Fuel cell activation and carbon monoxide poisoning performance recovery method

Abstract

The invention discloses a fuel cell activation and CO poisoning performance recovery method, which comprises the following steps: 1) setting fuel cell activation conditions including temperature and back pressure, and introducing humidified nitrogen into a cathode and an anode; 2) after the temperature and the back pressure reach set conditions, introducing humidified hydrogen into the anode of the fuel cell, and introducing humidified air or oxygen into the cathode of the fuel cell; (3) activating the fuel cell by adopting variable current discharge; 4) carrying out polarization curve test on the fuel cell, introducing humidified pure hydrogen or 50 ppm CO mixed hydrogen into the anode, and introducing humidified air or oxygen into the cathode; and (5) carrying out CO poisoning performance recovery on the fuel cell, introducing nitrogen into the anode, then introducing oxygen-containing mixed gas into the anode, and applying high-frequency pulse voltage. According to the activation method disclosed by the invention, the activation process of the fuel cell is shortened to be within 2 hours, the performance activation of the fuel cell is quickly realized, and CO desorption is realized through a series of operation working conditions, so that the performance of the fuel cell is recovered, and the performance recovery rate reaches 97.45%.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the field of fuel cell technology, and specifically relates to a method for activating a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and recovering its performance after carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. The method is particularly suitable for rapid activation of a single hydrogen fuel cell or a stack and post-poisoning repair. Background Art

[0002] As a clean energy conversion device, fuel cells have broad application prospects in areas such as electric vehicles and portable power sources. After initial use or long-term shutdown, the catalytic layer of a fuel cell is inactive and requires activation to improve performance. Traditional activation methods (such as constant current and voltage cycling) are time-consuming, inefficient, and do not completely remove residual impurities on the catalyst surface. In addition, when trace amounts of CO (>10 ppm) are mixed into the hydrogen fuel at the fuel cell anode, CO adsorbs on the surface of the platinum (Pt) catalyst, hindering the hydrogen oxidation reaction and causing a sharp decline in cell performance. Fuel cells are susceptible to impurities such as CO during long-term operation or under specific operating conditions, resulting in decreased cell performance and even CO poisoning. Currently, existing CO poisoning recovery methods for fuel cells (such as air oxidation and high-potential pulses) have problems such as long recovery cycles, high energy consumption, catalyst damage, and complex operation.

[0003] CN117577900A discloses a fuel cell performance recovery method and fuel cell. This method aims to address performance degradation, particularly reversible degradation, caused by various reasons during fuel cell operation. While restoring fuel cell performance through voltage cycling and gas replacement is a method, it suffers from drawbacks such as complex operation and a long recovery time.

[0004] CN118659010A discloses a system for online monitoring of CO poisoning in fuel cells and a performance recovery control method. The system includes an air supply and humidification module, a fuel cell, and an early warning system. Hydrogen is used for purging, while a solenoid valve connected to an air compressor is opened to allow air to enter for anode oxygen regeneration. However, this method has a complex modular design and cannot completely eliminate CO on the catalyst surface, resulting in low performance recovery efficiency.

[0005] Based on this, this application was developed. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a method for fuel cell activation and carbon monoxide poisoning performance recovery to solve the problem of fuel cell activation CO poisoning recovery, achieve efficient fuel cell activation and rapid performance recovery after CO poisoning, shorten processing time, reduce energy consumption, and extend catalyst life.

[0007] To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions: A method for activating a fuel cell and restoring its performance after CO poisoning, comprising the following steps: Step (1) setting the activation conditions of the fuel cell, including temperature and back pressure, and introducing humidified nitrogen into the cathode and anode; Step (2) After the temperature and back pressure reach the set conditions, humidified hydrogen is introduced into the anode of the fuel cell, and humidified air or oxygen is introduced into the cathode of the fuel cell, and the open circuit voltage is stabilized; Step (3) activating the fuel cell by using variable current discharge; Step (4) performing a polarization curve test on the fuel cell, wherein humidified hydrogen or a CO-hydrogen mixture containing 50±2 ppm CO is introduced into the anode, and humidified air or oxygen is introduced into the cathode; In step (5), the fuel cell is subjected to CO poisoning performance recovery. Nitrogen is first introduced into the anode, followed by an oxygen-hydrogen mixture, and a high-frequency pulse voltage is applied. A discharge test is then performed. The method of the present invention can shorten the fuel cell activation process to within 2 hours, rapidly achieving fuel cell performance activation, and achieving CO desorption through a series of operating conditions, thereby restoring fuel cell performance. The performance recovery rate reaches 97.45%.

[0008] In the above technical solution, specifically, in the fuel cell activation conditions of step (1), the temperature can be 80±10°C, the back pressure can be 150-250 kPa, and 80-100% humidified nitrogen can be introduced into the cathode and anode, and the gas flow rate can be 0.1-0.5 L / min.

[0009] In the above technical solution, specifically, in step (2), 80-100% humidified hydrogen can be introduced into the anode of the fuel cell, and 80-100% humidified air or oxygen can be introduced into the cathode of the fuel cell. The gas flow rate can be 0.5-1.5 L / min, and the open circuit voltage stabilization time can be 5-10 min.

[0010] In the above technical solution, specifically, in step (3), the variable current discharge step interval can be 0.1-0.5A / cm 2 , the maximum current density can be 2-3 A / cm 2 Each step takes 1-5 minutes. After reaching the maximum current density, press 0.1-0.5 mA / cm 2 Gradually decrease, 1.0-1.5 A / cm 2 If the voltage fluctuation is less than 2%, the activation is completed. If the voltage fluctuation is greater than 2%, the constant current mode discharge is continued until the voltage stabilizes (voltage fluctuation is less than 2%).

[0011] In the above technical solution, specifically, in step (4), the polarization curve test conditions are constant voltage discharge mode, the battery temperature is 80±10°C, the anode and cathode back pressure is 150-250 kPa, 80-100% humidified hydrogen can be introduced into the anode, and 80-100% humidified air or oxygen can be introduced into the cathode, and the gas flow rate can be 0.2-1.5 L / min.

[0012] In the above technical solution, specifically, in step (4), to simulate CO poisoning of the fuel cell, an 80-100% humidified CO-hydrogen mixture containing 50 ppm CO can be introduced into the anode, and an 80-100% humidified air or oxygen can be introduced into the cathode, and the gas flow rate can be 0.5-1.5 L / min; the polarization curve test conditions are constant voltage discharge mode, the battery temperature is 80±10°C, and the anode and cathode back pressure is 150-250 kPa.

[0013] In the above technical solution, specifically, in step (5), the poisoned fuel cell anode can be purged by passing 80-100% humidified nitrogen at a gas flow rate of 0.5-1.5 L / min for 10-60 minutes to reduce the CO concentration inside the battery.

[0014] In the above technical solution, further, when the fuel cell voltage drops by more than 10% in step (5), an 80-100% humidified oxygen-hydrogen mixture can be introduced into the anode, where, by volume percentage, O2 accounts for 1-5%, H2 accounts for 95-99%, the gas flow rate is 0.75-3.0 L / min, and the temperature is maintained at 60-80°C.

[0015] In the above technical solution, further, in step (5), a high-frequency pulse voltage is applied with a pulse frequency of 10-100 Hz, a peak voltage of 1.2-1.5 V, and a duty cycle of 10-30% for 5-15 minutes, 80-100% humidified hydrogen is introduced into the poisoned fuel cell anode, and then 0.2-0.8 A / cm 2 Run at low current density for 10-60 minutes.

[0016] In the above technical solution, further, the step (5) performs a performance recovery test on the poisoned fuel cell, and the polarization curve test conditions are a constant voltage discharge mode, a battery temperature of 80±10°C, and a cathode and anode back pressure of 150-250 kPa.

[0017] This invention utilizes an integrated fuel cell activation and CO poisoning recovery method. Through the synergistic effect of variable current cyclic activation and pulsed injection of an oxygen-containing gas mixture, rapid catalyst surface activation and effective removal of the CO adsorption layer are achieved. This method offers advantages such as short processing time, simple operation, and minimal catalyst damage, making it suitable for large-scale deployment in automotive fuel cell systems. Compared to existing technologies, this invention offers the following advantages and benefits: 1) This invention uses the synergistic effect of mixed gas and variable current activation to accelerate impurity desorption from the catalyst surface and reconstruct the three-phase interface, rapidly activating the fuel cell and boosting catalyst performance. The coupling effect of the oxygen-containing mixed gas and high-frequency pulses selectively oxidizes adsorbed CO at low oxygen concentrations, preventing oxidative corrosion of the catalyst.

[0018] 2) The method of the present invention can effectively restore the performance of fuel cells after CO poisoning and extend the service life of fuel cells. Through real-time monitoring and automatic control, fuel cell activation and performance recovery are achieved, reducing operational difficulty. Utilizing the coupling effect of oxygen-containing mixed gas and high-frequency pulses, adsorbed CO is selectively oxidized at low oxygen concentrations, avoiding catalyst oxidation corrosion and shortening processing time. The method of the present invention has high practicality and economy and is applicable to various types of fuel cell systems. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0020] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the process flow of the method for fuel cell activation and carbon monoxide poisoning recovery according to the present invention; Figure 2 Polarization curves of fuel cell tests of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 prepared according to the present invention; Figure 3 This is the polarization curve of the fuel cell test of Example 2 prepared according to the present invention; Figure 4 This is a polarization curve of the fuel cell test of Comparative Example 2 prepared according to the present invention; Figure 5 The CO poisoning performance recovery rates of Example 2 and Example 3 prepared according to the present invention are compared with those of Comparative Example 2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions of the present invention in conjunction with specific embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, rather than all embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0022] In the following embodiments, the fuel cells used are all commercial fuel cells purchased from Guangzhou Qunyi Energy Co., Ltd., model number Fuelcell-2.5×2.5.

[0023] Example 1 A fuel cell activation method according to this embodiment comprises the following steps: (1) The fuel cell activation conditions included setting the temperature to 80 °C, the back pressure to 175 kPa, and the flow rate of 100% humidified nitrogen to the cathode and anode at 0.2 L / min; (2) After the temperature and back pressure reach the set conditions, 100% humidified hydrogen is introduced into the anode of the fuel cell at a flow rate of 0.5 L / min, and 100% humidified air is introduced into the cathode of the fuel cell at a flow rate of 1.2 L / min. The open circuit voltage reaches 0.95 V after being stable for 10 minutes; (3) Activate the fuel cell using variable current discharge, with a discharge step interval of 0.1 A / cm 2 , the maximum current density is 2.5 A / cm 2 Each step takes 2 minutes. After reaching the maximum current density, press 0.1 mA / cm 2 Gradually reduce to 1.0 A / cm 2 , switch to constant current mode (1.0 A / cm 2 ) Run until the voltage stabilizes (fluctuation 1.2%); (4) The polarization curve test of the fuel cell was carried out. 100% humidified pure hydrogen was introduced into the anode at a flow rate of 0.2 L / min; 100% humidified air was introduced into the cathode at a flow rate of 1.5 L / min. The battery temperature was 80°C, the back pressure was 150 kPa, and the peak power density reached 2108.7 W / cm 2 Peak power density is the result of polarization curve testing and is used to judge the performance of fuel cells.

[0024] Example 2 A method for activating a fuel cell and recovering carbon monoxide poisoning performance according to this embodiment (process flow as follows Figure 1 As shown), the steps are as follows: (1) The fuel cell activation conditions included setting the temperature to 80 °C, the back pressure to 200 kPa, and the flow rate of 100% humidified nitrogen to the cathode and anode at 0.2 L / min; (2) After the temperature and back pressure reach the set conditions, 100% humidified hydrogen is introduced into the anode of the fuel cell at a flow rate of 0.5 L / min; 100% humidified air is introduced into the cathode at a flow rate of 1.2 L / min. The open circuit voltage reaches 0.96 V after being stable for 10 minutes; (3) Activate the fuel cell using variable current discharge, with a discharge step interval of 0.1 A / cm 2 , the maximum current density is 2.0 A / cm 2 Each step takes 2 minutes. After reaching the maximum current density, press 0.1 mA / cm 2 Gradually reduce to 1.0 A / cm 2 , switch to constant current mode (1.0 A / cm 2 ) Run until the voltage stabilizes (fluctuation 1.5%); (4) The polarization curve test of the fuel cell was carried out. 100% humidified pure hydrogen was introduced into the anode at a flow rate of 0.2 L / min; 100% humidified air was introduced into the cathode at a flow rate of 1.2 L / min. The battery temperature was 80°C, the back pressure was 150 kPa, and the peak power density reached 2128.6 mW / cm 2 Then, a 100% humidified CO-hydrogen mixture containing 50 ppm CO was introduced into the anode at a flow rate of 0.2 L / min. The polarization curve was tested again, and the peak power density dropped to 1583.1 mW / cm 2 ; (5) To restore the performance of the fuel cell after CO poisoning, the anode was first purged with 100% humidified nitrogen at a flow rate of 0.5 L / min. After purging for 10 minutes, the fuel cell voltage dropped by 12%. 100% humidified oxygen-hydrogen mixture (5% O2 and 95% H2) was then introduced into the anode at a flow rate of 1.0 L / min. (6) Apply high-frequency pulse voltage (pulse frequency 50 Hz, peak voltage 1.2 V, duty cycle 20%) for 10 minutes, then restore the anode to 100% humidified pure hydrogen supply and conduct low current density (0.5 A / cm 2 ) Run for 30 minutes, retest the polarization curve, and the performance is improved to 2074.5 mW / cm 2 , completing performance recovery.

[0025] Example 3 A method for activating a fuel cell and recovering carbon monoxide poisoning performance in this embodiment comprises the following steps: (1) The fuel cell activation conditions included setting the temperature to 80 °C, the back pressure to 150 kPa, and the flow rate of 100% humidified nitrogen to the cathode and anode at 0.2 L / min; (2) After the temperature and back pressure reach the set conditions, 100% humidified hydrogen is introduced into the anode of the fuel cell at a flow rate of 0.5 L / min; 100% humidified air is introduced into the cathode at a flow rate of 1.2 L / min. The open circuit voltage reaches 0.94 V after being stable for 10 minutes; (3) Activate the fuel cell using variable current discharge, with a discharge step interval of 0.2 A / cm 2 , the maximum current density is 3.0 A / cm 2 Each step takes 2 minutes. After reaching the maximum current density, press 0.2 mA / cm 2 Gradually reduce to 1.0 A / cm 2 , switch to constant current mode (1.0 A / cm 2 ) Run until the voltage stabilizes (fluctuation 1.3%); (4) The polarization curve test of the fuel cell was carried out. 100% humidified pure hydrogen was introduced into the anode at a flow rate of 0.2 L / min; 100% humidified air was introduced into the cathode at a flow rate of 1.2 L / min. The battery temperature was 80°C, the back pressure was 150 kPa, and the peak power density reached 2108.7 mW / cm 2 Then, a 100% humidified CO-hydrogen mixture containing 50 ppm CO was introduced into the anode at a flow rate of 0.2 L / min. The polarization curve was tested again, and the peak power density performance dropped to 1490.7 mW / cm 2 ; (5) To restore the performance of the fuel cell after CO poisoning, 100% humidified nitrogen was first introduced into the anode for purge at a flow rate of 0.5 L / min. After 10 minutes of purge, the fuel cell voltage dropped by 11.5%. 100% humidified oxygen-hydrogen mixture (O2 accounted for 1%, H2 accounted for 99%) was introduced into the anode at a flow rate of 1.0 L / min.

[0026] (6) After applying a high-frequency pulse voltage (pulse frequency 50 Hz, peak voltage 1.2 V, duty cycle 20%) for 10 minutes, the anode was restored to 100% humidified pure hydrogen supply and operated at a low current density (0.5 A / cm²) for 30 minutes. The polarization curve was retested and the performance was improved to 2008.5 mW / cm 2 , completing performance recovery.

[0027] Comparative Example 1 The difference between the fuel cell activation method of this comparative example and that of Example 1 is that the variable current activation in step (3) is not performed. The peak power of the polarization curve is only 1742.3 mW / cm 2 .

[0028] Comparative Example 2 The method for activating a fuel cell and recovering the performance of carbon monoxide poisoning in this comparative example is different from that in Example 2 in that steps (5) and (6) are not performed.

[0029] (1) The fuel cell activation conditions included setting the temperature to 80 °C, the back pressure to 200 kPa, and the flow rate of 100% humidified nitrogen to the cathode and anode at 0.2 L / min; (2) After the temperature and back pressure reach the set conditions, 100% humidified hydrogen is introduced into the anode of the fuel cell at a flow rate of 0.5 L / min, and 100% humidified air is introduced into the cathode at a flow rate of 1.2 L / min. The open circuit voltage reaches 0.96 V after being stable for 10 minutes; (3) Activate the fuel cell using variable current discharge, with a discharge step interval of 0.1 A / cm 2 , the maximum current density is 2.0 A / cm 2 Each step takes 2 minutes. After reaching the maximum current density, press 0.1 mA / cm 2 Gradually reduce to 1.0 A / cm 2 , switch to constant current mode (1.0 A / cm 2 ) Run until the voltage stabilizes (fluctuation 1.5%); (4) The polarization curve test of the fuel cell was carried out. 100% humidified pure hydrogen was introduced into the anode at a flow rate of 0.2 L / min; 100% humidified air was introduced into the cathode at a flow rate of 1.2 L / min. The battery temperature was 80°C and the back pressure was 150 kPa. The final peak power was 2089.5 mW / cm 2 Then, a 100% humidified CO-hydrogen mixture containing 50 ppm CO was introduced into the anode at a flow rate of 0.2 L / min. The polarization curve was tested again, and the peak power performance dropped to 1502.2 mW / cm 2 When 100% humidified pure hydrogen was introduced into the anode and the polarization curve was tested again, the peak power performance only recovered to 1543.8 mW / cm 2 .

[0030] By comparing Example 1 with Comparative Example 1, it is found that without current activation, the fuel cell performance is only 1742.3 mW / cm 2 , reduced by 366.4 mW / cm 2 (like Figure 2 By comparing Example 2 and Comparative Example 2, it was found that after the subsequent CO recovery treatment, the initial peak power density of the fuel cell in Example 2 was 2128.6 mW / cm 2 After CO poisoning, the performance dropped to 1583.1 mW / cm 2After CO recovery treatment, the polarization curve performance was retested and improved to 2074.5 mW / cm 2 , fuel cell performance recovered 97.45% (e.g. Figure 3 The initial peak power density of the fuel cell in Comparative Example 2 is 2089.5 mW / cm 2 After CO poisoning, the performance dropped to 1502.2 mW / cm 2 Without subsequent CO recovery treatment, the fuel cell performance was 1543.8 mW / cm 2 , only 73.88% was recovered (e.g. Figure 4 As shown in Figure 2), it is proved that the subsequent CO poisoning recovery treatment can achieve the recovery of fuel cell performance. Figure 5 As shown, by comparing Example 2, Example 3 with Comparative Example 2, the performance recovery rates after CO poisoning were 97.45%, 95.24%, and 73.88%, respectively. This demonstrates that the synergistic effect of the mixed gas and variable current activation can accelerate the desorption of impurities on the catalyst surface and the reconstruction of the three-phase interface. Simultaneously, the coupling effect of the oxygen-containing mixed gas and high-frequency pulses allows for the selective oxidation of adsorbed CO at low oxygen concentrations, preventing catalyst oxidative corrosion and rapidly restoring fuel cell performance.

[0031] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for activating a fuel cell and restoring CO poisoning performance, characterized in that: The steps include: Step (1) setting the activation conditions of the fuel cell, including temperature and back pressure, and introducing humidified nitrogen into the cathode and anode; Step (2) After the temperature and back pressure reach the set conditions, humidified hydrogen is introduced into the anode of the fuel cell, and humidified air or oxygen is introduced into the cathode of the fuel cell, and the open circuit voltage is stabilized; Step (3) activating the fuel cell by using variable current discharge; Step (4) performing a polarization curve test on the fuel cell, wherein humidified hydrogen or a CO-hydrogen mixture containing 50±2 ppm CO is introduced into the anode, and humidified air or oxygen is introduced into the cathode; Step (5) is to restore the CO poisoning performance of the fuel cell by first introducing nitrogen into the anode, then introducing an oxygen-hydrogen mixture into the anode, applying a high-frequency pulse voltage, and then performing a discharge test.

2. The method for fuel cell activation and CO poisoning performance recovery according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the fuel cell activation conditions of step (1), the temperature is 80±10°C, the back pressure is 150-250 kPa, and 80-100% humidified nitrogen is introduced into the cathode and anode.

3. The method for fuel cell activation and CO poisoning performance recovery according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (2), 80-100% humidified hydrogen is introduced into the anode of the fuel cell, and 80-100% humidified air or oxygen is introduced into the cathode of the fuel cell. The gas flow rate is 0.5-1.5 L / min, and the open circuit voltage stabilization time is 5-10 min.

4. The method for fuel cell activation and CO poisoning performance recovery according to claim 1, wherein: In step (3), the variable current discharge step interval is 0.1-0.5 A / cm 2 , the maximum current density is 2-3 A / cm 2 Each step takes 1-5 minutes. After reaching the maximum current density, press 0.1-0.5 mA / cm 2 Gradually decrease, 1.0-1.5 A / cm 2 When the voltage fluctuation is less than 2%, the activation is completed. If the voltage fluctuation is greater than 2%, the constant current mode discharge is continued until the voltage stabilizes (voltage fluctuation is less than 2%).

5. The method for fuel cell activation and CO poisoning performance recovery according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (4), the polarization curve test conditions are constant voltage discharge mode, battery temperature is 80±10°C, cathode and anode back pressure is 150-250 kPa, 80-100% humidified hydrogen is introduced into the anode, 80-100% humidified air or oxygen is introduced into the cathode, and the gas flow rate is 0.2-1.5 L / min.

6. The method for fuel cell activation and CO poisoning performance recovery according to claim 1, wherein: In step (4), CO poisoning of the fuel cell is simulated by introducing an 80-100% humidified CO-hydrogen mixture containing 50 ppm CO into the anode and an 80-100% humidified air or oxygen into the cathode, with a gas flow rate of 0.5-1.5 L / min. The polarization curve test conditions are a constant voltage discharge mode, a battery temperature of 80±10°C, and a cathode back pressure of 150-250 kPa.

7. The method for fuel cell activation and CO poisoning performance recovery according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (5), 80-100% humidified nitrogen is introduced into the poisoned fuel cell anode at a gas flow rate of 0.5-1.5 L / min for 10-60 minutes to reduce the CO concentration inside the cell.

8. The method for fuel cell activation and CO poisoning performance recovery according to claim 1, wherein: When the fuel cell voltage drops by more than 10% in step (5), 80-100% humidified oxygen-hydrogen mixture is introduced into the anode, where O2 accounts for 1-5% and H2 accounts for 95-99% in percentage, the gas flow rate is 0.75-3.0 L / min, and the temperature is maintained at 60-80°C.

9. The method for fuel cell activation and CO poisoning performance recovery according to claim 1, wherein: The step (5) applies a high-frequency pulse voltage with a pulse frequency of 10-100 Hz, a peak voltage of 1.2-1.5 V, and a duty cycle of 10-30% for 5-15 minutes, and introduces 80-100% humidified hydrogen into the poisoned fuel cell anode, and then conducts a 0.2-0.8 A / cm 2 Run at low current density for 10-60 minutes.

10. The method for fuel cell activation and CO poisoning performance recovery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The step (5) performs a performance recovery test on the poisoned fuel cell, and the polarization curve test conditions are a constant voltage discharge mode, a battery temperature of 80±10°C, and an anode and cathode back pressure of 150-250 kPa.

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