 pMC represents petroleum derivatives, the measured pMC value for the material will reflect the proportion of the two component types. A material that is 100% derived from contemporary soybeans will give a radiocarbon signature around 107.5 pMC. If the material is diluted with 50% petroleum derivatives, it will give a radiocarbon signature around 54 pMC.

[0079] The biomass content results are obtained by specifying that 100% corresponds to 107.5 pMC and 0% corresponds to 0 pMC. In this regard, a sample measured at 99 pMC will give an equivalent bio-based content result of 93%.

[0080] A "fermented" sample of 1,3-propanediol was submitted by DuPont to Iowa State University for bio-based content analysis using ASTM method D 6866-05. The results received from Iowa State University certified that the above sample was 100% bio-based content (reference: Norton, Glenn. Results of Radiocarbon Analyses on samples from DuPont Bio-Based Materials - 07-08-05 report).

[0081] The materials described herein are evaluated in accordance with ASTM-D6866. The average values cited in this report cover an absolute range of 6% (±3% on each side of the bio-based content value) to account for variations in the radiocarbon signature of the final components. It is assumed that all materials are of current or fossil origin, and the desired result is the amount of bio-based components "present" in the material, not the amount of bio-based materials "used" in the manufacturing process. 1.2 1,3 - Propanediol Content

[0082] In one embodiment, the sweetener composition of the present disclosure may contain about 0.1 ppm, about 0.2 ppm, about 0.3 ppm, about 0.4 ppm, about 0.5 ppm, about 0.6 ppm, about 0.7 ppm, about 0.8 ppm, about 0.9 ppm, about 1 ppm, about 1.5 ppm, about 2 ppm, about 2.5 ppm, about 3 ppm, about 3.5 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 4.5 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 5.5 ppm, about 6 ppm, about 6.5 ppm, about 7 ppm, about 7.5 ppm, about 8 ppm, about 8.5 ppm, about 9 ppm, about 9.5 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 11 ppm, about 12 ppm, about 13 ppm, about 14 ppm, or about 15 ppm of 1,3 - propanediol (bio - produced 1,3 - propanediol in some embodiments). These values can also be expressed as ranges. For example, the sweetener composition of the present disclosure may contain from about 0.1 ppm to about 15 ppm, from about 0.2 ppm to about 14 ppm, from about 0.3 ppm to about 13 ppm, from about 0.4 ppm to about 11 ppm, from about 0.5 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 0.6 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 0.7 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 0.8 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 0.9 ppm to about 10 ppm, or from about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm of 1,3 - propanediol (bio - produced 1,3 - propanediol in some embodiments).

[0083] In one embodiment, the sweetener composition of the present disclosure may contain about 500 ppm, about 510 ppm, about 520 ppm, about 530 ppm, about 540 ppm, about 550 ppm, about 560 ppm, about 570 ppm, about 580 ppm, about 590 ppm, about 600 ppm, about 610 ppm, about 620 ppm, about 630 ppm, about 640 ppm, about 650 ppm, about 660 ppm, about 670 ppm, about 680 ppm, about 690 ppm, about 700 ppm, about 710 ppm, about 720 ppm, about 730 ppm, about 740 ppm, about 750 ppm, about 760 ppm, about 770 ppm, about 780 ppm, about 790 ppm, about 800 ppm, about 810 ppm, about 820 ppm, about 830 ppm, about 840 ppm, about 850 ppm, about 860 ppm, about 870 ppm, about 880 ppm, about 890 ppm, about 900 ppm, about 910 ppm, about 920 ppm, about 930 ppm, about 940 ppm, about 950 ppm, about 960 ppm, about 970 ppm, about 980 ppm, about 990 ppm, about 1,000 ppm, about 1,010 ppm, about 1,020 ppm, about 1,030 ppm, about 1,040 ppm, about 1,050 ppm, about 1,060 ppm, about 1,070 ppm, about 1,080 ppm, about 1,090 ppm, about 1,100 ppm, about 1,110 ppm, about 1,120 ppm, about 1,130 ppm, about 1,140 ppm, about 1,150 ppm, about 1,160 ppm, about 1,170 ppm, about 1,180 ppm, about 1,190 ppm or about 1,200 ppm of 1,3 - propanediol (biologically produced 1,3 - propanediol in some embodiments). These values may also be expressed as ranges. For example, the sweetener composition of the present disclosure may contain from about 500 ppm to about 1,200 ppm, from about 550 ppm to about 1,100 ppm, from about 600 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, from about 650 ppm to about 900 ppm or from about 700 ppm to about 850 ppm of 1,3 - propanediol (biologically produced 1,3 - propanediol in some embodiments).

[0084] The food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate composition of the present disclosure may contain 1,3 - propanediol (biologically produced 1,3 - propanediol in some embodiments) as a diol component that is part of the composition or as the only diol component of the composition. It is contemplated that other renewable or biologically produced diols may be used in the food, beverage and confectionery compositions of the present disclosure, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2 - propanediol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, neopentyl glycol and bisphenol A, among others. 1.3 Purity

[0085] Consumers seek products composed of additives with a purer source and / or all-natural composition. Consumers, particularly consumers of food products, are also especially concerned about an individual's reaction to such products. Over the past two decades, the development rate of hypersensitivity in the United States has increased significantly. Many of these reactions are caused by trace substances. Other reactions are of idiopathic origin.

[0086] In one embodiment, the biologically produced 1,3-propanediol of the present disclosure can be substantially purified. As used herein, "substantially purified" means that a composition containing 1,3-propanediol has one or more of the following characteristics: (1) when the 1,3-propanediol is diluted with distilled water in a glassware at a 1:5 dilution using a 1 cm path length, the ultraviolet absorption is less than about 0.200 absorbance units at 220 nm, less than about 0.075 absorbance units at 250 nm, and less than about 0.075 absorbance units at 275 nm; (2) when the 1,3-propanediol is diluted with distilled water in a glassware at a 1:5 dilution using a 1 cm path length, the composition has an L*a*b*″b*″ color value of less than about 0.15 and an absorbance of less than about 0.075 absorbance units at 270 nm; (3) the peroxide composition is less than about 200 ppm, 150 ppm, 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 40 ppm, 30 ppm, 20 ppm, 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 1 ppm, or about 0.5 ppm; and (4) the total organic impurity concentration is less than about 1,000 ppm, 900 ppm, 800 ppm, 700 ppm, 600 ppm, 500 ppm, 400 ppm, 300 ppm, 200 ppm, 150 ppm, 100 ppm, 50 ppm, or about 10 ppm. Any of these sets of values can be used to define a range, such as a peroxide composition of about 0.5 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 50 ppm, or about 20 ppm to about 40 ppm. The total organic impurity concentration range can be from about 10 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 600 ppm, or about 300 ppm to about 500 ppm.

[0087] The "b*" value is a "yellow-blue" measurement determined spectrophotometrically as defined by CIE L*a*b* measurement ASTM D6290.

[0088] The terms "color" and "chromophore" denote the presence of visible color that can be quantified using a spectrophotometer in the visible light range, with wavelengths of approximately 400 - 800 nm, and by comparison with pure water. The reaction conditions can have a significant impact on the nature of color formation. Examples of relevant conditions include the temperature used, the catalyst, and the amount of catalyst. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the color precursor contains trace impurities, including olefins, acetals, and other carbonyl compounds, peroxides, etc. At least some of these impurities can be detected by methods such as UV spectroscopy or peroxide titration.

[0089] The peroxide composition (in ppm) and total organic impurities can be determined by standard analytical techniques, including gas chromatography.

[0090] It is believed that the purity level parameters described above for biologically produced and purified 1,3 - propanediol distinguish such compositions from 1,3 - propanediol compositions prepared from chemically purified 1,3 - propanediol derived from petroleum sources and / or from biologically purified 1,3 - propanediol that does not exhibit such purity values.

[0091] The abbreviation "AMS" refers to accelerator mass spectrometry.

[0092] The acronym "NMR" denotes nuclear magnetic resonance.

[0093] "Color index" refers to an analytical measure of the electromagnetic radiation absorption properties of a substance or compound.

[0094] It is believed that the purity level parameters described above for biologically produced and purified 1,3 - propanediol (using methods similar or equivalent to those disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 2005 / 0069997) distinguish such compositions from 1,3 - propanediol compositions prepared from chemically purified 1,3 - propanediol derived from petroleum sources according to the prior art.

[0095] In some embodiments, an extract of one or more diols (1,3-propanediol in some embodiments) can be used at any purity percentage (e.g., from about 25% to 100%, and any incremental range described therein with an increment of 0.5%). In another embodiment, when using diols in non-extract form, the purity of the diol can be from about 25% to 100%, and any incremental range described therein with an increment of 0.5%. According to other embodiments, the purity of the diol (extract or non-extract) can be from about 50% to 100%, from about 70% to 100%, from about 80% to 100%, from about 90% to 100%; from about 95% to 100%, from about 95% to 99.5%, from about 96% to 100%, from about 97% to 100%, from about 98% to 100% or from about 99% to 100%. According to particular embodiments, the purity of 1,3-propanediol can be from about 50% to 100%, from about 70% to 100%, from about 80% to 100%, from about 90% to 100%, from about 95% to 100%, from about 95% to 99.5%, from about 96% to 100%, from about 97% to 100%, from about 98% to 100% or from about 99% to 100%. 1.4 Bioproduction of 1,3 - propanediol

[0096] "Bioproduced" means an organic compound produced by one or more species or strains of living organisms, particularly including strains of bacteria, yeast, fungi, and other microorganisms. "Bioproduced" and "Biologically-produced" are used synonymously herein. Such organic compounds are composed of carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide that has been converted by green plants into sugars and starches.

[0097] "Biologically-derived" means that an organic compound is synthesized from biologically-produced organic components. It is further contemplated that the synthetic methods disclosed herein can effectively synthesize other monoesters and diesters from biologically-produced alcohols other than 1,3-propanediol; such alcohols particularly include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, and bisphenol A. "Biologically-derived", "bio-derived", "biologically-based", "bio-based", and "bio-sourced" are used synonymously herein.

[0098] In one embodiment, bio-produced 1,3-propanediol can be obtained based on using a fermentation broth (“fermentation-derived”) produced by genetically engineered Escherichia coli (E. coli) as previously disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,686,276. In other embodiments, one or more single organisms or combinations of organisms can be used to bio-produce 1,3-propanediol, using organisms that have been genetically engineered according to methods known in the art. “Fermentation” refers to a system for generating a product by catalyzing a reaction between a substrate and other nutrients using a biocatalyst. The biocatalyst can be a whole organism, a separated enzyme, or any combination or component thereof having enzymatic activity. Fermentation systems for producing and purifying bio-produced 1,3-propanediol are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 7,919,658 (incorporated herein by reference). 2 Bitter compounds

[0099] In some embodiments, the bitter additive is a branched-chain amino acid, such as L-leucine, L-valine, or L-isoleucine; caffeine; quinine hydrochloride and its various salts; hesperidin; sucrose octaacetate; quercetin; strychnine; quassin; isohumulone; stevia extract; saccharin; naringin; miraculin; catechin; sesquiterpene lactone; aristolochic acid; phenylthiocarbamide; propylthiouracil; flavone; noscapine; humulone; amarogentin; glucoside; limonin; amarogentin; goitrin; cynarin; quassin; cycloheximide; dipeptide; any other bitter compound from vegetables, from fruits (such as naringin and guarana), from cocoa (such as chocolate), from grains, or from spices; or a combination thereof.

[0100] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a bittering agent at about 250 ppm, about 275 ppm, about 300 ppm, about 325 ppm, about 350 ppm, about 375 ppm, about 400 ppm, about 425 ppm, about 450 ppm, about 475 ppm, about 500 ppm, about 525 ppm, about 550 ppm, about 575 ppm, about 600 ppm, about 625 ppm, about 650 ppm, about 675 ppm, about 700 ppm, about 725 ppm, about 750 ppm, about 775 ppm, about 800 ppm, about 825 ppm, about 850 ppm, about 875 ppm, about 900 ppm, about 925 ppm, about 950 ppm, about 975 ppm, about 1,000 ppm, about 1,250 ppm, about 1,500 ppm, about 1,750 ppm, about 2,000 ppm, about 2,250 ppm, about 2,500 ppm, about 2,750 ppm, about 3,000 ppm, about 3,250 ppm, about 3,500 ppm, about 3,750 ppm or about 4,000 ppm. These bittering agent content values can also be expressed as ranges, such as: about 250 ppm to about 4,000 ppm, about 275 ppm to about 3,750 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 3,500 ppm, about 325 ppm to about 3,250 ppm, about 350 ppm to about 3,000 ppm, about 375 ppm to about 2,750 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 2,500 ppm, about 425 ppm to about 2,250 ppm, about 450 ppm to about 2,000 ppm, about 475 ppm to about 1,750 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1,500 ppm, about 525 ppm to about 1,250 ppm, about 550 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, about 575 ppm to about 975 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 950 ppm, about 625 ppm to about 925 ppm, about 650 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 675 ppm to about 875 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 850 ppm, about 725 ppm to about 825 ppm or about 750 ppm to about 800 ppm. 3 Sweeteners

[0101] In some embodiments, the sweetener may be provided in pure or less pure form or as part of a mixture (i.e., a sweetener blend or a carbohydrate blend or a carbohydrate / high-intensity sweetener blend or a high-intensity sweetener blend or a steviol glycoside blend or a mogroside blend). Exemplary carbohydrate sweeteners include, but are not limited to, cane sucrose, beet sucrose, sucrose, high fructose corn / starch syrup, glucose syrup, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, erythrose, threose, erythrulose, arabinose, lyxose, ribose, xylose, ribulose, xylulose, allose, altrose, galactose, glucose, gulose, idose, mannose, talose, fructose, psicose, sorbose, tagatose, mannoheptulose, sedoheptulose, octolose, fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, turanose, sialose, sorbose, lyxose, ribulose, xylose, xylulose, D-allose, L-ribose, D-tagatose, L-glucose, L-fucose, L-arabinose, turanose, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysate (HSH), isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, psicose, xylitol, and combinations thereof.

[0102] Exemplary high-intensity sweeteners include, but are not limited to, monatin, curculin, glycyrrhizin, thaumatin, miraculin, mabinlin, brazzein, hernandulcin, phyllodulcin, sarsasapogenin, phloridzin, trilobatin, baiyunoside, polypodoside A, dihydrochalcone, cyclocarya glycoside I, sucralose, acesulfame potassium, acesulfame, aspartame, alitame, saccharin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, cyclohexylsulfamate, cyclamic acid, neotame, advantame, allulose, xylitol, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside D2, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside G, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside J, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside M2, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside O, rebaudioside S, rebaudioside T, rebaudioside U, rebaudioside V, rebaudioside W, rebaudioside Z1, rebaudioside Z2, rebaudioside IX, dulcoside A, dulcoside B, rubusoside, steviolbioside, steviolmonoside, grosmogroside I, grosmogroside IA, grosmogroside IE, 11-oxo-grosmogroside IA, grosmogroside II, grosmogroside IIA, grosmogroside IIB, grosmogroside IIE, 7-oxo-grosmogroside IV, 11-oxo-grosmogroside IVA, grosmogroside V, isogrosmogroside V, 11-deoxygrosmogroside V, 7-oxo-grosmogroside V, 11-oxo-grosmogroside V, isogrosmogroside V, grosmogroside VI, mogrol, 11-oxomogrol, synephrine I, enzymatically glucosylated steviol glycosides, and combinations thereof.

[0103] In one embodiment, the composition comprises one or more high-potency sweeteners other than advantame, alitame, monatin, neotame, thaumatin and brazzein, depending on their sweetening potency, wherein each sweetener in the composition is about 600 ppm, about 700 ppm, about 800 ppm, about 900 ppm, 1,000 ppm, about 1,100 ppm, about 1,200 ppm, about 1,300 ppm, about 1,400 ppm, about 1,500 ppm, about 1,600 ppm, about 1,700 ppm, about 1,800 ppm, about 1,900 ppm, about 2,000 ppm, about 2,100 ppm, about 2,200 ppm, about 2,300 ppm, about 2,400 ppm, about 2,500 ppm, about 2,600 ppm, about 2,700 ppm, about 2,800 ppm, about 2,900 ppm or about 3,000 ppm. These sweetener content values can also be expressed as ranges: about 600 ppm to about 3,000 ppm, 700 ppm to about 2,900 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 2,800 ppm, about 900 ppm to about 2,700 ppm, about 1,000 ppm to about 2,600 ppm, about 1,100 ppm to about 2,500 ppm, about 1,200 ppm to about 2,400 ppm, about 1,300 ppm to about 2,300 ppm, about 1,400 ppm to about 2,200 ppm, about 1,500 ppm to about 2,100 ppm, about 1,600 ppm to about 2,000 ppm or about 1,700 ppm to about 1,900 ppm.

[0104] In one embodiment, the composition comprises one or more high-potency sweeteners selected from alitame, monatin, thaumatin, and brazzein, depending on their sweetening potency, wherein each sweetener in the composition is about 120 ppm, about 220 ppm, about 320 ppm, about 420 ppm, 520 ppm, about 620 ppm, about 720 ppm, about 820 ppm, about 920 ppm, about 1,020 ppm, about 1,120 ppm, about 1,220 ppm, about 1,320 ppm, about 1,420 ppm, about 1,520 ppm, about 1,620 ppm, about 1,720 ppm, about 1,820 ppm, about 1,920 ppm, about 2,020 ppm, about 2,120 ppm, about 2,220 ppm, about 2,320 ppm, or about 2,420 ppm. These sweetener content values can also be expressed as ranges: about 120 ppm to about 2,420 ppm, 220 ppm to about 2,320 ppm, about 320 ppm to about 2,220 ppm, about 420 ppm to about 2,120 ppm, about 520 ppm to about 2,020 ppm, about 620 ppm to about 1,920 ppm, about 720 ppm to about 1,820 ppm, about 820 ppm to about 1,720 ppm, about 920 ppm to about 1,620 ppm, or about 1,020 ppm to about 1,520 ppm.

[0105] In one embodiment, the composition comprises one or more high-potency sweeteners selected from advantame and neotame, depending on their sweetening potency, wherein each sweetener in the composition is about 13 ppm, about 23 ppm, about 33 ppm, about 43 ppm, 53 ppm, about 63 ppm, about 73 ppm, about 83 ppm, about 93 ppm, about 103 ppm, about 113 ppm, about 123 ppm, about 133 ppm, about 143 ppm, about 153 ppm, about 163 ppm, about 173 ppm, about 183 ppm, about 193 ppm, about 203 ppm, about 213 ppm, about 223 ppm, about 233 ppm, or about 243 ppm. These sweetener content values can also be expressed as ranges: about 13 ppm to about 243 ppm, 23 ppm to about 233 ppm, about 33 ppm to about 223 ppm, about 43 ppm to about 213 ppm, about 53 ppm to about 203 ppm, about 63 ppm to about 193 ppm, about 73 ppm to about 183 ppm, about 83 ppm to about 173 ppm, about 93 ppm to about 163 ppm, or about 103 ppm to about 153 ppm.

[0106] In one embodiment, the composition comprises one or more carbohydrate sweeteners, depending on their sweetening potency, wherein each sweetener in the composition is about 15,000 ppm, about 15,500 ppm, about 16,000 ppm, about 16,500 ppm, about 17,000 ppm, about 16,500 ppm, about 18,000 ppm, about 18,500 ppm, about 19,000 ppm, about 19,500 ppm, about 20,000 ppm, about 21,000 ppm, about 22,000 ppm, about 23,000 ppm, about 24,000 ppm, about 25,000 ppm, about 26,000 ppm, about 27,000 ppm, about 28,000 ppm, about 29,000 ppm, about 30,000 ppm, about 31,000 ppm, about 32,000 ppm, about 32,000 ppm, about 33,000 ppm, about 34,000 ppm, about 35,000 ppm, about 36,000 ppm, about 37,000 ppm, about 38,000 ppm, about 39,000 ppm, about 40,000 ppm, about 41,000 ppm, about 42,000 ppm, about 43,000 ppm, about 44,000 ppm, about 45,000 ppm, about 46,000 ppm, about 47,000 ppm, about 48,000 ppm, about 49,000 ppm, about 50,000 ppm, about 51,000 ppm, about 52,000 ppm, about 53,000 ppm, about 54,000 ppm, about 55,000 ppm, about 56,000 ppm, about 57,000 ppm, about 58,000 ppm, about 59,000 ppm, about 60,000 ppm, about 61,000 ppm, about 62,000 ppm, about 63,000 ppm, about 64,000 ppm, about 65,000 ppm, about 66,000 ppm, about 67,000 ppm, about 68,000 ppm, about 69,000 ppm or about 70,000 ppm. These sweetener content values can also be expressed as ranges: about 15,000 ppm to about 70,000 ppm, 15,500 ppm to about 68,000 ppm, about 16,500 ppm to about 66,000 ppm, about 17,000 ppm to about 65,000 ppm, about 17,500 ppm to about 64,500 ppm, about 18,000 ppm to about 62,000 ppm, about 19,000 ppm to about 60,000 ppm, about 25,000 ppm to about 55,000 ppm, about 30,000 ppm to about 45,000 ppm or about 35,000 ppm to about 45,000 ppm. 4 Other additives 4.1 Vitamins

[0107] In any of the embodiments disclosed above, the composition may further comprise a vitamin selected from: vitamin A (retinoids, carotenoids), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferol; and D2, D3, D4, and D5), vitamin E (α-tocopherol), vitamin K (and K2 and K3), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folic acid, folate, folate analogs), vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate composition may comprise "vitamin-like" additives such as choline, carnitine, inositol, para-aminobenzoic acid, and lipoic acid. The compositions contemplated comprise one, two, three, four, five, or more vitamins. For example, the composition may comprise niacin, pyridoxine, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin. In another exemplary embodiment, the composition may comprise niacin, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin. In a further embodiment, the composition may comprise niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin. In other embodiments, the composition may comprise riboflavin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin. In a further embodiment, the composition may comprise pyridoxine and cyanocobalamin. In still a further embodiment, the composition may comprise riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin.

[0108] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise about 0.5 mg, about 1.0 mg, about 1.5 mg, about 2.0 mg, about 2.5 mg, about 3.0 mg, about 3.5 mg, about 4.0 mg, about 4.5 mg, about 5.0 mg, about 5.5 mg, about 6.0 mg, about 6.5 mg, about 7.0 mg, about 7.5 mg, about 8.0 mg, about 8.5 mg, about 9.0 mg, about 9.5 mg, about 10.0 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, about 80 mg, about 81 mg, about 82 mg, about 83 mg, about 84 mg, about 85 mg, about 86 mg, about 87 mg, about 88 mg, about 89 mg, about 90 mg, about 91 mg, about 92 mg, about 93 mg, about 94 mg, about 95 mg, about 96 mg, about 97 mg, about 98 mg, about 99 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, about 310 mg, about 320 mg, about 330 mg, about 340 mg, about 350 mg, about 360 mg, about 370 mg, about 380 mg, about 390 mg, about 400 mg, about 410 mg, about 420 mg, about 430 mg, about 440 mg, about 450 mg, about 460 mg, about 470 mg, about 480 mg, about 490 mg, about 500 mg, about 510 mg, about 520 mg,Riboflavin of about 530 mg, about 540 mg, about 550 mg, about 560 mg, about 570 mg, about 580 mg, about 590 mg, about 600 mg, about 610 mg, about 620 mg, about 630 mg, about 640 mg, about 650 mg, about 660 mg, about 670 mg, about 680 mg, about 690 mg, about 700 mg, about 710 mg, about 720 mg, about 730 mg, about 740 mg, about 750 mg, about 760 mg, about 770 mg, about 780 mg, about 790 mg, about 800 mg, about 810 mg, about 820 mg, about 830 mg, about 840 mg, about 850 mg, about 860 mg, about 870 mg, about 880 mg, about 890 mg or about 900 mg.

[0109] The riboflavin content value can also be expressed as a range, for example: about 0.5 mg to about 900 mg, about 1 mg to about 900 mg, about 2 mg to about 900 mg, about 5 mg to about 900 mg, about 10 mg to about 900 mg, about 25 mg to about 900 mg, about 50 mg to about 900 mg, about 100 mg to about 900 mg, about 150 mg to about 900 mg, about 200 mg to about 900 mg, about 300 mg to about 900 mg, about 400 mg to about 900 mg, about 500 mg to about 900 mg, about 600 mg to about 900 mg, about 700 mg to about 900 mg, about 800 mg to about 900 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 850 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 800 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 750 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 600 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 500 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 400 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 300 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 200 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 50 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 25 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 5 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 2.5 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 2 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 1.5 mg or about 0.5 mg to about 1 mg.

[0110] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, about 80 mg, about 81 mg, about 82 mg, about 83 mg, about 84 mg, about 85 mg, about 86 mg, about 87 mg, about 88 mg, about 89 mg, about 90 mg, about 90 mg, about 91 mg, about 92 mg, about 93 mg, about 94 mg, about 95 mg, about 96 mg, about 97 mg, about 98 mg, about 99 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, about 310 mg, about 320 mg, about 330 mg, about 340 mg, about 350 mg, about 360 mg, about 370 mg, about 380 mg, about 390 mg, about 400 mg, about 410 mg, about 420 mg, about 430 mg, about 440 mg, about 450 mg, about 460 mg, about 470 mg, about 480 mg, about 490 mg, about 500 mg, about 550 mg, about 600 mg, about 650 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 850 mg, about 900 mg, about 950 mg, about 1,000 mg, about 1,050 mg, about 1,100 mg, about 1,150 mg, about 1,Pantothenic acid at 200 mg, about 1,250 mg, about 1,300 mg, about 1,350 mg, about 1,400 mg, about 1,450 mg, about 1,500 mg, about 1,550 mg, about 1,600 mg, about 1,650 mg, about 1,700 mg, about 1,750 mg or about 1,800 mg.,

[0111] The pantothenic acid content value can also be expressed as a range, for example: about 2 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 3 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 4 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 5 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 7.5 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 10 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 15 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 20 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 25 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 50 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 100 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 200 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 300 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 400 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 500 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 600 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 700 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 800 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 900 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 1,000 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 1,100 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 1,200 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 1,300 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 1,400 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 1,500 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 1,600 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 1,000 mg to about 1,800 mg, about 2 mg to about 1,750 mg, about 2 mg to about 1,700 mg, about 2 mg to about 1,600 mg, about 2 mg to about 1,500 mg, about 2 mg to about 1,400 mg, about 2 mg to about 1,300 mg, about 2 mg to about 1,200 mg, about 2 mg to about 1,100 mg, about 2 mg to about 1,000 mg, about 2 mg to about 900 mg, about 2 mg to about 800 mg, about 2 mg to about 700 mg, about 2 mg to about 600 mg, about 2 mg to about 500 mg, about 2 mg to about 400 mg, about 2 mg to about 300 mg, about 2 mg to about 200 mg, about 2 mg to about 100 mg, about 2 mg to about 75 mg, about 2 mg to about 50 mg, about 2 mg to about 25 mg, about 2 mg to about 20 mg, about 2 mg to about 15 mg, about 2 mg to about 10 mg, about 2 mg to about 7.5 mg, about 2 mg to about 5 mg, about 2 mg to about 4 mg or about 2 mg to about 3 mg.,

[0112] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise from about 0.75 mg, about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg, about 500 mg, about 550 mg, about 600 mg, about 650 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 850 mg, about 900 mg, about 950 mg, 1,000 mg, about 1,500 mg, 2,000 mg, about 2,500 mg, about 3,000 mg, about 3,500 mg, about 4,000 mg, about 4,500 mg, about 5,000 mg, about 5,500 mg, about 6,000 mg, about 6,500 mg, about 7,000 mg, about 7,500 mg, about 8,000 mg, about 8,500 mg, about 9,000 mg, about 9,500 mg, about 10,000 mg, about 10,500 mg, about 11,000 mg, about 11,500 mg, about 12,000 mg, about 12,500 mg, about 13,000 mg, about 13,500 mg, about 14,000 mg, about 14,500 mg, about 15,000 mg, about 15,500 mg, 16,000 mg, about 16,500 mg, about 17,000 mg, about 17,500 mg, about 18,000 mg, about 18,500 mg, about 19,000 mg, about 19,500 mg, about 20,000 mg, about 25,000 mg, about 30,000 mg, about 35,000 mg, about 40,000 mg or about 45,000 mg of pyridoxine.

[0113] The pyridoxine content value can also be expressed as a range, for example: from about 0.75 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 1 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 2 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 3 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 4 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 5 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 10 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 15 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 20 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 25 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 50 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 250 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 500 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 1,000 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 2,500 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 5,000 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 7,500 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 10,000 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 15,000 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 20,000 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 25,000 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 30,000 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 35,000 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 40,000 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 40,000 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 35,000 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 30,000 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 25,000 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 20,000 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 15,000 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 7,500 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 5,000 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 2,500 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 1,000 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 750 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 500 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 250 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 100 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 75 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 50 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 25 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 20 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 15 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 10 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 7.5 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 5 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 2.5 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 2 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 1 mg or from about 0.25 mg to about 0.5 mg.

[0114] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise from about 0.015 mg, about 0.020 mg, about 0.025 mg, about 0.030 mg, about 0.035 mg, about 0.040 mg, about 0.045 mg, about 0.050 mg, about 0.055 mg, about 0.060 mg, about 0.065 mg, about 0.070 mg, about 0.075 mg, about 0.080 mg, about 0.085 mg, about 0.090 mg, about 0.095 mg, about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg, about 500 mg, about 550 mg, about 600 mg, about 650 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 850 mg, about 900 mg, about 950 mg, 1,000 mg, about 1,500 mg, 2,000 mg, about 2,500 mg, about 3,000 mg, about 3,500 mg, about 4,000 mg, about 4,500 mg, about 5,000 mg, about 5,500 mg, about 6,000 mg, about 6,500 mg, about 7,000 mg, about 7,500 mg, about 8,000 mg, about 8,500 mg, about 9,000 mg, about 9,500 mg, about 10,000 mg, about 10,500 mg, about 11,000 mg, about 11,500 mg, about 12,000 mg, about 12,500 mg, about 13,000 mg or about 13,500 mg of biotin.

[0115] The biotin content value can also be expressed as a range, for example: from about 0.015 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 0.025 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 0.05 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 0.075 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 0.1 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 0.2 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 0.75 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 1 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 2 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 5 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 10 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 25 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 50 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 100 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 250 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 500 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 1,000 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 2,500 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 5,000 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 7,500 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 10,000 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 11,000 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 12,000 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 13,000 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 13,000 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 12,000 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 11,000 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 7,500 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 5,000 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 2,500 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 1,000 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 750 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 500 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 250 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 100 mg, from about 75 mg to about 13,000 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 50 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 25 mg, from about 10 mg to about 13,000 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 5 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 2.5 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 1 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 0.75 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 0.5 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 0.1 mg, from about 0.015 mg to about 0.05 mg or from about 0.015 mg to about 0.025 mg.

[0116] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 30 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, about 80 mg, about 81 mg, about 82 mg, about 83 mg, about 84 mg, about 85 mg, about 86 mg, about 87 mg, about 88 mg, about 89 mg, about 90 mg, about 90 mg, about 91 mg, about 92 mg, about 93 mg, about 94 mg, about 95 mg, about 96 mg, about 97 mg, about 98 mg, about 99 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, about 310 mg, about 320 mg, about 330 mg, about 340 mg, about 350 mg, about 360 mg, about 370 mg, about 380 mg, about 390 mg, about 400 mg, about 410 mg, about 420 mg, about 430 mg, about 440 mg, about 450 mg, about 460 mg, about 470 mg, about 480 mg, about 490 mg, about 500 mg, about 550 mg, about 600 mg, about 650 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 850 mg, about 900 mg, about 950 mg, about 1,000 mg, about 1,050 mg, about 1,100 mg, about 1,150 mg, about 1,200 mg, about 1,250 mg, about 1,300 mg, about 1,350 mg, about 1,400 mg, about 1,450 mg, about 1,500 mg, about 1,550 mg, about 1,600 mg, about 1,650 mg, about 1,700 mg, about 1,750 mg, about 1,800 mg, about 1,850 mg, about 1,9000 mg, about 1,950 mg, about 2,000 mg, about 2,100 mg, about 2,200 mg, about 2,300 mg, about 2,400 mg, 2,500 mg, 2,600 mg, 2,700 mg, about 2,800 mg, about 2,900 mg, about 3,000 mg, about 3,100 mg, about 3,200 mg, about 3,300 mg, about 3,400 mg, 3,500 mg, 3,600 mg, 3,700 mg, about 3,800 mg, about 3,900 mg, about 4,000 mg, about 4,100 mg, about 4,200 mg, about 4,300 mg, about 4,400 mg, 4,500 mg, 4,600 mg, 4,700 mg, about 4,800 mg, about 4,900 mg, about 5,000 mg, about 5,200 mg, about 5,300 mg, about 5,400 mg, about 5,500 mg, about 5,600 mg, about 5,700 mg, about 5,800 mg, about 5,900 mg, about 6,000 mg, about 6,100 mg, about 6,200 mg or about 6,300 mg of niacin.,

[0117] The niacin content value can also be expressed as a range, for example: about 7 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 8 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 9 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 10 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 12.5 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 15 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 20 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 25 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 50 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 75 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 100 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 250 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 500 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 750 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 1,000 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 2,500 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 3,500 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 4,000 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 5,000 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 6,000 mg to about 6,300 mg, about 7 mg to about 6,200 mg, about 7 mg to about 6,100 mg, about 7 mg to about 6,000 mg, about 7 mg to about 5,750 mg, about 7 mg to about 5,500 mg, about 7 mg to about 5,250 mg, about 7 mg to about 5,000 mg, about 7 mg to about 4,000 mg, about 7 mg to about 3,000 mg, about 7 mg to about 2,000 mg, about 7 mg to about 1,000 mg, about 7 mg to about 900 mg, about 7 mg to about 800 mg, about 7 mg to about 700 mg, about 7 mg to about 600 mg, about 7 mg to about 500 mg, about 7 mg to about 400 mg, about 7 mg to about 300 mg, about 7 mg to about 200 mg, about 7 mg to about 100 mg, about 7 mg to about 75 mg, about 7 mg to about 50 mg, about 7 mg to about 25 mg, about 7 mg to about 15 mg, about 7 mg to about 12.5 mg, about 7 mg to about 10 mg, about 7 mg to about 9 mg or about 7 mg to about 8 mg.

[0118] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise about 0.2 mg, about 0.3 mg, about 0.4 mg, about 0.5 mg, about 0.6 mg, about 0.7 mg, about 0.8 mg, about 0.9 mg, about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 30 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, about 80 mg, about 81 mg, about 82 mg, about 83 mg, about 84 mg, about 85 mg, about 86 mg, about 87 mg, about 88 mg, about 89 mg, about 90 mg, about 90 mg, about 91 mg, about 92 mg, about 93 mg, about 94 mg, about 95 mg, about 96 mg, about 97 mg, about 98 mg, about 99 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg or about 180 mg of folic acid.

[0119] The folic acid content value can also be expressed as a range, for example: about 0.2 mg to about 180 mg, about 0.3 mg to about 180 mg, about 0.4 mg to about 180 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 180 mg, about 0.75 mg to about 180 mg, about 1 mg to about 180 mg, about 2.5 mg to about 180 mg, about 5 mg to about 180 mg, about 10 mg to about 180 mg, about 15 mg to about 180 mg, about 25 mg to about 180 mg, about 50 mg to about 180 mg, about 75 mg to about 180 mg, about 100 mg to about 180 mg, about 125 mg to about 180 mg, about 150 mg to about 180 mg, about 160 mg to about 180 mg, about 170 mg to about 180 mg, about 175 mg to about 180 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 170 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 160 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 150 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 140 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 130 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 120 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 110 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 100 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 75 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 50 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 25 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 10 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 7.5 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 5 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 4 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 3 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 2 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 1 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 0.75 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 0.5 mg, about 0.2 mg to about 0.4 mg or about 0.2 mg to about 0.3 mg.

[0120] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise about 0.001 mg, about 0.002 mg, about 0.003 mg, about 0.004 mg, about 0.005 mg, about 0.006 mg, about 0.007 mg, about 0.008 mg, about 0.009 mg, about 0.010 mg, about 0.011 mg, about 0.012 mg, about 0.013 mg, about 0.014 mg, about 0.015 mg, about 0.016 mg, about 0.017 mg, about 0.018 mg, about 0.019 mg, about 0.020 mg, about 0.25 mg, about 0.30 mg, about 0.35 mg, about 0.40 mg, about 0.45 mg, about 0.50 mg, about 0.55 mg, about 0.65 mg, about 0.70 mg, about 0.75 mg, about 0.80 mg, about 0.85 mg, about 0.90 mg, about 0.95 mg, about 1 mg, about 1.5 mg, about 2 mg, about 2.5 mg, about 3 mg, about 3.5 mg, about 4 mg, about 4.5 mg, about 5 mg, about 5.5 mg, about 6 mg, about 6.5 mg, about 7 mg, about 7.5 mg, about 8 mg, about 8.5 mg, about 9 mg, about 9.5 mg, 10.Cyanocobalamin at 0 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, about 80 mg, about 81 mg, about 82 mg, about 83 mg, about 84 mg, about 85 mg, about 86 mg, about 87 mg, about 88 mg, about 89 mg, about 90 mg, about 91 mg, about 92 mg, about 93 mg, about 94 mg, about 95 mg, about 96 mg, about 97 mg, about 98 mg, about 99 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg, about 500 mg, about 510 mg, about 520 mg, about 530 mg, about 540 mg, about 550 mg, about 560 mg, about 570 mg, about 580 mg, about 590 mg, about 600 mg, about 610 mg, about 620 mg, about 630 mg, about 640 mg, about 650 mg, about 660 mg, about 670 mg, about 680 mg, about 690 mg, about 700 mg, about 710 mg, about 720 mg, about 730 mg, about 740 mg, about 750 mg, about 760 mg, about 770 mg, about 780 mg, about 790 mg, about 800 mg, about 810 mg, about 820 mg, about 830 mg, about 840 mg, about 850 mg, about 860 mg, about 870 mg, about 880 mg, about 890 mg, about 900 mg, about 1,010 mg, about 1,020 mg, about 1,030 mg, about 1,040 mg, about 1,050 mg, about 1,060 mg, about 1,070 mg or about 1,080 mg.

[0121] The cyanocobalamin content value can also be expressed as a range, for example: from about 0.001 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.0025 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.005 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.0075 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.025 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.05 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.075 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.1 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.75 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 1 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 2 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 2.5 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 5 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 10 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 25 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 50 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 75 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 100 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 200 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 500 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 750 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 800 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 900 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 1,000 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 1,025 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 1,050 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 1,060 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 1,070 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 1,075 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 1,050 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 1,000 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 900 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 800 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 700 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 600 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 500 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 400 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 300 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 200 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 100 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 75 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 50 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 25 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 10 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 5 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 2.5 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 1 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 0.5 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 0.1 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 0.05 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 0.01 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 0.0075 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 0.005 mg, from about 0.001 mg to about 0.0025 mg or from about 0.001 mg to about 0.002 mg.

[0122] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise about 0.55 mg, 0.60 mg, about 0.65 mg, 0.70 mg, about 0.75 mg, about 0.80 mg, about 0.85 mg, about 0.90 mg, about 0.95 mg, about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 30 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, about 80 mg, about 81 mg, about 82 mg, about 83 mg, about 84 mg, about 85 mg, about 86 mg, about 87 mg, about 88 mg, about 89 mg, about 90 mg, about 90 mg, about 91 mg, about 92 mg, about 93 mg, about 94 mg, about 95 mg, about 96 mg, about 97 mg, about 98 mg, about 99 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, about 310 mg, about 320 mg, about 330 mg, about 340 mg, about 350 mg, about 360 mg, about 370 mg, about 380 mg, about 390 mg, about 400 mg, about 410 mg, about 420 mg, about 430 mg, about 440 mg or about 450 mg of thiamine.

[0123] The thiamine content value can also be expressed as a range, for example: about 0.55 mg to about 450 mg, about 0.6 mg to about 450 mg, about 0.7 mg to about 450 mg, about 0.8 mg to about 450 mg, about 0.9 mg to about 450 mg, about 1 mg to about 450 mg, about 2.5 mg to about 450 mg, about 5 mg to about 450 mg, about 7.5 mg to about 450 mg, about 10 mg to about 450 mg, about 25 mg to about 450 mg, about 50 mg to about 450 mg, about 75 mg to about 450 mg, about 100 mg to about 450 mg, about 150 mg to about 450 mg, about 200 mg to about 450 mg, about 250 mg to about 450 mg, about 300 mg to about 450 mg, about 350 mg to about 450 mg, about 400 mg to about 450 mg, about 410 mg to about 450 mg, about 420 mg to about 450 mg, about 430 mg to about 450 mg, about 1 mg to about 450 mg, about 440 mg to about 450 mg, about 445 mg to about 450 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 425 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 400 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 375 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 350 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 325 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 300 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 200 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 100 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 75 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 50 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 25 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 10 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 5 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 2.5 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 2 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 1 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 0.9 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 0.8 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 0.7 mg or about 0.55 mg to about 0.6 mg.

[0124] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise about 0.35 mg, about 0.40 mg, about 0.45 mg, about 0.50 mg, about 0.55 mg, about 0.60 mg, about 0.65 mg, about 0.70 mg, about 0.75 mg, about 0.80 mg, about 0.85 mg, about 0.90 mg, about 0.95 mg, about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 10.5 mg, about 11 mg, about 11.5 mg, about 12 mg, about 12.5 mg, about 13 mg, about 13.5 mg, about 14 mg, about 14.5 mg, about 15 mg, about 15.5 mg, about 16 mg, about 16.5 mg, about 17 mg or about 17.5 mg of vitamin A.

[0125] The vitamin A content value can also be expressed as a range, for example: from about 0.35 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 0.4 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 0.6 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 0.7 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 0.8 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 0.9 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 1 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 2 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 3 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 4 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 5 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 6 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 7 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 8 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 9 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 10 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 11 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 12 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 13 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 14 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 15 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 16 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 17 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 17 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 16 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 15 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 14 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 13 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 12 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 11 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 10 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 9 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 8 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 7 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 6 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 5 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 4 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 3 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 2 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 1 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 0.9 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 0.8 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 0.7 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 0.6 mg, from about 0.35 mg to about 0.5 mg, or from about 0.35 mg to about 0.4 mg.

[0126] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise about 37.5 mg, about 38 mg, about 38.5 mg, about 39 mg, about 39.5 mg, about 40 mg, about 40.5 mg, about 41 mg, about 41.5 mg, about 42 mg, about 42.5 mg, about 43 mg, about 43.5 mg, about 44 mg, about 44.5 mg, about 45 mg, about 45.5 mg, about 46 mg, about 46.5 mg, about 47 mg, about 47.5 mg, about 48 mg, about 48.5 mg, about 49 mg, about 49.5 mg, about 50 mg, about 50.5 mg, about 60 mg, about 60.5 mg, about 70 mg, about 70.5 mg, about 80 mg, about 80.5 mg, about 90 mg, about 90.5 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 111 mg, about 112 mg, about 113 mg, about 114 mg, about 115 mg, about 116 mg, about 117 mg, about 118 mg, about 119 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg, about 500 mg, about 550 mg, about 600 mg, about 650 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 850 mg, about 900 mg, about 950 mg, 1,000 mg, about 1,500 mg, 2,000 mg, about 2,500 mg, about 3,000 mg, about 3,500 mg, about 4,000 mg, about 4,500 mg, about 5,000 mg, about 5,500 mg, about 6,000 mg, about 6,500 mg, about 7,000 mg, about 7,500 mg, about 8,000 mg, about 8,500 mg, about 9,000 mg, about 9,500 mg, about 10,000 mg, about 11,000 mg, about 12,000 mg, about 13,000 mg, about 14,000 mg, about 15,000 mg, about 16,000 mg, about 17,000 mg, about 18,000 mg, about 19,000 mg, about 20,000 mg, about 21,000 mg, about 22,000 mg, about 23,000 mg, about 24,000 mg, about 25,000 mg, about 26,000 mg, about 27,000 mg, about 28,000 mg, about 29,000 mg, about 30,000 mg, about 31,000 mg, about 32,000 mg, about 33,000 mg, about 34,000 mg, about 35,000 mg or about 36,000 mg of vitamin C.

[0127] The vitamin C content value can also be expressed as a range, for example: from about 37.5 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 38 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 39 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 40 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 42.5 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 45 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 47.5 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 50 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 75 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 250 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 500 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 750 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 1,000 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 1,000 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 2,000 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 3,000 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 5,000 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 7,500 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 10,000 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 12,500 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 15,000 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 20,000 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 25,000 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 30,000 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 31,000 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 32,000 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 33,000 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 34,000 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 35,000 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 35,500 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 35,000 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 34,000 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 32,500 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 30,000 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 25,000 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 20,000 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 15,000 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 7,500 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 5,000 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 2,500 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 1,000 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 900 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 800 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 700 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 600 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 500 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 400 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 300 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 200 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 100 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 75 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 50 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 47.5 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 45 mg, from about 37.5 mg to about 40 mg, about 37.5 mg to about 39 mg, up to about 37.5 mg to about 38 mg.

[0128] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise about 0.01 mg, about 0.02 mg, about 0.03 mg, about 0.04 mg, about 0.05 mg, about 0.06 mg, about 0.07 mg, about 0.08 mg, about 0.09 mg, about 0.1 mg, about 0.5 mg, about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 30 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, about 80 mg, about 81 mg, about 82 mg, about 83 mg, about 84 mg, about 85 mg, about 86 mg, about 87 mg, about 88 mg, about 89 mg, about 90 mg, about 90 mg, about 91 mg, about 92 mg, about 93 mg, about 94 mg, about 95 mg, about 96 mg, about 97 mg, about 98 mg, about 99 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, about 310 mg, about 320 mg, about 330 mg, about 340 mg, about 350 mg, about 360 mg, about 370 mg, about 380 mg, about 390 mg, about 400 mg, about 410 mg, about 420 mg, about 430 mg, about 440 mg, about 450 mg, about 460 mg, about 470 mg, about 480 mg, about 490 mg, about 500 mg, about 550 mg, about 600 mg, about 650 mg, about 700 mg,About 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 850 mg, about 900 mg, about 950 mg, about 1,000 mg, about 1,050 mg, about 1,100 mg, about 1,150 mg, about 1,200 mg, about 1,250 mg, about 1,300 mg, about 1,350 mg, about 1,400 mg, about 1,450 mg, about 1,500 mg, about 1,550 mg, about 1,600 mg, about 1,650 mg, about 1,700 mg, about 1,750 mg, about 1,800 mg, about 1,850 mg, about 1,900 mg, about 1,950 mg, about 2,000 mg, about 2,100 mg, about 2,200 mg, about 2,300 mg, about 2,400 mg, 2,500 mg, 2,600 mg, 2,700 mg, about 2,800 mg, about 2,900 mg, about 3,000 mg, about 3,100 mg, about 3,200 mg, about 3,300 mg, about 3,400 mg, 3,500 mg, 3,600 mg, 3,700 mg, about 3,800 mg, about 3,900 mg, about 4,000 mg, about 4,100 mg, about 4,200 mg, about 4,300 mg, about 4,400 mg, 4,500 mg, 4,600 mg, 4,700 mg, about 4,800 mg, about 4,900 mg, about 5,000 mg, about 5,200 mg, about 5,300 mg, about 5,400 mg, about 5,500 mg, about 5,600 mg, about 5,700 mg, about 5,800 mg, about 5,900 mg, about 6,000 mg, about 6,100 mg, about 6,200 mg or about 6,300 mg of vitamin D.

[0129] The vitamin D content value can also be expressed as a range, for example: from about 0.01 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.025 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.05 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.075 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.1 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.2 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.3 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.4 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.6 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.7 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.8 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.9 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 1 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 2 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 3 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 4 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 5 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 6 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 7 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 8 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 9 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 10 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 12.5 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 15 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 20 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 25 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 50 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 75 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 100 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 250 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 500 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 750 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 1,000 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 2,500 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 3,500 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 4,000 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 5,000 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 6,000 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 6,200 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 6,100 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 6,000 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 5,750 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 5,500 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 5,250 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 5,000 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 4,000 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 2,000 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 1,000 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 900 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 800 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 700 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 600 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 400 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 300 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 200 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 75 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 50 mg, from about 0.from about 0.01 mg to about 25 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 15 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 12.5 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 10 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 9 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 8 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 7 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 6 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 5 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 4 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 3 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 2 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 1 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 0.075 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 0.05 mg or from about 0.01 mg to about 0.025 mg.

[0130] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise about 7.5 mg, about 8.0 mg, about 8.5 mg, about 9.0 mg, about 9.5 mg, about 10 mg, 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 30 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, about 80 mg, about 81 mg, about 82 mg, about 83 mg, about 84 mg, about 85 mg, about 86 mg, about 87 mg, about 88 mg, about 89 mg, about 90 mg, about 90 mg, about 91 mg, about 92 mg, about 93 mg, about 94 mg, about 95 mg, about 96 mg, about 97 mg, about 98 mg, about 99 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, about 310 mg, about 320 mg, about 330 mg, about 340 mg, about 350 mg, about 360 mg, about 370 mg, about 380 mg, about 390 mg, about 400 mg, about 410 mg, about 420 mg, about 430 mg, about 440 mg, about 450 mg, about 460 mg, about 470 mg, about 480 mg, about 490 mg, about 500 mg, about 550 mg, about 600 mg, about 650 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 850 mg, about 900 mg, about 950 mg, about 1,000 mg, about 1,050 mg, about 1,100 mg, about 1,150 mg, about 1,200 mg, about 1,250 mg, about 1,Vitamin E in amounts of 300 mg, about 1,350 mg, about 1,400 mg, about 1,450 mg, about 1,500 mg, about 1,550 mg, about 1,600 mg, about 1,650 mg, about 1,700 mg, about 1,750 mg, about 1,800 mg, about 1,850 mg, about 1,9000 mg, about 1,950 mg, about 2,000 mg, about 2,100 mg, about 2,200 mg, about 2,300 mg, about 2,400 mg, 2,500 mg, 2,600 mg, 2,700 mg, about 2,800 mg, about 2,900 mg or about 3,000 mg.,

[0131] The vitamin E content value can also be expressed as a range, for example: from about 7.5 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 8 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 9 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 10 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 25 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 50 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 75 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 250 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 500 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 750 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 1,000 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 1,500 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 2,000 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 2,100 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 2,200 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 2,300 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 2,400 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 2,500 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 2,600 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 2,700 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 2,800 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 2,900 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 2,950 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 2,900 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 2,800 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 2,700 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 2,600 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 2,500 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 2,400 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 2,300 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 2,200 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 2,100 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 2,000 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 1,750 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 1,500 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 1,250 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 1,000 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 750 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 500 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 250 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 100 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 75 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 50 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 25 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 15 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 14 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 13 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 12 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 11 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 10 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 9 mg or from about 7.5 mg to about 8 mg.

[0132] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise about 0.045 mg, about 0.046 mg, about 0.047 mg, about 0.048 mg, about 0.049 mg, about 0.050 mg, about 0.051 mg, about 0.052 mg, about 0.053 mg, about 0.054 mg, about 0.055 mg, about 0.056 mg, about 0.057 mg, 0.058 mg, about 0.059 mg, about 0.060 mg, about 0.061 mg, about 0.062 mg, about 0.063 mg, about 0.064 mg, about 0.065 mg, about 0.066 mg, about 0.067 mg, 0.068 mg, about 0.069 mg, about 0.070 mg, about 0.071 mg, about 0.072 mg, about 0.073 mg, about 0.074 mg, about 0.075 mg, about 0.076 mg, about 0.077 mg, 0.078 mg, about 0.079 mg, about 0.080 mg, about 0.091 mg, about 0.092 mg, about 0.093 mg, about 0.094 mg, about 0.095 mg, about 0.096 mg, about 0.097 mg, 0.098 mg, about 0.099 mg, about 0.1 mg, about 0.2 mg, about 0.3 mg, about 0.4 mg, about 0.5 mg, about 0.6 mg, about 0.7 mg, about 0.8 mg, about 0.Vitamin K in an amount of about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg, about 500 mg, about 550 mg, about 600 mg, about 650 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 850 mg, about 900 mg, about 950 mg, 1,000 mg, about 1,500 mg, 2,000 mg, about 2,500 mg, about 3,000 mg, about 3,500 mg, about 4,000 mg, about 4,500 mg, about 5,000 mg, about 5,500 mg, about 6,000 mg, about 6,500 mg, about 7,000 mg, about 7,500 mg, about 8,000 mg, about 8,500 mg, about 9,000 mg, about 9,500 mg, about 10,000 mg, about 10,500 mg, about 11,000 mg, about 11,500 mg, about 12,000 mg, about 12,500 mg, about 13,000 mg, about 13,500 mg, about 14,000 mg, about 14,500 mg, about 15,000 mg, about 15,500 mg, 16,000 mg, about 16,500 mg, about 17,000 mg, about 17,500 mg, about 18,000 mg, about 18,500 mg, about 19,000 mg, about 19,500 mg, about 20,000 mg, about 25,000 mg, about 30,000 mg, about 35,000 mg, about 40,000 mg or about 45,000 mg.

[0133] The vitamin K content value can also be expressed as a range, for example: from about 0.045 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 0.05 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 0.075 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 0.1 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 0.75 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 1 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 12.5 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 15 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 20 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 50 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 100 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 500 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 1,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 2,500 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 5,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 7,500 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 10,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 12,500 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 15,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 17,500 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 20,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 22,500 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 25,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 27,500 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 30,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 31,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 32,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 33,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 34,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 35,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 36,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 37,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 38,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 39,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 39,250 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 39,500 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 39,750 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 40,000 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 40,100 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 40,200 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 40,300 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 40,400 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 40,000 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 39,000 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 38,000 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 37,000 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 35,000 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 32,500 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 30,000 mg, from about 0.From about 0.045 mg to about 25,000 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 20,000 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 7,500 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 5,000 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 2,500 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 2,000 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 1,000 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 750 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 500 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 250 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 100 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 75 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 50 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 25 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 10 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 5 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 1 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 0.75 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 0.5 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 0.25 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 0.1 mg, from about 0.045 mg to about 0.075 mg or from about 0.045 mg to about 0.05 mg.

[0134] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise about 212.5 mg, about 213 mg, about 213.5 mg, about 214 mg, about 214.5 mg, about 215 mg, about 215.5 mg, about 216 mg, about 216.5 mg, about 217 mg, about 217.5 mg, about 218 mg, about 218.5 mg, about 219 mg, about 219.5 mg, 220 mg, about 221 mg, about 222 mg, about 223 mg, about 224 mg, about 225 mg, about 226 mg, about 227 mg, about 228 mg, about 229 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg, about 500 mg, about 550 mg, about 600 mg, about 650 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 850 mg, about 900 mg, about 950 mg, 1,000 mg, about 1,500 mg, 2,000 mg, about 2,500 mg, about 3,000 mg, about 3,500 mg, about 4,000 mg, about 4,500 mg, about 5,000 mg, about 5,500 mg, about 6,000 mg, about 6,500 mg, about 7,000 mg, about 7,500 mg, about 8,000 mg, about 8,500 mg, about 9,000 mg, about 9,500 mg or about 10,000 mg of choline.

[0135] The choline content value can also be expressed as a range, for example: about 212.5 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 212 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 213 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 214 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 215 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 220 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 225 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 250 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 275 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 300 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 400 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 500 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 750 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 1,000 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 2,000 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 3,000 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 4,000 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 5,000 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 6,000 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 7,000 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 8,000 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 9,000 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 9,100 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 9,200 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 9,300 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 9,400 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 9,500 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 9,600 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 9,700 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 9,800 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 9,900 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 9,950 mg to about 10,000 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 9,900 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 9,800 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 9,700 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 9,600 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 9,500 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 9,400 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 9,300 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 9,200 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 9,100 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 9,000 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 8,000 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 7,000 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 6,000 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 5,000 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 4,000 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 3,000 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 2,000 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 1,000 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 750 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 500 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 400 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 300 mg, about 212.from 5 mg to about 290 mg, from about 212.5 mg to about 280 mg, from about 212.5 mg to about 270 mg, from about 212.5 mg to about 260 mg, from about 212.5 mg to about 250 mg, from about 212.5 mg to about 240 mg, from about 212.5 mg to about 230 mg, from about 212.5 mg to about 220 mg, from about 212.5 mg to about 219 mg, from about 212.5 mg to about 218 mg, from about 212.5 mg to about 217 mg, from about 212.5 mg to about 216 mg, from about 212.5 mg to about 215 mg, from about 212.5 mg to about 214 mg or from about 212.5 mg to about 213 mg. 4.2 Additives

[0136] In some embodiments, the composition may further comprise a sugar acid (such as glucuronic acid) and / or a sugar alcohol (such as inositol). The sugar acid may be selected from, for example, glyceric acid, xylonic acid, gluconic acid, ascorbic acid, neuraminic acid, keto-deoxyoctulosonic acid, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, iduronic acid, tartaric acid, meso-galactaric acid, D-glucaric acid, or a combination thereof. The sugar alcohol may be selected from, for example, mannitol, sorbitol, arabinitol, threitol, xylitol, ribitol, galactitol, fruitol, iditol, inositol, heptitol, lactitol, maltitol, or a combination thereof.

[0137] In some embodiments, the composition may further comprise amino acids: L-phenylalanine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-arginine, L-histidine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-serine, L-threonine, L-asparagine, L-glutamine, L-cysteine, L-selenocysteine, glycine, L-proline, L-alanine, L-methionine, L-tyrosine, and / or L-tryptophan.

[0138] In some embodiments, the composition may comprise amino acid derivatives. Such amino acid derivatives can be, for example, N-acetyl-L-tyrosine, taurine, ornithine, sarcosine, citrulline, norvaline, norleucine, α-aminobutyric acid, hydroxyproline, tert-leucine, cyclo-leucine, α-aminoisobutyric acid (2-methylalanine), penicillamine, homoserine, or a combination thereof. Additionally, any of the various derivatives of the amino acids and amino acid derivatives mentioned above may also be included in the composition. Examples of these amino acid derivatives include, for example, special amino acids, non-natural amino acids, amino alcohols, and amino acids in which one or more of their functional groups (such as terminal carbonyl, terminal amino, and sulfhydryl group in the case of cysteine) are substituted by any one or more of various substituents. Specific examples of substituents include, for example, alkyl, acyl, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, nitro, sulfonyl, and various alcohol protecting groups. Specific examples of these amino acid derivatives include, for example, N-γ-nitroarginine, S-nitrocysteine, S-methylcysteine, S-allylcysteine, valinamide, 2-amino-3-methyl-1-butanol (valinol), methionine sulfoxide, and S-methylcysteine sulfoxide.

[0139] Some embodiments may comprise natural flavorants and / or artificial flavorants. Natural flavorants can be essential oils, oleoresins, flavors or extracts, protein hydrolysates, distillates, or any product of roasting, fermentation, heating, or enzymatic hydrolysis that contains flavor components derived from spices, fruits or fruit juices, vegetables or vegetable juices, edible yeast, herbs, barks, buds, roots, leaves, or similar plant materials, meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, dairy products, or their fermentation products, and whose important role in food is flavoring rather than nutrition. Artificial flavorants are any substances that function to impart flavor and are not derived from spices, fruits or fruit juices, vegetables or vegetable juices, edible yeast, herbs, barks, buds, roots, leaves, or similar plant materials, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy products, or their fermentation products. Conventional artificial flavorings can be used, such as sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, acetoin, isoamyl acetate, benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, ethyl propionate, methyl anthranilate, limonene, ethyl decadienoate, allyl hexanoate, ethyl maltol, ethyl vanillin, methyl salicylate, manazanate, or a combination thereof.

[0140] Preservatives may also be included in the composition. For example, in some embodiments, sodium citrate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, potassium benzoate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), calcium disodium EDTA, sorbic acid, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, sodium nitrite, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, citric acid, vitamin E, vitamin C, and / or benzoic acid may be included in the composition.

[0141] In some embodiments, the composition may further comprise a pH buffer, such as potassium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, sodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium citrate, magnesium citrate, or a combination thereof.

[0142] The composition under consideration may also comprise a nutritional supplement, including but not limited to: magnesium carbonate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, ascorbic acid, "super creatine", coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), citicoline, omega-3 fatty acids (such as, for example, alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, hexadecatrienoic acid, octadecatetraenoic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, heneicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, tetracosapentaenoic acid, tetracosahexaenoic acid), omega-6 fatty acids (such as, for example, linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, octadecatrienoic acid, eicosadienoic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosadienoic acid, adrenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, tetracosatetraenoic acid, tetracosapentaenoic acid) lutein, zeaxanthin, L-theanine, fish oil, beta-alanine, D-ribose, reduced L-glutathione, citrulline, L-alanyl-L-glutamine, L-hydroxyproline, or a combination thereof.

[0143] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a herbal supplement, such as ginseng, milk thistle, guarana, ginkgo (gingko biloba), saw palmetto, green tea, black tea, hoodia gordonii, passion flower, horny goat weed, skullcap, Echinacea, dandelion leaf, St. John's wort, green tea, chamomile or mint, or an extract thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a recovery supplement for hypoxic exercise is included in the composition, such as L-carnitine, L-tartrate, creatine, whey protein, citrulline, curcumin, beta-hydroxybutyrate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, an antidote may be included in the composition, such as D-glucuronolactone, milk thistle, magnesium, diatomaceous earth, glutathione, alpha-lipoic acid, superoxide dismutase, N-acetylcysteine, selenium, or a combination thereof.

[0144] In some embodiments, the composition comprises electrolytes, such as sodium chloride, sodium acetate, acidic sodium citrate, sodium acid phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bromide, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, sodium molybdate, sodium phosphate, anhydrous sodium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium tartrate, sodium benzoate, sodium selenite, potassium chloride, potassium acetate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium bromide, potassium citrate, D-glucuronate potassium, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium tartrate, potassium sorbate, potassium iodide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide, magnesium phosphate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, chelated calcium, calcium diphosphate, calcium lactate, calcium phosphate, or a combination thereof.

[0145] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a colorant (such as Yellow #5, Yellow #6, Blue #1, Blue #2, Green #3, Red #3, Red #40, Orange II, Orange B, caramel, quinoline yellow (E104), carmoisine (E122), ponceau 4R (E124), patent blue V (E131), green S (E142), annatto extract, dehydrated beets, β-carotene, grape skin extract, or a combination thereof), a gum (such as xanthan gum, gum arabic, ester gum, guar gum, locust bean gum, gellan gum, cellulose gum, tara gum, or a combination thereof), and / or an emulsifier (such as sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, trisodium phosphate, sodium metaphosphate (sodium hexametaphosphate), sodium acid pyrophosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium aluminum phosphate, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, calcium citrate, sodium tartrate, potassium sodium tartrate, or a combination thereof).

[0146] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a bittering agent, such as a branched amino acid, such as L-leucine, L-valine, or L-isoleucine; quinine hydrochloride and its salts; hesperidin; sucrose octaacetate; quercetin; strychnine; quassin; humulone; stevia extract; saccharin; naringin; miraculin; catechin; sesquiterpene lactone; aristolochic acid; phenylthiocarbamide; propylthiouracil; flavonoids; noscapine; lupulone; amarogentin; glucosides; limonin; amarogentin; goitrin; cynarin; quassin; cycloheximide; dipeptides; any of the following other bitter compounds: from vegetables, from fruits (such as naringin and guarana), from cocoa (such as chocolate), from grains, or from spices; or a combination thereof. 5 Food, beverage, and confectionery applications

[0147] The following are non-limiting examples of foods, beverages, and confectioneries that may contain the sweetener compositions of the present disclosure. For example, processed fruits and fruit juices (including all commercially processed fruits, citrus fruits, berries, and mixtures; salads; fruit juices and fruit punches; concentrates; dilutions; "ades"; and beverage substitutes prepared therefrom) may contain up to about 0.25% by weight (2,500 ppm) of 1,3-propanediol (in some embodiments, bio-produced 1,3-propanediol).

[0148] Other suitable compositions include beverages such as coffee, cocoa, tea (such as black tea, green tea, oolong tea, etc.); beverages containing a milk component, such as milk, coffee beverages, milk tea, fruit milk beverages, or drinkable yogurt; or kombucha.

[0149] The compositions contemplated further include dairy products, which include butter, yogurt, cheese, cottage cheese, sour cream, whipped cream, and frozen desserts (such as ice cream). For example, it has been found that Greek yogurt containing biogenerated 1,3-propanediol is less bitter and sweeter than Greek yogurt without biogenerated 1,3-propanediol. Vanilla yogurt containing biogenerated 1,3-propanediol is less bitter and slightly sweeter than vanilla yogurt without biogenerated 1,3-propanediol.

[0150] Packaged foods such as beverage mixes, seasonings, soup mixes, cake mixes, soft drinks, popcorn, food colorings, fast foods, and breads may also contain 1,3-propanediol (biogenerated 1,3-propanediol in some embodiments) to improve flavor and / or off-flavors or otherwise condition the flavor of those products.

[0151] In other embodiments, the composition is a sherbet. Desserts are also contemplated, such as cakes, crackers, cookies, rice cakes, and snacks. Chewing gums, hard candies, soft candies, mints, nougats, jelly beans, and other confections may also be used in the methods disclosed herein. Sauces, including fruit-flavored sauces, chocolate sauces, and the like, may also be used as the composition. For example, jams, including strawberry jam, raspberry jam, blackberry jam, and orange jam, may contain biogenerated 1,3-propanediol as a flavor conditioner. Biogenerated 1,3-propanediol may improve the flavor and / or off-flavors in seasonings, including soy sauce, ketchup, mustard, and savory sauces. Broths, canned or frozen vegetables, canned meat or seafood, processed meat products (such as sausages), pickled foods, preserves boiled, snacks (such as potato chips, cookies), or cereal products are all contemplated.

[0152] The food composition may further include a food or food component consisting of one or more food additives. In addition, the food composition includes human food, substances migrating from food-contact articles to food, beverages, pet food, and animal feed compositions.

[0153] "Food additive" includes any additive that may be used in a food composition. In some embodiments, the additive has an appropriate food grade, is prepared and handled as a food additive, and / or the amount of the additive added to the food does not exceed the amount reasonably required to achieve the intended physical, nutritional, or other technical effects of the food.

[0154] In addition, esters can serve as many of the additives mentioned above. Although those skilled in the art can readily determine which esters are most suitable for providing a particularly desired effect, the esters used can include esters produced using organic carboxylic acids and 1,3-propanediol (in some embodiments, bio-produced 1,3-propanediol), including all suitable conjugated monoesters and conjugated diesters. Some of the esters produced include propylene glycol distearate and propylene glycol monostearate, propylene glycol dilaurate and propylene glycol monolaurate, propylene glycol dioleate and propylene glycol monooleate, propylene glycol dipentanoate and propylene glycol monopentanoate, propylene glycol dicooctanoate and propylene glycol monooctanoate, propylene glycol dimyristate and propylene glycol monomyristate, propylene glycol dipalmitate and propylene glycol monopalmitate, propylene glycol behenate and propylene glycol monobehenate, propylene glycol diadipate, propylene glycol dimaleate, propylene glycol dioxalate, propylene glycol dibenzoate, propylene glycol diacetate, and all mixtures thereof.

[0155] The food composition can optionally contain any natural additives. Natural additives include any natural or naturally-occurring additives that are similar in composition or function to any of the additives listed above.

[0156] Although the present disclosure has been particularly shown and described with reference to its exemplary embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the scope covered by the appended claims.

[0157] The applicant incorporates herein by reference in their entirety all cited references. In addition, when a quantity, concentration, or other value or parameter is given in the form of a range, a preferred range, or a list of upper preferred values and lower preferred values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, whether or not the ranges are separately disclosed. Where a numerical range is recited herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intended to include its endpoints, as well as all integers and fractions within the range. The range is not intended to be limited to the specific values recited when defining the range.

[0158] The following examples are intended to be illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope defined by the claims. Examples

[0159] Example 1 - Guidelines for the panel leader for the Flash Profiling method*

[0160] 1. Panel members: Recruit at least 5 and preferably 12 staff members who are not allergic to the 8 major food allergens.

[0161] 2. Prototype:

[0162] a. Freshly prepared to the same age (if possible, < 1 week)

[0163] b. Serve all samples in the same specifications (for beverages, > 1 ounce) and at the same temperature (70°F for food, 40°F for beverages)

[0164] 3. Randomly code (3 - digit numbers) and randomly order up to 5 samples

[0165] 4. Keep less than 5 samples per panel session. Have less than 4 rounds of tasting per day.

[0166] 5. Deliver (under COVID - 19) to each panelist:

[0167] a. A set of 5 samples

[0168] b. A guidebook (this page), ballot (Annex 1), and a sample of how to fill it out (Annex 2)

[0169] c. A bottle of bottled water (Aquafina or equivalent, no added minerals. To be provided by the panelist under COVID - 19.)

[0170] 6. Only inform the panelists that the samples are prototypes of the XYZ project (see allergy warning above), and please do not disclose any other information about the samples or project objectives.

[0171] 7. Describe to the panelists how to conduct a blind tasting according to the panelist guide below on the day of receipt.

[0172] 8. Request that panelists do not talk to other panelists during the tasting to avoid peer, leadership, order, and sample biases.

[0173] 9. Require each panelist to scan / send a photo of the filled - out ballot to the panel leader. The panel leader will issue at least one "directive analysis" (1 day) and may include PCA (3 days), draw conclusions and make recommendations.

[0174] Guide for panelists for rapid analysis methods:

[0175] 1. Do not eat, drink, or smoke half an hour before this tasting.

[0176] 2. If possible, taste this set of samples in the mid - morning (9 a.m. - noon) or mid - afternoon (2 - 4 p.m.)

[0177] 3. Arrange the 5 samples in front of you in any order

[0178] 4. Regarding the ballot for the rapid analysis method, fill in the date today, your name, and fill in the sample in the form of "Project xxx - Round x Sample"

[0179] 5. Taste one sample at a time, fill in any attributes you feel, and rate according to the rating definition (the first row) (see Attachment 1 and Attachment 2 as an example). Indicate your rating of the first sample and mark it with the sample code.

[0180] 6. Don't forget to rate the overall preference based on the preference rating (the row above) (the last row).

[0181] 7. Between (tasting) samples, drink water and rinse your mouth until there is no taste / aftertaste in your mouth.

[0182] 8. Repeat the above points 5, 6, and 7 one by one for 4 samples.

[0183] 9. Scan / send a photo of your ballot to the sensory panel leader for data analysis.

[0184] 10. Please look forward to the results, conclusions, and recommendations of the sensory panel leader.

[0185] Ingredients for experiments

[0186] Granulated sugar (sucrose) (Domino, premium pure cane sugar, granulated sugar in a yellow box)

[0187] HFCS55, Cargill, lot number D050744, 3 / 21 / 22, Isoclear 55HFCS.

[0188] Agave syrup, Iidea Organic Premium Light, 75° Brix, 80% fructose + 15% glucose, LP160920.

[0189] RA97%, Sweet Green Field / T&L, Sweetesse, batch 3100071, 2 / 5 / 21

[0190] Stevia Reb M95%, from Amyris (Amyris RM95 batch P0521-STD, 12 / 21 / 2020)

[0191] Momordica grosvenori mogroside-V 55%, from Layn (lot number MOV03-21111901)

[0192] Sucralose Syrup 25% (T&L, 25 wt% sucralose, lot number 21193011. 1 g syrup = 0.25 g pure sucralose)

[0193] Erythritol (Cargill, STD Gran, 3 / 14 / 22, 3 years, lot number 0022289921)

[0194] Allulose Syrup 95% (T&L, 95%, so 1 g = 0.95 g allulose, lot number YQ21L91243, manufactured on 9 / 1 / 2021) (Beverage limit recommended as 3.5% in at least 1 GRN)

[0195] Tagatose (Bonumose, 97%, lot number: 19 - HN9705 - TAG25, production date 03 / 23 / 2020, 250 g) (CCC = 3.3 g / serving or 1.4% = can claim zero calories)

[0196] Beverages for spiking:

[0197] Bai Antioxidant Infusion Mango (erythritol + stevia + 0.2% natural sugar in juice)

[0198] Harmless Harvest Coconut Water (natural sugar)

[0199] Trop 50 No Pulp Calcium Orange Juice Drink (4.2% juice sugar, stevia leaf extract), shelf life until 7 / 31 / 2022.

[0200] Zevia Grapefruit Citrus (stevia, may contain erythritol) (05 - 12 - 23 / F3) 12 oz (355 ml)

[0201] Red Bull Original (11.3% sugar) (design shows enhanced sweetness but does not block bitterness) 8.4 oz 250 ml.

[0202] Gatorade Lemon Lime (6% sugar + dextrose)

[0203] Ripple Original (3% sugar)

[0204] Example 2

[0205] The absolute threshold of USP-FCC PDO in water is between 690 ppm and 940 ppm, closer to 690 ppm. USP-FCC PDO has no taste at 690 ppm (FEMA, #4753, the usage limit for beverages). USP-FCC propylene glycol reduces the bitterness of individual ingredients and beverages and makes them more appealing. Using rapid analysis, blind tasting was conducted with N > 6, as described in Example 1. Table 1

[0206] Example 3

[0207] Six panelists with experience in evaluating foods and beverages screened 5 ppm, 20 ppm, and 100 ppm of USP-FCC in stevia-sweetened, reduced-sugar orange juice. Stevia-sweetened, reduced-sugar orange juice without USP-FCC was used as a control. The trained panelists tasted the beverages with USP-FCC and those without USP-FCC and discussed their perception of flavor, indicating whether the test product or the control product was sweeter, more bitter, and had a stronger overall flavor. The sample containing 5 ppm USP-FCC was identified as having the lowest perceived bitterness and was used by a larger panel for paired comparison testing against the control without USP-FCC.

[0208] A bitterness paired comparison test was conducted on 40 untrained panelists. Stevia-sweetened, reduced-sugar orange juice was used as a control and prepared with 0.0005% USP-FCC (5 ppm) as the test variable. These products were served in 2-ounce soufflé cups with three-digit code labels at refrigerated temperature. Panelists were asked to identify the more bitter sample. Before and during the test, panelists could use bottled water and unsalted crackers to clear their palates.

[0209] Results

[0210] Stevia-sweetened, reduced-sugar orange juice without USP-FCC was statistically more bitter than the orange juice containing USP-FCC (p-value 0.04, one-tailed). From these results, it can be hypothesized that USP-FCC effectively creates a significant difference in the perceived bitterness of beverages, resulting in a lower bitterness level. Table 2 Forty untrained panelists evaluated various fruit juices Stevia-sweetened orange juice The control juice was more bitter 26 5 ppm of PDO was more bitter 14 One-tailed "exact" p-value 0.04

[0211] Directly add 5 ppm level of USP-FCC to the sugar-reduced orange juice matrix containing stevia, which is statistically less bitter (p-value) than the control without USP-FCC. USP-FCC interacts with components in the flavor system as a flavor carrier and affects the perceived bitterness of the beverage. It is expected that 5 ppm level of USP-FCC itself has no sensory effect.

[0212] Example 4

[0213] Nine panelists with experience in evaluating food and beverages tasted three kinds of juices and two kinds of yogurts with and without Zemea USP-FCC propylene glycol. The nine panelists tasted the products and discussed their perception of the flavor. They indicated whether the test product or the control product in each pair was sweeter, more bitter, and had a stronger overall flavor. Table 3 - Products Tested * USP-FCC propylene glycol level, Wt.%

[0214] Plain Greek yogurt and grapefruit juice containing Zemea USP-FCC propylene glycol are less bitter and significantly sweeter than the corresponding control products. Vanilla yogurt and orange juice containing Zemea USP-FCC propylene glycol are less bitter and slightly sweeter than the corresponding control products. Cranberry juice containing Zemea USP-FCC propylene glycol is less bitter than the corresponding control product and also less sweet ( Figures 1-5 ).

[0215] Example 5

[0216] Six panelists with experience in evaluating food and beverages tasted sweeteners and commercial beverages with and without Zemea USP-FCC propylene glycol. The six panelists tasted the products and discussed their perception of the flavor. They indicated whether the test product or the control product in each pair was sweeter, less bitter, and / or less sour. Table 4 - Sweeteners Table 5 - Commercial Beverages

Claims

1. A sweetener composition, comprising: (a) from about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm of 1,3 - propanediol; and (b) from about 18,000 ppm to about 62,000 ppm of a sweetener.

2. The sweetener composition according to claim 1, wherein the sweetener is sucrose, high - fructose corn syrup, erythritol, allulose or tagatose.

3. A food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate composition, comprising the sweetener composition according to claim 1 or 2.

4. A food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate composition, comprising a sweetener composition, wherein the sweetener composition consists essentially of: (a) From about 600 ppm to about 1,000 ppm of 1,3 - propanediol; and (b) From about 90 ppm to about 400 ppm of a sweetener.

5. The sweetener composition according to claim 4, wherein the sweetener is a stevia sweetener.

6. The sweetener composition according to claim 5, wherein the stevia sweetener is Stevia Reb A97 or Stevia Reb M95.

7. A method for enhancing the sweetness of a sweetener and / or reducing the bitterness of a sweetener, comprising: (a) Provide from about 90 ppm to about 400 ppm of a sweetener; and (b) Add to the sweetener an amount of 1,3 - propanediol from about 600 ppm to about 1,000 ppm to form a sweetener composition consisting essentially of from 90 ppm to about 400 ppm of the sweetener and from about 600 ppm to about 1,000 ppm of 1,3 - propanediol, whereby the sweetener composition has improved sweetness and / or reduced bitterness compared to a sweetener that does not contain the amount of 1,3 - propanediol.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the sweetener is a stevia sweetener.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the stevia sweetener is Stevia Reb A97 or Stevia Reb M95.

10. A sweetener composition produced by the method according to any one of claims 7 - 9.

11. A food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate composition, comprising the sweetener composition according to claim 10.

12. A method for enhancing the sweetness of a sweetener and / or reducing the bitterness of a sweetener, comprising: (a) Provide from about 18,000 ppm to about 62,000 ppm of a sweetener; and (b) Add to the sweetener an amount of 1,3 - propanediol from about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm to form a sweetener composition, whereby the sweetener composition has improved sweetness and / or reduced bitterness compared to a sweetener that does not contain the amount of 1,3 - propanediol.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the sweetener is sucrose, high - fructose corn syrup, erythritol, allulose or tagatose.

14. A sweetener composition produced by the method according to claim 12 or 13.

15. A food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate composition comprising the sweetener composition according to claim 14.

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